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CWY Verb & Vocabulary Book

Verbs Actions & States of Being

Weather

Vocabulary Verb-Associated Vocabulary

Kinship

Body Parts

Time & Money

Grammar Verb Types and Tenses

Pluralizing Verbs, Nouns, Adjectives/Adverbs

Pronominal Prefixes

Adehloqwasdi 1: Current Verbs

Jiyega : Waking Up

Gadidi’a : Getting Up

Jiyv’iha : Entering

Gadawo’a : Bathing/Swimming

(De)jinvgali’a : Cleaning

Gadvnvsdi’a : Getting Ready

Deganiwo’a : Getting Dressed

Jigi’a : Eating It

Galisdayvhvsga : Eating Meal

Gaditasga : Drinking

Ganigi’a : Leaving

Gega : Going

Dagilvwisdaneha : Working

Gedo’a : At (location)

Gohlvsga : Making

Nigadvneha : Doing

Dagiyawega : Tired

Aktadegi’a : Thirsty

Agiyosi’a : Hungry

Ji’lvsga : Sleepy

Agwaduliha : Want

Agilvkwdi : Like

Agasga : Raining

Aganawosga : Warming Up

Uhyvdla : Cold

Uditlega : Hot

Unesahyvdla : Cool

Ganesdaladi’a : Freezing

Ganolvsga : Windy

Agaliha : Sunny

Ulogila : Cloudy

Gutiha : Snowing

Ahyvdagwalo’a : Thundering

Anagaliha : Lightning

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Jiyega : I’m Waking Up

PRESENT TENSE: Jiyega

Jiyega, asehno tla yigali’eliga.

‘I’m waking up, but I’m not happy.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jiyego’i

Nigohilv ugitsdeyi iyv yinulstana jiyego’i.

‘I always wake up at dawn.’

REMOTE PAST: Agiyejv’i

Svhi jigesv, j-agiyejv, asehno tla yagwadidvhe.

‘Yesterday, I woke up, but I didn’t get up.’

• Hiyegi! ‘Wake up!’

Gadidi’a : I’m Getting Up

PRESENT TENSE: Gadidi’a

Nogwu gadidi’a.

‘I am getting up now.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gadidisgo’i

Dodagwidena geso’i, tla kila yigadidisgo’i.

‘On Saturdays, I do not get up early.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwadidvhv’i

Svhi jigesv’i, agiyeja agwadidvhv’i.

‘Yesterday, I got up when I woke up.’

• Hadida! ‘Get up!’

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Jiyv’iha : I’m Entering

PRESENT TENSE: Jiyv’iha

Gahljode jiyv’iha doyi uhyvdla-hehno.

‘I’m going in because it’s cold out here.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jiyv’i’ohi

Oni sdudi gvhdi nigohilv jiyv’i’ohi.

‘I always enter through the back door.’

REMOTE PAST: (W)agiyvhlv’i

Adasdaydi’i wagiyvhlv’i kahwi agwotlvnv-hno.

‘I went into the kitchen and made coffee.’

• Hiyvha! ‘Enter!’ ‘Go in!’

Gadawo’a : I’m Bathing/Swimming

PRESENT TENSE: Gadawo’a

Nogwu gadawo’a.

‘I am bathing now.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gadawosgo’i

Goga yinulstana gadawosgo’i.

‘I swim during the summer.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwadawo’v’i

Svhi jigesv’i, tla yagwadawo’e’i.

‘Yesterday, I didn’t bathe.’

• Hadawoja! ‘Bathe!’ / ‘Swim!’

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(De)jinvgali’a : I’m Cleaning

PRESENT TENSE: (De)jinvgali’a

Adladidla’i jinvgali’a.

‘I am cleaning the car.’

HABITUAL TENSE: (De)jinvgalisgo’i

Nigadawosgonv nigohilv’i dejinidogv dejinvgalisgo’i.

‘I always brush my teeth before I bathe.’

REMOTE PAST: (D)aginvgalvhv’i

Svhi jigesv’i, uhlisda dejinidogv daginvgalvhv’i.

‘Yesterday, I brushed my teeth quickly.’

*/De-/ or /D-/ is used when cleaning more than one object. • Hinvgala! ‘Clean it!’

Gadvnvsdi’a : I’m Getting Ready

PRESENT TENSE: Gadvnvsdi’a

Digilvwisdanehdi gadvnvsdi’a.

‘I am getting ready for work.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gadvnvsdisgo’i

Sinale uhlisda gadvnvsdisgo’i.

‘I get ready quickly in the morning.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwadvnvstanv’i

Svhi jigesv’i, didehloqwasdi agwadvnvstanv’i.

‘Yesterday, I got ready for class.’

• Hadvnvsda! ‘Get ready!’

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Deganiwo’a : I’m Getting Dressed

PRESENT TENSE: Deganiwo’a

Junadehloqwasdi deganiwo’a.

‘I am getting dressed for school.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Deganiwosgo’i

Yidagwadehloqwanvsa, deganiwosgogwu.

‘I only get dressed when I go to school.’

REMOTE PAST: Dagwahnuwo’v’i

Svhi jigesv dagwahnuwo’v’i asehno Dodagwidena gesv agwvkewsv’i.

‘I got dressed yesterday, but I forgot it was Saturday.’

• Tahnawoja! ‘Get dressed!’

(De)jigi’a : I’m Eating It

PRESENT TENSE: (De)jigi’a

Svkta jigi’a.

‘I am eating an apple.’

HABITUAL TENSE: (De)jigisgo’i

Utsqwisdi nitohina unigisdi dejigisgo’i.

‘I eat a lot of bad food.’

REMOTE PAST: Agigv’i

Svhi jigesv’i, nigada gelisgi agigv’i.

‘I ate all of that pie yesterday.’

• Higa! ‘Eat it!’

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Galisdayvhvsga : I’m Eating (meal/place)

PRESENT TENSE: Galisdayvhvsga

Junahlsdayhdi’i galisdayvhvsga.

‘I am eating at the restaurant.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Galisdayvhvsgo’i

Junadehloqwasdi galisdayvhvsgo’i.

‘I eat at school.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwalsdayvhnv’i

Digwenvsv sinale’ehi agwalsdayvhnv’i.

‘I ate breakfast at home.’

• Halsdayvhvga! ‘Eat the meal!’

Gaditasga : I’m Drinking

PRESENT TENSE: Gaditasga

Ama gaditasga.

‘I am drinking water.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gaditasgo’i

Kawi ugodi gaditasgo’i.

‘I drink a lot of coffee.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwaditahv’i

Jungilosdi jigesv’i tla kawi yagwaditahe’i.

‘I didn’t drink any coffee on Friday.’

• Hadita! ‘Drink!’

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Ga’nigi’a : I’m Leaving

PRESENT TENSE: Ga’nigi’a

Nogwu ga’nigi’a, sinale donadagohv’i.

‘I am leaving now, see you tomorrow.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Ga’nigisgo’i

Hishgi atlilisv’i digilvhwisdanhdi ga’nigisgo’i.

‘I leave work at five o’clock.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwahnigisv’i

Digwenvsv’i ta’li atlilisv’i j-agwahnigisv’i.

‘I left home at two o’clock.’

• Hahnigi! ‘Leave!’ / ‘Walk!’

Gega : I’m Going

PRESENT TENSE: Gega

Digaduhv gega.

‘I am going to town.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gego’i

Dodagwidena geso’i digaduhv gego’i.

‘On Saturdays I go to town.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwenvsv’i

Svhi jigesv’i, digaduhv agwenvsv’i.

‘Yesterday, I went to town.’

• Hwena! ‘Go!’

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Dagilvhwisdaneha : I’m Working

PRESENT TENSE: Dagilvhwisdaneha

Sdaya dagilvhwisdaneha.

‘I am working hard.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Dagilvhwisdaneho’i

Junadehloqwasdi dagilvhwisdaneho’i.

‘I work at a school.’

REMOTE PAST: Dagilvhwisdanelv’i

Svhi jigesv’i, digwenvsv’i dagilvhwisdanelv’i.

‘Yesterday, I worked at home.’

• Dijalvhwisdasi! ‘Work!’

Gedo’a : I am At

PRESENT TENSE: Gedo’a

Junadehloqwasdi gedo’a.

‘I am at school.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gedoho’i

Kila junadogwasdi wigedoho’i igohida.

‘I am there early during the week.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwedolv’i

Svhi sinale jigesv’i, digwenvsv sgohi igohida wagwedolv’i.’

‘Yesterday morning I was at home until 10.’

• Hweda! ‘Go there!’ / ‘Be at!’

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(De)gohlvsga : I’m Making (it)

PRESENT TENSE: (De)gohlvsga

Taluja gohlvsga.

‘I am making a basket.’

HABITUAL TENSE: (De)gohlvsgo’i

Digwenvsv digohweli degohlvsgo’i.

‘I make books at home.’

REMOTE PAST: (D)agwohlvnv’i

Svhi jigesv kawi j-agwohlvnv’i.

‘I made the coffee yesterday.’

• Hohlvna! ‘Make it!’

Nigadvneha : I’m Doing It

PRESENT TENSE: Nigadvneha

Tohi nogwu nigadvneha.

I am doing well now.

HABITUAL TENSE: Nigadvneho’i

Tlagohusdi dodagwasgv nigadvneho’i.

‘I don’t do anything on Sundays.’

REMOTE PAST: Nagwadvnelv’i

Svhi jigesv’i nagwadvnelv’i.

‘I did it yesterday.’

• Hnadvga! ‘Do it!’

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Dagiyawega : I am Tired

PRESENT TENSE: Dagiyawega

Dagiyawega, asehno tla gohusdi yigadvga.

‘I am tired, but I haven’t done anything.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Dagiyawego’i

Nigohilv dagiyawego’i ugodi dagilvhwisdaneho-hehno.

‘I am always tired because I work a lot.’

REMOTE PAST: Dagiyawejv’i

Dagiyawejv’i iyuyehldi sdaya dagilvhwisdanelv’i.

‘I was tired because I worked hard.’

Aktadegi’a : I’m Thirsty

PRESENT TENSE: Aktadegi’a

Aktadegi’a – Amas janeha?.

‘I’m thirsty – Do you have any water?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Aktadegisgo’i

Sinale yagiyeja, nigohilv aktadegisgo’i.

‘When I wake up in the morning, I’m always thirsty.’

REMOTE PAST: Aktadeganv’i

Usv jigesv aktadeganv’i, asehno tla aditasdi yaginehe’i.

‘I was thirsty last night, but I didn’t have anything to drink.’

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Agiyosi’a : I am Hungry

PRESENT TENSE: Agiyosi’a

Nogwu agiyosi’a.

‘I am hungry now.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agiyosisgo’i

Nigohilv agiyosisgo’i si digwadehloqwasdi nidogadlosvna.

‘I am always hungry before my class.’

REMOTE PAST: Agiyosisgv’i

Degadeloqwasgv igohida agiyosisgv’i.

‘I was hungry during class.’

Ji’lvsga : I am Sleepy

PRESENT TENSE: Ji’lvsga

Ji’lvsga – agwansinvsdi agwaduli.

‘I’m sleepy – I want to go to bed.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Ji’lvsgo’i

Nigohilv svhiyeyi yinulstana ji’lvsgo’i.

‘I’m always sleepy in the afternoon.’

REMOTE PAST: Agihlvnv’i

Gohida agihlvnv’i, asehno si ji’lvsga.

‘I slept a long time, but I’m still sleepy.’

• Hwitlvna! ‘Go to sleep!’

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(D)agwaduli : I Want

PRESENT TENSE: (D)agwaduli

Na agwaduli.

‘I want that.’

HABITUAL TENSE: (D)agwaduliho’i

Yudaha agwaduliho’i vhna agwenvsdi.

‘Sometimes I want to go there.’

REMOTE PAST: (D)agwadulihv’i

Svhi jigesv’i tuya dagwadulihv’i.

‘I wanted beans yesterday.’

• Yagwadula. ‘I would like’

(D)agilvwkdi : I Like

PRESENT TENSE: (D)agilvwkdi

Sdaya-sgwatlesdi agilvwkdi.

‘I like baseball.’

HABITUAL TENSE: (D)agilvwkdo’i

Sinale igohida kawi agilvwkdo’i.

‘I like coffee in the morning.’

REMOTE PAST: (D)agilvkwtanv’i

Tla-ilvhiyu’i uhloyi adladidla’i dagilvkwtanv’i.

‘I never liked those types of cars.’

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Adehloqwasdi 2: Verbs

Jiluh’ga : Arriving/Coming

(De)jigatosdi : Watching

Galeni’a : Beginning

Jisgwadi’a : Finishing

Gadasdayvhvsga : Cooking Meal

Gvnisdi’a : Cooking a Food

Jiwatvhidoha : Visiting Someone

Jilinohehdi : Talking to Someone

(D)akiwasga : Buying

(D)agiha : Have (round/solid)

Ji’luhga : I’m Arriving/Coming

PRESENT TENSE: Ji’luhga

Nogwu ji’luhga.

‘I am arriving now.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Ji’luhgo’i

Iyudaliha sinale sohnela atlilisv’i ji’luhgo’i.

‘I usually arrive morning at nine o’clock.’

REMOTE PAST: Agiluhjv’i

Sgohi udalula sgohi agiluhjv’i.

‘I arrived at ten before ten.’

• Hi’luhgi! Hwi’luhgi! ‘Get here!’ ‘Get there!’

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Jigatosdi : I’m Watching

PRESENT TENSE: Jigatosdi

Gihli jigatosdi.

‘I am watching the dog.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jigatosdisgo’i

Jisgwa ugodi dejigatosdisgo’i.

‘I watch birds a lot.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwaktostanv’i

Usv jigesv’i adayvlatvsgi agwaktostanv’i.

‘I watched TV last night.’

• Haktosda! Higatosda! ‘Watch it! ‘Watch him!’

Galeni’a : I’m Starting/Beginning

PRESENT TENSE: Galeni’a

Nogwu didehloqwasdi galeni’a.

‘I am starting class now.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Galenisgo’i

Osi galenisgo’i, asehno uyo’i jisgwadisgo’i.

‘I begin well, but finish poor.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwalenvhv’i

Dodagwonv jigesv’i dagilvhwisdanehv’i agwalenvhv’i.

‘I started work on Monday.’

• Halena! ‘Begin!’

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Jisgwadi’a : I’m Finishing

PRESENT TENSE: Jisgwadi’a

Nogwu jisgwadi’a.

‘I am finishing now.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jisgwadisgo’i

Gohusdi yigalenisgo’i, jisgwadisgo’i.

‘When I start something, I finish it.’

REMOTE PAST: Aksgwadv’i

Agvyi aksgwadv’i.

‘I finished first.’

• Hisgwada! ‘Finish!’

Gadasdayvhvsga : I am Cooking (meal)

PRESENT TENSE: Gadasdayvhvsga

Usv-ehi gadasdayvhvsga.

‘I am cooking dinner.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gadasdayvhvsgo’i

Sinale-ehi gadasdayvhvsgo’i Dodagwasgv sinale.

‘I cook breakfast on Sundays.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwadasdayvhnv’i

Usv-ehi agwadasdayvhnv’i, asehno tla-gohusdi yagige’i.

‘I cooked dinner, but I didn’t eat any of it.’

• Hadasdayvhvga! ‘Cook the meal!’

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Gvnisdi’a : I am Cooking (food)

PRESENT TENSE: Gvnisdi’a

Juweji degvnisdi’a.

‘I am cooking eggs.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gvnisdisgo’i

Juweji gvnisdisgo’i asdaya.

‘I cook my eggs hard.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwvhnistanv’i

Svhi jigesv’i hi’a uweji agwvhnistanv’i.

‘I cooked this egg yesterday.’

• Hvhnisda! ‘Cook it!’

(Ga)ji’watvhidoha : I’m Visiting Someone

PRESENT TENSE: (Ga)ji’watvhidoha

Oginali’i ji’watvhidoha.

I am visiting my friend.

HABITUAL TENSE: (Ga)ji’watvhidoho’i

Dodagwidena geso’i digigayvlige wigaji’watvhidoho’i.

‘I go and visit my parents on Saturdays.’

REMOTE PAST: (Ga)ji’watvhidolv’i

Svhi jigesv’i jogali’i gaji’watvhidolv’i.

‘I visited with my friends yesterday.’

• Hihwatvhida! ‘Visit with her!’

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(Ga)jilinohehdi : I’m Talking To Someone

PRESENT TENSE: (Ga)jilinohehdi

Oginali’i jilinohehdi.

I am talking to my friend.’

HABITUAL TENSE: (Ga)jilinohehdo’i

Junadehloqwasdi jogali’i gajilinohehdo’i.

‘I talk to my friends at school.’

REMOTE PAST: (Ga)jilinohehtanv’i

Svhi jigesv’i, junadehloqwasdi jogali’i gajilinohetanv’i.

‘Yesterday, I spoke to my friends at school.’

• Hilinohehda! ‘Talk to him!’

(D)akiwasga : I am Buying It

PRESENT TENSE: (D)akiwasga Dihnawo dakiwasga. ‘I am buying clothes.’ HABITUAL TENSE: (D)akiwasgo’i Goga yinulstana akihwasgo’i dihnawo uhyvdli Gola. ‘I buy winter clothes during the summer.’ REMOTE PAST: (D)akiwasv’i Didana’nv tla-gohusdi yakiwase’i. ‘I didn’t buy anything at the store.’

• Chawahi! ‘Buy it!

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(D)agiha : I Have (Solid/Neutral)

PRESENT TENSE: (D)agiha

Ta’li adladidla’i dagiha.

‘I have two cars.’

HABITUAL TENSE: (D)agiho’i

Ditlinohehdi agwajeli’i nigohilv’i agiho’i.

‘I always have my phone.’

REMOTE PAST: (D)agihv’i

Svhi jigesv’i ta’li adladidla’i dagihv’i, nogwu sagwu agiha.

‘I had two cars yesterday, now I have one.’

Adehloqwasdi 3 Verbs

(De)jigowhtiha : See

Dagwaksesdi : Studying

(De)goweli’a : Writing

(De)jigoliye’a : Reading

(De)gadehloqwa’a : Learning

Osda Nigvneha : Fixing

Ganetldi’a : Translating

Jiwoniha : Speaking

(De)gvdi’a : Using

(D)agineha : Have (liquid)

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(De)jigowhtiha : I See

PRESENT TENSE: (De)jigowhtiha

Anijo’i gihli dejigowhtiha.

‘I see three dogs.’

HABITUAL TENSE: (De)jigowhtisgo’i

Junadehloqwasdi oginali’i jigowhtisgo’i.

‘I see my friend at school.’

REMOTE PAST: (Ga)jigo’v’i/(D)agigohv’i

Svhi jigesv, nasgis diniyohli gajigo’e?

‘Didn’t I see those children yesterday?’

Vsgina adladidla’i agigohv’i svhi jigesv’i.

‘I saw that car yesterday.’

Dagwaksesdi : I’m Studying

PRESENT TENSE: Dagwaksesdi Jalagi aksesdohdi dagwaksesdi. ‘I am studying for the Cherokee test.’ HABITUAL TENSE: Dagwaksesdo’i Tla-ilvhiyu yidagwaksesdo’i si didehloqwasdi nidogadlosvna. ‘I never study before class meets.’ REMOTE PAST: Dagwaksestanv’i Ji-dagwadehloqwa’a, Jalagi gawonihisdi dagwaksestanv’i. ‘When I was in school, I learned Cherokee.’

• Dejaksesda! ‘Study!’

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(De)goweli’a : I’m Writing

PRESENT TENSE: (De)goweli’a

Sgohi juganhda’dv digohweli degoweli’a.

‘I am writing a ten page paper.’

HABITUAL TENSE: (De)gowelisgo’i

Osda Dijalagi degowelisgo’i.

‘I write good Cherokee.’

REMOTE PAST: (D)agwohwelanv’i

Gohweli agwajeli’i dagwohwelanv’i Dijalagi.

‘I wrote my paper in Cherokee.’

• Hohwelvga! ‘Write it!’

(De)jigoliye’a : I’m Reading

PRESENT TENSE: (De)jigoliye’a

Hi’a dejigoliye’a, asehno tla yigoliga.

‘I am reading this, but I don’t understand it.’

HABITUAL TENSE: (De)jigoliyesgo’i

Jo’i digohweli svnadodagwasdi igohida dejigoliyesgo’i.

‘I read three books a week.’

REMOTE PAST: (D)agigoliye’v’i

Digohweli dagigoliye’v’i.

‘I read that book.’

• Higoliya! ‘Read it!’

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(De)gadeloqwa’a : I’m Learning

PRESENT TENSE: (De)gadeloqwa’a

Disesdi gadeloqwa’a.

‘I am learning math.’

HABITUAL TENSE: (De)gadeloqwasgo’i

Junadehloqwasdi Jalagi gawonihisdi degadeloqwasgo’i.

‘I learn the Cherokee language at school.’

REMOTE PAST: (D)agwadehloqwa’v’i

Tla-gohusdi didehloqwasdi yidagwadehloqwa’e’i.

‘I didn’t learn a thing in class.’

• Hadehloqwa! ‘Learn it!’

Osda Nigvneha : I’m Fixing It / Doing Homework

PRESENT TENSE: Osda Nigvneha

Aksesdohdi Jalagi osda nigvneha.

‘I’m doing my Cherokee homework’

HABITUAL TENSE: Osda Nigvneho’i

Usv geso’i asksesdohdi digwadehloqwasdi osda nigvneho’i.

‘I do my homework at night’

Adladidla’i osda nigvneho’i yagwadlanvda’dela.

‘I fix cars when I have the time.’

REMOTE PAST: Osda Nagwvnelv’i

Aktohvsgv asgwangodisgi osda nagwvnelv’i usv jigesv’i.

‘I fixed the computer last night’

• Osda hnvga! ‘Fix it!’ ‘Do your homework!’

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Ganehldiha : I’m Translating

PRESENT TENSE: Ganehldiha

Hi’ana gohweli ganehldiha Jalaginvgi.

‘I’m translating this paper into Cherokee.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Ganehldisgo’i

Jalagi yagiwonisa, ugodi ganehldisgo’i.

‘When I speak Cherokee, I translate a lot.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwanehltanv’i

Usv jigesv’i kanoheda agwanehltanv’i.

‘I translated this story last night.’

• Hanehlda! ‘Translate it!’

Jiwoniha : I am Speaking

PRESENT TENSE: Jiwoniha

Sdaya jiwoniha.

‘I am speaking loudly.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jiwonisgo’i

Jalagi yijiwonisgo, hlesdi yijayetsgesdi.

‘If I speak Cherokee, don’t laugh.’

REMOTE PAST: Agiwonisv’i

Osdas usv jigesv agiwonisv?

‘Did I speak well last night?’

• Hiwonihi! ‘Speak!’

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(De)gvdi’a : I’m Using It

PRESENT TENSE: (De)gvdi’a

Hi’ana kanvsulv gvdi’a – So’i hvhda.

‘I’m using this room – Use another one.’

HABITUAL TENSE: (De)gvdisgo’i

Digohweli juwohwelanv’i ugodi gvdisgo’i.

‘I use his book a lot.’

REMOTE PAST: (D)aktanv’i

Nigada dikanehisdi daktanv’i gvgwanhdadisdi.

‘I used all the words (spoken) I could remember.’

• Hvhda! ‘Use it!’

(D)agineha : I Have (liquid)

PRESENT TENSE: (D)agineha

Kawi agineha igada yijaduli.

‘I have coffee if you want some.’

HABITUAL TENSE: (D)agineho’i

Nigohilv kawi agineho’i janhta.

‘You know I always have coffee.’

REMOTE PAST: (D)aginehv’i

Kosinale jigesv kawi aginehv’i.

‘I had coffee this morning.’

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Adehloqwasdi 3 Verbs

Aktvdasdi : Listening

Galikisohdiha : Practicing

Deganelohvsga : Playing

Dojadlosga : Meeting

Jigatiya : Waiting

Gadi’a : Saying

(De)gute’a : Picking Up

Gadelo’osga : Finding Out

Aktvdasdi : I’m Listening

PRESENT TENSE: Aktvdasdi

Dikanogisdi aktvdasdi.

‘I am listening to music.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Aktvdasdo’i

Radio’i ugodi aktvdasdo’i.

‘I listen to the radio a lot.’

REMOTE PAST: Aktvdastanv’i

Svhi jigesv unole j-aktvdastanv’i.

‘I listened to the wind yesterday.’

• Hatvdasda! ‘Listen!’

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Galikisohdi : I am Practicing

PRESENT TENSE: Galikisohdi

Disesdi Jalagi gvhdi galikisohdi.

‘I am practicing my numbers in Cherokee.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Galikisohdiho’i

Jalagi gvhdi nigohilv galikisohdiho’i.

‘I practice my Cherokee all the time.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwalkisohtanv’i

Ugodi agwalkisohtanv, asehno si uyo’i nagwadvnelv’i.

‘I practiced a lot, but I still did poorly.’

• Halkisohda! ‘Practice!’

Deganelohvsga : I’m Playing

PRESENT TENSE: Deganelohvsga

Doyi deganelohvsga.

‘I am playing outside.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Deganelohvsgo’i

Yidagwanelohna, sdaya deganelohvsgo’i.

‘When I play, I play hard.’

REMOTE PAST: Dagwanelohnv’i

Tla svhi jigesv yidagwanelohne’i.

‘I didn’t play yesterday.’

• Tanelohvga! ‘Play!’

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Dojadlosga : We’re Meeting

PRESENT TENSE: Dojadlosga

Tla kohi-iga didehloqwasdi yidojadlosga.

‘Class didn’t meet today.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Dojadlosgo’i

Dodagwonv, Jo’ine-iga, Jungilosdihno didehloqwasdi dojadlosgo’i.

‘I have class on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.’

REMOTE PAST: Dogadlosv’i

Sagwugwu sutliloda dogadlosv’i.

‘We only met for an hour.’

This verb does not have a singular person form (‘I’ ‘You’ or ‘S/he’) because one cannot have a “meeting” by oneself. At least two persons must be involved.

Jigatiya : I’m Waiting

PRESENT TENSE: Jigatiya

Oginali’i jigatiya.

‘I am waiting for my friend.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jigatiyo’i

Nigohilv’i oginali’i jigatiyo’i.

‘I always wait for my friend.’

REMOTE PAST: Agi’ktidv’i / Jigatidv’i

Didehloqwasdi udalenhdi agi’ktidv’i.

‘I waited for class to begin.’

Vgido ji-jigatidv usganoli jigi.

‘I waited on my sibling who is slow.’

• Hiktida! ‘Wait!’

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Gadi’a : I’m Saying

PRESENT TENSE: Gadi’a

Nogwu gadi’a.

‘I am saying it now.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gadisgo’i

“Hesdi!” gadisgo’i nigohilv.

‘I always say “Don’t!”.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwadvhnv’i

“Jaji hiyatvdasda” agwadvhnv’i.

‘I said “Listen to your mother.”’

• Hada! ‘Say it!’

(De)gute’a : I’m Picking It Up

PRESENT TENSE: (De)gute’a

Dihnawo degute’a.

‘I am picking up the clothes.’

HABITUAL TENSE: (De)gutesgo’i

Utsgwisdi nvya degutesgo’i yidagilvhwisdanela.

‘I pick up a lot of rocks while I’m working.’

REMOTE PAST: (D)agwutesv’i

Tla yagwutese’i. Nihi jutese’i agwelisv’i.

‘I didn’t pick it up. I thought you picked it up.’

• Hutagi! ‘Pick it up!’

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Gadelo’osga : I’m Finding Out

PRESENT TENSE: Gadelo’osga

Atli’ilisv uhnigisdi gadelo’osga.

‘I’m finding out the time he’s supposed to leave.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gadelo’osgo’i

Gusdi igvyi gadelo’osgo’i nigohilv’i.

‘I always find things out first.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwadelohosv’i

Iyadvnehi jigesv’i agwadelohosv’i.

‘I found out that he was the one who did it.’

• Hadelohohi! ‘Find out!’

Adehloqwasdi 4 Verbs

Deganehldiha : Playing with It

Ganetldiha : Trying

Nigalstanvsga : Happening/Becoming

Degadeyohvsga : Teaching

Dejiyeyohvsga : Teaching Him

Jisdayvhvsga : Cooking Meal for Her

Gadawesolvsdiha : Resting

Jiyose’a : Saying to Him

Jinose’a : Telling Her

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Deganehldiha : I’m Playing with It

PRESENT TENSE: Deganehldiha / Dejiyanehldiha

Aktohvsgv asgwangodisgi deganehldiha.

‘I’m playing on the computer.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Deganehldisgo’i / Dejiyanehldisgo’i

Agiduji juwenvsv yuwogedola, gusdi agwvhni dejiyanehldisgo’i.

‘When we go to my uncle’s, I play with me cousin.’

REMOTE PAST: Dagwanehltanv’i / Dejiyanehltanv’i

Vsgina junehldohdi dagwanehltanv’i agiyosdanv igohida.

‘I played with that toy until I broke it.’

• Tanehlda! ‘Play with it!’

Ganetldiha : I am Trying

PRESENT TENSE: Ganetldiha

Hiktidagwu – hi’ana aksgwadisdi ganetldiha.

‘Just wait – I’m trying to finish this.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Ganetldisgo’i

Sdaya ganetldisgo, asehno tla si yigoliga.

‘I try hard, but I still don’t understand.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwanetltanv’i

Svhi jigesv digilvhwisdanelvsdi agwanetltanv’i, asehno doyudv akdlvgv.

‘I tried to go to work yesterday, but I was too sick.’

• Hanetlda! ‘Try!’

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Nigalstanvsga : It is Happening/Becoming

PRESENT TENSE: Nigalstanvsga

Gado doyi didla galstanvsga?

‘What’s it like outside?’

IMMEDIATE PAST: Nigalsda

Gado galsda ahani?

‘What happened here?’

REMOTE PAST: Nulstanv’i

Uhyvdlv’i nulstana, digwenvsv j-agwenvsv’i.

‘When it got cold, I went home.’

Degadeyohvsga : I am Teaching

PRESENT TENSE: Degadeyohvsga

Julsuhwida disesdihno degadeyohvsga.

‘Colors and numbers I am teaching.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Degadeyohvsgo’i

Judodagwada degadyohvsgo’i.

‘During the week I teach.’

REMOTE PAST: Dagwadehyohnv’i

Dagwadehyohnohnv, iga’ehi agwalsdayvhnv’i.

‘After I taught, I ate lunch.’

• Tadehyohvga! ‘Teach!’

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Dejiyeyohvsga : I am Teaching Him/Her

PRESENT TENSE: Dejiyeyohvsga

Agweji dejiyeyohvsga Dijalagi.

‘I am teaching my child the Syllabary.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Dejiyeyohvsgo’i

Dinadehloqwasgi Ajalagi dikanogisdi junihnogisdi gejiyeyohvsgo’i Dodagwidena geso’i.

‘I teach the students to sing Cherokee songs on Saturdays.’

REMOTE PAST: Dejiyeyohnv’i

Sagwu ta’lile yigi dejiyeyohnv’i.

‘I taught him a thing or two.’

• Tiyehyohvga! ‘Teach her!’

Jisdayvhvsga : I’m Cooking Him/Her a Meal

PRESENT TENSE: Jisdayvhvsga

Nogwu jigi usv-ehi jisdayvhvsga.

‘I am cooking her dinner right now.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jisdayvhvsgo’i

Sidanelv sinale-ehi nigohilv gajisdayvhvsgo’i Dodagwidena sinale.

‘I always cook my family breakfast Saturday morning.’

REMOTE PAST: Jisdayvhnv’i

So’i usv jisdayvhnv’i usv jigesv.

‘I cooked him dinner the other night.’

• Hisdayvhvga! ‘Cook her a meal!’

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Gadawelosvdiha : I am Resting

PRESENT TENSE: Gadawelosvsdiha

Sdikida hiktidagwu. Gadawelosvsdiha.

‘Just wait a bit. I’m resting.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gadawelosvsdisgo’i

Tla-gohusdi yigadvneho Dodagwidena geso’i gadawelosvsdisgogwu.

‘I don’t do anything but rest on Saturdays.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwadawelosvstanv’i

Dagwadehloqwa’ohnv, agwadewelosvstanv’i.

‘After class, I rested.’

• Hadawelosvsda! ‘Rest!’

Jiyose’a : I am Saying to Him/Her

PRESENT TENSE: Jiyose’a

Tla osda adanhtehdi jiyose’a.

‘I am saying to him it’s not a good idea.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jiyoseho’i

“Agwanhta” jiyoseho’i.

‘I say to him “I know.”’

REMOTE PAST: Jiyoselv’i

“Jasdigv’i” jiyoselv’i.

‘I said to him “You’re too small.”’

• Hiyosi! ‘Say it to him!’

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Jinose’a : I am Telling Him/Her

PRESENT TENSE: Jinose’a

Dijenvsv jenvsdi jinose’a.

‘I am telling him to go home.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jinoseho’i

Tstvdasdohdi jinoseho’i.

‘I tell him to listen.’

REMOTE PAST: Jinoselv’i

“Osda hichuja!” jinoselv’i.

‘I told him “You’re a good boy’.’

• Hinohisi! ‘Tell her!’

Adehloqwasdi 5 Verbs

Jilosga : Passing

Ganvdadi’a : Remember

Agwvkewsga : Forgetting

Gadatlosga : Winning

Wijiyakahvsga : Taking Her There

Agwotla : At Home / Sitting

Vgtlosga : Getting Beat

Jihlosga : Beating Him

Gatohgiya’a : Racing

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Jilosga : I am Passing It

PRESENT TENSE: Jilosga

Nigada didehloqwasdi dejilosga.

‘I am passing all my classes.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jilosgo’i

Ajalagi didehloqwasdi nigohilv jilosgo’i.

‘I always pass my Cherokee classes.’

REMOTE PAST: Agilosv’i

Aksesdohdi agilosvdv!

‘I passed the test!’

• Hilohi! ‘Pass it!’

Ganvdadi’a : I’m Remembering

PRESENT TENSE: Ganvdadi’a

Nogwu ganvdadi’a.

‘I am remembering it now.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Ganvdadisgo’i

Jogali’i nigohilv gajiyanvdadisgo’i.

‘I always remember my friends.’

IMMEDIATE PAST: Ganvdada

Gvyandada. Sgwandadas?

‘I remembered you. Did you remember me?’

• Handada! ‘Remember!’

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Agwvkewsga : I’m Forgetting

PRESENT TENSE: Agwvkewsga

Inalnohehdi igohida agwvkewsga.

‘I am forgetting it as we speak.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agwvkewsgo’i

Agehya dudo’a nigohilv agwvkewsgo’i.

‘I always forget that woman’s name.’

IMMEDIATE PAST: Agwvkewa

Sigwu digohweli digwajeli do’agwvkewa.

‘I forgot my books again.’

• Wijvkewa! ‘Forget it!’

Wijiyakahvsga : I’m Taking Him There

PRESENT TENSE: Wijiyakahvsga

Hleki dvji’luhji, agweji junadehloqwasdi wijiyakahvsga.

‘I’ll return soon, I’m taking my kid to school.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Wijiyakahvsgo’i

Edoda yudlvga, ganakti digalvhwisdanhdi wijiyakahvsgo’i.

‘When my dad’s sick, I take him to the doctor’s office.’

REMOTE PAST: Wijiyakahnv’i

Junigilosdi jigesv, junadehloqwasdi

agweji wijiyakahnv’i.

‘Last Friday I took my kid to school.’

• Hwiyakahvga! ‘Take him there!’

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Agwotla : I’m at Home

PRESENT TENSE: Agwotla

Tedolv’i. Nogwu agwotla.

‘Come on over. I’m home now.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agwotlo’i.

Ulosvsdi gahlgwogi atlilisv agwotlo’i.

‘I’m home after seven.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwotlv’i

Kosinale tla yagwotle’i.

‘I wasn’t home this morning.’

Gadatlosga : I’m Winning

PRESENT TENSE: Gadatlosga

Gadatlosgas?

‘Am I winning?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gadatlosgo’i

Iyudaliha gadatlosgo’i.

‘I usually win.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwadatlosv’i

Usv jigesv’i ugodi adelv j-agwadatlosv’i.

‘I won a lot of money last night.’

• Hadatlohi! ‘Win!’

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Vgtlosga : I’m Losing (Being Beat)

PRESENT TENSE: Vgtlosga

Vgtlosga hwiyosi.

‘Go and tell her I’m losing.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Vgtlosgo’i

Osda yigadanvteho’i yigi, vgtlosgo’i.

‘If I’m not thinking right, I lose.’

REMOTE PAST: Vgtlosv’i

Svhi jigesv jvgtlosv tlahno yagilvkwtane’i.

‘I lost yesterday and I didn’t like it.’

Jihlosga : I’m Beating Him at a Game

PRESENT TENSE: Jihlosga

Jihlosga duyawegahehno.

‘I’m beating him because he’s tired.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jihlosgo’i

Usv geso’i jihlosgo’i, iga yinulstana agihlosgo’i.

‘I beat him at night, he beats me when it’s day.’

REMOTE PAST: Jihlosv’i

Usv jigesv segajv jijihlosv’i.

‘I barely beat him last night.’

• Hihlohi! ‘Beat her!’

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Gatohgiya’a : I’m Racing

PRESENT TENSE: Gatohgiya’a

Haniwa! Gatohgiya’a.

‘Move! I’m racing.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gatohgiyasgo’i

Nigohilv gatohgiyasgo’i.

‘I race all the time.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwatohgiyv’i

Junigilosdi jigesv digwenvsv jagwatohgiyv’i.

‘I raced home on Friday.’

• Hatohgiya! ‘Race!’

Adehloqwasdi 6 Verbs

Ji’ili : I’m Driving

Wijinegi’a : I’m Getting Liquid

Wijigi’a : I’m Getting Solid/Neutral

Nijiwe’a : I’m Saying

Jinegwo’a : I’m Increasing It

Akinalvha : I’m Angry

Akinalvga : I’m Getting Angry

Jinega : I’m Answering

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Ji’ili : I am Driving

PRESENT TENSE: Ji’ili

Digwenvsv ji’ili.

‘I am driving home.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Ji’iliso’i

Doyu enuli ji’iliso’i.

‘I drive too fast.’

REMOTE PAST: Agihi’ilinolv’i

Junadehloqwasdi agihi’ilinolv’i svhi.

‘I drove to school yesterday.’

• Hihi’luga! ‘Drive!’

Wijinegi’a : I’m Getting Liquid

PRESENT TENSE: Wijinegi’a

Aditasdi wijinegi’a

‘I’m getting something to drink.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Wijinegisgo’i

Sinale geso’i aditasdi wijinegisgo’i si nagwahnigisvna.

‘Every morning, I get something to drink before I leave.’

REMOTE PAST: Waginegisv’i.

Kohi’iga tla kawi yuwaginegise’i.

‘I didn’t get my coffee today.’

• Hwinegi! ‘Get the liquid!’

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Wijigi’a : I’m Getting Solid/Neutral

PRESENT TENSE: Wijigi’a

Ditlinohehdi wijigi’a.

‘I’m getting my phone.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Wijigisgo’i

Jo’ine’iga yinulstana adladidla wijigisgo’i.

‘I get the car on Wednesdays.’

REMOTE PAST: Wagigisv’i

Nigada digwajeli wagigisv’i si nagiluhjvna.

‘I got all my stuff before I came here.’

*Verb pluralizes /widejigi’a/ ‘I’m getting those things’.

• Hwigi! ‘Get it!’

Nijiwe’a : I’m Saying It

PRESENT TENSE: Nijiwe’a

Vsginagwu nijiwe’a.

‘That’s what I’m saying’

HABITUAL TENSE: Nijiwesgo’i

Nijiwesgo’i “Damatli” hniwesgo’i “Tamatla”.

‘I say “Damatli” you say “Tamatla”’

REMOTE PAST: Nagiwesv’i

Duyukdv nagiwesv’i agwanhta.

‘I know I said it correctly’

• Hniwi! ‘Say it!’

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Jinegwo’a : I’m Increasing It

PRESENT TENSE: Jinegwo’a

Ahani ugodi uditlegi jinegwo’a.

‘I’m raising the heat in here.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jinegwosgo’i

Digohweli jinegwosgo’i, asehno tla yidejigoliyesgo’i.

‘I accumulate books, but I don’t read them.’

REMOTE PAST: Akinegwo’v’i

Goga igohida nulstanv’i nigada adelv akinegwo’v’i.

‘I saved all my money during the summer.’

• Hihnegwoja! Hihnegwogi! ‘Increase it!’

Akinalvha : I’m Angry

PRESENT TENSE: Akinalvha

Hlesdi jisgwahlnohehda – Akinalvha.

‘Don’t talk to me – I’m angry.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Akinalvso’i

Tla ilvhiyu’i yakinalvso’i.

‘I’m never angry.’

REMOTE PAST: Akinalvsv’i

Svhi jigesv’i akinalvsv’i tlanv yijanhte’i.

‘I was angry yesterday, you just didn’t know it.’

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Akinalvga : I’m Getting Angry

PRESENT TENSE: Akinalvga

Akinalvga – Yakinalvja tla yisgilvwktanv’i.

‘I’m getting angry – You won’t like me when I get angry.

HABITUAL TENSE: Akinalvgo’i

Sdudi tsohanaldohdi yijvkewsa akinalvgo’i.

‘I get angry when you forget to lock the door.’

REMOTE PAST: Akinalvjv’i

Tla yakinalvje’i – agwadlejv’i.

‘I didn’t get angry – I got revenge.’

• Chanalvgi! ‘Get mad!’

Jinega : I’m Answering

PRESENT TENSE: Jinega

Nogwu jigi jinega.

‘I’m answering right now.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jinego’i

Nigohilv’i jinego’i.

‘I always answer.’

REMOTE PAST: Akinejv’i

Tla yakineje’i yigese’i sdayige’i sgwatvdi.

‘If I didn’t answer you should have asked me louder.’

• Hinegi! ‘Answer!’

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Jisaladi’a : I’m Raising/Lifting It

PRESENT TENSE: Jisaladi’a

Jola’ni jisaladi’a uditlegihehno.

‘I’m raising the window because it’s hot.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jisaladisgo’i

Digageda gohusdi dejisaladisgo’i nidigahlsdohdi jinagwahlinigvga.

‘I lift weights because it makes me strong.’

REMOTE PAST: Aksaladanv’i

Kanesa’i galvladi didla aksaladanv’i.

‘I raised the box high.’

• Hisaladvga! ‘Raise it!’

Ga’i : I’m Walking

PRESENT TENSE: Ga’i

Digwenvsv’i ga’i.

‘I’m walking home.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Ga’iso’i

Tla adladidla’i yiji’ileha vsgihnv iyusdi nikv’i ga’iso’i.

‘I don’t have a car so I walk everywhere.’

REMOTE PAST: Ga’isv’i

Uhna ga’isv’i jagasgv’i udalenvhv’i.

‘I was walking there when it started raining.’

• Hahnigi! *Note: Different ‘Walk!’ Verb

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Jisgaha : I’m Afraid

PRESENT TENSE: Jisgaha

Utana uyo’i wahya jisgaha.

‘I’m afraid of the big bad wolf.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jisgaho’i

Nigohilv’i jisgaho’i gohusdi jagwvkewsgv’i.

‘I’m always afraid I’ll forget something.’

REMOTE PAST: Aksgalv’i

Aksgalv’i, asehno kilagwu jigesv’i.

‘I was scared, but only for a moment.’

• Hisgaya! ‘Be afraid!’

Jitayohiha : I’m Asking for It

PRESENT TENSE: Jitayohiha

Igada digohweli dejitayohiha.

‘I’m asking for some paper.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jitayohiho’i

Jitayohiho’i asehno tla hilvhiyu’i yikanego’i.

‘I ask for it, but he never responds.’

REMOTE PAST: Aktayohlv’i

Vsgina aktayohlv’i svhi jigesv’i!

‘I asked for that yesterday!’

• Hitayoha! ‘Ask for it!’

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Jiyatvdvhvsga : I’m Asking Him a Question

PRESENT TENSE: Jiyatvdvhvsga

Nogwu jigi wijiyatvdvhvsga.

‘I’m asking him right now.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jiyatvdvhvsgo’i

Dejiyatvdvhvsgo’i – To’igwu hnalsda.

‘I ask him the questions – You just be still.’

REMOTE PAST: Jiyatvdvhnv’i

Jiyatvdvhnv’i asehno judvhnv’i tla yagilvkwtane’i.

‘I asked the question but I didn’t like what he said.’

• Hiyatvdvhvga! ‘Ask her!’

Jiyaseheha : I’m Showing Him

PRESENT TENSE: Jiyaseheha

Agiyvsdi jiyaseheha.

‘I’m showing him my room.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jiyaseheho’i

Utsgwisdi gohusdi dejiyaseheho’i.

‘I show him lots of things.’

REMOTE PAST: Jiyasehelv’i

Jo’i iyuwakdi dejiyasehelv’i, asehno si yuwohlje’i.

‘I showed him three times, but he still didn’t understand.’

• Hiyasehisi! ‘Show him!’

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Gasuye’a : I’m Choosing It

PRESENT TENSE: Gasuye’a / Jiyasuye’a

Yigasuye’a gigage’i adladidla agwaduliha.

‘If I’m choosing then I want the red car.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gasuyesgo’i / Jiyasuyesgo’i

Dikwanyosdi yidoganelohna aksdayvhvsgi jiyasuyesgo’i.

‘When we play cards, I pick my wife.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwasuyesv’i / Jiyasuyesv’i

Agwahnigisdi agwasuyesv’i si nagwehisdanelvna.

‘I chose to leave before I got hurt.’

• Hasuyagi! Hiyasuyagi! ‘Choose!’ ‘Pick her!’

Jiya’a : I’m Inside

PRESENT TENSE: Jiya’a

Jehlugv hisulgoi – gahljode jiya’a.

‘Quit yelling – I’m inside the house.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jiya’o’i

Ugodi jiya’o’i doyi didla uditlegohehno.

‘I’m inside a lot because it’s hot outside.’

REMOTE PAST: Jiya’v’i

U’luhja jijiya’v’i.

‘I was inside when he arrived.’

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Gajvsiye’a : I’m Walking

PRESENT TENSE: Gajvsiye’a

Akinoselv aganakti gajvsiye’ahehno.

‘I’m walking because the doctor told me to.

HABITUAL TENSE: Gajvsiyesgo’i

Ugodi gajvsiyesgo’i asehno tla tlv yuwgedoho’i.

‘I walk a lot but I don’t get anwhere.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwajvsiye’v’i

Uhna gayula jagwajvsiye’v’i tla yuwdvji’luhji.

‘I already walked over there and I’m not going back.’

• Hajvsiya! ‘Walk!’

Agwehisdaneha : I’m Aching/Hurting

PRESENT TENSE: Agwehisdaneha

Ijula digwoyeni dagwehisdaneha yuyehldihno nagwanhtana.

‘Both my hands are hurting and I don’t know why.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agwehisdaneho’i

Yuhyvdla jisgoli agwehisdaneho’i.

‘When it’s cold my head hurts.

REMOTE PAST: Agwehisdanelv’i

Dagilvhwisdanelohna jiyelv nikv’i jagwehisdanelv’i.

‘When I was done working my body hurt all over.’

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Agwohiyuha : I Believe/Confident

PRESENT TENSE: Agwohiyuha

Duyukdv nidvdaneli ugvwiyuhi agwohiyuha.

‘I believe the chief will do the right thing.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agwohiyuho’i

Nigada osda gesesdi nigohilv’i agwohiyuho’i.

‘I always believe everything will be ok.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwohiyusv’i

Yagwadvnvstanv’i agwhiyusv’i.

‘I was confident that I would be ready.’

• Johiyusesdi! ‘Have faith!’

Agwelihi’a : I’m Worried

PRESENT TENSE: Agwelihi’a

Sdikida agwelihi’a – Tla si anichuja yuni’luhje’i.

‘I’m a little worried – The boys still haven’t arrived.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agwelihisgo’i

Tla jutana gohusdi yagwelihisgo’i – Jusdi gusdi dagwelihisgo’i.

‘I don’t worry about the big stuff – It’s the little stuff that worries me.

REMOTE PAST: Agwelihisgv’i

Tla yagwelihisge’i chada igohida.

‘I wasn’t worried until you said something.’

• Jelihisgesdi! ‘Be worried!’

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Agwetluga : I’m Yelling

PRESENT TENSE: Agwetluga

Tla yisgwatvdasdi agwetlugahehno!

‘I’m yelling because you’re not listening to me!’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agwetlugo’i

Ugodis agwetlugo’i?

‘Do I yell a lot?’

REMOTE PAST: Agwetluhnv’i

Agwetluhnv’i asehno tla kilo yaktvgane’i.

‘I yelled but no one heard me.’

• Hehluhvga! ‘Yell!’

Gadananesvhvsga : I’m Shopping

PRESENT TENSE: Gadananesvhvsga

Dihnawogwu gadananesvhvsga.

‘I only shopping for clothes.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gadananesvhvsgo’i

Tulsi gaduhv didla nigohilv gadananesvhvsgo’i.

‘I always shop in Tulsa.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwadananesvhnv’i

Ugodv agwadananesvhnv’i asehno tla gusdi yakiwase’i.

‘I shopped a lot but I didn’t buy anything.’

• Hadananesvhvga! ‘Shop!’

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Agihyoha : I’m Searching for It

PRESENT TENSE: Agihyoha

Disdu’isdi digwajeli’i dagihyoha – dejagohes?

‘I’m looking for my keys – Have you seen them?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agihyoho’i

Nigohilv’i sdu’isdi agwajeli’i agihyoho’i.

‘I’m always searching for my key.’

REMOTE PAST: Agihyalv’i

Ahani uhnahno agihyalv’i, asehno sdu’isdi yinigalsdihagwu ilvhdlv’i aginulvhnv’i akiwatvhdi.

‘I searched here and I searched there, but I couldn’t find my key anywhere.’

• Jayhga! ‘Look for it!’

Jiyoha : I’m Looking for Him

PRESENT TENSE: Jiyoha

Josdadanvtli jiyoha – Higowatas?

‘I’m looking for my brother – Have you seen him?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jiyoho’i

Ohni achuja nigohilv’i jiyoho’i alitisgohehno.

‘I’m always looking for my youngest boy because he runs off.’

REMOTE PAST: Jiyalv’i

Tla yijiyale’i jigotvhdi yagwadulisgehehno.

‘I didn’t look for him because I didn’t want to see him’

• Hiyhga! ‘Search for her!’

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Galisdeliha : I’m Helping

PRESENT TENSE: Galisdeliha

Nogwu galisdeliha eligwuhno kohiyv yiganigi.

‘I’m helping now so I can leave later.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Galisdelisgo’i

Tla yigalisdelisgo’i nidagilvhwisdanehvna iyusdi.

‘I don’t help because it’s not my job.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwalsdelvhv’i

Sdikidagwu jagwalsdelvhv’i.

‘I only helped a little bit.’

• Halsdela! ‘Help!’

Jisdeli’a : I’m Helping Him

PRESENT TENSE: Jisdeli’a

Tla yijisdeli’a uwasa aktvdvhnv’i igohida.

‘I’m not helping him until he asks me himself.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jisdelisgo’i

Gohusdi nigohilv’i jisdelisgo’i.

‘I’m always helping him with something.’

REMOTE PAST: Jisdelvhv’i

Adladidla osda nosdvnehv’i jisdelvhv’i.

‘I helped him fix his car.’

• Hisdela! ‘Help him!’

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Degastayesga : I’m Exhausted

PRESENT TENSE: Degastayesga

Eligwus nogwu yijisuligo’i? Degastayesga.

‘Can I quit now? I’m exhausted.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Degastayesgo’i

Jungilosdi yinulstana igohida degastayesgo’i.

‘By Friday I’m exhausted.’

REMOTE PAST: Degastayesgv’i

Degastayesgv’i asehno tla yaksuligoje’i.

‘I was exhausted but I didn’t quit.’

Akdlvga : I’m Sick

PRESENT TENSE: Akdlvga

Akdlvga geli’a. Iganigi’a.

‘I think I’m sick. I’m going home’

HABITUAL TENSE: Akdlvgo’i

Tla ilvhiyu’i yakdlvgo’i yigadvneho’i iyusdi.

‘I’m never sick because I don’t do anything.’

REMOTE PAST: Akdlvgv’i

Svhi jigesv’i jakdlvgv’i asehno digajetla agwadanhta.

‘I was sick yesterday but I’m feeling better.’

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Ji’nawoga : I’m Cold

PRESENT TENSE: Ji’nawoga

Tla yiji’nawoga yigi, nihi sgwu tla hyi’nawoga.

‘If I’m not cold then you’re not cold either.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Ji’nawogo’i

‘Hi’ana kanvsulv nigohilv’i ji’nawogo’i.

‘I’m always cold in this room.’

REMOTE PAST: Ji’nawogv’i

Ji’nawogv’i doyihno didla agwenvsv’i.

‘I was cold so I went outside.’

Jisdu’iha : I’m Opening It

PRESENT TENSE: Jisdu’iha

Sdudi usganolige jisdu’iha.

‘I’m opening the door slowly.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jisdu’isgo’i

Aya gesv jisdu’isgo’i, nihi hisduhvsgo’i. Hohlgaju?

‘I open, you close. Understand?’

REMOTE PAST: Aksdu’isv’i

Svhi jigesv’i jaksdu’isvgwu.

‘I just opened that yesterday.’

• Hisdu’i! ‘Open it!’

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Jisduhvsga : I’m Closing It

PRESENT TENSE: Jisduhvsga

Hi’ana sdudi jisduhvsga aganawosgahehno.

‘I’m closing this door because it’s getting warm.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jisduhvsgo’i

Yagwahnigisa sdudi jisduhvsgo’i.

‘I close the door when I leave.’

REMOTE PAST: Aksduhnv’i

Vsgina sdudi jaksduhnv’i agwanhtv’i.

‘I know I closed that door.’

• Hisduhvga! ‘Close it!’

Agiganawosga : I’m Warm

PRESENT TENSE: Agiganawosga

Agiganawosga – Inadawoja.

‘I’m warm – Let’s you and I swim.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agiganawosgo’i

Juwenvsv yuwagwedola nigohilv’i agiganawosgo’i.

‘When I’m at her house I’m always warm.’

REMOTE PAST: Agiganawosgv’i

Agiganawosgv’i vdalihno wagwadawo’v’i.

‘I was warm so I went swimming in the lake.’

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Dojilawiga : I’m Attending Church

PRESENT TENSE: Dojilawiga

Nogwu dojilawiga – kiloyusdi wigvyvdanelv’i.

‘We’re at church now – I’ll call you later.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Dojilawigo’i

Tla ugodi yidojilawigo’i.

‘We don’t attend church much.’

REMOTE PAST: Dogilawijv’i

Dogilawijvsv’i asehno tla kilo yuwuwedole’i.

‘We went to attend church but no one was there.’

Agiyohuseha : I’m Losing It

PRESENT TENSE: Agiyohuseha

Tla gusdi yagiyohuseha.

‘I’m not losing anything.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agiyohuseho’i

Sdudi ugodi agiyohuseho’i.

‘I lose my key a lot.’

REMOTE PAST: Agiyohuselv’i

Igvyi sdudi agiyohuselv’i nogwule aksdayvhvsgi jiyohuselelv’i.

‘First I lost my key and now I’ve lost my wife.’

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Jiyali’elicheha : I’m Grateful to Him

PRESENT TENSE: Jiyali’elicheha

Jedohv’i jiyali’elicheha.

‘I’m grateful he’s here.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jiyali’elicheho’i

Yulsdelvha nigohilv’i jiyali’elicheho’i

‘I’m always grateful to him when he helps.’

REMOTE PAST: Jiyali’elichelv’i

Uwedola tla yijiyali’elichele’i.

‘I didn’t appreciate him when he was here.’

Jisuhwisga : I’m Coloring/Painting It

PRESENT TENSE: Jisuhwisga

Agiyvsdi jisuhwisga. Gado heli’a?

‘I’m painting my room. What do you think?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jisuhwisgo’i

Nudale ije ulsuhwida nigolv judetiyvda agiyvsdi jisuhwisgo’i.

‘I pain my room a new different color each year.’

REMOTE PAST: Aksuhwisv’i

Digilvhwisdanhdi aksuhwisv’i.

‘I painted my office.’

• Hisuhwi! ‘Color/Paint it!’

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Gadloyiha : I’m Crying

PRESENT TENSE: Gadloyiha

Gadloyiha vsgina jisgoli udohiyu agwehisdasihehno.

‘I’m crying because that really hurt my head.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gadloyiho’i

Udohiyu ugodi yagwehisdanehv gadloyihogwu.

‘I only cry if it really hurts a lot.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwadlohyilv’i

Jiyohli jigesv’i ugodi jagwadlohyilv’i.

‘When I was a child I cried a lot.’

• Hadloyhga! ‘Cry!’

Agwadanhta : I’m Feeling

PRESENT TENSE: Agwadanhta

Kohi’iga osigwu agwadanhta.

‘I’m feeling fine today.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agwadanhto’i

Doyu osda agwadanhto’i Dodagwidena yinulstana.

‘I often feel great on Saturdays.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwadanhtv’i

Svhi jigesv’i tla osda yagwadanhte’i.

‘I didn’t feel good yesterday.’

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Agigohniyoga : I’m Running Late

PRESENT TENSE: Agigohniyoga

Inahnigi! Degadeloqwasgv agigohniyoga.

‘Let’s (you and I) go! I’m running late for class.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agigohniyogo’i

Ugodi agigohniyogo’i utsgwisdi yidigwadvnhdi iyusdi.

‘I’m late a lot because I have lots to do.’

REMOTE PAST: Agigohniyojv’i

Sdikidagwu jagigohniyojv’i.

‘I was just a little bit late.’

Agwadlanvda’deha : I Have Time

PRESENT TENSE: Agwadlanvda’deha

Ginahlnohedohdi yijaduliha nogwu sdikida agwadlanvda’deha.

‘I have a little time now if you want to talk to me.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agwadlanvda’deho’i

Yidagilvhwisdanela, tla ugodi jilinohedohdi yagwadlanvda’deho’i.

‘When I work, I don’t have a lot of time to talk to him’

REMOTE PAST: Agwadlanvda’delv’i

Svhi jigesv’i igada agwadlanvda’delv’i.

‘I had some time yesterday.’

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Jigataha : I Know How

PRESENT TENSE: Jigataha

Yagwadvnhdi jigataha. Nihinahv?

‘I know how to do it. What about you?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jigataho’i

Osda yagwvnhdi nigohilv’i jigataho’i.

‘I always know how to fix it.’

REMOTE PAST: Jigatahv’i

Digadayosdi digwanehldi jigatahv’i, asehno agwvkewsv’i.

‘I knew how to play marbles, but I forgot.’

Jinoheha : I’m Telling It

PRESENT TENSE: Jinoheha

Kanoheda jinoheha.

‘I’m telling the story.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jinoheho’i

Nigolv iyuwakdi kanoheda jinoheho’i nigohilv’i uyetsgo’i.

‘Every time I tell the story he always laughs.’

REMOTE PAST: Akinohehlv’i

Kanoheda jaknohehlv’i, asehno tla kilo yuyetsge’i.

‘I told the story but no one was laughing.’

• Hihnohvla! ‘Tell it!’

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Gatvgi’a : I Hear It

PRESENT TENSE: Gatvgi’a / Jiyatvgi’a

Age didla jiyatvgi’a geli’a.

‘I think I hear him over there.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gatvgisgo’i / Jiyatvgisgo’i

Junohyvgv’i kanvsulv nigohilv’i gatvgisgo’i.

‘I always hear sounds in this room.’

REMOTE PAST: Aktvganv’i / Jiyatvganv’i

Usv jigesv’i wesa nigawesgv’i jijiyatvganv’i.

‘I heard the cat meowing last night.’

Gasuhvsga : I’m Fishing

PRESENT TENSE: Gasuhvsga

Jadvnhdi jijaduliha, aya gesv’i gasuhvsga.

‘You do what you want, I’m fishing.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gasuhvsgo’i

Uligohvsdi yinulstana gasuhvsgo’i unesahyvdlohehno.

‘I fish in the fall because it’s cooler.’

REMOTE PAST: Aksuhnv’i

Agwvsa aksuhnvsv’i.

‘I went fishing by myself.’

• Hasuhvga! ‘Fish!’

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Jino’alidoha : I’m Hunting

PRESENT TENSE: Jino’alidoha

Doyu ehlawe’i hnalsda, jisdu jino’alidoha.

‘Be very quiet, I’m hunting rabbit.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jino’alidoho’i

Yuhyvdla yuditlegahno tla yijino’alidoho’i.

‘I don’t hunt when it’s cold or hot.’

REMOTE PAST: Aginohalidolv’i

Aginohalidolvsv’i asehno galogwe agwvkewsv’i.

‘I went hunting but I forgot my gun.’

• Hinohalida! ‘Hunt!’

Agikwolega : I’m Not Having Luck

PRESENT TENSE: Agikwolega

Nogwu jigi gusdi agikwolega.

‘I’m not having any luck with anything right now.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agikwolego’i

Tla hilvhiyu’i yagikwolego’i yuwagwedola.

‘I never have any luck when I’m there.’

REMOTE PAST: Agikwolvsv’i

Svhi jigesv’i gasuhvsgv’i agikwolvsv’i.

‘Yesterday I didn’t have any luck fishing.’

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Jidoga : I’m Standing

PRESENT TENSE: Jidoga

Ahanigwu jidoga. Gado hadvneha?

‘I’m just standing here. What are you doing?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jidogo’i

Ahani jidogo’i unesahyvdlohehno.

‘I stand here because it’s cool.’

REMOTE PAST: Jidogv’i

Jidogv’i juwjedolv’i.

‘I was standing, you were there.’

• Hidogesdi! ‘Be standing!’

Jinadega : I’m Selling It

PRESENT TENSE: Jinadega

Adladidla jinadega. Jahwahisdis jaduliha?

‘I’m selling my car. Want to buy it?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jinadego’i

Ugodi jinadego’i sihnv akihwasgo’i gesv’i.

‘I sell more than I buy.’

REMOTE PAST: Aginadinvsv’i

Vsgina svhi jigesv’i jaginadinvsv’i.

‘I sold that last week.’

• Hinaduga! ‘Sell it!’

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Galisgi’a : I’m Dancing

PRESENT TENSE: Galisgi’a

Galisgi’a gali’eligahehno!

‘I’m dancing because I’m happy!’

HABITUAL TENSE: Galisgisgo’i

Yagwalihelija, galisgisgo’i.

‘When I’m happy, I dance.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwalsgisv’i

Uhljvdagwada jigesv’i jagwalsgisv’i degastayesgahno.

‘I danced all night and now I’m exhausted.’

• Halsgi! ‘Dance!’

Degugodiha : I’m Deciding

PRESENT TENSE: Degugodiha

Agwahnigisdi yigi degugodiha.

‘I’m deciding if I should leave.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Degugodisgo’i

Aksganoli agwadvnhdi degugodisgo’i.

‘I’m slow to decide what I should do.’

REMOTE PAST: Dagwuktanv’i

Jalagi digalvhwisdanhdi dagwuktanv’i.

‘I headed towards the Cherokee office.’

• Tukda! ‘Decide!’

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Degadlilosdiha : I’m Drawing/Photograhing

PRESENT TENSE: Degadlilosdiha

Nvhda usv ehi degadlilosdiha.

‘I’m taking a picture of the moon.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Degadlilosdisgo’i

Tladv osda yidegadlilosdisgogwu.

‘I just don’t draw very well.’

REMOTE PAST: Dagwahlilostanv’i

Digwenvsv’i dagwahlilostanv’i junesoystanohnv’i.

‘I took a picture of my house after it had hailed.’

• Tahlilosda! ‘Draw it!’ ‘Take a picture!’

Degalitadega : I’m Jumping

PRESENT TENSE: Degalitadega

Doyu galvladi didla degalitadega.

‘I’m jumping real high.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Degalitadego’i

Tla kilo yuwedola yigi degalitadego’i.

‘I jump when no-one is around.’

REMOTE PAST: Dagwaltadinvsv’i

Jisgoli agwehisdanelv dagwaltadinvsv’i.

‘I jumped and hurt my head.’

• Tahltaduga! ‘Jump!’

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Jisuligoga : I’m Quitting

PRESENT TENSE: Jisuligoga

Tla dinehldohdi yagilvkwdi – jisuligoga.

‘I don’t like this game – I’m quitting.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jisuligogo’i

Vghlosgvhehnogwu tla yijisuligogo’i.

‘I don’t quit just because I’m getting beat.’

REMOTE PAST: Aksuligojv’i

Svhi jigesv’i dagilvhwisdanehv jaksuligojv’i.

‘I quit work last week.’

• Hisuligo’i! *Note this verb ends in /-o’i/ which almost always indicates Habitual

‘Quit!’ Tense, which it’s not, because the /o/ is part of the verb.

Dejinogi’a : I’m Singing

PRESENT TENSE: Dejinogi’a

Sdaya dejinogi’a. Eligwus yisgwatvgvga?

‘I’m singing loud. Can you hear me?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Dejinogisgo’i

Yidagilvhwisdanela dejinogisgo’i.

‘When I work I sing.’

REMOTE PAST: Dakinogisv’i

Tla yidakinogise’i dikanogisdi yagwanhtehehno.

‘I didn’t sing because I didn’t know the song.’

• Tihnogi! ‘Sing!’

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Dejinogisdiha : I’m Playing/Making Music

PRESENT TENSE: Dejinogisdiha

Atliyehdi gvhdi dejinogisdiha.

‘I’m playing the fiddle.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Dejinogisdisgo’i

Digwenugisdi atliyehdihno dejinogisdisgo’i.

‘I play the guitar and fiddle.’

REMOTE PAST: Dakinogistanv’i

Usv jigesv’i tla yidakinogistane’i atliyehdi jagwvkewsv’i iyusdi.

‘I didn’t play last night because I forgot my fiddle.’

• Tihnogisda! ‘Play it (instrument)!’

Galitli : I’m Running

PRESENT TENSE: Galitli

Ugodi galitli sihnv nihi gesv’i.

‘I’’m running faster than you are.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Galitliso’i

Yagwadlanvda’dela, galitliso’i.

‘I run whenever I have the time.’

REMOTE PAST: Galitlisv’i

Si agasgv nudalenvhvna galitlisv’i.

‘I was running before it started raining.’

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Gadanawsdi’a : I’m Running

PRESENT TENSE: Gadanawsdi’a

Tla yigadanawsdi’a degastayesgahehngo.

‘I’m not taking off running because I’m exhausted.

HABITUAL TENSE: Gadanawsdisgo’i

Dida’niyisgi yijigo’a gadanawsdisgo’i.

‘When I see a cop, I take off running.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwadanawstanv’i

Talsgohi iyatawostanv agwadanawstanv’i si naksuligojvna.

‘I ran for twenty minutes before I quit.’

• Hadanawsda! ‘Run!’

Galewisdiha : I’m Stopping

PRESENT TENSE: Galewisdiha

Ahani galewisdiha.

‘I’m stopping here.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Galewisdisgo’i

Nasgi didana’nv galewisdisgo’i yidagilvhwisdanelohna.

‘I stop at that store when I’m done with work.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwalehwistanv’i

Didana’nv agwalehwistanv’i asehno tla adela yagihe’i.

‘I stopped at the store but I didn’t have any money.’

• Halehwisda! ‘Stop!’

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Galuloga : It’s Missing

PRESENT TENSE: Galuloga

Gohusdi galuloga, asehno tla yagwanhta.

‘Something is lacking, but I don’t know what.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Galulogo’i

Ahyvdladisdisgi galulogo’i gahljode nasgi.

‘That house lacks a refrigerator.’

REMOTE PAST: Ululojv’i

Gasolini ulolojv’i adladidla vsgina-iyusdi tla ya’ise’i.

‘My car lacked gasoline, that’s why it wouldn’t go.’

Ahli’ilidoha : It’s Taking Time

PRESENT TENSE: Ahli’ilidoha

Ahli’ilidoha ahnigisdi. Hadvnvsdas?

‘It’s time to leave. Are you ready?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Ahli’ilidoho’i

Ugodi ahli’ilidoho’i gohudi uwohwelodi.

‘It usually takes a lot of time for him to write something.’

REMOTE PAST: Uhli’ilidolv’i

Tla ugodi yuhli’ilidole’i agi’luhisdi.

‘It didn’t take much time for me to get here.’

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Jinvdi’a : I’m Missing It/Him

PRESENT TENSE: Jinvdi’a

Aksdayvhvsgi jinvdi’a – agiyosi’a aksdayvhvsgohno.

‘I’m missing my wife – I’m hungry and she cooks for me.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jinvdisgo’i

Gadayosdi ujeli’i jinvdisgo’i yidoganelohna.

‘I usually miss his marble when we play.’

REMOTE PAST: Aginvdv’i / Jinvdv’i

Aksgwahlesdi agwaneltana sgwahlesdi aginvdv’i.

‘I missed the ball when I tried to catch it.’

• Hinvda! ‘Miss it!’

Nani’a / Yani’i : There Are # (Living)

PRESENT TENSE: Nani’a / Yani’i

Sgohi dinadehloqwasgi nani’a tla si yijanisgwada.

‘There are ten students who are not finished yet.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Nani’o’i / Yani’o’i

Unitsgwisdi aniyvwi nani’o’i danisdayohihv’i yigi janahnigisgo’i.

‘There are a lot of people at Christmas who leave.’

REMOTE PAST: Nani’v’i / Yani’v’i

Jo’i judo nani’v’i juwanedohv’i.

‘There were three of his sisters who were there.’

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Ogaligoha : We Are Together

PRESENT TENSE: Ogaligoha

Sagwu adladidla ogaligoha ogenvsv’i.

‘We went in one car together.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Ogaligoso’i

Nigada ojisidanelv ogaligoso’i danisdayohihv’i yinulstana.

‘All of my family is together when it’s Christmas.’

REMOTE PAST: Ogaligosv’i

Svhi jigesv’i tla yogaligose’i tla ulstane yagwanhte.

‘We’re weren’t together yesterday so I don’t know what happened.’

Unohyvhga : It is Making a Sound

PRESENT TENSE: Unohyvhga

Ditlinohehdis jajeli’i agwajelile yigi unohyvhga?

‘Is that your phone ringing or mine?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Unohyvhgo’i

Sdaya unohyvhgo’i ditlinohehdi jajeli’i.

‘Your phone has a loud ring.’

REMOTE PAST: Unohyvlsv’i

Adladidla ujeli’i judalehna unohyvlsv’i.

‘His car made an odd sound.’

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Gu’ilo’a : I’m Washing It

PRESENT TENSE: Gu’ilo’a

Adladidla gadaha’i gesv vsgina gu’ilo’a.

‘The car was dirty so I’m washing it.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gu’ilosgo’i

Niga’v ka’lo’i sagwu yuwakdi adladidla gu’ilosgo’i.

‘I wash the car once each month.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwuhilo’v’i

Svhi jigesv’i adladidla jagwuhilo’v’i gayulahno sigwu gadaha’i.

‘I washed the car yesterday and it’s already dirty again.’

• Huhiloja! ‘Wash it!’

Dejisvsdiha : I’m Scheduling a Time

PRESENT TENSE: Dejisvsdiha

Digilvhwisdanhdi iyuhliloda dejisvsdiha.

‘I’m scheduling my office hours.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Dejisvsdisgo’i

Nigohilv’i dejisvsdisgo’i Goga yinulstana.

‘I always plan during the summer.’

REMOTE PAST: Daksvstanv’i

Ganigisgv’i daksvstanv’i si gutihv’i nudalenvhvna.

‘I planned on leaving before it started snowing.’

• Tisvsda! ‘Schedule a time!’

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Goliga : I Understand

PRESENT TENSE: Goliga

Sdikida Jalagi goliga.

‘I understand a little bit of Cherokee.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Goligo’i

Tla hilvhiyu jigawonisgv yigoligo’i.

‘I never understand what he’s saying.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwohljv’i

Ugodi juwonisv agwohljv’i.

‘I understood most of what he said.’

Geli’a : I Think So

PRESENT TENSE: Geli’a

Chadi goliga geli’a.

‘I think I understand what you’re saying.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gelisgo’i

Nigohilv’i gelisgo’i si gohusdi nagwadvnelvna.

‘I always think before doing anything.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwelisv’i

Si Gogeyi nigesvna yaksgwadv’i agwelisv’i.

‘I thought I’d be finished before Spring.’

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Agwanhta : I Know

PRESENT TENSE: Agwanhta

Tesi agwahnta, Woyana?

‘I know you are going, but what about Pigeon?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agwanhto’i

Jinigalstanvsgo’i agwanhto’i.

‘I usally know what’s going on.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwanhtv’i

Yusuligojv’i agwanhtv’i.

‘I knew he would quit.’

Agwadega : I’m Throwing It

PRESENT TENSE: Agwadega

Sgwatlesdi agwadega.

‘I’m throwing the ball.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agwadego’i

Sdaya agwadego’i asehno tla ilvhiyu’i yasgwahlesgo’i.

‘I throw it hard, but he never catches it.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwadinvsv’i

Usegajv’i agwadinvsv’i asehnv si ulvsa’di uyojv’i.

‘I barely threw it but it still broke the glass.’

• Wijaduga! ‘Throw it!’

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Jisgwatle’a : I’m Catching It

PRESENT TENSE: Jisgwatle’a

Sgwatlesdi jisgwatle’a.

‘I’m catching the ball.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jisgwatlesgo’i

Sgwatlesdi yidv’isa didla nigohilv’i jisgwahlesgo’i.

‘When the ball comes my way, I always catch it.’

REMOTE PAST: Aksgwatlesv’i

Nvda iga ehi juktoyv’isdi tla sgwatlesdi yaksgwatlese’i.

‘I didn’t catch the ball because the sun blinded me.’

• Hisgwatlagi! ‘Catch it!’

Degasehiha : I’m Counting It

PRESENT TENSE: Degasehiha

Sgohiya Jalagi gvhdi degasehiha.

‘I’m counting to ten in Cherokee.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Degasehiho’i

Nigohilv’i Jalagi gvhdi degasehiho’i.

‘I count in Cherokee all the time.’

REMOTE PAST: Dagwasehlv’i

Nasgi digohweli tla yidagwasehle’i yagigohehehno.

‘I didn’t count that book because I didn’t see it.’

• Tasehga! ‘Count!’

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Jisadosga : I’m Pushing It

PRESENT TENSE: Jisadosga / Jiyasadosga

Sdaya jisadosga asehno tla gohusdi yinigalstanvsga.

‘I’m pushing hard but nothing’s happening.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jisadosgo’i / Jiyasadosgo’i

Hi’ana sdudi nigohilv’i jisadosgo’i ugvwiyuha jinasanesgv’i.

‘I always push on this door instead of pulling.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwasadohyv’i / Jiyasadohyv’i

Adladilda’i agwasadohyv’i gasolini usihwa nulstanv’i.

‘I pushed the car because it ran out of gas.’

• Hisadohya! Hiyasadohya! ‘Push it!’ ‘Push him!’

Jinasane’a : I’m Pulling It

PRESENT TENSE: Jinasane’a

Yijinasane’a, hisadosgesdi!

‘If I’m pulling, you’re gonna be pushing!’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jinasanesgo’i

Agwegi yuja’a usdi dagwalela junehldohdi jinasanesgo’i.

‘I pull the toy wagon when my kid is in it.’

REMOTE PAST: Aginsanesv’i / Jinasanesv’i

Dihnawo dikahyoda daginsanesv’i.

‘I pulled the clothes out of the dryer.’

• Hinsanagi! ‘Pull it!’ ‘Pull her!’

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Aksvhiha : I’m Going to Bed

PRESENT TENSE: Aksvhiha

Ji’lvsga aksvhihahno.

‘I’m sleepy so I’m going to bed.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Aksvhiho’i

Udalula sa’du atli’ilisv usv geso’i aksvhiho’i.

‘I go to bed before eleven at night.’

REMOTE PAST: Wagwahnsinvsv’i

Sgohi atli’ilisv wagwahnsinvsv’i.

‘I went to bed at ten.’

• Witsvha! ‘Go to bed!’

Degasule’a : I’m Washing My Hands

PRESENT TENSE: Degasule’a

Degasule’a digwoyeni digadahahehno.

‘I’m washing my hands because they’re dirty.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Degasulesgo’i

Si nagwalsdayvna degasulesgo’i.

‘I wash my hands before I eat.’

REMOTE PAST: Dagwasulehv’i

Svhi jigesv’i tla osda dagwasulehv’i.

‘I didn’t wash my hands well yesterday.’

• Tasuli! ‘Wash your hands!’

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Gadanvteha : I’m Thinking

PRESENT TENSE: Gadanvteha

Sdaya gadanvteha gohweli degowelisgv’i.

‘I’m thinking hard on writing this paper.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gadanvtesgo’i

Yudaha gadanvtesgo’i yagwadvnhdigwu iyulstohdi.

‘Sometimes I think when I should just ‘do.’”

REMOTE PAST: Agwadantehlv’i

Uhljvdagwada agwadantehlv’i, tlahno yidagadvneli.

‘I thought about it all night and I’m not going to do it.’

• Hadanhtvla! ‘Think about it!’

Gagwiyiha : I’m Paying

PRESENT TENSE: Gagwiyiha

Alsdayhdi gagwiyiha – eligwu ta’line yigi yijahwahi.

‘I’m paying for the groceries – you can buy next time.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gagwiyisgo’i

Gasolini nigohilv’i gagwiyisgo’i. Tlas adela yijaha?

‘I always pay for the gasoline. Don’t you have any money?’

REMOTE PAST: Agwakwiyvhv’i

Tla adayvlatvsgi yagwakwiyvhe’i, akinelv’i oginali’i.

‘I didn’t pay for the TV, my friend gave it to me.’

• Hakwiya! ‘Pay for it!’

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Jiyagwiyv’eha : I’m Paying Him

PRESENT TENSE: Jiyagwiyv’eha

Tla yijiyagwiyv’eha tla yidulvhwisdaneha yigi.

‘I’m not paying him if he’s not working.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Jiyagwiyv’eho’i

Uhna wuwedasdigwu jiyagwiyv’eho’i – tla jinadvneho’i yigeli’a.

‘I pay him to just be there – I don’t care what he does.’

REMOTE PAST: Jiyagwiyv’elv’i

Talsgohi adelv’i jiyagwiyv’elv’i ajigoliyesgv’i ulosvhehno.

‘I paid him twenty dollars because he passed his test.’

• Hiyagwiyvsi! ‘Pay her!’

Gagvsgwo’a : I’m Washing My Face

PRESENT TENSE: Gagvsgwo’a

Degasule’a gagvsgo’ahno.

‘I’m washing my hands and washing my face.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gagvsgwosgo’i

Yuditlega, ugodi gagvsgosgo’i.

‘When it’s hot, I wash my face a lot.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwagvsgwo’v’i

Agwagvsgwo’v’i, asehno nudanedliyvsvna wudelohosv’i udvhnv’i.

‘I washed my face but she said she didn’t see any difference.’

• Hagvsgwoja! ‘Wash your face!’

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(De)jijvstvsga : I’m Turning On the Light

PRESENT TENSE: (De)jijvstvsga

Sagwugwu jijvstvsga.

‘I’m turning on just one light.’

HABITUAL TENSE: (De)jijvstvsgo’i

Dejijvstvsgo’i dijvsdi dekdladisgo’i.

‘I turn the lights on and she turns them off.’

REMOTE PAST: (D)agijvstanv’i

Usv jigesv’i tla yidagijvstane’i.

‘I didn’t turn on the lights last night.’

• Hijvstvga! ‘Turn the light on!’

(De)gvdladi’a : I’m Turning Off the Light

PRESENT TENSE: (De)gvdladi’a

Nigada dijvsdi degvdladi’a. Osdaju?

‘I’m turning off all the lights. Is that ok?’

HABITUAL TENSE: (De)gvdladisgo’i

Yagwahnigisa, dijvsdi degvdladisgo’i.

‘When I leave, I turn off the lights.’

REMOTE PAST: (D)agwvtlanv’i

Si nagwahnigisvna, dijvsdi dagwvtlanv’i.

‘Before I left, I turned off the lights.’

• Hvdlada! ‘Turn the light off!’

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Gakilvdiha : I’m Riding It

PRESENT TENSE: Gakilvdiha / Jiyakilvdiha

Digalenvhida jiyakilvdiha – usegajvgwu.

‘I’m riding the donkey – just barely.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gakilvdisgo’i / Jiyakilvdisgo’i

Ugodi gageda sihnv aya gesv’i tla yigakilvdisgo’i.

‘I don’t ride anything that is heavier than I am.’

REMOTE PAST: Agwakilvtanv’i / Jiyakilvtanv’i

Gohida ta’li digagwati agwakilvtanv’i dijinvsgeni dagwehisdaneha.

‘I rode my bike for a long time now my legs are hurting.’

• Hakilvda! ‘Ride it!’

Weather

Agasga

Aganawosga

Uhyvdla

Ulogila

Agaliha

Unesahyvdla

Gutiha

Uditlega

Ganolvsga

Ahyvdagwalo’a

Anagaliha

Ganesdaladi’a

Adaleniha

Alsgwadi’a

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Agasga : It is raining

PRESENT TENSE: Agasga

Nogwu sdayige agasga geli’a.

‘I think it’s raining harder now.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agasgo’i

Ahani tla ilvhiyu ugodi yagasgo’i.

‘It never rains a lot here.’

PAST TENSE: Agasgv’i

Kosinale jigesv j-agasgv’i, asehno alsgwada.

‘It was raining this morning, but it’s stopped.’

FUTURE TENSE: Agasgesdi

Ugodi agasgesdi sinale andi.

‘They say it’ll rain a lot tomorrow.’

Aganawosga : It is warming up

PRESENT TENSE: Aganawosga

Doyis aganawosga?

‘Is it warming up outside?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Aganawosgo’i

Doyu aganawosgo’i svhiyeyi.

‘It really warms up in the afternoon.’

PAST TENSE: Aganawosgv’i

Vhna aganawosgv’i svhi jigesv.

‘It got warm there yesterday.’

FUTURE TENSE: Aganawosgesdi

Kohi’iga doyi aganawosgesdi.

‘It’ll be warming up out there today.’

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Uhyvdla : It is cold

PRESENT TENSE: Uhyvdla

Doyu uhyvdla geli’a.

‘It’s really cold I think.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Uhyvdlo’i

Gola yinulstana, doyi uhyvdlo’i.

‘When it’s winter, outside it’s cold.’

PAST TENSE: Uhyvdlv’i

Digwenvsv agwahnigisa uhyvdlv’i.

‘It was cold when I left the house.’

FUTURE TENSE: Uhyvdlesdi

Si kohi’iga nulstanvna, uhyvdlesdi.

‘Before the day is over, it’ll be cold.’

Ulogila : It is cloudy

PRESENT TENSE: Ulogila

Doyis didla ulogila?

‘Is it cloudy outside?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Ulogilo’i

Nvda iga ehi agwaduliho, nigohilv ulogilo’i.

‘When I want the sun, it’s always cloudy.’

PAST TENSE: Ulogilv’i

Tla kosinale yulogile’i.

‘It wasn’t cloudy this morning.’

FUTURE TENSE: Ulogilesdi

Ko’usv ulogilesdi aktvganv’i.

‘Tonight it’ll be cloudy I heard.’

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Agaliha : It is shining

PRESENT TENSE: Agaliha

Nvdos iga ehi agaliha doyi?

‘Is it sunny outside?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Agalisgo’i

Nigohilv Hawa’i didla agalisgo’i gatvgi’a.

‘I hear it’s always sunny in Hawa’ii.’

PAST TENSE: Agalisgv’i

Agalisges ulogileke svhi jigesv?

‘Was it sunny or cloudy yesterday?’

FUTURE TENSE: Agalisgesdi

Agalisgesdi hadi asehno agasgesdi gatvgisgv.

‘You say it’ll be sunny, but I hear it’ll rain.’

Unesahyvdla : It is cool

PRESENT TENSE: Unesahyvdla

Doyi unesahyvdla geli’a, asehno tla yeli’a.

‘I think it’s cool outside, but she doesn’t.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Unesahyvdlo’i

Hi’ana kanvsulv nigohilv unesahyvdlo’i.

‘This room is always cool.’

PAST TENSE: Unesahyvdlv’i

Unesahyvdles hwedohe?

‘Was it cooler where you were at?’

FUTURE TENSE: Unesahyvdlesdi

Ilvsgi iyanvda iyv igohida tla yunesahyvdlesdi.

‘For a few months it won’t be cool.’

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Gutiha : It is snowing

PRESENT TENSE: Gutiha

Nogwu jigi sdaya gutiha.

‘It’s snowing hard right now.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Gutiho’i

Sdikida gutiho’i Kagali ka’lo igohida.

‘It snows a little bit in February.’

PAST TENSE: Gutihv’i

Svhidv jigesv gutihv, eligwus yijohiyusesdi?

‘It was snowing yesterday, can you believe it?’

FUTURE TENSE: Gutihesdi

Gutihesdi si nagwahnigisvna agwantagwu.

‘It’ll be snowing before I leave I just know it.’

Uditlega : It is hot

PRESENT TENSE: Uditlega

Doyi doyudv uditlega gvnoseha.

‘Outside it’s really hot I’m telling you.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Uditlego’i

Tla ilvhiyu Dehaluyi ka’lo yinulstana yuditlego’i.

‘It’s never hot in June.’

PAST TENSE: Uditlegv’i

Agwadawonvsv’i iyuyehldi uditlegv’i.

‘I went swimming because it was hot.’

FUTURE TENSE: Uditlegesdi

Tla tlv yuwdagedoli uditlegesdi-hehno.

‘I won’t be going anywhere because it’ll be hot.’

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Ganolvsga : It is windy

PRESENT TENSE: Ganolvsga

Nogwu jigi ganolvsga.

‘Right now it’s windy.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Ganolvsgo’i

Iyudalihas ganolvsgo ahani ahli’ilidoho?

‘Is it usually windy here this time?’

PAST TENSE: Ganolvsgv’i

Agihi’lvsv’i ganolvsgv’i igohida.

‘It was windy while I drove.’

FUTURE TENSE: Ganolvsgesdi

Ganolvsgesdi wigedohesdi igohida.

‘It’ll be windy while I’m there.’

Ahyvdagwalo’a : It is thundering

PRESENT TENSE: Ahyvdagwalo’a

Ahyvdagwalo’a gatvgisgv geli’a.

‘I think I hear it thundering.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Ahyvdagwalosgo’i

Yahyvdagwalosgo, anagalisgo sgwu janhta.

‘If it thunders, you know it’s lightning too.’

PAST TENSE: Ahyvdagwalsg’v’i

Ahyvdagwalosgv’i ugodi sihnv ugahnanv’i gesv’i.

‘It was thundering more than it rained.’

FUTURE TENSE: Ahyvdagwalosgesdi

Ko’usv jolani hisduhnv’i ahyvdagwalosgesdi-hehno.

‘Close your window tonight because it’ll thunder.’

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Anagaliha : It is lightning

PRESENT TENSE: Anagaliha

Ages anagaliha?

‘Is it lightning over there?’

HABITUAL TENSE: Anagalisgo’i

Nigohilv’i anagalisgo’i ganayego geso’i.

‘It’s always lightning that’s dangerous.’

PAST TENSE: Anagalisgv’i

Ugodi anagalisgv’i usv jigesv’i.

‘It was lightning a lot last night.’

FUTURE TENSE: Anagalisgesdi

Tla si yalsgwadagwu, ugodi kilagwu anagalisgesdi.

‘It’s not done yet, it’ll be lightning more soon.’

NOUN: Anagalisgi

Ganesdaladi’a : It is freezing

PRESENT TENSE: Ganesdaladi’a

Ganesdaladi’a ji’nawoga-hno.

‘It’s freezing and I’m cold.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Ganesdaladisgo’i

Uhljvdagwada iyv geso ganesdaladisgo’i.

‘It freezes during the night.’

PAST TENSE: Ganesdaladisgv’i

Usv jigesv ganesdaladisgv’i.

‘It was freezing last night.’

FUTURE TENSE: Ganesdaladisgesdi

Ugodi ada witigi ganesdaladisgesdi-hehno.

‘Get more wood because it’ll be freezing.’

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Adaleni’a : It is beginning

PRESENT TENSE: Adaleni’a

Jotlesdi. Didehloqwasdi adaleni’a.

‘Sit down. Class is starting.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Adalenisgo’i

Iyudaliha hisgi atli’iliso adalenisgo’i.

‘It usually starts at five.’

REMOTE PAST: Udalenvhv’i

Ajalagi didehloqwasdi udalenvhv’i Jo’ine-iga jigesv’i.

‘Cherokee class started last Wednesday.’

FUTURE TENSE: Adalenisgesdi

Jvnvgi, hleki adalenisgesdi.

‘Hurry up, it’s starting soon.’

Alsgwadi’a : It is ending

PRESENT TENSE: Alsgwadi’a

Chinvda, didehloqwasdi alsgwadi’a.

‘You missed it, class is ending.’

HABITUAL TENSE: Alsgwadisgo’i

Hi’ana didehloqwasdi jo’i atli’iliso alsgwadisgo.

‘This class ends at three.’

PAST TENSE: Ulsgwadv’i

Didehloqwasdi alsgwadisgv’i svhi jigesv’i.

‘The class ended yesterday.’

FUTURE TENSE: Alsgwadisgesdi.

Kilagwu agasgv alsgwadisgesdi.

‘The rain will be ending soon.’

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GRAMMAR

Incompletive Stem

Experienced vs Non-Experienced Past

Grammar

1. Grammar

2. Grammar

3. Grammar

Grammar: Incompletive Verb Stem

VERB Forms: The Incompletive Stem

This form is very useful because it allows you to have three basic verb tense forms that derive from its base. Requires only a change to the END of the verb.

The three tenses found on this stem are the:

1. Habitual Tense: For actions that occur on a regular basis, often triggered by words like “always.”

2. Progressive Past: One of the three basic past tense forms in Cherokee, it is a basic and common form.

3. Progressive Future: As constructed on this specific verb stem, it is always /-esdi/. This form can also be a command form.

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Incompletive Stem: Example 1

Gelisg- : Verb that means ‘think so.’ The tense forms are derived by adding the proper tense suffix.

HABITUAL: /-o’i/

Si nagiwonisvna nigohilv gelisg-o’i

‘I always think before I speak’

PROGRESSIVE PAST: /-v’i/

Tlanv hilvhiyu agwvsa yigagesesdi gelisg-v’i

‘I thought I would never be alone’

PROGRESSIVE FUTURE: /-esdi/

Ko’usv gesesdi vsgina gelisg-esdi

‘I’ll be thinking about that tonight’

Incompletive Stem: Example 2

jiwonisg- : Verb that means ‘speak.’ The tense forms are derived by adding the proper tense suffix.

HABITUAL: /-o’i/

Yagwotla, Jalagi jiwonisg-o’i.

‘When I’m home, I speak Cherokee’

PROGRESSIVE PAST: /-v’i/

Jiwonisg-v’i ji’ilisv’i igohida.

‘I was speaking while I was driving’

PROGRESSIVE FUTURE: /-esdi/

Sinales Jungilosdike jiwonisgesdi?

‘Am I speaking tomorrow or Friday?’

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Grammar: /-v’i/ & /-e’i/ Remote Past Tense

/-v’i/ versus /-e’i/ as verb ending on Remote Past Tense.

In the listings for the verbs, you may have noticed that all of

the “I” forms end in /-v’i/ while all the “You” end in /-e’i/.

1. Both /-v’i/ & /-e’i/ are “past tense suffixes.” This means the

action of the verb happened in the past (“past tense”) and

that they are put on the “end” of a verb (“suffix”).

2. /-v’i/ is used when you saw or experienced the action your-

self. This is why it was on all the “I” forms for the verbs.

3. /-e’i/ is used when you did not see or did not experience the

action OR if the action did not happen at all.

The best way to understand this idea is to see it used many

times, especially on the verbs we’re learning right now.

Grammar: /-v’i/ & /-e’i/ Remote Past Tense

/-v’i/ *Seen or experienced.

/Agwadawo’-v’i/ ‘I bathed’ *I did the action, “experienced.”

/Kawi jaditah-v’i/ ‘Coffee you drank’ *Means I actually saw you drink it.

/-e’i/ *Not seen, not experienced, or action not happened.

/Kawi jaditah-e’i/ ‘Coffee you drank’ *Means I didn’t see you drink it.

/Tla kohisinale yagwadawo’e’i/ ‘I didn’t bathe this morning’ *Because action didn’t happen, has to use /-e’i/.

Using /-v’i/ means you either saw or experienced it while using /-e’i/ means you neither saw or experienced it, OR that the action did not happen.

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ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏗᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏍᏗᏃ

Vocabulary

Agisdi ‘Thing to eat’ Digisdi ‘Things to eat’

Aditasdi ‘Thing to drink’ Diditasdi ‘Things to drink’

Alsdayhdi ‘Food’ Sinale’ehi ‘Breakfast’

Iga’ehi ‘Lunch’ Usv’ehi ‘Dinner’

Uhyvdli ‘Cold’ Uditlegi ‘Hot’

Ama ‘Salt’ Dikwihyoda ‘Pepper’

Yvgi ‘Fork’ Telido / Ditelido ‘Plate / Plates’

Gasgilv’i ‘Table’ Ulisgwida / Julisgwida ‘Cup / Cups’

Aditohdi / Diditohdi ‘Spoon / Spoons’

Hayelsdi / Dihayelsdi ‘Knife / Knives’

ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏗᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏍᏗᏃ

Vocabulary: Foods

Svkta ‘Apple’ Selu ‘Corn’

Nuna ‘Potato’ A’ni ‘Strawberry’

Gvgisdi ‘Watermelon’ Tuya ‘Beans’

Gadu ‘Bread’ Svgi ‘Onion’

Unitelvla’di ‘Grapes’ Jisdugisdi ‘Carrot’

Damatli ‘Tomato’ Gosdagisdi ‘Lettuce’ or ‘Salad’

Jitaga ‘Chicken’ Waka ‘Cow’

Sigwa ‘Pig’ Saloli ‘Squirrel’

Jisdu ‘Rabbit’ Ahwi / Ahowi ‘Deer’

Gvhna ‘Turkey’ Hawiya ‘Meat’

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ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏗᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏍᏗᏃ

Vocabulary: Foods

Daliga ‘Rice’ Asusdi ‘Gravy’

Asdvhatli ‘Sandwich’ Ugvma ‘Soup’

Gelisgi ‘Pie’ Uganasda ‘Sweet’

Adasdayhdi’i ‘Kitchen’ Junalsdayhdi’i ‘Restaurant’

Anisgwani ‘Mexican’ Anichayv ‘Chinese’

Uhyvsdi ‘Strong (taste or smell)

Unvdi Gaduhnv ‘Cheese’ Nuna disdagayvtanv ‘Potato Chips’

ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏗᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏍᏗᏃ

Expressions

Iganigi’a. ‘I’m going home’

(Place) widvgedoli. ‘I’m going there (and coming back)’

(Place) dagesi. ‘I’m going (there)’

Ihedolv’i. ‘Come back again (one)’ / Ijedolv’i. ‘You All’

Wigvyvdanelv’i. ‘I will call you later’ / Wisgiyvdanelv’i. ‘Call me later’

Alsdayhdi! ‘It’s time to eat!’

Tlagusdi yigadvne(ha). ‘I’m not doing anything’

Tla yigeli’a. ‘I don’t care’

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ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏗᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏍᏗᏃ

Expressions

(Place) wigedohesdi. ‘I’ll be at _____’

(Place) wigedohv’i. ‘I was at _____’

Hlesdi jijvkewsi. ‘Don’t forget’

Hiyoligis? ‘Do you know him/her?’

(Person) jiyoligi. ‘I know (Person)’

Gado hadvne(ha)? ‘What are you doing?’

Hadlv hega? ‘Where are you going?’

Gado heli(a)? ‘What do you think?’

Digohwelv’i : Vocabulary

Question Forms & Possessives

Kin Terms

Time – Seconds/Minutes/Hours/Days/Months/Seasons

Body Parts

Money

Common Objects

Adjectives & Adverbs

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Questions

Gago : Who

Gado : What / How

Gado’usdi : Which

Hila’iyv : When

Hadlv : Where

Gadohv / Gadoke : Why

Hila’iga : How much/many

Hila yani’i : How many (living)

Possessives

Agwajeli’i : Mine

Digwajeli’i : Mine (pl)

Jajeli’i : Yours

Dijajeli’i : Yours (pl)

Ujeli’i : His/Hers

Jujeli’i : His/Hers (pl)

Un(a)jeli’i : Theirs

Jun(a)jeli’i : Theirs (pl)

Kinship

Agiji : My Mother

Agidoda : My Father

Digigayvlige : My Parents

Agilisi : My Grandmother (Maternal)

Aginisi : My Grandmother (Paternal)

Agidudu : My Grandfather

Agitlogi : My Aunt

Digitlogi : My Aunts

Agiduji : My Uncle

Digiduji : My Uncles

Agweji : My Child

Digweji : My Children

Gusdi Agwvhni : My Cousin

Gusdi Digwvhni : My Cousins

• Josdadalvi : My Sister

• Jojadalvi : My Sisters

• Agido : My Brother

• Digido : My Brothers

• Josdadanvtli : My Brother

• Jojadanvtli : My Brothers

• Agido : My Sister

• Digido : My Sisters

Man Speaking

Woman Speaking

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Atl

i’ili

sv

o Asetlv : Second

Disetlv : Seconds

o Iyatawostanv’i : Minute(s)

o Suhliloda : Hour

Iyuhliloda : Hours

o Iga : Day

o Usv : Night

o Jusvhida : Days / Nights

o Svnadodagwasdi : Week

Iyunadodagwasdi : Weeks

o Ka’lv : Month

Sinvda : One Month

Iyanvda : Months

o Sudetiyvda : Year

Ijudetiyvda : Years

• Kohiyv : Later

• Kilawyusdi : Shortly

• Kilagwu : Real Soon

• Hlega : A While

• Gohida : A Long Time

• Igohida : Until, During

• Dlv : About

• Kohi’iga : Today

• Kosinale : This Morning

• Ko’usv : Tonight

• Svhi Jigesv’i : Yesterday

• Usv Jigesv’i : Last Night

• Sinaleyv’i : Tomorrow

• Kohi : A While Ago

Days of the Week

o Dodagwonv Monday

o Tal(i)ne iga Tuesday

o Joine iga Wednesday

o Nvgine iga Thursday

o Jun(i)gilosdi Friday

o Dodagwidena Saturday

o Dodagwasgv Sunday

• Iyunadodagwasdi : Weeks

• So’i Walenvhv : Next Week

• Svnadodagwasdi : Week

• Iga : Day

• Siga : One Day

• Jusvhida : Days

• Judodagwada : Every Day

• Udodagwidisv : During the Day

• So’i Jidvtli’ilisv : Last Week

• Udodagwada : All Day

• Usv : Night

• Julsinvda : Nightly

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96

Mo

nth

s o

f th

e Y

ear

Unolvtana January

Kaga’li February

Anvyi March

Guwohni April

Anasgvti May

Dehaluyi June

Guyegwoni July

Ga’lohni August

Dulisdi September

Duninhdi October

Nvdadegwa November

Vskihyi December

SEASONS

• Uligohvsdi : Fall

• Gola : Winter

• Gogeyi : Spring

• Goga : Summer

• Ka’lv : Month

• Sinvda : One Month

• Iyanvda : Months

• Sudetiyvda : Year

• Ijudetiyvda : Years

• Udetiyvsidisv : Year Of

Bo

dy P

art

s

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Ayelv

• Agwoyeni

Digwoyeni

• Joyeni / Dijoyeni

• Jiyesa’dv’i

Dejiyesa’dv’i

• Hiyesa’dv’i / Dehiyesa’dv’i

• Ji’nogeni

Diji’nogeni

• Hihnogeni / Tihnogeni

• Jinvsgeni

Dijinvsgeni

• Hinvsgeni / Tinvsgeni

• Agwalasideni

Digwalasideni

• Jalasideni / Dijalasideni

• Ji’nasa’dv’i

Deji’nasa’dv’i

• Hihnasa’dv’i / Dehihnasa’dv’i

• Jineji’i

• Hineji’i

• Jisohi’i

• Hisohi’i

• Jiyelv’i

• Hiyelv’i

Ayelv

• Jiyvsoli

• Hiyvsoli

• Jiholi

• Hiholi

• Jingo’i

• Hinhgo’i

• Jindogv’i

Dejindogv’i

• Hinhdogv’i / Dehinhdogv’i

• Jisgoli

• Hisgoli

• Ji’leni

Diji’leni • Hi’leni / Ti’leni

• Jigatoli

Dijigatoli

• Hiktoli / Tiktoli

• Agwakatv’i

• Jakatv’i

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Adela Adehloqwasdi : Iyadantehdi

• Sagwu iyadantehdi

Hila iga iyadantehdi jaha?

• Hila iga iyadantehdi jaha?

• Sagwu iyadantehdi agiha.

• Hila iga iyadantehdi jaha?

• Jogadu iyadantehdi dagiha.

• Hila iga iyadantehdi jaha?

• Nelsgo sudali iyadantehdi dagiha.

• Hisgi iyadantehdi

• Sgohi iyadantehdi

• Ginutdi

Adela Adehloqwasdi : Adelv’i

• Sagwu uhnosda

Hila iga adela jaha?

• Hila iga adela jaha?

• Sagwu uhnosda agiha.

• Hila iga adela jaha?

• Sgigadu adelv’i dagiha.

• Hila iga adela jaha?

• Sgohitsgwa talsgo sagwu adelv’i dagiha.

• Hisgi adelvi

• Sgohi adelvi

• Sgohitsgwa adelvi

• Adela ‘Money’

• Adelv’i ‘Dollars’

• Talsgo adelvi

• Hiksgo adelvi

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Aniyvwi

• Yvwi

• Aniyvwi

• Asgaya

• Anisgaya

• Agehya

• Anigehya

• Achuja

• Anichuja

• Agehyuja

• Anigehyuja

• Ayohli

• Diniyohli

• Didehloqwasgi

• Din(a)dehloqwasgi

• Didehyohvsgi

• Din(a)dehyohvsgi

Didani23yi4sgi Dinadani23yi4sgi

Didehyo23hvsgi Dinadehyo23hvsgi

Didasu23hwi4sgi Dinadasu23hwi4sgi

A3’yosgi Ani3yosgi

Aga3’nakti Aniga3’nakti

Didahlilo1sdi4sgi Dinadahlilo1sdi4sgi

Dihne1sge4sgi Dinahne1sge4sgi

Ala1sgali4sgi Anala1sgali4sgi Digalogi4sgi

Dinilogi4sgi

Dikdla3di1sgi Dinh3dladi1sgi

O4sda Nigvne4hi O4sda Nanvne4hi

Ditiyo23hihi Dinatiyo23hihi

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Gohusdi

• Gohweli

• Digohweli

• Junadehloqwasdi’i

• Didehloqwasdi’i

• Alisidasdi

• Digohwelodi

• Sdu’isdi

• Disdu’isdi

• Dikanogisdi

• Gasgilv’i

• Jola’ni

• Digasgilv’i

• Digasgilo

• Gasgilo

• Adayvlatvsgi

Dig

oh

wel

v’i

• Digwenvsv’i

<Gahljode>

• Adladidla’i Diktulena

• Ditlinohehdi

• Adela Adelv’i

• Ajvsdi

• Dijvsdi • Dikanogisdi

atvdasdohdi

• Aktohvsgv Asgwangodisgi

• Aktisi

• Aksgani

• Didla ‘Toward’

• Hawina ‘Under’

• Galvladi ‘Above’ ‘High’

• Na’v ‘Close to’ ‘By’

• Uhldidla ‘Beside’ ‘Next to’

• Igvyi Didla ‘In front of’

• Ohni Didla ‘Behind’

• Ukitla ‘On top of’ (Living)

• Gadu ‘On top’

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A1yoda32hlahv4’i Da1yoda32hlahv4’i

A2hyvhdlo Dihyvhdlo

Dikwanayo23sdi

Dik3tohdi

Dilsdoyhdi

Ganu23lv A3gal1sdi

Ganvgwalo4sdi Diganvgwalo4sdi

Talu23ja

Akihlo3sv1sdi4’i Dikihlo3sv1sdi4’i

Ta3’li Diga3gwati

Alisidasdi

Atvdasdohdi

Akto32hvsv4i Asgwango1di4sgi

Ahyvdladi1sdi4sgi

Adayv23latvsgi

Usvnu1la adasday1di4i

Dikayodi1sgi4’i

Dikdiye23doh3di

Dikgilo1sdoh3di

Adasday1doh3di Dihlinohehdi4’i

Adawo1sdi4’i

Disulehdi4’i

Do23yajvsidoh3di

Digat1di4’i

Akdoh3di

Di1se23hi3sdi4’i

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A1dana3’nv4’i

Junila1wisdi4’i

Junadahi’li23da32sdi4’i ‘Courthouse’

Gahljo23de

Didasdu1di4’i

Digadu3hv4’i

Junidlv1gi4’i

Junadehloqwa1sdi4’i

Junalsdayh1di4’i

Units of Measure

o i3sitadi1sdi ‘inch’ ‘inches’

o i3la1sihdi ‘foot’ ‘feet’

o x x

o iyu3hlilo4da ‘mile’ ‘gallon’

o x x

o x x

o x x

o x x

o i23ga3nvhi4da ‘in length’

o i23gati ‘height’

• i23go3hi4da : length of time

• i23gv3nade4na : area

• i23ga4 : quantity / amount

• i23ga3nvhi4da : in length

• i23gati : height

• i3sitadi1sdi : inch(es)

• suhliloda : x

• iyu3hlilo4da : mile / gallon

• i3kida : size

• i3la1sihdi : foot / feet

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Adjectives / Adverbs

• Sgwu ‘Too’ ‘Also’

• So’i ‘Other’ ‘Next’

• Sdikida ‘A little bit’

• Ugodi / Unigodi ‘A lot’ ‘Many’

• Gayohli ‘A few’

• Igada ‘Some’

• Nigada ‘All’ ‘Everything’

• Kanigida ‘None’ ‘Zero’

• Uwoduhi ‘Pretty’

• Usdi ‘Small’

• Utana ‘Big’

• Egwa ‘Huge’

• Ahida ‘Easy’

• Sdaya ‘Hard’

• Asamadi ‘Smart’

• Dajetla ‘Better’

• Judalehnvda ‘Various’ ‘Different’

• Ulsgeda ‘Important’

• Uyehldi ‘Reason’

• Ayanuli ‘Fast’ (Living)

• Gajanuli ‘Fast’ (Non-Living)

• Uhlisdi ‘Quickly’

• Usganoli ‘Slow’

• Sigwu ‘Again’ ‘More’

• Doyu / Udohiyu ‘Really’ ‘Very’

• Ale ‘Or’

• Asehno ‘But’

• -hno ‘And’

• -hehno ‘Because’

• Gvhdi ‘With’

• Aje / Ije ‘New’

• Uweti ‘Old’

• Usegajv ‘Barely’

• Asedv ‘Maybe’

Adjectives / Adverbs

• Iyudali ‘Apart’ ‘Often’

• Yudaha ‘Sometimes’

• Ilvhiyu’i ‘Ever’

• Tla Ilvhiyu’i ‘Never’

• Iyusdi ‘Like’ ‘Similar’

• Iyuwakdi ‘Time’ ‘Times’

• Jugvwahldi ‘Price’ ‘Cost’

• Nuhlisdv’i ‘Fast as Possible’

• Kali’i ‘Full’

• Usihwa ‘Empty’

• Nudale’i ‘Different’

• Sihnv ‘Than’

• Udanhti ‘Friendly’

• Udli ‘Away’

• Uganasda ‘Sweet’

• Uganawa ‘Warm’

• Sudalegi ‘One Topic, Matter’

• Utsgwisdi ‘A lot’ ‘Many’

• Udanvgalvda ‘Clean’

• Uhlinigida ‘Powerful’ ‘Strong’

• Unegujida ‘Cruel’ ‘Mean’

• Usgwanikdi ‘Interesting’

• Uwelihisdi ‘Worried’

• Uwohldi ‘Funny’

• Uyelo’isdi ‘Suddenly’

• To’i ‘Motionless’

• Ulisdi ‘Weak’

• Ugvhahli ‘Part’

• Ugvwiyuha ‘Instead’

• Uhloyi ‘Same Kind’

• Gageda ‘Heavy’

• Uhwageda ‘Thick’

• Usage’i ‘Thin’

• Ujosdi ‘Confusing’

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Adjectives / Adverbs

• Uwasa ‘Alone’ ‘Only’

• Asegi ‘Peculiar’ ‘Odd’

• Asesgini ‘However’

• Didanelv’i ‘At Home’

• Eladi ‘Down’ ‘On Foot’

• Ganayegi ‘Dangerous’

• Ganali ‘Lazy’

• Gasagwalv’i ‘Round’

• Uyo’i ‘Bad’

• Uyojv’i ‘Broken’

• Vsgina ‘That’

• Hi’ana ‘This’

• Wanige’i ‘Soft’

• Gadaha’i ‘Dirty’

• Agahliyi ‘Eager’

• Agayvli ‘Old’

• Vsgihnv Iyusdi ‘For That Reason’

• Aktahna’i ‘Knowledgeable’

• Asgayegvsda ‘Handsome’

• Dawisgvhi ‘Slippery’ ‘Smooth’

• Gadohi ‘On/In the Ground’

• Gayula ‘Already’

• Gvhwanosda ‘Whole’

• Gvhnoda ‘Alive’

• Gvhnagalsdi ‘Active’

• Agihliyi ‘Pain’

• Ale ‘Almost’

• Amayi ‘In Water’

• Asgwala’i ‘Short’

• Ganvhida ‘Long’

• Ehlawe’i ‘Quiet’

• Eligwu ‘Can’

• Elisdi ‘It seems’

• Gadulida ‘Wet’

Adjectives / Adverbs

• Gvwatvhwida ‘All Around’

• Nikv’i ‘Everywhere’

• Hyatohli ‘Narrow’

• Juhnajosdi ‘Sour’

• Nugvwiyusv ‘Main’ ‘Primary’

• Gasaka ‘Light (weight)’

• Uhyvsdi ‘Strong (taste)’

• Ganosgida ‘Stolen’

• Hlesdi ‘Don’t’

• Si ‘Still’ ‘Yet’

• Hlega ‘A While’

• Hleki ‘Soon’

• Jiyukdi ‘Straight’

• Ijula ‘Both’

• Vsgwatla ‘Neither’

• Nahiyu’i ‘Then’

• Adage’i ‘Very Young’ ‘New’

• Uhyvdli ‘Cold (adj)’

• Uditlegi ‘Hot (adj)’

• Asesvda ‘Withdrawn’

• Atolida ‘Borrowed’

• Ayo’uhli ‘Lame’ ‘Crippled’

• Galijohida ‘Fat (living)’

• Gvjahlanvhi ‘Fried’

• Hlawotuha’i ‘Muddy’

• Gosdayi ‘Sharp’

• Gosdayuhli ‘Dull’

• Utugi ‘Hope’

• Unegihldi ‘Ugly’

• Ilvsgi ‘Few’

• Ukahyoda ‘Dry’

• Adawehi ‘Magical’

• Agosdi ‘Raw’

• Dikewi ‘Blind’

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Advanced Cherokee I Fall 2011

Locative Forms Set 1

Atlaha / Datlaha ‘On Top Of’ for objects SOLID-NEUTRAL

Atla’a / Datla’a ‘On Top Of’ for objects FLEXIBLE

Atla’a / Datla’a ‘On Top Of’ for objects LONG-RIGID

Gadu ‘On Top’ adverbial, any shape or size

Ukitla / Unkitla ‘On Top Of’ for LIVING

Hawinadidla ‘Underneath’ Uhldidla ‘Beside’

Agvyididla ‘In Front Of’ Onididla ‘Behind’

Aktisi ‘Right’ Aksgani ‘Left’

Locational Forms

‘On Top Of’ / ‘On’

Atlaha / Datlaha Solid

Atla’a / Datla’a Flexible

“ / “ Long Rigid

Ukitla / Unkitla Living

Gadu All Shapes

*There is no liquid category for “On Top Of.” Instead, the category is determined by the shape of the container the liquid is in.

Aditasdi atlaha gasgilv’i.

Digohweli atla’a gasgilo. Digohwelodi atla’a digohweli.

Adela hawinadidla gasgilo.

Wesa ukitla ganitli.

Gihli gadoga ukitla gasgilv’i.

Diditasdi datlaha gasgilv’i.

Digohweli datla’a gasgilo.

Ditlinohehdi gadu gasgilv’i.

Kahwi gadu gasgilv’i.

Walosi unkitla gasgilv’i.

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Locational Forms

‘Underneath’ ‘Beside’

Hawinadidla Uhldidla

‘Near’ ‘x’

Na’v x

‘In Front Of’ ‘Behind’

Agvyididla Onididla

‘Right’ ‘Left’

Aktisi Aksgani

Aditasdi atlaha gasgilv’i.

Digohweli atla’a gasgilo. Digohwelodi atla’a digohweli.

Adela hawinadidla gasgilo.

Sdu’isdi uhldidla unvdi. Sdu’isdi aktisi didla. Unvdi aksgani didla.

Sgwatlesdi onididla alisidasdi. Alisidasdi agvyididla sgwatlesdi.

Diditasdi datlaha gasgilv’i.

Digohweli datla’a gasgilo.

Ditlinohehdi gadu gasgilv’i.

Kahwi gadu gasgilv’i.

Locational Forms

/-’i/ ‘in’ ‘inside’

/-ohi/ when placed after a

word ending in vowel /a/

taluja ‘basket’

taluj-ohi ‘in the basket’

gada ‘ground’

gad-ohi ‘in the ground’

This process can be used on

any applicable noun. Note that

a tone change is indicated on

the next to last vowel – The

tone is “super high” or Tone 4.

Dinehldohdi kanesohi. ‘The toys are in the box’

Digohweli alisidasdi’i. ‘The book is in the backpack’

Dahlilostanv’i aktohvsv asgwangodisgi’i. ‘The picture is on the computer’

Gohwelodohdi digohweli’i. ‘The pen is in the book’

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Adehloqwasdi 2: Locationals

• Hadlv unvdi? • Hadlv alisidasdi?

• Hadlv dihlinohehdi? • Hadlv sgwatlesdi?

• Hadlv asgwangodisgi?

• Hadlv sdu’isdi? • Hadlv adela – aktisis aksganike?

• Hadlv ulvsa’di? • Hadlv jisteji?

• Hadlv digohweli?

• Unvdi ________________

• Kahwi ________________

• Digohweli _____________

• Sdu’isdi _______________

• Gasgilo _______________

• Gasgilv’i ______________

• Adela ________________

• Gihli _________________

• Alisidasdi ______________

• Wesa _________________

Write /aktisi/ or /aksgani/ by each

object based upon its position.

• _________________

_________________

• _________________

_________________

• _________________

_________________

• _________________

_________________

• _________________

_________________

Write a statement that describes the location

of the objects relative to each other.

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