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Cymdeithas Cwm Arian

Renewable Energy

Feasibility Study Report



Cymdeithas Cwm Arian

Renewable Energy Feasibility Study

Revision 2

March 2006

Report Status: FINAL

Name Signature Date

Prepared By: Stephen Smith Stephen Smith 23/03/06

Checked By: Andy Warrington Andy Warrington 23/03/06

Approved By: Rod Edwards Rod Edwards 23/03/06

Prepared By: Prepared For:

Dulas LtdUnit 1, Dyfi Eco ParkMachynllethPowysSY20 8AX

Tel: +44 (0)1654 705000Fax: +44 (0)1654 703000

Email: [email protected]: www.dulas.org.uk

Cymdeithas Cwm ArianPantyrysgolHermonGloguePembrokeshireSA36 0DT



Cymdeithas Cwm Arian Renewable EnergyFeasibility Study

Cwm Arian Report REV2 .doc Page 1 March 2006

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Executive Summary

The renewable energy feasibility study conducted on behalf of Cymdeithas Cwm Arian involvedan initial overview of the broad suitability of all renewable energy and low energy technologieswithin the area of consideration.

Cymdeithas Cwm Arian are particularly interested in the development of renewable energyschemes capable of benefiting the wider community. Dulas Ltd were instructed to conduct initialassessment with a view to identifying technologies and locations most likely to meet thisrequirement.

Cwm Arian is predominantly hilly agricultural land and the site area does not include anyparticularly large buildings or concentrated electricity or heat loads, and for this reason largerscale biomass, district heating and combined heat and power (CHP) schemes are consideredunviable, and therefore unlikely to be of community benefit.

Renewable energy has reasonable potential to address a proportion of the electricity and heatrequirement of individual buildings at domestic and agricultural scale. In all such cases it isimportant to address energy efficiency and the reduction of energy demand prior to consideringon site renewable energy. A wide range of renewable energy and energy efficiency options andapplications are outlined within the report but have not been selected for detailed considerationas, individually, they are unlikely to provide wider community benefit.

Cymdeithas Cwm Arian were keen to assess the potential for wind and hydro power, and theseproved to be the technologies with most potential. Three potential sites were identified forexamination in greater depth.

1) Wind generation scheme above Pantygwyddel

2) Refurbishment of existing small Hydro Scheme at Afon Gafel, Pont-y-Gafel3) Development of new small hydro scheme at Glogue Quarry,

Wind generation above Pantygwyddel appears technically and economically feasible. Theidentified site is technically suitable for an installed capacity of up to two 1.2MW turbines,however Pembrokeshire Council and National Park Authority are planning to produceSupplementary Planning Guidance (SPG) on wind energy which may restrict the size ofturbines likely to be permitted outside of specifically identified areas. If Camarthenshire followsthe example of Powys, Denbigshire and Conwy the acceptable turbine size may be restricted to70m (to tip), roughly equivalent to a maximum turbine capacity of 1MW.

Examination of the potential for a community wind scheme has shown that a 2 x 330 kW turbine

scheme is unlikely to be economically feasible. Should grant funding or a higher electricitypurchase price be realised this could change. A 2 x 500 kW scheme would be feasible, costaround £652,800, generate 2,190,000 kWh per year and be worth some £37,000 to thecommunity over the scheme lifetime. Similarly, the 2 x 800kW scheme should cost £842,000,generate 3,723,000 kWh and be worth around £475,000 to the community over 15 years. The 2x 1.2MW would generate the most electricity at 5,256,000 kWh per annum, worth £944,026over the modelled timeframe. It would also cost the most at an estimated £1,150,000 andpresent the highest risk on planning and implementation.

The smaller schemes may also be enhanced by the addition of an additional turbine.

We have included details of a 2 x 1.2MW and a 2 x 500kW development within the reporttogether with an outline of recommendations and next steps. However, we suggest that

80000 population

16000 household





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Cymdeithas Cwm Arian may wish to await the publication of draft SPG, or at least discuss indetail with planning officers, before seeking to pursue a particular scale of wind energy scheme.

The refurbishment of the existing small hydro scheme at Afon Gafel, Pont-y-Gafel is subject toconsiderable uncertainty. The hydro infrastructure is currently privately owned, and it is not

clear if it will be available for community use or ownership.

The scheme, and particularly the intake structure, has been constructed to a ‘rough and ready’specification which may not withstand heavy flooding and which does not allow accuratemonitoring of either total flow or abstraction rate. The scheme does not appear to have acurrent abstraction licence (a vital document granting permission to divert a set proportion offlow) and whilst an assumption of 50% has been used for the purposes of feasibilityassessment the actual permissible abstraction would have to be negotiated with theEnvironment Agency.

The turbine and penstock appear in reasonable condition (although the turbine is somewhatundersized), however the scheme as a whole would require substantial refurbishment andupgrading in order to meet the reliability expected of a grid connected community scheme andthe stringent criteria now required by the Environment Agency.

A full refurbishment, including grid connection is likely to cost in the region of £116,000 realisingan expected electrical output of approximately 29kW and generating in the region of 130 MWhper annum. Our financial model indicates that the scheme could be expected to realise anincome in the region of £6,600 after operation and maintenance costs (excluding any landownerrental or payments) and for this reason we conclude that the scheme is unlikely to be costeffective without substantial grant aid.

If the scheme is to be progressed Cymdeithas Cwm Arian will need to agree transfer of the

scheme from the current owner to the community and identify the necessary level of funding.

We would recommend that if this can be achieved Cymdeithas Cwm Arian should seek toappoint an experienced hydro developer to enter into negotiations with the Environment Agencyand planning authority, obtain an updated grid connection estimate, and provide a detailedquotation and costing.

The development of a new hydro scheme on a tributary of the Afon Taf at Glogue Quarry wasalso investigated by Dulas. The scheme would require planning permission and abstractionlicence for a new intake weir, pipeline, powerhouse and associated equipment, with a gridconnection to the nearest three phase network.

Hydrological assessment indicates the potential for a 10kW turbine if permission can beobtained to abstract 50% of flow. Unfortunately in this specific case implementing the scheme islikely to be prohibitively expensive in relation to output due to high pipe costs and the relativelyfixed costs of design, specification, installation and commissioning.

Our model indicates a build cost in the region of £155,000, an estimated annual average ofaround 44 MWh generated and an average revenue of approximately £700 per annum(including operation and maintenance but excluding landowner payments). For this reason wedo not recommend proceeding with this scheme even if 100% funding can be obtained.

67/euro





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CONTENTS

1 Introduction 5 1.1 The Client 5 1.2

The Consultant 5

1.3 Scope of the Study 5 1.4 Objectives 5

2 The Site 6 2.1 Site Location 6 2.2 Site Description 7

3 Energy Resources and Potential Technologies 8 3.1 Introduction 8 3.2 Solar Energy Potential 8 3.3 Wind Energy Potential 10 3.4 Biofuel Energy Potential 13 3.5 Heat Pumps 15 3.6 Water Energy Potential 18 3.7 Energy Efficiency 21

4 Feasibility of Renewable and Low Energy Technologies 24 5 Investigation of Large Wind Energy Potential 25

5.1 Site Identification 25 5.2 Production Plant Selection 26 5.3 Visual Impact 27 5.4 Air Traffic, Radar and Communications Impacts 29 5.5 Grid Connection 30 5.6 Access for Plant and Equipment 30 5.7 Ecological Impact Issues 31 5.8 Planning Permission 31 5.9 Capital Cost Estimation 32 5.10 Operational and Maintenance Costs 32 5.11 Revenues 33 5.12 Conclusions on Large Wind Energy 34 5.13 Recommendations on Large Wind Energy 34

6 Investigation of Hydro Power at Afon Gafel 36 6.1 Overview 36 6.2 Scheme Ownership 36 6.3 Abstraction Licence 36 6.4 Catchment Analysis 37 6.5

Condition of Existing Assets and Refurbishment Options 37

6.6 Grid Connection 39 6.7 Environmental 39 6.8 Sale of Renewable Electricity 40 6.9 Hydro Generation Potential 40 6.10 Operation and Maintenance Costs 40 6.11 Development Cost Estimate 41 6.12 Conclusions 41 6.13 Recommendations 42

7 Investigation of Hydro Power at Glogue Quarry 43 7.1 Overview 43 7.2 Land Ownership 43 7.3 Abstraction Licence 43 7.4 Catchment Analysis 44





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7.5 System Outline 44 7.6 Grid Connection 46 7.7 Environmental 46 7.8 Sale of Renewable Electricity 46 7.9 Hydro Generation Potential 46 7.10 Operation and Maintenance Costs 47 7.11 Development Cost Estimate 47 7.12 Conclusions 47

8 Economic Analysis of Community Hydro Schemes 49 8.1 Capital and O&M costs 49 8.2 Whole Life Cost Analysis 49

Appendix A Planning Policy for Renewable Energy i Appendix A Sale of Renewable Electricity v

A.1 The Renewable Obligation v A.2 Electricity v A.3 Renewable Obligation Certificates v A.4 Climate Change Levy and Levy Exempt Certificates vi

Appendix B Project Funding vii B.1 Legal Structure vii B.2 Corporate Financing vii B.3 Grant Funding vii B.4 Community Share Issue viii B.5 Welsh Energy Agencies viii

Appendix C Details & Flow Analysis of Hydro Schemes ix C.1 Afon Gafel ix C.2 Glogue Quarry xiv

Appendix D Communications with the Environment Agency xviii Appendix E Typical Arrangement of a Coanda Screen Intake xx





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1 Introduction

1.1 The Client

Cymdeithas Cwm Arian is a community association representing the communities of Glogue,Hermon, Llanfyrnach and surrounding areas. The Association has prepared an Action Plan forthe area which emphasises developing sustainable energy resources.

Cymdeithas Cwm Arian have secured a Sustainable Development Fund grant to undertake afeasibility study to examine the potential renewable energy resources in the area and arrive at aview of how they may be utilised for the benefit of the community.

Dulas Ltd’s ReSolutions department has been appointed to undertake this work. The study willexamine the potential for wind, hydro and biomass schemes at a community level and alsoconsider the general potential for micro renewables within the study area.

1.2 The Consultant

Dulas Ltd is a leading renewable energy company with over 20 years experience in the industryat an international level. The company is based around a highly qualified and experiencedmulti-disciplinary team encompassing all aspects of renewable energy from policy, marketstimulation and resource assessment right through to research, design, training, energyconsultancy and the implementation of wind, solar, micro hydro and biomass projects.

Dulas have specialised in the development of community renewables. Recent projects of directrelevance to Cymdeithas Cwm Arian have included the installation of a 30kW community hydroplant at Talybont-on–Usk (following a Dulas feasibility study), and the community financing oftwo community wind turbines for Bro Ddyfi Community Renewables in Machynlleth.

1.3 Scope of the Study

The study will research the Cwm Arian area to identify potential sustainable energy resources,their level of availability and the most suitable methods of using them.

Resources that are identified as having usable potential will then be examined in more detail,particularly those which may be implemented at a community level. Potential schemes identifiedthrough this methodology will be developed through modelling and analysis to a level whereviability, capital and operational costs, annual production, and revenues can be identified.

Where resources exist but are likely to only be usable at a micro (or building dedicated) leveladvice will be given on how these may be used at this scale. Due the multiple and diversenature of these type of installations individual applications will be outside the scope of the study.

1.4 Objectives

The site appraisal and analysis work will enable first stage financial modelling of identifiedpotential schemes to be undertaken to produce detailed guidance for Cymdeithas Cwm Arianon which schemes show the most viability for pursuance to an installation phase.

The final report (this document) will provide suitable supporting evidence for the association topursue financing for delivery of schemes and will in addition provide guidance on how suchfinance may be sought.





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It is hoped that the advice on micro renewables will be of use to those wishing to pursue smalllocalised installations in the area.

2 The Site

2.1 Site Location

The site study area lies in the area SN190290 – SN240335 (detailed in Figure 1 below), and iscentred on the villages of Glogue, Hermon and Llanfyrnach in Pembrokeshire, South WestWales.

Discussions with Cymdeithas Cwm Arian have determined that whilst this area will form thebasis of the study, the area may be extended should renewable power schemes presentopportunities in the immediate locale.

Figure 1 - Study area and surrounds.





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2.2 Site Description

The area consists generally of hilly agricultural land ranging in height from 100m a.s.l. to 263ma.s.l. with some areas of higher ground north of the area boundary. The area has small areas offorestry cover and is adjacent to the Pembrokeshire Coast national park to the west. The areahas a history of silver and lead mining and this is evident in several abandoned quarries andmines of various sizes.

A number of water courses of various sizes are evident within the site and information from thecommunity indicates that a number of these have had hydro schemes associated with them.Some parts of these schemes still exist in various states of repair, with a non-operationalscheme in apparent reasonable repair located at Pont-y-Gafel.

The Dyffryn Brodyn wind farm, consisting of 11 500kW turbines is located to the south of thesite with the grid connection transformer being located in Llanfyrnach.





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3 Energy Resources and Potential Technologies

3.1 Introduction

This section will consider the potential of sustainable energy technologies under the followingcategories:

• Solar• Wind

• Biomass• Heat Pumps

• Combined Heat and Power (CHP)• District Heating• Water• Energy Efficiency

Each section will examine the availability of a resource on site or in the locale from standardpublished data and research, provide a discussion of the current or near future technologiesand methodologies for utilisation, and go on to examine how these may be applied in andaround Cwm Arian. Technologies identified as having significant potential will be subsequentlyexamined in more detail.

3.2 Solar Energy Potential

The site is considered to be largely open and therefore solar irradiance (direct and diffused) willreach the ground relatively uninhibited. There may be localised issues in respect to shading bytrees or the sheltering of buildings close to hillsides, but this is considered minimal in the overallaspect of the area.

MeteoNorm data has been used to predict the solar resources at the site. This indicates that theaverage annual sunshine that may be expected is 1,537 hours, with a total average radiation of1039 kWh/m2 per annum on a horizontal surface, and 1,250kWh/m2 per annum on a south

facing surface inclined at 45° from the horizontal.

The daily mean solar irradiance for the Cwm Arian area is summarised in Figure 2 below.

Month Monthly Mean(kWh/m

2)

Horizontal

Monthly Mean(kWh/m

2)

45˚ Tilted Plane

Monthly Mean(kWh/m

2)

Vertical Plane

January 21 43 44February 37 66 64March 77 111 94April 119 138 96May 157 159 96June 160 153 87July 157 154 91August 129 140 92September 90 113 86October 52 87 80November 25 50 50December 17 38 40

Figure 2 - Monthly mean solar irradiance





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There are a variety of technologies and methods for making use of this energy resource, theseare outlined below.

Roof Integrated PV CellsSolar photovoltaic technology uses the propertiesof appropriately treated silicon wafers to produceelectricity when exposed to sunlight. Arrays ofthese ‘silicon cells’ mounted on the roof or facadesof buildings can be used to generate enough powerto offset, or even meet, the electricity demands of abuilding. On a smaller scale they can be used togenerate small amounts of power for localisedplant. In addition to power generation they canprovide an attractive and interesting ‘high tech’finish to a building.

Wall Cladding PV Cells

Solar photovoltaic wall or building cladding utilisesthe same technology as roof-integrated/mountedPV. However, the panels are designed to bemounted to the buildings façade as a weather-tightsurface finish. They can provide an attractive finish(now being developed in different colours) andcontribute to meeting building electricity demands.

Solar Thermal

Solar thermal technology uses sunlight falling onflat plate collectors or evacuated tubes to generateheat that can be used to produce domestic hotwater, space heating and even cooling. Althoughoften considered inferior to solar PV, it actuallyproduces energy for a greater proportion of theyear, and is substantially more efficient. Solarthermal collector arrays can be mounted to theroofs of buildings or as freestanding groundmounted arrays.

Passive Solar and Daylight Maximisation

Passive solar utilises building design andconstruction methods such as building thermalmass, solar walls, and solar spaces. This reducesboth the heat loss during the winter and the internalheat gain during the summer, leading to a reducedheating and cooling load. By transferring heat fromthe solar spaces to either the building mass orventilation system, energy requirements for heatingmay also be decreased.





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Maximising Natural Light

Maximising the amount of day light entering abuilding by increasing window or roof light areareduces the artificial lighting requirements, and

therefore reduces building running costs. Wherewindow area maximisation is not practical,methods such as light pipes may be used. Naturallighting not only reduces artificial lighting butmakes for a more pleasant environment.

Figure 3 - Solar technologies explained

Of the solar systems described above roof-mounted solar PV, solar thermal, passive solar anddaylight maximising could be made use of on buildings in the study area on a small scale. Eachbuilding would require to be assessed individually with passive solar and daylight maximising

being more relevant in the case of new build or major refurbishment. Solar PV and solar thermalmay be retro-fitted or fitted at time of build with relative ease and minimal disruption.

The roof integrated PV cells and the solar thermal collector system would be particularlyappropriate for installation on the residential buildings with an orientation between south-eastand south-west, although installations on any building roof can usually be practically achieved.As outlined above, the electricity generated by the PV cells would usually be used locally tooffset power consumption in individual buildings. Unused electricity may also be exported to thegrid under a variety of agreements with suppliers and green energy purchasers.

The heat output from the solar thermal collectors could be used to provide space heating needsand standard systems to perform this function are readily available on the market. However, a

more beneficial and efficient application of this technology would be to use the system toprovide domestic hot water for the residential buildings. Typical well designed solar thermalsystems can offset in the region of 50% of the energy used to provide domestic hot water.

3.3 Wind Energy Potential

The site varies in height to a maximum of around 260m above sea level. Using NoablWindspeed software, a prediction of the average wind speeds for the site, as shown in Figure 4 below, have been made.

7.4 7.5 7.7

7.2 7.5 7.5

6.8 7.1 7.1

Figure 4 – Site annual mean wind speed

The highlighted figure is the centre of the site and the surrounding figures are the averages forthe 1000m squares surrounding the centre site square.

The site wind direction is mainly south-west throughout the year and is assigned terraincategory II (defined as being farm land with boundary hedges, occasional small farm structures,houses or trees).

Potential methods that may be employed to utilise this resource at the site are discussed below:





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Large Onshore Wind Turbines

Medium to large scale horizontal axis wind turbinesare commonly used for the generation of electricity

onshore. The generated electricity is delivered tothe grid or to a local site via electric cabling.Onshore wind turbines are usually installed at highelevations or open areas to maximise wind speed,decrease wind turbulence, and increase theelectricity generated.

Small Scale Wind Turbines

Small wind turbines can be mounted on or close to

buildings to generate electricity, either for localisedapplications or to feed into the wider site electricitynetwork. New types of turbine are also indevelopment that utilise the updraft created by tallerbuildings (ducted wind turbines), or specificallydesigned to have low vibration operation for use ondomestic structures.

Figure 5 - Wind technologies explained

Both large scale and small scale wind may be considered for the site. Figure 6 below indicatesthe average wind speeds over the year in relation to the operating range of a typical windturbine (red shading – large turbines; yellow – small turbines; orange – large/small overlaparea).

Figure 6 - Wind speed variation across the year





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Large scale turbines (>300kW) could make a significant contribution to the community in termsof revenue and as such these are investigated further in a dedicated section to this report withrespect to a community wind scheme.

The small scale building mounted systems could also be installed by owners on individual

buildings in the Cwm Arian area. Although this would be unlikely to provide a communityscheme it would contribute to improving overall sustainability in the area. A small turbine of thetype envisaged may contribute some 4000kWh per annum at a peak output of 1.5kW,dependant on wind conditions. This would offset electricity consumption in the host building,and surplus generation may be exported to the grid under similar export agreements to that ofsmall scale PV generation.





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3.4 Biofuel Energy Potential

Biofuel is increasingly being recognised as a highly effective carbon neutral heat source. Assuch there are significant moves for wood producers and processors to dry and sell their by-products as opposed to the current disposal methods. Interest is also growing in the recycling of

bio-oils for fuel purposes.

There is little in the way of long term sustainable bio-fuels available on site. However, there isscope for the importation of biomass fuels from further a field, and there is at least one biofuelsupplier in the area supplying wood pellets.

There is also the possibility of importing agricultural by-products such as straw or processedanimal wastes.

A variety of technologies exist to make use of bio-fuels at large and small scales, the scaleusually being determined by the nature of the buildings being supplied, the types of fuel beingused and the economies of differing system sizes and quantities.

Wood Chip or Wood Pellet Fired Boiler

Biomass heating uses specialised boilers to burnnatural fuels such as wood chips or wood pellets togenerate heat. This technology can be applied oneither a local scale or as part of the central plant fora district heating network. Since the fuel used issustainable it is a carbon neutral fuel and allowsthe user exemptions from the Climate ChangeLevy.

Biofuel Fired Boiler

Biofuel heating uses specialised boilers to burnnatural fuels such as bio oils to generate heat and incertain cases electricity as well. Biofuel can beproduced from used cooking oil and fats or purposeproduced bio-oils. Boilers may be a directreplacement for more conventional boilers.

Biomass Fired Boiler

Biomass heating uses specialised boilers to burnnatural fuels such as processed dung or chickenlitter to generate heat. This technology can beapplied on either a local scale or as part of thecentral plant for a district heating network. Sincethe fuel used is sustainable it is a carbon neutralfuel and allows the user exemptions from theClimate Change Levy.





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Energy from Waste Boiler

An incinerator can be used to generate heat (andelectricity) from burning refuse. This technology can

be applied as central plant for a district heatingnetwork. There are issues surrounding thistechnology in respect of the ‘hazardous’classification of its fuel, and public perception of theprocess.

Figure 7 - Bio-fuel technologies explained

The technology for burning wood fuels at a domestic level has advanced significantly in the last5 years, and off the shelf automatic wood fuel boilers are available which are both efficient andreliable. There are, however, the issues of the logistics and consequential traffic movementsassociated with the use of bio-fuels and careful consideration should be given to theenvironmental and energy impact of transportation and processing of such fuels, as this canpotentially negate the environmental benefits if not properly appreciated.

High density wood fuels such as wood pellets are also now becoming available in the UK, butthese are often imported and consume a large amount of energy to produce. However somemanufacturers increase replanting regimes to offset carbon emissions due to manufacture andtransport.

There would be potential for numerous small domestic biomass boiler installations in CwmArian with opportunities arising as and when domestic boilers come up for replacement. The

lack of larger heat loads in the area generally will negate larger scale installations; this isdiscussed further under the heading of district heating.

A benefit the Communities in the Cwm Arian area may gain from biofuels would be theproduction of biofuel crops. Such crops may be willow, miscanthus grasses or oil-rich seedcrops.

The study has briefly researched potential outlets for such crops. Historically, there has beensomething of a ‘chicken and egg’ situation in regard to the development supply and demand forenergy crops. The establishment costs of energy crops are relatively high (in the region of£1800 per hectare for Miscanthus) and in contrast to England and Scotland, Welsh farmershave not had access to a large scale grant scheme. Whilst there are a number of proposals for

projects involving longterm biofuel supply arrangements there is currently no stable market forenergy crops in Wales.

A farmers co-operative, the Pembrokeshire Bioenergy Group was established in 2004 with theintention of producing, marketing and supplying biofuels in South and West Wales. The groupestablished trial plots of willow, miscanthus and reed canary grass and commissioned afeasibility study which suggested that miscanthus had particular potential in Pembrokeshire.

The co-operative has recently secured funding from sources including the DEFRA BioenergyInfrastructure capital grants scheme which has enabled the appointment of a project officer andgrant funding sufficient to enable the establishment of 100 hectares of miscanthus.Pembrokeshire Bioenergy are discussing supply arrangements with a number of bodies

including the developers of the Bluestone holiday village near Narbeth who are intending tospecify a biomass CHP plant with a heat load in the region of 2MWth.





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The new PB project officer Matt Hutchinson will be able to provide further information shortly. Inthe mean time Paul Ratcliffe, the chairman of the steering group is the main point of contact.

Paul Ratcliffe

New House FarmCaernston BridgeNarbethPembrokeshire01834 891224

[email protected]

Other good sources of information include the Wales Biomass Centre, who occasionally hostEnergy Crop Information days, and the Institute for Grassland and Environmental Research andCardiff University who are engaged in ongoing energy crop field trials and a project to supportthe development of Willow as a fuel crop.

Wales Biomass CentreLlysdinam Field CentreNewbridge-on-WyeLlandrindod WellsPowysLD1 6NBwww.walesbiomass.org

IGERPlas GogerddanAberystwyth

CeredigionSY23 3EBTel: 01970 823000www.iger.bbsrc.ac.uk/

3.5 Heat Pumps

The Cwm Arian area will have potential for the use of heat pumps, as these rely on extractingheat from the ground, the air, or bodies of water. Ground temperatures below approximately 1metre from the surface vary little during the year and make a good source of low grade heat forthis technology.

Heat Pumps

Heat pumps upgrade low-grade heat to higher andmore usable temperatures for space and waterheating. Low grade heat may be extracted from theground by circulating cooled water in horizontalground loops or vertical boreholes (ground-source).The heat pump unit uses an electrically poweredrefrigeration cycle to extract the low temperatureheat to higher temperature heat for use in thebuilding heating systems.





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This technology can also be used to extract heatfrom the atmosphere (air-source). In this scenario

the buried ground loop is replaced with an externalevaporator unit. These systems are able to operateat low temperatures, enabling heat to be extractedeven on cold winter days.

A further heat extraction medium for heat pumps isfrom bodies of water such as ponds, lakes etc.Here circulation loops are laid in the water.All heat pumps have the potential to be reversedand used as building cooling systems allowing theextraction medium to be used as a heat storerather than extract alone. Utilising systems like thiswill depend on the equipment selected and theheating/cooling services installed in the building.

Figure 8 - Heat pump technology explained

Heat pumps are a widely used technology in mainland Europe and the USA, and are juststarting to become recognised in the UK.

The site may be suitable for ground source heat pumps, but care should be taken in the natureof the ground, as made ground with significant air voids is detrimental to heat recovery from theground. However, water voids in the ground have the opposite effect and increase performance.New build sites with extensive land reclamation are also highly suitable as ground loopnetworks are easily installed at the time of groundwork.

Further issues in using ground source heat pumps may be the mine workings, as sinkingboreholes for heat pumps through these large voids would be problematic. However this maybe overcome by using multiple short borehole systems if the mines are deep enough. Groundsource heat pumps could be used at Cwm Arian on a localised scale, which is dedicated toindividual or small groups of dwellings.

Air source heat pumps are likely be less effective in Wales due to the lower air temperaturesduring the heating season, but while this would have an impact on efficiency it would not negatethem totally. Air-source heat pumps also have a requirement for external evaporator units whichmay be restrictive from the aspect of external space constraints and aesthetic considerations ifmounted to the external facades of buildings.

The primary consideration when selecting the use of heat pumps will be the type of fuel that isdisplaced. If the displaced fuel is coal, oil or LPG, then the economics of replacing with a heatpump system (electrically powered) will be attractive. Replacing a natural gas fired system witha heat pump will prove economically unattractive due to the price of gas.

In terms of carbon emissions the replacement of any of these fuel types by heat pumps wouldbe advantageous, although more marginal with the gaseous fuels. A system’s carbon footprintcould be reduced further by purchasing electricity from renewable energy sources.





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3.5.1 Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Combined heat and power is a technology that may be implemented in any area where there isa suitable fuel source, a demand for heat and a demand for electricity.

Large scale systems would require a central generation point for the site that would feed into adistrict heating scheme and either export electricity to the national grid or convey via privatewires to the development. Large scale schemes tend to use engines or turbines fuelled by gasor oil, although other gaseous fuels are used such as methane from bio-digestion or landfill gasextraction.

A more recent development in the CHP market is the introduction of micro CHP units fordomestic installations. These operate on Stirling engines and as such are quiet and highlyefficient. Small scale domestic systems can supply the heat requirements of a building and inaddition contribute to the electrical requirements of the property.

Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

CHP uses the principle of generating electricity onsite and may use a variety of engines or turbines.The key principle is to capture and use the heatgenerated in this process to maximise the energycontent of the fuel (this heat would normally be lostin central generation). This combination of heatand electricity leads to lower electricity and heatprices, in addition to offsetting carbon emissionsfrom centralised electricity generation. Large scaleCHP installations usually form part of a largeconsumers plant or are part of a district heatingscheme.

Micro CHP replaces the installation of a gas boiler ina domestic situation, but unlike the boiler, producesheat and electricity directly to the building. Highlyefficient units are now on the market, which occupythe space of a typical kitchen unit.These type of units can supply heating, hot waterand around 1.3kW to the domestic electricity supply.

Figure 9 - CHP technology explained

Assessment of the study site would suggest that a CHP installation with heat recovery for use ina district heating network has limited potential, primarily due to the lack of larger, stable heatand electricity loads. Whilst domestic properties may be connected to such a scheme the highlyvariable nature of the loads tends to make for inefficient running of such a scheme which willreduce the economic viability of installation.

Micro CHP units would make good ‘drop in’ replacements to heating systems requiringreplacement plant or system refurbishment, where a natural gas supply is available. Bygenerating heat and electricity locally significant savings in CO2 emissions are possible, simply

by negating central electricity generating inefficiencies and transmission losses.





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3.5.2 District Heating

District heating has the ability to integrate several of the technologies discussed previously thatoperate on a centralised basis, hence maximising the sustainable element of the energy supplyto the site. DH schemes benefit from being able to be extended over a number of phases,

provided initial design work is properly undertaken.

The use of district heating also ‘future proofs’ the heating infrastructure as only the central plantrequires to be replaced as new technology is developed, district heating pipe is generallyconsidered to have a life of 30+ years.

District heating (DH)

District heating uses site-centralised heatgeneration and a network of optimally sized pipesto distribute this heat to the end users. The

technology has become widespread in Europe overrecent years due to its energy-efficient nature andthe ability to upgrade the heat generation plant withlittle impact. District heating is now becoming moreaccepted in the UK, and with modern preinsulatedpipework end consumers can be remote from thegeneration site.Consumers benefit from reduced maintenancecosts and the benefit of only buying the heat theyrequire and not the fuel to generate it.

Figure 10 - District heating technology explained

The potential for utilising district heating in Cwm Arian appears to have limited potential,primarily due to the lack of larger, stable heat loads and the distributed nature of residentialbuildings. The site would require the installation of district heating pipework, linking a network ofbuildings and dwellings and without a high density of heat loads the economics of the pipeworkinstallation become unviable.

3.6 Water Energy Potential

As previously mentioned there are a number of water courses in the site study area that mayhave potential for use as hydro schemes. There is also an existing scheme that may have

potential for refurbishment back to working order. This is also backed up by the expectedmonthly average precipitation chart as detailed in Figure 11 below, showing high levels ofannual precipitation.





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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

P r e c i p i t a t i o n ( m m )

Figure 11 - Monthly precipitation chart for Cwm Arian

The water technologies that are considered to be relevant to the proposed Cwm Arian areoutlined below.

Micro Hydro Power

Micro hydropower extracts the energy stored in ahead of water to generate electricity. Most

schemes look for the potential in small rivers orstreams where there is a significant fall in the watercourse over a distance that is economical to installpipework (penstock). There is also the potential forcollecting rainwater from tall buildings to run microturbines at ground level.

Grey Water & Rainwater Harvesting

Grey water collection involves the recycling of water

from wash basins, sinks, etc. to flush toilets.Rainwater harvesting usually involves the collectionof water from the roofs of buildings, via the gutter,into a water tank. The rainwater can be used for avariety of purposes, including electricity generation,toilet flushing, sprinklers, etc.

Figure 12 - Water technologies explained

Initial investigations have shown that small hydro power is considered to have potential in the

area and as such a more in depth study has been carried out which is detailed later in thestudy.





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There is also the potential for using rainwater on a small localised scale for as a ‘greywater’resource for non-critical applications. Roof drainage systems could be connected into anunderwater collection tank which can then be used to serve one or more buildings.

Mains delivered, processed water contains embodied energy due to the treatment and pumping

processes. Reducing the amount of water consumed in a building especially in applications thatdo not require processed water therefore reduces the global energy and carbon impact of abuilding.





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3.7 Energy Efficiency

Of high importance in the Cwm Arian area should be the objective of reducing the amount ofenergy consumed by the buildings. It is far more effective to reduce energy consumption than tooffset high energy consumption with renewable technologies. The following sections provide a

brief introduction to some of the low energy technologies that may be considered during anyrefurbishment work or by property owners wishing to reduce energy consumption.

3.7.1 Building fabric

The specification of the building fabric is extremelyimportant in terms of reducing the heat loss from abuilding and maintaining occupant comfort. Inprincipal, the lower the U-Value of a building material,the lower the heat loss will be through that part of thebuilding. A detailed investigation into the componentsof the building fabric is required at the design stage toensure that the U-Values of the proposed constructionwill meet or beat the standards set in the BuildingRegulations. Low U-Values can be obtained throughthe use of thermal blocks and sufficient quantities of thermal insulation. Other building fabrictechniques that can improve energy efficiency and occupant comfort include the use of athermal mass to minimise the effects of extreme external conditions on the internalenvironment.

3.7.2 Glazing

Glazed areas allow natural light into a space which can reduce the

energy consumed by artificial lighting. Glazed areas also offer thepotential for ventilation and may eliminate or reduce the energyconsumption associated with mechanical ventilation or coolingsystems. However, glazing can result in excessive heat loss inwinter and heat gain in summer. To avoid this scenario the glazingmust be carefully specified, with due consideration given tofeatures such as solar spaces to provide a thermal layer betweenthe external and internal environment. Consideration may also begiven to technologies such as photosensitive coatings, which allowa regulated amount of sunlight through the glazing.

3.7.3 Doors

To prevent unnecessary heat loss, external doors should be wellinsulated and fitted with a close fitting seal and self-closingmechanisms. Glazed areas should be of an equivalent standard towindow glazing with the property. Door furniture such as letterboxesshould be close fitting and have auto closure and draft exclusiondevices fitted.





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3.7.4 Heating

The consideration of efficient heating systems is one of the main areaswhere significant energy savings can be made. Firstly, considerationshould be given to how renewable and low energy sources such as solar

thermal, ground source heat pumps, CHP and district heating / coolingmay make a contribution to the heating of the buildings. In addition, highefficiency heat recovery boilers should be considered, e.g. boilers witheconomisers or with condensing heat exchange units fitted. Furthermore,heating pumps with variable speed drives can be fitted to follow the heatdemand and significantly reduce the pumping power.

Outwith the heat plant, there is also scope for energy-efficient heating. Underfloor heating is one of the mostefficient means of heating a space due to the lowtemperatures required. Energy savings can also be madewith traditional radiator circuits through the generoussizing of the radiators. In both case it is beneficial to installthermostatic valves to ensure that the output of the heatemitters can be matched to the local requirements.

3.7.5 Ventilation

The use of natural ventilation can avoid the need formechanical systems and hence will reduce the energyrequirements. Natural ventilation systems use carefullysized openings in the building fabric to provide acontrolled level of natural supply and exhaust of air.

If it is deemed that a mechanical system is required, thenthere are still significant energy savings to be made. Thefirst step is to ensure that the system is not oversized as

this will lead to unnecessary energy use. It is alsoworthwhile allocating sufficient space to allow for

generously sized ductwork as this will permit lower airflow velocities and hence use lower fanpower. Variable speed drives should be fitted to the fans in the system wherever possible toallow the speed of the fans to be controlled to meet the required duty, thus eliminatingunnecessary energy use. Heat recovery ventilation systems should also be considered as apriority.





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3.7.6 Hot and cold water

The production of hot water can often be linked to solar thermalschemes. In addition, it is important to consider the storage of hotwater. If a storage tank or calorifier is to be used, it should be fitted

with a factory applied insulation layer, usually with a minimumthickness of 50mm. The use of un-vented hot water storagesystems provides mains pressure hot water and can remove theneed for additional electric ‘power showers’.It is also possible in most circumstances to avoid the storage of hotwater and use an instantaneous solution via a plate heatexchanger. This has many advantages, namely there is no heat loss associated with thestorage of hot water.

3.7.7 Pipe insulation

All heating and hot water pipework should be insulated withgood quality insulation with a thickness suitable for the pipediameter in areas where heat loss is likely to occur. This willhelp to ensure that the heating and cooling plant deliversmost of the energy that it produces.

3.7.8 Lighting

Internal and external lighting accounts for a significantproportion of the energy used in buildings. High efficiencylamps such as high frequency compact fluorescent and high-pressure sodium should be specified and installed whereverpossible. LED cluster lamps are now also available which arevery low energy consuming, and are manufactured as a directreplacement for more traditional luminaries.

Lighting controls are also extremely important in lighting

systems. Photocell control can be used both externally andinternally to dim lights according to the daylight available, thussaving energy. In combination with time switches, this controlstrategy helps to ensure that the lights only operate whenrequired. Other methods of control include motion detectors.These are particularly suitable in spaces that are not usedfrequently.





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4 Feasibility of Renewable and Low Energy Technologies

The technologies discussed in the previous sections have been assessed by the ReSolutionsteam at Dulas and are summarised in the table below (Figure 13 ) as the potential forimplementation in Cwm Arian.

SolarThermal

Solar PVWind

turbineBiomass

HeatPumps

CHPDistrictheating

HydroPower

EnergyEfficiency

LargeScale

SmallScale

- Feasible - Unfeasible - Marginal

Figure 13 - Summary table of technologies

The implementation of the feasible technologies indicated above could have a significant impacton the energy consumption, the sustainability and the carbon footprint of the area ifimplemented at a suitable level. Large scale wind and small scale hydro show potential andthese have been progressed to a more in depth level of detail to assess likely communityprojects.

Where technologies are shown as marginal, the current status of the technology, or the currentcapital cost, make the benefits marginal against the potential cost of installation, or also may beimpacted by the location of the site.

Technologies shown as unfeasible are considered as inappropriate for further consideration atthe site.





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5 Investigation of Large Wind Energy Potential

The initial stage of this study has identified potential for wind power from large turbines thatcould be owned by, and deliver financial benefit to, the community. This part of the report willinvestigate this possibility further by scoping for and assessing realistic sites to exploit the windresource. The best site, if found, will be analysed from the perspective of visual and noiseimpacts (these being the main barriers to such a development). Should suitable installationsolutions be found these will be analysed further in respect of expected development, capitalconstruction and operational costs. Expected revenues from generation will be modelled usinggeneric wind data which will enable whole life cost analysis to be undertaken.

5.1 Site Identification

Initial site identification was undertaken via a desk based study scoping the area for suitablesites for electricity generation using large scale wind turbines. Two sites were initially identified

these being at the cross roads above Rhos-y-llyn at grid reference 239 320, and along the ridgeabove Pantygwyddel at grid reference 230 300, see Figure 14 below.

Figure 14 - Wind turbine locations

The preliminary investigations were backed up by a site visit to Cwm Arian and from this it wasdecided that the more preferable site, in terms of aspect and proximity of buildings, was the onelocated above Pantygwyddel at grid reference 230 300. All further modelling and investigationwork has been performed in relation to this site.





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5.2 Production Plant Selection

The initial selection of the type of plant to use in the modelling work has been done on the basisof a noise and visual impact assessment. By using Windfarmer software and GIS (GeographicalInformation Systems) information a detailed model can be built up to assess what areas andbuildings may see an impact in terms of noise or line of sight.

Dulas’ standard methodology for this type of study is to investigate the maximum turbinecapacity for a site in terms of the aforementioned parameters. In this case of the Cwm Arian sitethis is determined to 2 turbines of 1.2MW capacity, which will provide borderline noise impactsto two properties. However if the owners were to have a financial benefit from the scheme thiswould provide an opportunity to negotiate out of the standard guidelines fro noise impact. Thezones of noise impact for the 2 x 1.2MW configuration are shown below in Figure 15.

Figure 15 - Zones of noise impact in dBLA90

All configurations of turbines below this capacity will be considered as having an equivalent orreduced impact in terms of noise and visual. The configurations of plant to be considered furtherwill be 2 x 330kW machines, 2 x 500kW machines, 2 x 800kW machines and 2 x 1200kWmachines.

An idea of the sizes of such plant can be gained from the illustration in Figure 16 below, as wellas an indication of the level of electricity output.





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Figure 16 - Wind turbine indicative sizes

5.3 Visual ImpactUsing Windfarmer software and the GIS information which provides topographical information itis possible to assess the field of visual impact on the surrounding area. Figure 17 below showsthe zones where any installed turbines may be seen from, based on the 1.2MW machines,known as a Zone of Visual Impact (ZVI). Smaller machines will have shorter towers and asmaller blade diameter and hence will have less of a visual impact than the largest machinesmodelled.

The ZVI generated is considered by Dulas’ experts to be favourable for the site, especially asthere is little impact to the National Park.

Indicative sizes for turbines are shown in fig 16 above however it should be noted that there issome variance across manufacturers and categories of machine.To gain an appreciation of theimpact of a scheme utilising smaller turbines a ZVI has also been generated for a schemeconsisting of 2 x 70m (to tip) turbines. This is shown in Figure 18.





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Figure 17 - Visual impact of 1.2MW turbines to surrounding area





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Figure 18 - Visual impact of 70m (to tip) turbines to surrounding area

5.4 Air Traffic, Radar and Communications ImpactsAn important aspect of developing large turbine installations is the impact that they can have onair traffic movements and associated control systems, radar installations for air traffic controland weather monitoring, and communications systems. Dulas’ GIS systems allow the impactsof all these parameters to be mapped to the local area to give an indication of potentialproblems. This is shown in Figure 19 below.





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Figure 19 - Radar, communications and buffer zone interactions

The mapping exercise shows that the main areas of concern would be the proximity to the re-broadcast link passing to the south of the site, but this should be acceptable althoughconsultation would be required with the operators should any project proceed. The two othermain areas of interest are the weather radar and Aberporth air base buffer zones. The site islocated in the wider range buffer zones which do not automatically exclude development, andadditionally the existing windfarm is also contained in these zones.

5.5 Grid Connection

It is known that the Dyffryn Brodyn windfarm connects to the grid at a substation in Llanfrynach.There should be potential to connect to the grid for community wind power scheme at this point

with the proximity to the potential site helping to minimise the capital cost of connection. Shoulda scheme proceed at the site a full investigation and negotiation with the network operator willbe required.

5.6 Access for Plant and Equipment

A provisional assessment of transportation routes to the site has indicated that there is apotential access route from the A40 via the B4298 to Meidrim and from then on to the site viathe Blaenwaun road. Access has been achieved to the existing wind farm in the area and thereare relatively few access issues beyond this to the Cwm Arian site, aside from a few overheadcable and over-swing turning issues, but these are unlikely to be insurmountable.





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5.7 Ecological Impact Issues

The impact of large turbines on the ecology of the surrounding area is relatively benign. Thereare certainly issues to be examined during the preparation of an Environmental Statement (seesection 5.13). However the main impacts are during construction and installation whenfoundations must be dug and concreted; access roads and crane standings must also be built.The impact of these operations should always be assessed, and mitigated, as with anyconstruction works.

On completion of the construction phase, foundations are overfilled and made good allowinguninterrupted use of the land right up to the foot of the turbine tower. Access roads and cranestandings tend to see a degree of vegetation overgrow reducing their visibility.

5.8 Planning Permission

The likelihood of obtaining planning consent constitutes is a critical factor in site selection forcommercial wind developers, and the investment required to bring a site to planning application

is substantial. In theory developments below a 5MW threshold do not have to fulfil the fullEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) required of larger projects. In reality the expectationsof planning authorities mean that a similar level of detail is required. For this reason the costs ofbringing a wind energy development to planning are relatively constant between the 600kW to2.4MW thresholds considered.

The situation regarding planning permission for wind generation has been fundamentally alteredby the release of Technical Advice Note 8 (TAN 8) renewable energy planning policy for Wales.TAN 8 identifies seven separate areas (Strategic Search Areas), capable of accommodatinglarge scale (>25 MW) wind farms. TAN8 further instructs local planning authorities to, refine ifnecessary the SSAs and provide more detailed criteria based guidance on wind energydevelopment in these areas. Development of wind energy schemes outside of the SSAs are

expected to constitute no more than 5MW 'community' schemes.

Local planning authorities will have to incorporate national policy within local developmentplans, and can take the opportunity to specify the size and type of development consideredacceptable. The development of local planning policy is a longwinded process. PembrokeshireCounty Council and Pembrokeshire National Park Authority are in the final stages of adopting aJoint Unitary Development Plan (JUDP) which has been in process since 2002. They will needto review this policy, once adopted, to comply with recent national guidance including TAN 8and changes to the wider planning framework.

The latest JUDP iteration includes reference to TAN8 and its requirements, however there is nomention of the criteria expected for community wind development beyond those set out in JUDPPolicy 60 ‘Wind Energy Development’.

The modified JUDP does set out the intention of both authorities to produce SupplementaryPlanning Guidance relating to renewable energy and wind energy in particular.

5.6.1…Supplementary Planning Guidance on sustainable design is being prepared by both Authoritiesand will deal with incorporating renewable energy, energy conservation and energy efficiency intobuilding construction and design.

5.6.7 Specific sites for wind energy developments are not identified in the JUDP. Both local planningauthorities will use LANDMAP to assess the potential of different landscapes to accommodate windenergy developments. This will be published as SPG.

The final plan is expected to be adopted in summer 2006.





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Some authorities have chosen to specify size limits for acceptable community wind schemes. Arestriction to 70m to tip, as specified by Powys, Denbigshire and Conwy, would effectively limitdevelopments to second hand turbines up to 1MW (manufacturers are currently concentratingon meeting demand for machines of over 1.3MW).

The planning policy situation is outlined in greater depth within Appendix A.

5.9 Capital Cost Estimation

Based on Dulas’ extensive experience in the wind industry, best estimates have been made onthe capital installation costs for each scheme. The scheme has been based on the purchase ofsecond hand machines, as this provides a lower capital cost option and also because smallermachines are difficult to purchase new since manufacturers tend to concentrate on the largerend of the market.The capital cost for each of the schemes is detailed below in Figure 20.

Project Name Cwm Arian Cwm Arian Cwm Arian Cwm Arian

Country/Region Wales Wales Wales Wales

Technology Wind Wind Wind Wind

Plant capacity (MW,electricity) 0.66 1 1.6 2.4

Plant capacity (MW,heat) 0 0 0 0

Market type

Potential financiers Equity, loan Equity, loan Equity, loan Equity, loan

Comments

Financial Information

Conversion Technology Wind turbine Wind turbine Wind turbine Wind turbine

Conversion Plant Subsidy A (One off payment)

Conversion Plant Subsidy B (One off payment)Conversion Plant Subsidy C (For n years)

Conversion Plant Subsidy D (For n Years)

Heat Price

Electricity Price 0.061 0.061 0.061 0.061

Interest Rate 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0%

Electricity Price Post NFFO 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065

Capital Costs of Construction

Land Cost

Planning Cost 40000 40000 40000 40000

Plant and Equipment Cost 200000 300000 400000 600000

Building Cost 148400 204600 287600 386600

Financial Service Cost 4950 7500 12000 18000

Legal Cost 4500 4500 4500 4500

Insurance Cost 4950 5222 7006 9000

Project Management 25000 25000 25000 25000

Other Project Start-up Costs 66000 66000 66000 66000

Total Capital Cost of Construction £ 493,800.00 £ 652,822.00 £ 842,106.00 £ 1,149,100.00

Figure 20 - Capital installation costs of wind power schemes

5.10 Operational and Maintenance Costs

Operation costs have been assessed on the basis of costs to maintain the plant based on anO&M contract with a turbine manufacturer. Alternatively a link up contract with service providersto existing wind farms in the area may be sought.





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Plant Life 15 15 15 15

Labour Costs 0 0 0 0

Maintenance and Consumables 15900 23850 35775 53663

Insurance 5120 5375 5644 5926

land rental 2,204 3,340 5,678 8,015

Business Rates 2900 3190 3509 3860

Overheads 9475 9475 9475 9475

Refurbishment

Total O&M costs 35598.74 45230.23 60080.82 80939.26

Figure 21 - Operation & maintenance costs of wind power schemes

5.11 Revenues

The crucial aspect of any of the schemes is the amount of revenues that will generated. This isdetermined by assessing the production level of the plant over the course of a year based onwindspeed data. This has been performed in Dulas’ in house modelling software and hasestimated production as detailed below in Figure 22.

Scheme Description Estimated AnnualProduction (kWh)

Plant CapacityFactor (%)

2 x 330 kW Turbines 1,445,400 25

2 x 500 kW Turbines 2,190,000 25

2 x 800 kW Turbines 3,723,000 25

2 x 1200 kW Turbines 5,256,000 25

Figure 22 - Annual scheme electricity production of wind power schemes

The rate paid for electricity from wind generation is currently calculated at 6.13 p/kWh, this isinclusive of all Renewable Obligation Ceritificates (ROCs) and Climate Change Levy ExemptionCertificates (LECs).

Hence this translates into a revenue stream for each scheme as detailed in Figure 23 below.Using this information the whole life cost of each scheme has been modelled with the followingparameters:

o Figures are based on 100% loan financing of the schemeo Loan period is assumed as 7 yearso Interest rate is assumed at 5%o

Depreciable Capital has been allowed against major planto Capital allowance rate of 25% has been allowedo Life expectancy of the scheme is assumed at 15 yearso Companies tax is assumed at 20%o No allowance has been made for capital grantso No allowance has been made for a community buy-in schemeo Electricity price is assumed at 6.1p/kWh, a higher price may be achievable.

The payback periods, net present value of the schemes at 15 years (value to the community)and the internal rate of return (IRR) are shown for each of the schemes are also detailed inFigure 23.





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Figure 23 - Financial figures for the projected schemes

5.12 Conclusions on Large Wind Energy

The investigation into a community wind power generation scheme in Cwm Arian has indicatesthat there is sufficient resource and a potentially viable site in the locale. According to first stagenoise and visual impact modelling, the site above Pantygwyddel could technically accommodate2 x 1.2MW turbines.

Assuming that a scheme gains landowner and community support the major constraint topotential development will be the likelihood of obtaining planning consent.

The preceding investigations show that for a scheme of 2 x 500kW turbines, the site wouldshow a positive whole life cost over 15 years. This would translate into an income stream to thecommunity once initial payback periods had been completed. The NPV modelling has notincluded any capital cost offsets such as community share offers or grant funding inputs. Suchinputs would decrease payback times and increase the income available to the community.

It may also be possible to add a third turbine to the smaller configuration schemes to improvethe economic viability.

5.13 Recommendations on Large Wind Energy

Our first recommendation is to initiate contact with relevant planning officers. Deataileddiscussion may be required before determining which turbine size is appropriate.

In light of the feasibility study that has been undertaken, the following issues present potentialbarriers to the development of the wind farm site:

Predicted noise emissions to local properties (dependant on turbine size and specification) Site access for construction and turbine delivery vehicles (dependant on turbine size and

specification) Feasibility and network capacity of the grid connection

If Cymdeithas Cwm Arian choose to proceed we would recommend the following route tofurther development of the site is undertaken:

1. A full noise assessment, including background noise monitoring, would need to becarried out to assess whether it is feasible to have turbines of a particular size locatedon this site.

2. Once turbine selection is more advanced, a transport assessment relating to the viabilityof transporting the turbines and associated infrastructure and materials to site should becommissioned.

3. The grid connection of the wind farm to the local network should be advancedconcurrently with the transport assessment, so that all necessary wayleave agreements

Scheme2 x 330 kWTurbines

2 x 500 kWTurbines

2 x 800 kWTurbines

2 x 1200 kWTurbines

Revenue £88,169.40 £133,590.00 £ 227,103.00 £320,616.00

Payback (yrs) 18.32 13.5 8.65 6.54

NPV (£) - 92,040.00 36,929.00 475,048.00 944,026.00

IRR (%) - 6 13 18





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can be identified in advance of a planning submission and so that the identifiable costsof the grid connect can be factored in to the overall project costs, and an assessment ofthe overall viability of the scheme undertaken.

In terms of the next steps to project development, this is likely to entail the following: Obtain costs, and availability of selected turbines (extra considerations concerning

warranties and insurance will be necessary if second hand turbines are required) Undertake background noise surveys and predict likely noise levels at nearby

residences. Talk to members of the local community, and provide details of the proposal and

potential benefits to the local community from an early stage in the project. Commission a full transport assessment Commission a grid connect study Commission an experienced Civils’ Contractor to work on site design and layout of the

turbines, access tracks, anemometry mast, and control facility Undertake environmental assessment requirements, including Landscape and Visual

Assessment, Ecological Assessment, Archaeological site walkover and assessment,Noise Assessment, and other assessments (Public Safety and Access, Socio-economicand environmental benefits, Site Selection appraisal, and Avoidance and Mitigationassessment).

Collation of above assessments into an Environmental Statement Submission of planning application with Environmental Statements to planning authority

It is estimated that a sum of £70,000 should be allowed to cover this stage of the works shouldthe community wish to proceed in developing a project. This does not guarantee that the projectwill be successfully implemented as obstacles can prevent development, such a rejection ofplanning consent.





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6 Investigation of Hydro Power at Afon Gafel

6.1 Overview

There is an existing hydro scheme on the Afon Gafel, which has the potential for refurbishment.The scheme has a loose boulder weir, long earth leat, intake header tank and screen, pipeline,powerhouse, turbine, generator and control system. The scheme used to provide power to thenearby farm but has been shut down for several years. A map of the scheme showing theprinciple elements is shown in Appendix C. Dulas Ltd were asked to assess the refurbishmentoptions for the scheme with regard to the possibility of community ownership.

Figure 24 - Site location and infrastructure of Afon Gafel hydro scheme

6.2 Scheme Ownership

After discussions with the current scheme owner, it seems possible that they may want to retainthe hydro scheme and refurbish it for their own use. Thus the scheme may not becomeavailable for the community. However, the client has requested that Dulas Ltd complete areport on the potential of the scheme in case circumstances change at a later date.

6.3 Abstraction Licence

Apparently the scheme has an existing abstraction licence although it was not possible to findany documents after discussions with the current owner of the scheme. It is not thereforepossible to assess the exact potential of the scheme as the amount that can be abstractedaffects the size and annual energy generation.

For the purposes of the report, three abstraction scenarios have been considered todemonstrate the effect of the agreed abstraction upon annual generation and income. Theseresults are presented in section 6.9. Each regime requires an absolute minimum residual ofQ95, but any available flow above this minimum residual can be subject to a range ofabstraction rates as follows:

• Up to the ADF, 25% abstraction of excess flow above Q95. Above ADF, 50%abstraction of excess flow above Q95.





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• 50% abstraction of excess flow above Q95 at all times.


The first regime is the typical conservative response suggested by the EA during the earlystages of a proposal. The second is a regime that could possibly be negotiated after carryingout more studies and discussions. The third regime is possible but less likely to be agreed bythe EA as it would mean that they would view the river as low in ecological sensitivity.

All abstractions above 20m3 per day need to be measured. The refurbished hydro schemewould abstract up to 11,000 m3 per day, hence the Environment Agency (EA) will insist thatsome means of abstracted flow measurement is installed. This would probably take the formof a water level sensor and data logger at the main river weir. By using weir notches of knowngeometry, the water level abstracted to the leat and that which remains in the river can becalculated. The installed costs of a level measurement system and data logger will be of the

order of £2000 - £3000.

6.4 Catchment Analysis

6.4.1 Total River Flow

The catchment upstream of the existing weir was digitised and assessed to give a totalcatchment area of 4.96 km2. Rainfall data from “Engineering Hydrology” by Eric Wilsonindicated a gross annual rainfall for the area of 1600mm, with estimated losses due toevaporation and transpiration of 450mm, leaving a net runoff of 1150mm. This catchment wasthen scaled to the long term flow duration curve for the Afon Hafren, produced from 30 years of15 minute data collected by the Institute of Hydrology. This gives a predicted flow duration

curve for the Afon Gafel catchment which feeds the existing weir.

The estimated total flow duration curve for the river is presented in Appendix C.

6.5 Condition of Existing Assets and Refurbishment Options

6.5.1 Weir

The weir is simply a collection of loose boulders and debris with water passing through and overthe top of the structure. It provides enough of an impediment to the flow to divert water downthe leat, however, the respective proportion that is diverted compared to what remains in theriver would be impossible to assess. It will change continuously depending upon total river flowand what debris happens to have accumulated in the boulders at that particular time. A largeflood could quite conceivably partially or completely wash the weir away.

If the scheme is to be refurbished it will be necessary to completely rebuild the weir and provideproper flow control structures in the form of weir notches. These would accurately divide thetotal river flow between that which remains in the river and that proportion that is diverted intothe leat. As there is no bedrock evident, ideally this would take the form of a mass concretebase, with reinforced concrete weir wall, to provide a structure that would survive high floodconditions. This is a significant task; access is very restricted so it would be difficult for a largeexcavator to reach the weir site. An alternative option is a concrete base with mortared boulderwall. Sealed thin plate notches would need to be set into the wall to provide accurate flow

control. Great care needs to be taken when concreting as even small amounts of fresh cementin the water can cause considerable fish kills. Appropriate cofferdams and diversion measuresneed to be put in place to ensure concrete works are carried out in dry conditions. The work





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should also be carried out in low flow conditions during the summer. A permit to work in riverswill be required from the Environment Agency.

6.5.2 Leat

A small weir wall would need to be constructed just upstream of the inlet pipe from the river.This would enable correct proportioning of the flow that remains in the river against thatabstracted to the leat.

A coarse bar screen, not less than 200mm centres should be installed at the entrance to thepipe to prevent large debris entering the leat. Smaller bar spacings will collect debris and blockmore easily. It is possible that the EA may want to exclude fish from the leat, in which case areduced aperture screen would be required, although vegetated leats such as this one can alsooffer valuable spawning habitat. Discussions with the EA will be required.

The first spillway should have a raised wall to prevent high flows down the leat during floodconditions. The amount of water entering the leat can be controlled using the existing opening

and blocking off the top to create a submerged orifice. This should allow the maximum requiredflow for the turbine and fish farm plus a small excess. The opening will restrict larger flood flowswith the excess flow going back to the river via the spillway.

The leat will need digging out and clearing of vegetation in many sections to increase the crosssectional area and increase capacity. It may be necessary to perform an ecologicalassessment before this work is carried out to check for any protected species.

The plastic covered spillway needs to be modified to provide an effective intake screen for theturbine. We would propose a slightly inclined bar screen with 10mm spacing at the edge of theleat. The water would fall through the bar screen into a chamber and large diameter lowpressure pipe that would lead to the existing intake chamber. Excess water would pass over

the screen washing off accumulated debris and keeping the screen clean under mostcircumstances. This excess water and debris would pass down the spillway to the fish farm asit does at present.

It may also be necessary to pass a continuous flow to the fish farm. This would be achieved bysetting a small diameter pipe through the bottom of the wall of the new intake chamber. Thiswould ensure there would always be a flow to the spillway and fish farm. For the purposes ofthis report, we have assumed a low flow of 10 l/s would be sufficient. The higher this flow to thefish farm the less flow there is available to the turbine.

The large diameter pipe that feeds the existing intake would be sealed into this chamber toexclude any other debris from the system. A level sensor would be required in the intake

chamber to send a control signal to the powerhouse to change the turbine flow to match theflow available in the leat. A signal cable will be required to be installed between the intake andpowerhouse.

6.5.3 Pipeline

From a previous study by Derwent Hydroelectric Power Ltd, and from data provided by thecommunity, we understand the existing pipeline to be plastic with an internal diameter ofapproximately 260mm. There is no isolation valve on the pipeline; we would recommend amanually operated valve is installed to isolate the pipeline in case of emergency. It is assumedthe pipeline has a clean internal condition. If the pipe has become fouled with deposits or slime,hydraulic performance will be reduced and it will have to be cleaned.





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6.5.4 Powerhouse

The existing powerhouse contains the single jet turgo turbine, belt driven generator and controlsystem. The turbine was manufactured by Gilkes in 1935, machine number SN4109. Theoriginal design data for the machine was obtained from Gilkes and is as follows:

Power – 10 BHPNet Head – 55 feet (16.8m)Flow – 2.15 cubic feet/second (61 litres/s)Speed – 445 rpm

On the day of the site visit, a survey was carried out to accurately determine the gross head forthe scheme. The gross head available between the expected water level in the intake chamber,and the centreline of the turbine, is 48.5m. It is clear that the machine was not originallyintended for this site as the gross head available is much higher and the machine runs ataround 700 rpm and at a higher flow. We estimate the maximum flow for the machine ataround 100 l/s based on a gross head of 48.5 m, and a net head (after pipeline and fittings

losses) of 43.5m. The machine has been taken from elsewhere and installed at this site at alater date. It does appear however that the turbine is in reasonably good condition and mayneed little or no servicing to make it operational again. Running the machine up to speed willindicate whether there are any bearing problems.

If the scheme is to be refurbished as a grid connected system, it will require;• Installation of an electric actuator for the existing spear, to allow the turbine to

automatically follow the flow available.

• New induction generator and new pulleys• New control system, G59 grid connection system and SCADA (System Control and Data

Acquisition). This allows someone to remotely dial into the control system from theirhome computer to check the operation of the scheme, power output etc. If there is

someone local who can check the scheme each day (without cost) it would be possiblenot to fit the SCADA, with a saving of around £4,000.

• Grid connection cabling and transformer, supplied by Western Power Distribution.

6.5.5 Access

There is good access to the powerhouse via a road and track. The pipeline intake could bereached by tractor and trailer for moving materials. The river weir is more difficult although itmay be possible to drive a small excavator to the site if the route alongside the leat is improvedin places.

6.6 Grid Connection

A grid connection quotation was obtained in 2001 by Derwent Hydroelectric Power of around£9,000 for a refurbished scheme. For the purposes of this study, a conservative estimate of£12,000 - £15,000 has been assumed.

6.7 Environmental

The key issues for the Environment Agency and the Planning Authority are:

a) The ecological effect of reduced flows between the intake and powerhouse. Reduced

flows can affect fish, particularly migratory fish, bryophytes and invertebrates, which inturn can affect other species higher up the food chain. If there are any natural fish





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barriers (e.g. waterfalls) downstream of the powerhouse, then this will mean the hydrowill not affect migratory fish, although it could still affect any brown trout population. Ifthere are rare or rich colonies of bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) or flora in theaffected stretch, this may also reduce the flows that are permitted for abstraction. Otherspecies of interest will be dippers, otters, and bats.

b) Effects during construction. Of most concern is silt disturbance in the river and possiblecontamination with oil or cement during works to the river intake weir. Carefulconstruction management can avoid these effects.

6.8 Sale of Renewable Electricity

Under the current system for supporting renewable energy, there are contracts currentlyavailable that offer £75/MWh and £95 (7.5-9.5 pence/kWh) on a yearly basis. This includes thevalue of the exported energy, the value of the Renewable Obligation Certificate (ROC), the

value of the Levy Exempt Certificate (LEC) and the recycle value. These are described below.

Longer term contracts up to 10 years or more can also be secured, however the value of theseis lower due to the risk involved in how prices may change in future. As it is impossible topredict how prices may change in future, for the purposes of this report, an annual averagefigure of £75/MWh has been assumed to be available over the life of the project.

6.9 Hydro Generation Potential

6.9.1 Scheme Size, Energy Generation and Gross Revenue

The scheme size depends upon the abstraction regime agreed with the Environment Agency

and Planning authority. Until ecological surveys are carried out to determine the sensitivity ofthe site, it is not possible to accurately determine the size of scheme.

It has been assumed at this stage that 10 l/s is continually required to feed the fish farm.Negotiations with the fish farm would be required to discuss an appropriate flow requirement.The figures below are based on a maximum turbine flow of 100 l/s at 43m net head.

For the three abstraction scenarios discussed in section 6.3, the results are as follows:

Abstraction MaximumOutput(kW)

AnnualGeneration

(MWh)

GrossRevenue@£75/MWh

25% to ADF, 50% above ADF, Q95 Min 28 67 £4,99950%, Q95 Min 28 92 £6,89875%, Q95 Min 28 118 £8,831

Figure 25 - Generation & revenue levels, Afon Gafel

6.10 Operation and Maintenance Costs

Costs include insurance (asset cover and public liability), business rates, weekly visits and callouts by a local person to check operation, reset faults and carry out routine maintenance(greasing bearings, record readings etc), spare parts, imported electricity and one day per yearassessment by Dulas (or other). Total costs are estimated at around £2500 - £3000 per

annum. These costs do not include landowner payments, typically 4-5% of gross income,





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although in this case costs may be higher because the community would be acquiring existinginfrastructure and equipment.

We would propose to install a System Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system at the site;this would enable you to remotely check the site from your home computer, reset faults, monitor

performance and stop and re - start the machine. Hence daily checks on this site could becarried out at the cost of a phone call and your time. Normally these checks only take around 5minutes.

6.11 Development Cost Estimate

Development costs are required to obtain planning and abstraction licences, with associatedecological surveys. The scale of these costs can vary enormously, depending upon the scopeof work required by the Environment Agency and planning authority. For the purposes of thisstudy an estimate of around £5,000 has been used. The actual figure could be more or less

than this.

The total cost to develop the scheme is shown in the table, including the development costsdescribed above plus construction and commissioning costs. We expect that these costs couldvary by around plus or minus 15%.

The following are approximate cost estimates only, exclusive of VAT:

Figure 26 - Capital construction costs at Afon Gafel

6.12 Conclusions

Unless the current landowner wishes to transfer the site to the community, there is currently nopossibility of the community developing the site. If this is possible however, it is almost certainthat major works will have to be undertaken at the intake weir to comply with the requirementsof the Environment Agency. More investigation would need to be undertaken into the terms andcurrent status of the abstraction licence, and possibly to negotiate a new licence.

To refurbish the scheme into a modern, automatic, river following grid connected schemerequires considerable additional works, including leat repairs, spillway alterations, intakescreening modifications, level sensing and turbine spear actuation for automatic control, a newgenerator control and grid connection system, SCADA, new grid connection cabling, metering,cut out fuses and transformer.

Development Fees (Planning, abstraction, ecological surveys) £5,000

Intake refurbishment, flow measurement £17,400

Leat improvements £2,064

New intake screen, chamber, pipe to exisitng intake, level sensing £5,520

New signal cable to powerhouse and installation £4,680Pipeline isolation valve and fittings £1,440

Electro-Mechanical Equipment £4,140

Control system, cabling and fittings £15,600

SCADA £4,800

Grid Connection £12,924

Design, Specify and Project Manage £9,200

Electro-mechanical installation and commissioning, O&M

manuals, training, travel and subsistance £19,253

Total £102,021





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For an economically viable scheme, the site would need substantial grant funding (ideally over70%) and an abstraction licence that allows at least 50% abstraction of the total river flow. At50% abstraction, this gives a maximum output of 28 kW and a gross average annual income ofaround £6,900 with net income of around £3,900 after operation and maintenance costs.

Refurbishment costs for a scheme of this size are estimated at approximately £102,000, plus orminus 15%.

6.13 Recommendations

If the scheme is of interest, the next steps to progress the scheme are:

• Investigate grant funding for refurbishment costs – the scheme will not be viable for thecommunity without substantial grant aid.

• Agree the transfer of the scheme from the current owner to the community.•

Develop negotiations with the Environment Agency and Planning Authority andcommission ecological surveys if necessary.

• Obtain an updated grid connection estimate.• Obtain detailed quotes for major equipment and construction items, along with

installation and commissioning costs, to confirm overall costs.





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7 Investigation of Hydro Power at Glogue Quarry

7.1 Overview

This is a new potential site on a tributary to the Afon Taf. The scheme will require planning andabstraction licence for a new intake weir, pipeline, powerhouse and associated equipment, witha grid connection to the nearest three phase network. The intake would be located in the regionof grid reference SN 2195 3380 and the powerhouse at SN 2115 3308. The site location mapshowing the position of the intake, pipeline and powerhouse is included in Appendix C.

Figure 27 - Site location of Glogue Quarry hydro scheme

Two other tributaries of the Afon Taf were identified by the community and also brieflyassessed. However, these schemes were only around 30% of the size of the site at GlogueQuarry and were immediately ruled out as unviable.

7.2 Land Ownership

At this stage it is unclear who owns the land on which the scheme components are situated. Itis advantageous if the whole scheme can be located within the boundaries of one landowner,as landowner rental payments will be very small for this scheme. If rental payments are to be

split between 2 or more parties, then each payment can be so small that landowners may loseinterest. Typical total rental payments are 4-5% of gross income.

7.3 Abstraction Licence

A new abstraction licence will be required for this site as part of the planning process. Theamount that the Environment Agency will permit for abstraction will depend primarily upon theecological interest on the river and also any visual amenity features e.g. waterfalls that may beaffected.





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7.4 Catchment Analysis

7.4.1 Total River Flow

The catchment upstream of the existing weir was digitised and assessed to give a totalcatchment area of 1.49 km2. Rainfall data from “Engineering Hydrology” by Eric Wilsonindicated a gross annual rainfall for the area of 1600mm, with estimated losses due toevaporation and transpiration of 450mm, leaving a net runoff of 1150mm. This catchment wasthen scaled to the long-term flow duration curve for the Afon Hafren, produced from 30 years of15 minute data collected by the Institute of Hydrology. This gives a predicted flow durationcurve for this catchment that feeds the proposed intake weir site.

The estimated flow duration curve is presented in Appendix C.

7.4.2 Flow Available for Hydro Generation

The Environment Agency has been approached to obtain their preliminary views on a suitableabstraction regime for the site. At this stage they have replied with their standard policy

response: The scheme must leave a minimum residual flow of Q95 (the flow that is equaled orexceeded 95% of the time). Up to the average daily flow (ADF), 25% of the additional flowabove the Q95 level can be abstracted. Above the average daily flow, an abstraction of 50% ofthe flow available above the Q95 flow can be abstracted. A copy of their letter is included inAppendix D.

This level of abstraction is never viable for a hydroelectric scheme. However, in someinstances it is possible to agree a higher level of abstraction where it can be demonstrated thatthe scheme will have little impact and where the ecological interest in the river is lesssignificant. Unfortunately, to reach such agreement can take significant time and cost,particularly if detailed hydrological and ecological surveys are required.

For the purposes of the report, three abstraction scenarios have been considered todemonstrate the effect of the agreed abstraction upon annual generation and income. Theseresults are presented in section 7.9. Each regime requires an absolute minimum residual ofQ95, but with different abstractions rates as follows:

• Up to the ADF, 25% abstraction of excess flow above Q95. Above ADF, 50%abstraction of excess flow above Q95.



The first regime is the one currently suggested by the EA. The second is a regime that couldlikely be negotiated after carrying out more studies and discussions. The third regime ispossible but less likely to be agreed by the EA.

7.5 System Outline

7.5.1 New Intake Weir

A new intake weir will be required to divert part of the river flow into a new pipeline and into theturbine. The weir will probably be constructed from reinforced concrete, incorporating metalplate notches to correctly proportion the flows between the river and pipeline. The weir will

incorporate a screening system to filter the water entering the pipeline and prevent ingress offish. A screen with a maximum spacing of 10mm is typical. If the chosen weir site allows, we





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would recommend the installation of a Coanda type screen, which is installed on thedownstream face of the weir. The screen is self-cleaning and excludes all debris to less than1mm diameter. An alternative is a shallow sloping parallel bar screen, similar to that proposedfor the Afon Gafel scheme, which is cheaper but allows more debris into the system and mayneed cleaning more often. A typical arrangement for the Coanda screen is shown in Appendix

E.

The intake will also require two level sensors; one to determine the total river flow and the otherin the sump beneath the screen to allow control of the turbine to match the flow available thatpasses through the screen. A signal cable will need to be laid alongside the pipeline to transmitthe level data to the turbine control system.

7.5.2 Pipeline

A new pipeline will be required to convey the water from the intake to the powerhouse. Thesize of pipeline required depends upon the maximum flow chosen for the turbine, which in turndepends upon the abstraction regime obtained. Given the three abstraction regimes presented

above, the expected maximum flow would be between 37 and 50 l/s. The pipeline length,scaled from the map, is approximately 1100m; this is a long pipeline for only a moderate grosshead of around 50m. Hence, to reduce friction losses to a reasonable level, an appropriatepipe external diameter would be around 250mm, with an internal diameter of around 230mm.

The pipeline route does not appear very straightforward. In the area of the proposed intake thegradient of the river is small. Downstream, the river enters a steeper sides valley where pipeinstallation would be difficult. Since the pipeline has to have a more or less continuous fall, itmay be necessary to move the intake much further upstream to allow the pipe to sit above thesteep sided valley downstream and make the pipe installation easier. A digital theodolite surveywould be required to determine the best possible pipe route.

Unfortunately this size of pipe is not available in the 50m or 100m rolls of polyethylene; hencethe pipe would have to be installed in 6m lengths. It would also have to be buried to restrain the joints, with anchor blocks at any bends. This makes the pipeline very expensive for this scale ofscheme.

An alternative would be to install two smaller pipelines of HPPE, above ground, along the sideof the river. There was not time on the day of the site visit to assess this route. The pipe wouldbe supplied in 50m or 100m lengths. It would increase the pipe material cost but would reducethe installation cost significantly and also eliminate the need for anchor blocks and bends. Thiswould save around £17,000. It assumes the planning authority would permit an above groundinstallation.

7.5.3 Powerhouse A new powerhouse building will be required to contain the new turbine, generator and controlsystem. The powerhouse would typically need to be of the order of 3 to 3.5m square, and 2.0mto the eaves. It will require a reinforced concrete floor slab with outlet channel or buried pipe forthe turbine discharge back to the river. Walls can be brick or block construction, with stone ortimber cladding, or render as required by the planning authority.

The turbine would probably be a multi-jet pelton or single jet turgo machine, driving an inductiongenerator. This may be belt driven or direct drive. Control of turbine flow would need to beautomatic to match the turbine flow to that available in the river, via the signal provided by theintake level sensor.

The abstraction regime agreed with the EA will determine the power output of the scheme andin turn this determines the complexity of the control system. For a 3 phase system under 11kW,





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the system can be grid connected under G83 requirements, which is less onerous and allowsfor a slightly cheaper control system. Above 11 kW, the system falls under G59 connectionrequirements and requires a more complicated, costly system. At 50% abstraction or less, thesystem will produce around 10 kW, so G83 requirements have been assumed for the purposesof this report.

To try to reduce costs, we would recommend a simpler control system be installed. However,this system cannot communicate with a SCADA, hence manual supervision of the machine willbe required.

7.5.4 Access

It was not possible to see the powerhouse location on the site visit. Access to the intake andpipeline route would need to be via the fields, a distance of around 300m from the road.

7.6 Grid Connection

At this stage Western Power Distribution has not yet confirmed a grid connection cost estimate.For the purposes of the report a figure of approximately £6,000 has been estimated.

7.7 Environmental

The same environmental issues apply to this site as for the Afon Gafel scheme. However, asthis is a totally new scheme, the costs of obtaining planning permission for the variousstructures (weir, pipeline and powerhouse) will be more onerous.

7.8 Sale of Renewable Electricity

The same system and sale price would apply as for the Afon Gafel scheme; hence at least£75/MWh (7.5 pence/kWh) should be available, at least in the short term.

7.9 Hydro Generation Potential

7.9.1 Scheme Size, Energy Generation and Gross Revenue

The scheme size depends upon the abstraction regime agreed with the Environment Agency

and Planning authority. Until ecological surveys are carried out to determine the sensitivity ofthe site, it is not possible to accurately determine the size of scheme. For the three abstractionscenarios discussed in section 7.3, the results are as follows:

Abstraction MaximumOutput

(kW)

AnnualGeneration

(MWh)

GrossRevenue@£75/MWh

25% to ADF, 50% above ADF, Q95 Min 10 28 £1,96050%, Q95 Min 10 37 £2,76675%, Q95 Min 14 53 £3,965

Figure 28 – Generation and revenues, Glogue Quarry





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7.10 Operation and Maintenance Costs

Costs include insurance (asset cover and public liability), business rates, weekly visits and callouts by a local person to check operation, reset faults and carry out routine maintenance(greasing bearings, record readings etc), spare parts, imported electricity and one day per yearassessment by Dulas (or other). Total costs are estimated at around £2500 per annum. Thesecosts do not include landowner rental payments.

7.11 Development Cost Estimate

Development costs are required to obtain planning and abstraction licences, with associatedecological surveys. The scale of these costs can vary enormously, depending upon the scopeof work required by the Environment Agency and planning authority. For the purposes of thisstudy an estimate of around £5,000 has been used. The actual figure could be more or lessthan this.

The total costs to develop the site are shown in the table, including the development costsdescribed above plus construction and commissioning costs. We expect that these costs couldvary by around plus or minus 15%.

The following are approximate cost estimates only, exclusive of VAT:

Figure 29 - Capital construction costs at Glogue Quarry

This installation cost seems inordinately high for the electrical output of 10 to 14 kW. As can beseen, almost a quarter of the cost is in the long pipeline. The powerhouse, turbine and controlsystem amount to another large proportion. Finally, the time required to design, specify, installand commission all these elements is relatively fixed. For example, if the scheme had 150m

head and a larger river, most costs would not increase significantly, however, the annualgeneration and income could be 5 to 10 times higher.

7.12 Conclusions

Even with the best possible abstraction regime, with a gross annual income of £3,965 andexpected maintenance costs of £2,500 (plus any landowner rental payments), there is very littleor no net income. The cost of the scheme is very high at £148,000 due to the long pipeline andthe relatively fixed costs of powerhouse, electro-mechanical equipment, and design, installationand project management time. Even with 100% grant funding we would not advocateprogressing this scheme.

10 kW hydro schemes have been constructed - however, they need much more favourableconditions, such as:

Development fees (Planning, abstraction, ecological surveys) £10,000

New intake weir, level sensing, fittings, screen, signal cable to powerhouse £12,720

Pipeline materials and installation £37,320

Powerhouse £10,800

Electro-mechanical equipment, control system £28,320

Grid connection £6,120Design, specify and project manage £20,000

Electro-mechanical installation and commissioning, O&M manuals, training,

travel and subsistance £22,503

Total £147,783





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• Existing infrastructure

• High head and short pipeline• Good water resource

• Landowner who is the developer and can carry out much of the construction workthemselves (i.e. at no external cost)

• Landowner who can visit the site each day and make manual flow adjustments. Thisreduces the complexity of the control system

• Low ecological sensitivity and a high rate of abstraction.





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8 Economic Analysis of Community Hydro Schemes

8.1 Capital and O&M costs

The following tables show the breakdown of capital and O&M costs for both hydro schemes asextracted from the previous sections of the report.

Capital Costs of Construction Afon Gafel Glogue Quarry

Development Fees £ 5,000 £ 10,000

Intake works £ 17,400 £ 12,720

Leat improvements £ 2,064

New intake screen, chamber & pipe £ 5,520

New signal cable £ 4,680

Pipeline works £ 1,440 £ 37,320

Powerhouse £ - £ 10,800

Electro-mechanical equipment £ 4,140 £ 28,320

Control system £ 15,600

SCADA £ 4,800Grid Connection £ 12,924 £ 6,120

Design, specify & project manage £ 9,200 £ 20,000

EM installation, commissioning, O&M manuals etc £ 19,253 £ 22,503

Total Capital Cost of Construction 102,021£ 147,783£

Figure 30 - Capital costs of hydro schemes

Operating and Maintenance Costs Afon Gafel Glogue Quarry

Operation & maintenance costs £ 3,000 £ 2,500

Figure 31 - O&M costs of hydro schemes

8.2 Whole Life Cost Analysis

The same model has been used as for the wind power analysis to determine the expectedrevenues and benefits to the community for the Afon Gafel and Glogue Quarry hydro schemes.

The rate paid for electricity from hydro power generation is currently calculated at 7.5 p/kWh,this is inclusive of all Renewable Obligation Ceritificates (ROCs) and Climate Change LevyExemption Certificates (LECs).

Hence this translates into a revenue stream for each scheme as detailed in Figure 32 below.

Using this information the whole life cost of each scheme has been modelled with the followingparameters:

o Figures are based on 100% community financing of the schemeso Discount rate is assumed at 3.5%o Depreciable Capital has been allowed against major planto Capital allowance rate of 25% has been allowedo Life expectancy of the schemes is assumed at 25 yearso Companies tax is assumed at 20%o No allowance has been made for capital grantso Electricity price is assumed at 7.5p/kWh, a higher price may be achievable.





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The payback periods, net present value of the schemes at 15 years (value to the community)and the internal rate of return (IRR) are shown for each of the schemes are also detailed inFigure 32.

Production and Revenue Afon Gafel Glogue Quarry

Production (kWh/yr) 92,000 53,000 Carbon Dioxide Savings (kg/yr) 39,560 22,790

Revenue (annual) 6,900£ 3,975£

Payback (yrs) 47.8 162.9

NPV @ 25 years 48,888-£ 121,304-£

Figure 32 - Production, revenues and NPV of hydro schemes

This indicates that both schemes would be unprofitable over the 25 year lifespan, and wouldrequire significant grant support for there to be a financial benefit to the community. The AfonGafel scheme would require a grant of £48,888 to break even and similarly the Glogue Quarry agrant of £121,304.




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Appendix A Planning Policy for Renewable Energy

The situation regarding planning permission for wind generation has been fundamentally alteredby the release of Technical Advice Note 8 (TAN 8) renewable energy planning policy for Wales.

The Welsh Assembly has set a target of 4 TWh/annum to be produced by renewable energy by2010 as part of the wider UK national target of generating 10 % of electricity consumption fromrenewable sources by 2010. Figures presented by the Assembly for May 2004 estimate thetotal annual electrical output from renewable installations in Wales as 1.18 TWh [1], with anadditional 0.7 TWh of new additional production approved. These figures imply a doubling ofcurrent output if the 4 TWh/annum target is to be met. Specifically for onshore wind, theAssembly considers that a further 800MW of installed capacity will be required by 2010.

In light of the need for new renewable energy installations, the Assembly has updated itsrenewable energy planning advice. National planning policy advice on renewable energy is

detailed in the Technical Advice Note (“TAN”) 8: “Renewable Energy”. Through modifications tothis TAN, the Assembly aims to provide positively for this increase in renewable energy.

As part of this process, the Welsh Assembly Planning Division commissioned work to assess, ata strategic level, the potential for wind energy development in Wales. The consultants, Arup,produced a “decision support tool” which was essentially a collation of relevant information,data, techniques and research, in order to document and clarify relevant issues relating to windfarm development in Wales. The work culminated in the identification of seven separate areas(Strategic Search Areas), capable of accommodating large scale (>25 MW) wind farms. Theseseven areas were adopted in the final version of TAN 8 as “Strategic Search Areas” (“SSAs”),after wide public and industry consultation. TAN8 further instructs local planning authorities to,refine if necessary the SSAs and provide more detailed criteria based guidance on wind energy

development in these areas. Development of wind energy schemes outside of the SSAs areexpected to constitute no more than 5MW 'community' schemes.

Local authorities will have to incorporate national policy within local development plans, and indoing so have the power to specify what constitutes an acceptable small or communitydevelopment.

Pembrokeshire has yet to release supplementary planning guidance (SPG) relating to windenergy, however if it follows the example set by Powys, Conwy and Denbigshire winddevelopments outside the SSAs may be restricted to a turbine height of 70m (to tip). A typicalturbine of this size would be rated at around 500kW.

In addition to the guidance on wind energy, TAN8 also provides a level of detailed guidance onother renewable energy generation technologies.

Pembrokeshire County Council and the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority are eachrequired by law to prepare and keep under review a Unitary Development Plan. From 2002 theCounty Council and National Park Authority have been engaged in the joint production of acombined plan for their areas - a Joint Unitary Development Plan (JUDP).

The JUDP document will replace the Dyfed Structure Plan and three Local Plans (the North andSouth Pembrokeshire Local Plans and the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Local Plan)currently operating across the County.

The first JUDP draft was released in 2002, and has been through the required consultation,inspection and modification. The latest, and presumably final modified plan was presented in




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December 2005 and has now closed for consultation. Modifications includes reference to TAN8and its requirements, however there is no mention of the criteria expected for community winddevelopment beyond those set out in Policy 60 ‘Wind Energy Development’.

The modified JUDP sets out the intention of both authorities to produce Supplementary

Planning Guidance relating to renewable energy and wind energy in particular.

The final plan is expected to be adopted in summer 2006.

Changes in UK legislation mean that even as the authorities move to adopt the Joint UnitaryDevelopment Plan they will also be preparing a successor Local Development Plan. In practicethis means that the a review process for the newly adopted JUDP will begin almost immediatelyafter adoption.

Relevant extracts from the latest iteration ‘Proposed Modifications to the Joint UnitaryDevelopment Plan for Pembrokeshire (Deposit Plan) December 2005’ are reproduced below.The whole document is available online at:http://live.pcnpa.org.uk/PCNP/live/AdvHTML_Upload//Modifications%20Text%20and%20Maps/Text/FINAL%20JUDP%20Mods%20Text%20Post%20Insp%20letter_English.doc

PART 2

5. Development 5.6 Renewable Energy

8.2.2 5.6 Renewable Energy

5.6.1 In addition to measures to conserve energy use, generation of power from renewable resources

can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and also the UK's current over-reliance onenergy from fossil fuels and nuclear power. Pembrokeshire has significant potential to supplyrenewable energy, although it is remote from major areas of power demand. In addition tomeasures to conserve energy use, generation of power from renewable resources can help toreduce greenhouse gas emissions and also the UK's current over-reliance on energy from fossilfuels and nuclear power. Pembrokeshire has significant potential to supply renewable energy,although it is remote from major areas of power demand. Recent changes to nationalguidance, through amendments to Planning Policy Wales in the form of the Ministerial PlanningPolicy Statement (01/2005), and TAN8 (2005), sets national targets for renewable energy for2010 and 2020 to be met mainly through large windfarms. TAN 8 identifies strategic searchareas in which large windfarms should be located, none of which are within Pembrokeshire.Industrial sites along the Haven Waterway are identified as having some potential for small ormedium sized windfarms (under 5 Megawatt), subject to further site specific evaluation.

Planning applications on these sites will be assessed against Policy 60. Renewable energyprojects, including research and development should be supported where environmentalimpacts are minimised and nationally and internationally designated areas are notcompromised. Supplementary Planning Guidance on sustainable design is being prepared byboth Authorities and will deal with incorporating renewable energy, energy conservation andenergy efficiency into building construction and design.

5.6.2 Sources of renewable energy include the wind, water, sun, plant material and non-hazardouswaste. Special technologies are usually required for their exploitation and the necessity forresource-specific technologies will be taken into consideration in determining planningapplications. Examples of these technologies include, wind turbines generating electricalpower, tidal and hydro-power plants, wood fuel/biomass for combustion in wood burning powerstations, waste combustion, anaerobic digestion, combustion of landfill gases and solar power

systems. Support for energy generation from renewable resources must be weighed carefullyagainst the need to protect the built, historic and natural environment, including the coast,countryside and historic settlements, the amenities of local residents, important landscapes




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(such as the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park), agriculture and forestry. Particular care isneeded where areas of international or national nature conservation, landscape orarchaeological interest are likely to be affected.

Policy 1 Renewable Energy▲

8.2.2.1.1 The generation of power from renewable resources will be permitted where:

i) no demonstrable significant harm would be caused to the built, historic ornatural environment; and

ii) there will be no significant adverse impact on amenity arising from the scale orappearance of the development and/or any resultant air or water pollution, noiseor motor vehicle traffic; and

iii) there is no significant adverse impact either individually or cumulatively toimportant landscapes, especially those within or close to the boundaries of thePembrokeshire Coast National Park; and

iv) there will be no significantly adverse impact on agriculture or forestry.

5.6.3 This policy aims to encourage renewable energy developments and the contribution they canmake to the generation of power. Schemes that can demonstrate local benefits and that makeuse of derelict areas or redundant buildings will be encouraged. An Environmental Statementmay be required to demonstrate how a development will satisfy the policy criteria (Town andCountry Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999(SI 1999/293) as amended).

Policy 2 Wind Energy Development▲

8.2.2.1.2 Wind energy development will be permitted where:

i) there is no significant damage to the built, historic or natural environment; and

ii) there will be no significantly adverse impact on the amenities of local residentsarising from either the scale, appearance or layout of the development, or anyresultant noise, safety risk or shadow flicker; and

iii) there is no significant adverse impact either individually or cumulatively toimportant landscapes, especially those within or close to the boundaries of thePembrokeshire Coast National Park; and

iv) ancillary works and structures are minimised; andv) new links to the electricity grid are placed underground where they would cross

visually prominent and sensitive areas.

5.6.4 Wind farms and wind turbines generate renewable energy, helping to keep greenhouse gasemissions down and broaden the base of UK energy supplies. Pembrokeshire is well placed totake advantage of wind energy, as many locations can provide the necessary wind speeds on aregular basis.

5.6.5 As with other renewable energy sources, special technologies are required that raise complexplanning issues. Consequently, development will only be permitted where there are nosignificant adverse impacts on the built, historic and natural environment, on local residents or

on important landscapes. Sites falling within or close to the Pembrokeshire Coast NationalPark require particular care. Normally a planning application for wind energy developmentshould be accompanied by an Environmental Statement (Town and Country Planning




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(Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999 (SI 1999/293) asamended). Appropriate de-commissioning of turbine sites and re-use will be required bycondition. All plant and ancillary infrastructure should be dismantled and removed from the site6 months after cessation of operations (except for certain below ground works, which mayremain); and disused sites that have been cleared of 'above ground' plant and infrastructure

should be restored to an appropriate use. In association with any planning permission grantedthe local planning authority may require a bond be secured to cover the eventual cost ofreinstatement.

5.6.6 Some wind turbine proposals may come forward on marine sites beyond land use planningcontrol. While different legislative regimes will apply in such cases, both the County Counciland National Park Authority expect an involvement in the decision making process.

5.6.7 Specific sites for wind energy developments are not identified in the JUDP. Both local planningauthorities will use LANDMAP to assess the potential of different landscapes to accommodatewind energy developments. This will be published as SPG.




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Appendix A Sale of Renewable Electricity

Under the current system for supporting renewable energy, there are contracts currentlyavailable that offer £75/MWh and £95 (7.5 - 9.5 pence/kWh) on a yearly basis. This includesthe value of the exported energy, the value of the Renewable Obligation Certificate (ROC), thevalue of the Levy Exempt Certificate (LEC) and the recycle value. These are described below.

Longer term contracts up to 10 years or more can also be secured, however the value of theseis lower due to the risk involved in how prices may change in future. As it is impossible topredict how prices may change in future, for the purposes of this report, an annual averagefigure of between £61/MWh and £75/MWh has been assumed to be available over the life of theproject.

A.1 The Renewable Obligation

The Renewable Obligation (RO) is the mechanism by which the Government is intending to

achieve its target of 10% Renewable Electricity (RE) supply by 2010. It is a requirement on alllicensed electricity suppliers in England and Wales to supply a proportion of their electricity fromRE generation. The obligation on each supplier will rises to 10.4% by the year ending 31st March 2010. The RO will run until 2026 providing a guaranteed market for renewable energy.The expected market for eligible renewables is expected to expand three fold from the presentlevel of 10TWh to 25TWh in 2010.

There will effectively be four products, each with its own value, related to renewable energygeneration:

• Electricity (actual kWh)

• Renewable Obligation Certificates

• Levy Exemption Certificates

• Recycle value (from split of ‘buy-out’ revenue)

The value associated with each of these component parts cannot be guaranteed, but thefollowing sections will provide an indication of the price range that could be expected, andtherefore the total overall value of RE generation.

A.2 Electricity

This has risen considerably in recent years and is currently high at around £35/MWh. It is likelythat this will remain so for as long as gas prices remain high and the UK continues to importlarge amounts of fuel.

A.3 Renewable Obligation Certificates

Each year, licensed electricity suppliers will be obliged to meet a certain volume of theirelectricity supply from RE sources. This will be calculated as an appropriate percentage of theirown electricity sales volume. Compliance with this obligation is monitored using tradablecertificates known as Renewable Obligation Certificates (ROCs).

ROCs can be traded independently from the electricity generated. Effectively the RO de-couples electricity generation from the green credit and each can be traded separately in twodifferent markets.

Suppliers of electricity have the following options in order to comply with their obligation:




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• Contract RE generation in tandem with the ROC

• Buy ROCs separately from either RE generators, from other suppliers who have excessROCs or from traders who purely deal in the trading of ROCs

• Buy-out. This last options means that if the supplier fails to secure enough ROCs to cover

their Obligation, then they must ‘buy-out’ the remainder. The cost of this is currently£32.33/MWh (3.23 pence per kWh) generated and rises in line with the Retail Price Indexeach year. The buy-out clause effectively sets a ceiling on the price paid for RE generation.If RE generation is too expensive then the supplier will opt to ‘buy-out’ and this limits thecost of compliance to the supplier and hence the cost to the consumer.

Funds raised from the buy-out option are recycled to compliant suppliers in proportion to theamount of ROCs they redeem. Within industry there is considerable support for the recycling ofthese funds as it effectively increases the value of the ROC if the market is short, (i.e. short ofavailable ROCs). By purchasing ROCs, a supplier not only avoids paying the buy-out, but theyalso get a larger share of the recycled buy-out fund.

It should also be noted that if the market is short, i.e. insufficient affordable RE capacitycompared to the given period’s obligation, then the market value of ROCs will remain stable andquite high – a sellers market. Similarly, the buy-out fund could also be high because there isinsufficient affordable RE generation and so suppliers will choose to buy-out. Conversely, ifthere is a significant increase in affordable RE capacity then fewer suppliers will choose to buy-out and therefore the overall buy-out fund will reduce. This means that there are fewer funds toredistribute to the compliant suppliers, and therefore not only will the value of RE generation bereduced but the value of the buy-out will also be reduced. This demonstrates that market forceswill determine the value of the ROCs.

A.4 Climate Change Levy and Levy Exempt Certificates

The Climate Change Levy (CCL) was a tax introduced on April 1st 2001. It essentially imposeda tax of £4.30 MWh (0.43 p/kWh) on all energy consumption in the public, commercial andindustrial sectors. It does not apply to domestic customers. The levy is intended to incentiviseusers into the more efficient use of energy as part of the Government’s strategy to reduce CO2 emissions, as well as to stimulate demand for RE.

Renewable electricity is obviously exempt from this climate change tax and is therefore eligiblefor Levy Exemption Certificates (LECs). The idea is that end users will request renewableelectricity to save paying the tax. What actually happens is that the supplier will offer aproportion of the 0.43 p/kWh saving to the end user, apportion some value for themselves, withthe remainder going to the generator. Hence RE generators don’t realise the total value of theLEC - current contracts reflect around 60-85% of the total CCL value, or between 0.28 and 0.34

p/kWh.

There is a possibility that LEC’s may be taken out of the system in the next few years, whichwould reduce overall renewable energy prices slightly.




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Appendix B Project Funding

B.1 Legal Structure

In order to obtain funding, certainly in respect of corporate finance, Cymdeithas Cwm Arianwould require some form of legal status. A suitable method for this may be the new CommunityInterest Companies (CICs) status as recently launched by companies house.

The two main features that distinguish CICs from ‘normal’ companies are the asset lock and theCommunity Interest Statement and Report. Under the asset lock provisions, the assets andprofits must be permanently retained within the CIC, and used solely for community benefit, ortransferred to another organisation which itself has an asset lock, such as a charity, or toanother CIC. For instance, a charity could form a CIC to be its “trading arm” and this CIC couldthen transfer all its surpluses to the charity. Please note that existing charities can convert toCICs, subject to regulatory permission, but they will lose their charitable status in doing so.

The full range of limited company forms is available to CICs, including that of a company limitedby guarantee and also by shares.

B.2 Corporate Financing

There should be a variety of scope to borrow money from private entities such as banks orfinance companies. Some of these actively seek to be involved in the finance of community orsustainable projects and as such a have specific fund for this type of project.

Discussions with individuals with experience in obtaining this type of financing have beenundertaken. This has indicated that based on the financial analysis so far, there should be littleproblem in obtaining interest from financial organisations.

It is understood that Cymdeithas Cwm Arian is currently investigating this avenue.

B.3 Grant Funding

Grant funding would make a significant enhancement to the profitability of any communityenergy scheme by reducing the initial capital funding required. This would lead to fasterpayback and hence more revenue earning potential over the project lifetime.

A number of grant streams have been investigated for potential:

Low Carbon Buildings Programme – This is the new programme that replaces the ClearSkies programme and PV Demonstration Programme. There may be scope for funding underthe proposed Stream 2 fund for larger projects, however to date it would appear that the fund isaimed more at building oriented projects.

Additional funding levels have just been announced (total fund now £80M), and details of theprogramme will be forthcoming. Once the scheme is fully defined it should be examined in detailto determine eligibility to apply for funding.

This fund will may certainly be used as a source for domestic scale grants under the Stream 1section of the programme. Funding may be sought for most of the small-scale technologiesdiscussed in the report.




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Objective 1 Programme – Under the Priority 3 (Community Economic Regeneration) andPriority 5 (Rural Development and the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources) of thisprogramme there should be opportunity to seek grant funding. The programme seeks todevelop rural economies via changes in land use and traditional income streams help economicregeneration.

B.4 Community Share Issue

A number of community renewable energy projects have been developed in Wales already.Dulas has been involved with a number of these. We have enclosed a CD that containsinformation of the funding of community projects.

Information may also be found at the following websites:

Renewable Energy Investment Club - www.reic.co.uk

Bro Dyfi Community Renewables - www.ecodyfi.org.uk/energy/energybdcr.htm

B.5 Welsh Energy Agencies

There is a network of Energy Agencies in Wales dedicated to helping the implementation ofenergy efficiency and sustainable energy. The West Wales Eco Centre should be able to helpadvise further on grants that may be applicable to the local area. Contact details are:

The Old School Business CentreLower St Mary StreetNewportPembrokeshireSA42 0TS

WalesUK

Or by telephone/fax on:

Telephone: +44 (0) 1239 820235Fax: +44 (0) 1239 820801

Or by email at:

[email protected]




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Appendix C Details & Flow Analysis of Hydro Schemes

C.1 Afon Gafel






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S i t e N a m e

A f o n G a f e l - P o n t - y - G a f e l

2 3 - M a r - 0 6

D a t a

H y d r a u l i c s

E f f i c i e n c i e s ( a t d e s i g n

f l o w )

F D C :

N o r m a l i s e d H a f r e n

G r o s s H e a d :

4 8 . 5 m

P i p e l i n e a t d e s i g n f l o w :

9 1 %

T u r b i n e :

G i l k e s S i n g l e J e t T u r g o

H e a d l o s s f o r i n t a k e s c r e e n :

0 . 3 m

T u r b i n e a t d e s i g n f l o w :

7 5 %

G e n e r a

t o r :

2 0 k V A

P i p e p r e s s u r e l o s s ( a t

d e s i g n f l o w ) :

4 . 4 m

D r i v e / c o u p l i n g :

9 5 %

N e t h e a d a t d e s i g n f l o w :

4 3 . 8 m

G e n e r a t o r a t d e s i g n f l o w

:

9 0 %

H y d r o l o g y

T u r b i n e d e s i g n f l o w :

1 0 0 l / s

T r a n s f o r m e r :

1 0 0 %

C a t c h m

e n t A r e a :

4 . 9 6

s q k m

M i n i m u m f l o w ( % o f d e s i g n f l o w ) :

2 0 %

T r a n s m i s s i o n :

1 0 0 %

A v e r a g

e A n n u a l R a i n f a l l :

1 . 6 0 0

m

M i n i m u m f l o w :

2 0 l / s

D e s i g n S y s t e m E f f y :

5 8 %

E v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n

0 . 4 5 0

m

N e t A n

n u a l R a i n f a l l :

1 . 1 5 0

m

R e s i d u a l f l o w :

Q 9 5 a n d

2 5 %

G e n e r a t o r R a t i n g ( k V A ) :

3 8

F i s h F a r m

F l o w :

1 0

l / s

% t i m e

N o r m a l i s e d

T o t a l

A v a i l a

b l e

T u r b i n e

R e s i d u a l

H y d r a u l i c

F r a c t i o n

P i p e l i n e

T u r b i n

e

S h a f t

G e n e r a t o r

E l e c t r i c

A v a i l a b l e

f l o

w

F D C

f l o w

f l o w

f l o w

f l o w

p o w e r

o f d e s i g n

E f f

E f f

p o w e r

E f f

p o w e r

e n e r g y

e x c e e d e d

l / s

l / s

l / s

l / s

l / s

k W

f l o w

k W

k W

k W H r / y r

5

1 0 3

5 9 0

4 1 5

1 0 0

4 9 0

4 7

1 . 0 0

9 1 %

7

5 %

3 0

9 0 %

2 8

1 2 , 0 5 3

1 0

7 0

3 9 7

2 7 1

1 0 0

2 9 7

4 7

1 . 0 0

9 1 %

7

5 %

3 0

9 0 %

2 8

1 2 , 0 5 3

1 5

5 3

3 0 5

2 0 1

1 0 0

2 0 5

4 7

1 . 0 0

9 1 %

7

5 %

3 0

9 0 %

2 8

1 2 , 0 5 3

2 0

4 4

2 5 0

1 6 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

4 7

1 . 0 0

9 1 %

7

5 %

3 0

9 0 %

2 8

1 2 , 0 5 3

2 5

3 7

2 1 2

1 3 2

1 0 0

1 1 2

4 7

1 . 0 0

9 1 %

7

5 %

3 0

9 0 %

2 8

1 2 , 0 5 3

3 0

3 1

1 7 9

1 0 7

1 0 0

7 9

4 7

1 . 0 0

9 1 %

7

5 %

3 0

9 0 %

2 8

1 2 , 0 5 3

3 5

2 7

1 5 3

8 8

8 8

6 5

4 1

0 . 8 8

9 3 %

7

6 %

2 8

9 0 %

2 5

1 1 , 5 2 0

4 0

2 3

1 3 3

7 2

7 2

6 0

3 4

0 . 7 2

9 5 %

7

5 %

2 3

9 0 %

2 1

1 0 , 1 0 6

4 5

2 0

1 1 6

6 0

6 0

5 6

2 8

0 . 6 0

9 7 %

7

5 %

2 0

9 0 %

1 8

8 , 4 7 6

5 0

1 8

1 0 2

4 9

4 9

5 3

2 3

0 . 4 9

9 8 %

7

5 %

1 6

9 0 %

1 5

7 , 0 6 9

5 5

1 6

8 9

4 0

4 0

4 9

1 9

0 . 4 0

9 9 %

7

5 %

1 3

8 7 %

1 2

5 , 7 3 1

6 0

1 4

7 7

3 1

3 1

4 7

1 5

0 . 3 1

9 9 %

7

5 %

1 0

8 1 %

8

4 , 3 5 5

6 5

1 2

6 8

2 4

2 4

4 4

1 1

0 . 2 4

9 9 %

7

4 %

8

7 3 %

6

3 , 0 7 6

7 0

1 0

5 9

1 7

0

5 9

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

7 5

9

5 2

1 2

0

5 2

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

8 0

8

4 4

6

0

4 4

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

8 5

6

3 6

0

0

3 6

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

9 0

5

3 0

0

0

3 0

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

9 5

4

2 3

0

0

2 3

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

1 2 2 , 6 5 2

A b s t r a c t i o n :

1 , 5 1 9 , 4 5 0 m 3 / y e a r

M a x . p o w e r o u t p u t a t p

o i n t o f u s e :

2 8 k W

D o w n t i m e , e x p e c t e d a

n d f o r c e d :

4 %

© D u l a

s L t d 2 0 0 4

C a l c u l a t e d A n n u a l P r o d u c t i o n :

1 1 8 M W h

H y d r o l o g y & E n e r g y O u t p u t S

u m m a r y - Q 9 5 a n d 2 5 % R e s i d u a l F l o w




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S i t e N

a m e


2 3 - M a r - 0 6

D a t a

H y d r a u l i c s


f l o w )

F D C :


G r o s s H e a d :

4 8 . 5 m


9 1 %

T u r b i n

e :


H e a d l o s s f o r i n t a k e s

c r e e n :

0 . 3 m


7 5 %

G e n e r

a t o r :

2 0 k V A

P i p e p r e s s u r e l o s s ( a t d e s i g n f l o w ) :

4 . 4 m


9 5 %

N e t h e a d a t d e s i g n f l o

w :

4 3 . 8 m

G e n e r a t o r a t d e s i g n f l o w :

9 0 %

H y d r o

l o g y


1 0 0 l / s


1 0 0 %

C a t c h m e n t A r e a :

4 . 9 6

s q k m


2 0 %


1 0 0 %

A v e r a g e A n n u a l R a i n f a l l :

1 . 6 0 0

m


2 0 l / s


5 8 %

E v a p o

t r a n s p i r a t i o n

0 . 4 5 0

m

N e t A n n u a l R a i n f a l l :

1 . 1 5 0

m


Q 9 5 a n d

5 0 %

G e n e r a t o r R a t i n g ( k V A )

:

3 8

F i s h F a r m F l o w :

1 0

l / s

% t

i m e

N o r m a l i s e d

T o t a l

A v a i l a b l e

T u r b i n e

R e s i d u a l

H y d r a u l i c

F r a c t i o n

P i p e l i n e

T u r b i n

e

S h a f t

G e n e r a t o r

E l e c t r i c

A v a i l a b l e

f l o w

F D C

f l o w

f l o

w

f l o w

f l o w

p o w e r

o f d e s i g n

E f f

E f f

p o w e r

E f f

p o w e r

e n e r g y

e x c e

e d e d

l / s

l / s

l / s

l / s

l / s

k W

f l o w

k W

k W

k W H r / y r

5

1 0 3

5 9 0

2 7 4

1 0 0

4 9 0

4 7

1 . 0 0

9 1 %

7 5 %

3 0

9 0 %

2 8

1 2 , 0 5 3

1 0

7 0

3 9 7

1 7 7

1 0 0

2 9 7

4 7

1 . 0 0

9 1 %

7 5 %

3 0

9 0 %

2 8

1 2 , 0 5 3

1 5

5 3

3 0 5

1 3 1

1 0 0

2 0 5

4 7

1 . 0 0

9 1 %

7 5 %

3 0

9 0 %

2 8

1 2 , 0 5 3

2 0

4 4

2 5 0

1 0 3

1 0 0

1 5 0

4 7

1 . 0 0

9 1 %

7 5 %

3 0

9 0 %

2 8

1 2 , 0 5 3

2 5

3 7

2 1 2

8 5

8 5

1 2 8

4 0

0 . 8 5

9 3 %

7 6 %

2 7

9 0 %

2 4

1 1 , 3 6 1

3 0

3 1

1 7 9

6 8

6 8

1 1 1

3 2

0 . 6 8

9 6 %

7 5 %

2 2

9 0 %

2 0

9 , 6 9 8

3 5

2 7

1 5 3

5 5

5 5

9 8

2 6

0 . 5 5

9 7 %

7 5 %

1 8

9 0 %

1 6

7 , 9 4 2

4 0

2 3

1 3 3

4 5

4 5

8 8

2 1

0 . 4 5

9 8 %

7 5 %

1 5

8 9 %

1 3

6 , 4 8 2

4 5

2 0

1 1 6

3 7

3 7

8 0

1 7

0 . 3 7

9 9 %

7 5 %

1 2

8 5 %

1 0

5 , 1 8 7

5 0

1 8

1 0 2

2 9

2 9

7 2

1 4

0 . 2 9

9 9 %

7 5 %

1 0

8 0 %

8

4 , 0 0 2

5 5

1 6

8 9

2 3

2 3

6 6

1 1

0 . 2 3

1 0 0 %

7 3 %

8

7 2 %

5

2 , 9 1 5

6 0

1 4

7 7

1 7

0

7 7

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

6 5

1 2

6 8

1 3

0

6 8

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

7 0

1 0

5 9

8

0

5 9

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

7 5

9

5 2

5

0

5 2

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

8 0

8

4 4

1

0

4 4

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

8 5

6

3 6

0

0

3 6

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

9 0

5

3 0

0

0

3 0

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

9 5

4

2 3

0

0

2 3

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

9 5 , 7 9 9


1 , 1 7 0 , 4 6 4 m 3 / y e a r


o i n t o f u s e :

2 8 k W


n d f o r c e d :

4 %

© D u l a s L t d 2 0 0 4

C a l c u l a t e d A n n u a l P r

o d u c t i o n :

9 2 M W h

H y d r o l o g y & E n e r g y O u t p u t S u m m a r y - Q 9 5 a n d 5 0 % R e s i d u a l F l o w




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S i t e N

a m e


2 3 - M a r - 0 6

D a t a

H y d r a u l i c s


f l o w )

F D C :


G r o s s H e a d :

4 8 . 5 m


9 1 %

T u r b i n e :



c r e e n :

0 . 3 m


7 5 %

G e n e r a t o r :

2 0 k V A


4 . 4 m


9 5 %


w :

4 3 . 8 m


9 0 %

H y d r o l o g y


1 0 0 l / s


1 0 0 %

C a t c h

m e n t A r e a :

4 . 9 6

s q k m

M i n i m u m f l o w ( % o f d

e s i g n f l o w ) :

2 0 %


1 0 0 %

A v e r a

g e A n n u a l R a i n f a l l :

1 . 6 0 0

m


2 0 l / s


5 8 %

E v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n

0 . 4 5 0

m

N e t A

n n u a l R a i n f a l l :

1 . 1 5 0

m


Q 9 5 a n d

7 5 %

u p t o A D

F

G e n e r a t o r R a t i n g ( k V A )

:

3 8

R e s i d u a l F l o w :

Q 9 5 a n d

5 0 %

a b o v e A D F

F i s h F a r m F l o w :

1 0

l / s

%

t i m e

N o r m a l i s e d

T o t a l

A v a i l

a b l e

T u r b i n e

R e s i d u a l

H y d r a

u l i c

F r a c t i o n

P i p e l i n e

T u r b i n

e

S h a f t

G e n e r a t o r

E l e c t r i c

A v a i l a b l e

f l o w

F D C

f l o w

f l o

w

f l o w

f l o w

p o w

e r

o f d e s i g n

E f f

E f f

p o w e r

E f f

p o w e r

e n e r g y

e x c e e d e d

l / s

l / s

l / s

l / s

l / s

k W

f l o w

k W

k W

k W H r / y r

5

1 0 3

5 9 0

2 7 4

1 0 0

4 9 0

4 7

1 . 0 0

9 1 %

7 5 %

3 0

9 0 %

2 8

1 2 , 0 5 3

1 0

7 0

3 9 7

1 7 7

1 0 0

2 9 7

4 7

1 . 0 0

9 1 %

7 5 %

3 0

9 0 %

2 8

1 2 , 0 5 3

1 5

5 3

3 0 5

1 3 1

1 0 0

2 0 5

4 7

1 . 0 0

9 1 %

7 5 %

3 0

9 0 %

2 8

1 2 , 0 5 3

2 0

4 4

2 5 0

1 0 3

1 0 0

1 5 0

4 7

1 . 0 0

9 1 %

7 5 %

3 0

9 0 %

2 8

1 2 , 0 5 3

2 5

3 7

2 1 2

8 5

8 5

1 2 8

4 0

0 . 8 5

9 3 %

7 6 %

2 7

9 0 %

2 4

1 1 , 3 6 1

3 0

3 1

1 7 9

2 9

2 9

1 5 0

1 4

0 . 2 9

9 9 %

7 5 %

1 0

8 0 %

8

7 , 0 2 0

3 5

2 7

1 5 3

2 3

2 3

1 3 1

1 1

0 . 2 3

1 0 0 %

7 3 %

7

7 1 %

5

2 , 8 3 4

4 0

2 3

1 3 3

1 7

0

1 3 3

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

4 5

2 0

1 1 6

1 3

0

1 1 6

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

5 0

1 8

1 0 2

1 0

0

1 0 2

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

5 5

1 6

8 9

7

0

8 9

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

6 0

1 4

7 7

4

0

7 7

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

6 5

1 2

6 8

1

0

6 8

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

7 0

1 0

5 9

0

0

5 9

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

7 5

9

5 2

0

0

5 2

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

8 0

8

4 4

0

0

4 4

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

8 5

6

3 6

0

0

3 6

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

9 0

5

3 0

0

0

3 0

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

9 5

4

2 3

0

0

2 3

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

6 9 , 4 2 7


8 4 5 , 8 9 2 m 3 / y e a r


o i n t o f u s e :

2 8 k W


n d f o r c e d :

4 %

© D u l a s L t d 2 0 0 4


o d u c t i o n :

6 7 M W h





Cwm Arian Report REV2 .doc Page xiv January 2006

E4354

C.2 Glogue Quarry




Cwm Arian Report REV2 .doc Page xv January 2006

E4354

F l o w D u r a t i o n

C u r v e - G l o g u e Q u a r r y

0 2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

1 8 0

2 0 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

% i l e

F l o w ( l / s )

F l o w




Cwm Arian Report REV2 .doc Page xvi January 2006

E4354

S i t e N

a m e

G l o g u e Q u a r r y S i t e 1

2 3 - M a r - 0 6

D a t a

H y d r a u l i c s


f l o w )

F D C :


G r o s s H e a d :

5 0 . 0 m


8 6 %

T u r b i n

e :

P e l t o n / T u r g o


c r e e n :

0 . 7 m


8 0 %

G e n e r a t o r :

2 0 k V A I n d u c t i o n


7 . 0 m


9 5 %


w :

4 2 . 3 m


8 6 %

H y d r o

l o g y


5 0 l / s


1 0 0 %


1 . 4 9

s q k m


1 5 %


1 0 0 %


1 . 6 0 0

m


8 l / s

D e s i g n S y s t e m

E f f y :

5 6 %

E v a p o


0 . 4 5 0

m

N e t A n


1 . 1 5 0

m


Q 9 5 a n d

2 5 %


2 0

% t

i m e

N o r m a l i s e d

T o t a l

A v a i l a b l e

T u r b i n e

R e s i d u a l

H y d r a u l i c

F r a c t i o n

P i p e l i n e

T u r b i n

e

S h a f t

G e n e r a t o r

E l e c t r i c

A v a i l a b l e

f l o

w

F D C

f l o w

f l o w

f l o w

f l o w

p o w e r

o f d e s i g n

E f f

E f f

p o w e r

E f f

p o w e r

e n e r g y

e x c e

e d e d

l / s

l / s

l / s

l / s

l / s

k W

f l o w

k W

k W

k W H r / y r

5

1 0 3

1 7 7

1 2 8

5 0

1 2 7

2 4

1 . 0 0

8 6 %

8 0 %

1 6

8 6 %

1 4

5 , 9 4 1

1 0

7 0

1 1 9

8 4

5 0

6 9

2 4

1 . 0 0

8 6 %

8 0 %

1 6

8 6 %

1 4

5 , 9 4 1

1 5

5 3

9 2

6 4

5 0

4 2

2 4

1 . 0 0

8 6 %

8 0 %

1 6

8 6 %

1 4

5 , 9 4 1

2 0

4 4

7 5

5 1

5 0

2 5

2 4

1 . 0 0

8 6 %

8 0 %

1 6

8 6 %

1 4

5 , 9 4 1

2 5

3 7

6 4

4 3

4 3

2 1

2 1

0 . 8 5

9 0 %

8 1 %

1 4

8 6 %

1 2

5 , 6 6 2

3 0

3 1

5 4

3 5

3 5

1 9

1 7

0 . 7 0

9 3 %

8 0 %

1 2

8 6 %

1 0

4 , 9 7 9

3 5

2 7

4 6

2 9

2 9

1 7

1 4

0 . 5 9

9 5 %

8 0 %

1 0

8 6 %

9

4 , 2 3 1

4 0

2 3

4 0

2 5

2 5

1 5

1 2

0 . 4 9

9 7 %

8 0 %

9

8 6 %

8

3 , 6 0 7

4 5

2 0

3 5

2 1

2 1

1 4

1 0

0 . 4 2

9 7 %

8 0 %

8

8 6 %

7

3 , 0 9 1

5 0

1 8

3 1

1 8

1 8

1 3

9

0 . 3 6

9 8 %

8 0 %

6

8 5 %

5

2 , 6 2 6

5 5

1 6

2 7

1 5

1 5

1 2

7

0 . 3 0

9 9 %

8 0 %

5

8 4 %

5

2 , 1 9 2

6 0

1 4

2 3

1 2

1 2

1 1

6

0 . 2 5

9 9 %

7 9 %

4

8 3 %

4

1 , 7 9 4

6 5

1 2

2 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

5

0 . 2 0

9 9 %

7 7 %

4

8 1 %

3

1 , 4 3 6

7 0

1 0

1 8

8

8

1 0

4

0 . 1 6

1 0 0 %

7 6 %

3

7 9 %

2

1 , 1 2 7

7 5

9

1 6

7

0

1 6

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

8 0

8

1 3

5

0

1 3

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

8 5

6

1 1

3

0

1 1

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

9 0

5

9

2

0

9

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

9 5

4

7

0

0

7

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

5 4 , 5 0 8


6 5 6 , 5 7 0 m 3 / y e a r


o i n t o f u s e :

1 4 k W


n d f o r c e d :

3 %

© D u l a

s L t d 2 0 0 4


o d u c t i o n :

5 3 M W h





Cwm Arian Report REV2 .doc Page xvii January 2006

E4354

S i t e N

a m e

G l o g u e Q u a r r y S i t e 1

2 3 - M a r - 0 6

D a t a

H y d r a u l i c s


f l o w )

F D C :


G r o s s H e a d :

5 0 . 0 m


8 8 %

T u r b i n

e :

P e l t o n / T u r g o


c r e e n :

0 . 7 m


8 0 %

G e n e r a t o r :

1 5 k V A I n d u c t i o n


6 . 0 m


9 5 %


w :

4 3 . 3 m


8 5 %

H y d r o

l o g y


3 7 l / s


1 0 0 %


1 . 4 9

s q k m


1 5 %


1 0 0 %


1 . 6 0 0

m


6 l / s

D e s i g n S y s t e m

E f f y :

5 6 %

E v a p o


0 . 4 5 0

m

N e t A n


1 . 1 5 0

m


Q 9 5 a n d

7 5 %

u p t o A D

F


1 5

Q 9 5 a n d

5 0 %

a b o v e A D F

% t

i m e

N o r m a l i s e d

T o t a l

A v a i l a b l e

T u r b i n e

R e s i d u a l

H y d r a u l i c

F r a c t i o n

P i p e l i n e

T u r b i n

e

S h a f t

G e n e r a t o r

E l e c t r i c

A v a i l a b l e

f l o

w

F D C

f l o w

f l o w

f l o w

f l o w

p o w e r

o f d e s i g n

E f f

E f f

p o w e r

E f f

p o w e r

e n e r g y

e x c e

e d e d

l / s

l / s

l / s

l / s

l / s

k W

f l o w

k W

k W

k W H r / y r

5

1 0 3

1 7 7

8 5

3 7

1 4 0

1 8

1 . 0 0

8 8 %

8 0 %

1 2

8 5 %

1 0

4 , 4 1 0

1 0

7 0

1 1 9

5 6

3 7

8 2

1 8

1 . 0 0

8 8 %

8 0 %

1 2

8 5 %

1 0

4 , 4 3 6

1 5

5 3

9 2

4 2

3 7

5 5

1 8

1 . 0 0

8 8 %

8 0 %

1 2

8 5 %

1 0

4 , 4 5 6

2 0

4 4

7 5

3 4

3 4

4 1

1 6

0 . 9 2

9 0 %

8 1 %

1 1

8 6 %

1 0

4 , 3 6 0

2 5

3 7

6 4

2 8

2 8

3 5

1 4

0 . 7 7

9 3 %

8 1 %

1 0

8 6 %

8

3 , 9 8 0

3 0

3 1

5 4

1 2

1 2

4 2

6

0 . 3 2

9 9 %

8 0 %

4

8 6 %

4

2 , 6 5 3

3 5

2 7

4 6

1 0

1 0

3 6

5

0 . 2 6

9 9 %

7 9 %

4

8 6 %

3

1 , 4 7 3

4 0

2 3

4 0

8

8

3 2

4

0 . 2 2

9 9 %

7 8 %

3

8 7 %

3

1 , 2 2 5

4 5

2 0

3 5

7

7

2 8

3

0 . 1 9

1 0 0 %

7 7 %

2

8 7 %

2

1 , 0 2 4

5 0

1 8

3 1

6

6

2 5

3

0 . 1 6

1 0 0 %

7 6 %

2

8 7 %

2

8 5 6

5 5

1 6

2 7

5

0

2 7

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

8 7 %

0

0

6 0

1 4

2 3

4

0

2 3

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

8 7 %

0

0

6 5

1 2

2 0

3

0

2 0

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

8 6 %

0

0

7 0

1 0

1 8

3

0

1 8

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

8 5 %

0

0

7 5

9

1 6

2

0

1 6

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

8 5 %

0

0

8 0

8

1 3

2

0

1 3

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

8 5

6

1 1

1

0

1 1

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

9 0

5

9

1

0

9

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

9 5

4

7

0

0

7

0

0 . 0 0

0 %

0 %

0

0 %

0

0

2 8 , 8 7 3


3 4 0 , 9 5 3 m 3 / y e a r


o i n t o f u s e :

1 0 k W


n d f o r c e d :

3 %

© D u l a

s L t d 2 0 0 4


o d u c t i o n :

2 8 M W h





Cwm Arian Report REV2 .doc Page xviii January 2006

E4354

Appendix D Communications with the Environment Agency




Cwm Arian Report REV2 .doc Page xix January 2006

E4354




Appendix E Typical Arrangement of a Coanda Screen Intake

Documents

Cwm Arian Report Small-signed