Czellár Katalin - Irak

7/21/2019 Czellr Katalin - Irak

1/441

IRAK


2/441

PANORMA KLFLDI TIKNYVEK


3/441

IRAK

PANORMA


4/441

rta:CZELLR KATALIN

A Gyakor at! t"#$!%a &k '( )*+*,*t*t -.RNYI /0Z-EF1rta

L*ktorok:DR( FODOR -NDOR2 DR( 3A/NCZI GY.LA DR(

PRO4LD FERENCA )5$yk56*k*t k57,1t*tt*:

CZELLR KATALIN A t5rk56*k*t t*r%*,t* 57 ra+,o ta:8 C,* 9r Kata !$2 -"r9$y! /&,7*)2 ;


5/441

EL -Z0

Irakr& ?t!kQ$y%*t 1r$! $*B5, )* a#at( A, or7,9 tQ 5%*,r*#*7 ? tra t*k!$t %!77,a2 tQrt5$*t*2 H%57,*ttQrt5$*t*7okr5tH 57 7,*rt*9 a,&( A $a y+9 & a, * ykor!M*,o6ot9 !a JFo ya kQ, )Q #+5$ * a ak" t o#*r$9 a &kor! 57 kQ,56kor! * 5k*! $a yr57,t '7ak ar5 57,*k 97&! $yo 9$ k* t*k 5 *tr*2 7 $* o ya$

9t%9$yo7ak2 !$t o$#+"k E y!6to r* *k

t* 6 o a!2 k!r9 y71r+a!2 %a y a QrQ Qk k a77,!k"77,5675 H a kot97a!( A Fo ya kQ, $56*! tQ $y!r*%9 yo t5 9 & * * t5k * ykor 7,!$t5$ 6o 69,ato756S *t*!k*t2 7 *,*k a, 5%*,r*#*k )o ya 9$ !,o$ya$$y!ra * 6"7,t" tak2 Bo y a )* t9rt ro ok a Bo,,9$* 5rt 7,9 9ra 9 ta 9 a$ a ! $y?+ta$ak %!,"9 !75 5$yt( A kQ,56kor 561t 5$y*! 7* +9rtak +o a$2 !$ta, &kor!ak: 39r?$ a Ra71# 57 a, E,*r* y5+7,aka

4a #a#+9 & 5 a$$y! 7* ara#t2 !$t G! a *7.r"k+9 & ( 66*$ *,5rt kQ$y%S$k *$ ! y*k*,tS$k a6r& 5ko7 *1r97okka 7* 1t*$! a, 5r#*k # t2 Bo y *t"#+a k56,* $!2 ! y*$ *B*t*tt Ba+#a$ a %9ro72 at* 6 o 2 %a y a a 7!%ata o72 %!,*$y 7 t9+(M* 6r& 9 t"k 5r,5k* t*t$! M*,o6ot9 !a +* *$t 75 5t2a * y +&%a $a yo %o t a$$9 2 !$t aBo y a,t a

* ara#t 561t57,*t! * 5k*k a a6+9$ a 9to at&o$#o $9( 3!7,*$ a! !7 *r*t*!$k 7,*r!$t a Fo ya kQ,

%o t a U'!%! !,9'!& Q '7 +* 2 7 !tt t5rt*k 9t2 a %! 9 o* 7,Qr2 a yH+tQ *t 5 *t r& a )Q # H%* 57r*( I$$t*r+*#t * 2 tQ *k kQ,Qtt2 a k*r5k2 a t5 a2 a )a,*ka7koro$ 2 a 7,Q% 7,5k2 a, *k* Ba7,$9 ata2 !tt a ak" t k!a, 1r97( -ok k" t?r$Q%5$y$*k2 B9,!a71tott a tat$ak !tt %o ta, 7Ba,9+a( M*,o6ot9 !a tQrt5$*t! $56*!$*k 9! Bat&


6/441

a,#a k" t"r9 !7 QrQk75 5 6*#! '7ak 65 #ak5$t *1t+Sk a, !# 7,9 1t97"$k a a6+9" 7,o 9 & Bat%a$a7

7,9 r*$#7,*rt2 %a a !$t a B* y! 5rt5k Ba7,$9 at9t(Ma yaror7,9 57 Irak kQ,Qtt $a6+a!$k a$ * yr* *r 7Q#$*k a 6o !t!ka!2 a,#a79 ! 57 k" t"r9 !7 ka6'7o atok( R*

5 B*t * a +Q% *$ !$# tQ t"r!7ta 9to at a+# *Irak a2 Bo y * !7 *r+*2 )* )*#*,,* *,t a, 5r#*k*72 7!)Q #*t( MAL V r*6S 56 Bo,,a %!7,! a, "ta7okat 4"#a 6*7t 57 4a #a# kQ,Qtt2 t*B9t a, or7,9 t"r!7ta?t *%5 * !7

)* k*r*7B*t ( t!kQ$y%S$k * 7 7or a$ a, o#a"ta,&kBo,7,& 2 #* Ba7,o$$a )or atBat+9k a,ok !72 ak!k aUkaro77,5k *$ "ta,%a '7ak a, 1rott 7,& ?t+9$!7 *rk*#$*k M*,o6ot9 !a r5 ! 57 ?+a %9ro7a!%a 2

H* 5k*!%* (Itt 57 o7t 7,*r*t$5$k )! y* *,t*t$! a, "ta7t arra2 Bo yIrak a$ "ta, at%a !$#*$kor *B*t75 *7 %9 to,97okrak* )* k57,S $!*( .tak2 ?t%o$a ak %9 to,Bat$ak a

7,5 +9r97 %a y a )o y&k 9ra#97a! kQ%*tk*,t5 *$( 3akQ$y%S$k 7,* 5 B*t 2 9to atBat& )* t9r97okr& 7,& 2o#a"ta,%a 5 7* *, a k56 )o a#+a a t"r!7t9t2 *, !,o$y$* a ! B! 9$k( K5r+Sk t*B9t2 * y * y +a%a7o t k!t5r

* t5t* * * tt k*r*775k )* a * kQ,* * ! $a y%9ro7!#* *$)or a ! t9+5ko,tat& !ro#9+9t2 7 '7ak a * !# 7,*rH !$)or 9'!&k !rtok9 a$ "ta,,a$ak(t!kQ$y%S$k U ta 9$o7 t"#$!%a &kka k*,# #!k2a * y *$ a, o %a7& rQ%!# 9tt*k!$t57t ta 9 Irak )Q #ra+,9r& 2 tQrt5$*t5r 2 H%57,*t5r 2 ak&!r& ( A UR57, *?t!ka a", * 7,Qr 4a #a#ot "tat+a *2 a+# a ) %9ro7 & k!!$#" %a2 tQ ?t%o$a ra )* )H,%* !7 *rt*t! a Fo

ya kQ, t9+a!t2 9t$!%a &!t( A kQ$y% %5 S UGyakor at"#$!%a &kka ,9r" (


7/441

M!$#a,ok$ak2 ak!k *,t a, 5r#*k*72 7! k" t?r9+? or7,9 ot)* k*r*7!k2 5 5$y*k *$ a,#a "ta,97t k1%9$"$kW


8/441

I( IRAKR0L LTAL4ANFLDRA/Z2 G3A/LAT

Irak t*rS *t* !$t* y = === k( 7,akr&TQrQkor7,9 2 $y" atr& -,1r!a 57 /or#9$!a )o +a kQ,r*(D5 *$ -,a?# Ar9 !9%a 57 K"%a!tta Bat9ro72 7 rQ%!#t*$ *r6art+a !7 %a$( K* *t! 7,o 7,5#+a Ir9$(A a! !rak! 9 a E ,7!a k5t * $a yo )o y&+9$ak2

a T! r!7$*k 57 a, E")r9t*7,$*k a *#*$'5+5 *$ a ak" tk!2 7 * kQ,* 1t * a, * ykor! M*,o6ot9 !a t*rS *t5t)o a +a * ( A k5t )o y& kQ,5t ! a,2 akkor 5 '7ak a,57,ak! B* y*kt kQrS * S a a! 4a #a# kQr$y5k5! Po S !o7, J!( *( II( 7,9,a# 2 a+# a, $yo 9$ -,tra &$J!( *( I( 7,9,a# QrQ tQrt5$*t1r&k $*%*,t5k * 7,Qr M*,o6ot9 !9$ak2 %a y!7 Fo ya kQ,$*kX a, *tt #5 r*)*k% %!#5k*t K9 #*9$ak B1%t9k( K57 2 a !kor aUM*,o6ot9 !a 9r a, * 57, t*rS *t*t +* Q t*2 57,ak! r57,5t D,7*7,!r* J7,! *t 2 #5 ! r57,5t 6*#! Irak Ara !JAra 71k79 $5%%* ! *tt5k(A T! r!7 57 a, E") r9t*7,2 M*,o6ot9 !a k5t $a y )o y&+aTQrQkor7,9 a$2 a, Qr 5$y B* y*k kQ,Qtt2 a Va$ t& %!#5k5$ *r*#( A, * ! < = k Bo77,? J* Irakra2aBo D!#,7 a a $*%*2 = k +"t 2 "t& ! 6*#! @ = kJIrak a$ a F"r9t a, * $*%*,57*2 7 = = k! o 5t*rt t*7,

* !tt ( A, E")r9t*7,$*k Irak t*rS *t5$ $!$'7* 5k)o y&+aX a T! r!7 * a,o$ a$ tQ torko !k2 1 y

Na y 57 a K!7 Z9 57,ako$2 7 a D!+a a 4a #a#kQ,* 5 *$2 %a a !$t 7,9 o7 k!7* )o y& !7(


9/441


10/441


11/441

A, or7,9 57,ak! 57 57,akk* *t! r57,* B* y%!#5k: a,r 5$y Toro7,Bo, JTa"r"7,Bo, '7at ako,&K"r#!7,t9$! B* y%!#5k2 ! *t%* a, Ir9$ & 9t$y? &Za ro7, B* y75 $5Bo tQ *,*r 5t*r a a7 %o$" ata!k1$9 ko,$ak !tt t*r 57,*t*7 Bat9rk5$t( D5 * r* a a'7o$y2Bo77,a$ * $y? & B* y75 *k Ja D,7* * -,!$#,79r 57 a3* r!$ a kot+9k a, 9t *$*t*t a k5t )o y& *#*$'5+5B*,(E$$*k 57,ak! r57,*2 kQrS * S a 3!t -,9 9rr9 %o$a ! 2

k!775 #o o72 ) k5$t 57,k 9 & )*$$71k2 a * y$*k $a y r57,5$ )S%*7 6"7,ta79 2 B* y*$k5$t 7!%ata a ak" tk!( E,*$ a %!#5k*$ a )o y& *#r*k a, 5%*,r*#*k a att 7*%9 to,tatt9k $a y 5rt5k *$ B* ySk*t(A #5 ! r57, $a y )* tQ tQtt 71k79 2 t" a+#o$k566*$ Bata a7 #* ta%!#5k2 aBo a '7*k5 y *757H )o y&k J* 7 7or a$ a, E")r9t*7, ka$yaro %a 57 tQ 9 ra 7,aka#%a rak +9k * +* *$t 7 Bor#a 5k"kat( Gyakor! *#*r%9 to,tat9

7a!k2 6"7,t1t& 9r%!,*!k k!t*r+*#t o'7arakat2 B* y*$k5$t$a y ta%akat Bo,tak 5tr*( A T! r!7 57 a, E")r9t*7,2 !$t* y


12/441

a#atok !7 t9 o at+9k a,t a )* t5t* *,57t2 Bo y a t*$ *r6art5 #5 * r* %o t(

A, or7,9 #5 !2 #5 $y" at! r57,* %9#!kka 9t7,a #a t 7!%ata 2 a * y -,a?# Ar9 !a 57 -,1r!a t*r 5k*t *$ t*rS *t*!$ )o ytat!k(M*,o6ot9 !a 5 Ba+ ata a, !( *( ( 5%*,r*# %5 5t %a &7,1$H * $* %9 to,ott 5$y* *7*$( A, * , !# 7,ak r*$#7,*r*7 $a y *7 ,57*! *kkort9+t * 7,H$t*k2 7 aFo ya kQ, a77a$k5$t * 7!%ata o7o#ott( D5 *$ * yr*

tQ Bor#a 5k rakott *2 o'7ara72 9 ! *$ t*r 5k*$yt*rS *t +Qtt 5tr*( Na6+a!$kra a ta a+ a 6r! !t1%2ra%!t9'!&7 Q$tQ,57 kQ%*tk*,t5 *$ r*$#k1%S

* 7,!k*7*#*tt2 $a yr57,t * %*7,t*tt* r5 ! t*r *r*+5t(4"+a2 7,!$t* tr&6"7! $Q%5$y,*t '7ak a o'79r%!#5k * y*7B* y*!$2 7 a -att * Ara *$t! 69 a*r# k *$ ta 9 Bat&(A, or7,9 5 Ba+ at! %!7,o$ya! a *o & !a! ta o at kQ%*t!k( A 3!t -,9 9rr9 %o$a t& #5 r* rQ%!#2 * *B*t

7*$ *$yB* t5 "t9$ Ja B 5r75k *t r!tk9$ 7S y*# a )a y 6o$t a 9 2 +&)or 9$ !$#*$ 9t *$*t $5 kS kQ%*tk*,!k a)orr& $y9r2 a !kor a B 5r75k *t tart&7a$ !7 = C kQ,*

5 *$ *B*t( A, 57,ak! t*rS *t k*%57 5 * * X a Ba%a7B* y%!#5k*$ *r 7 )a yok !7 * )or#" $ak(E7 9 ta 9 a$ a, okt& *r 57 96r! !7 kQ,Qtt! !# 7,ak a$B" !k2 *kkor 5 a #5 ! t*rS *t*k*$ !7 %a$ '7a6a#5k( AB* y%!#5k*t t5 *$ B& )*#!(M* k* * 1t*$! a Bo ok 2 ! *t%* 6or%!Barokat2 a *

y*k ta%a77,a 57 $y9ro$ k* *tk*,$*k2 7 !# $k5$t 5 a$a y %9ro7okat !7 7HrH UkQ# * "rko +9k( A 7,5* 7 7or a$ $y" at )* Bo,,a a 7!%ata )!$o Bo ok+9t27 a 6or 5 a ,9rt B9,ak a !7 *Bato ( E, oko,,a a,t !72Bo y a, 97at97ok )* t9rt t*rS *t5t $5B9$y 5% a att ?+raBo ok#o or1t+a(


13/441


14/441

MEZ GAZDA-G2 IPAR

Irak * 7 7or a$ *, a,#a79 ! or7,9 2 $a6+a!$k a$a,o$ a$ 9r *r 7*$ !6aro7o#!k(A *, a,#a79 ak9r'7ak a, &kor a$ a !7 ) k5$ta T! r!7 57 a, E")r9t*7, *#*$'5+5 *$ )o y!k2 a,; < a7)orra#a o "t9$ k!a#ott a r9rr*)or tQr%5$y &ta

*$#S *t*7*$ )*+ #!k( 4?,9t2 9r69t2 r!,7t2 %a a !$tya6otot2 $a6ra)or &t2 )Q #! o yor&t t*r *7,t*$*k2 7ok

,Q #75 )5 * *7 yS Q '7 !7 t*r* a )Q #*k*$(Irak * +* *$t5k*$y* *, a,#a79 ! t*r 5$y* a#ato ya2 *, $* '7ak a ako779 5 * *,575 *$ +9t7,!k $a y 7,*r*6*t2 Ba$* a !$t* y @= ! !ato ya69 a)a t*r 575$*k * y r57,* a, or7,9

* )o$to7a * 6ort9r"+a(A, or7,9 !6ara *r t* +*7*$ )*+ #!k2 * yr* 97ra56S $*k a, ?+ y9rak2 S,* *k( L* +* *$t 7* a

k o a+!6ar: a k!t*r * t o a+ $a y r57,5t * 6ort9 +9k(KZIGAZGAT-

Irak t!,*$$yo ' tarto 9$yra J "B9)a,a o7, !k( Atarto 9$yok kQr,*t*kr* Jka#9 2 a,ok 6*#! +9r97okraJ$9B!+a ta o $ak(A tarto 9$yok 57 7,5kB* y*k a kQ%*tk*, k: A$ ar JRa 9#! 2 4a ! &$ J3! a 2 4a #a# J4a #a# 2 497,raJ497,ra 2 D,1 K9r JN97,!r1+* 2 D!+a a J4ak? a 2 DoB?k JDoB?k 2 Er 1 JEr 1 2 K9#!7,1+a JD!%9$!+a 2 K*r *JK*r * a 2 K!rk"k JK!rk"k 2 Ma+7,9$ JA 9ra 2M"7,a$$a J-,a 9%a 2 N*#,7*) JN*#,7*) 2 N!$!%*JM&7," 2 -,a aBa##!$ JT!kr1t 2 -," *+ 9$1+*J-," *+ 9$1+* 57 V97,!t JK?t (


15/441

E )* o7,t97 a, "t& ! !# *$ tQ 7,Qr %9 to,ott2 7 a +Q% *$ !7 o7" Bat(


16/441

TRT NELEM2 M[V -ZETTRT NET

M*,o6ot9 !a tQrt5$* * 57 H%57,*ttQrt5$*t* a$$y!ra7,*rt*9 a,& 57 7okr5tH2 Bo y rQ%!# 9tt*k!$t57S$k $* a#Bat r& a 5 * kQ,* 1t * 7* t* +*7 k56*t( JA$$ak a,o %a7&$ak2 ak!t a t5 a r57, *t*7* *$ !7 5r#*k* 2 )! y*

5 * a+9$ +"k a )*+*,*t %5 5$ ta 9 Bat& k!7 !ro#a o +* y,5k*t(Irak 57,ak! t*rS *t* 9r a,als paleolitikumban !7 akott

%o t2 * 7 7or a$ a B* y75 *k ar a$ +a! 7 a )o y&%Q%5#*tt* 6art+a!( A, *"r&6a! jgkorszakot E ,7!9 a$Bata a7 *7 ,57*k +* *,t5k( Akkort9+t 7HrH *r# 75 *k or1tott9k a a +&r57,t ko69r %!#5k*k*t(A, skkorszak * *r5$*k * r5 ! t* *65t C7* '7*

9 kQ,75 * *tt2 4ar#a 4a ka kQ,* 5 *$ t9rt9k )* ( Na y 7,9 a$ ta 9 tak !tt !( *( == === kQrS k57,S t k*7,kQ,Qk*t( A $*a$#*r %Q y! * *r !$t* y !( *( = ===

t9+9$ kQ tQ,Qtt a k"r#!7,t9$! -a$!#9r ar a$ a( I( *( ==== kQrS 9r 9 att*$y57,t kQ,Q775 *k a ak" tak k! !tt(A, jkkorszak k*,#*t*2 a * y*t a yH+tQ *t 5 *t r&a, 5 * * t*r *7,t57r* %a & 9tt5r57 +* *,2 Irak t*rS *t5$ a,!( *( >( 5%*,r*# *$ *B*t*tt( D,7ar & a$2 C7* '7* 9kQ,* 5 *$ t9rt9k )* a * kor9 ! )Q # H%* t* *6S 5Lak&! %9 yo B9,ak a$ 5 t*k2 a k*r9 !9t 5 $*!7 *rt5k2 a,o$ a$ k!7 a ya 7,o ro'7k9kat 9r k57,1t*tt*k(A D,7ar & kor7,ak kQrS * S a, !( *( ( 5%*,r*# k*,#*t5! tartott2 *kkor ?+a 6*r!"7 kQ%*tk*,*tt2 a * y*t

7,!$t5$ * 7 k5$t )* t9rt * B* y5r 3a77,"$ak" t?r9$ak $*%*,$*k( I#* 7oro Bat&k a -,a arr9 a$ 57T* 3a a) a$ ta 9 t J7,!$t5$ kor7,ak+* , ara#%9$yok !7( E,*k$*k a, 57,ak *,o6ot9 !a! t* *6S 57*k$*k


17/441


18/441

*6S 57*k * yr* !$k9 %9ro779 %9 tak( F* ta 9 t9k a )a,*ka7koro$ ot2 7 * 7,Qr a ka a,tak 6*'75tB*$ *r*k*t(A Bo77,B9,a72 kQ,56Ba+&72 o$" *$t9 !7t* 6 o 56S *t*k*t k*r9 !9 & %a y 57,k k57,S t

o,a!k7,* *kk* #17,1t*tt*k J.r"k 2 7 a t* 6 o * 7 k )a 9t 7ok B* yStt or1totta )r*7k&( E$$*k a kor$ak a +* * ,*t*775 *! * +o a$ .r"k a$ ta$" 9$yo,Bat&k2*,5rt a, !( *( @@== @ == kQ,t! !# 7,akotUruk-korszaknak $*%*,!k a k"tat&k(

E 6*r!"7 * +* *$t 7* *7* 5$y* 5 !7 a, 1r97 k!a ak" 979$ak k*,#*t*( .r"k a$ 57 97 %9ro7ok a$ ar5 57,*k 6!kto ra okka a )o a ak * y7,*rH71t*ttra+,a!%a Ut* *1rt k!7 a ya t5 9kat ta 9 tak *,*k

!$#*$ !,o$$ya a,#a79 ! )* +* y,57*k %o tak( E, ak561r97 a,"t9$ )oko,ato7a$ )*+ #Qtt a *,o6ot9 !a!5k1r97792 a * y E ,7!9 a$ B9ro 5%*,r*#*$ 9t7,o 9 t a o$#o atok kQ, 575r*(

A, !( *( ( 5%*,r*# 97o#!k )* 5 *$ ?+ $56 +* *$t *D5 M*,o6ot9 !9 a$: a 7" 5rok( Er*#*tSk*t $*!7 *r+Sk2 $y* %Sk $* roko$ * y*t *$ a !7 *rt$y* %%* 7* ( A, .r"k kor7,ak +* *$t 7 )*+ #57*%a &7,1$H * 9r $*k!k t" a+#o$1tBat&2 #* a, !( *( @ ==


19/441

#ara +a!t a a #a#! Ira\ M"7*" r,!: a r* *k *)ara ott #o or H%*kk* #17,1t*tt .r"k a$ ta 9 t $a y a a 97tro %9,a2 7 a a+#$* 5 *t$a y79 ? $ !)*+ * kora! 7" 5r H%57,*t '7?'79t +* *$t!(A, i. e. 3. vezred k*,#*t5r* k!a ak" tak a 7" 5r %9ro79 a ok( .r2 Er!#"2 .r"k2 La a72 N!66"r 57 a tQ !t* *6S 57 ak&! Q$tQ,57*7 *, a,#a79 a )o a ko,tak27 6*r7,* 9 att*$y57,t577* !7( T*r 5k)* *7 * Sk*t)Q #+SkQ$ $* ta 9 Bat& )5 r*2 )9ra2 k r* '7*r5 t5k * 2

t*B9t $a y 5rt5k *$ )* *$#S t a k*r*7k*#* * ( ABata a7 %9ro7ok t*r 57,*t*7*$ %*,*t 7,*r*6r* tQrt*k2*,5rt yakorta )o yt B9 or?7ko#97 * k!7 9 a ok kQ,Qtt(A %9ro79 a ok "ra ko#&+a * *!$t* * y *$ a ) 6a6 !7%o t2 a, !7t*$75 B* ytart&+a( A a,#a79 ! 57 6o !t!ka! 5 *tt* +*7*$ a t* 6 o ok kQr5 7,*r%*, #Qtt2 B!7,*$ !$#*$a, !7t*$*k5 %o t( A k!r9 y! 5 t&79 Ba aro7a$ QrQk #

*tt2 7 a,t tartott9k2 Bo y a, 5 7,9 t a 9( A %a &7,1$H

* a, !( *( ]]II( 7,9,a# a$2 r5 * ! Ba yo 9$yok a a6 +9$ k* *tk*,*tt U-" 5r k!r9 y !7ta )* 7oro +a a U%1,Q,Q$* tt! 57 "t9$! "ra ko#&kat2 7 * tQ +Sk !$t a,t a

* ?+a r5 57,*t! )* )*#*,57*k !,o$y1t+9k %a & a$5t*,*tt2 1 y 65 #9" Eta$a2 E$ * ara *7,!2 E$ *rk9r2

G! a *7( A %1,Q,Q$ * tQrt5$t* a,o$ a$ r5 57,*t! *$* ! a,o Bat&(A 7" 5r %9ro79 a ok k!a ak" 97a "t9$! !$t* y ==5%*7 !# 7,akot J!( *(


20/441

kQ,* $5 y,*t*72 kQ,56"#%aro7 )or a( .ra ko#&!r*,!#*$'!9t !7 !7 *rS$k * a kor & : K!7 %9ro79 a$t9rt9k )* * y 6a ota ara#%9$ya!t(A 7,o r97,at !7 to%9 )*+ #Qtt( M57,k )o a#a ! 7,o ro'7k9k 7,9,a!t 97t9k k! .r a$2 N!66"r a$2 E7$"$$9 a$ 7t ( E,*$k1%Sk!7* $a yo ro$,7,o rok2 6*'75tB*$ *r*k2 #o or H%*k k*rS t*k * ( E, "t& !ak * y!k * +* *$t 7* !k* a G!r7," a$JT* o ta 9 t UK*7* yH 7t5 5 2 a * y Ea$$at" k!r9 y y ,* 5tS$$*6 !( A, o *!#! N!$B"r7,9 t* 6 o 57,k )r1,* a t*B5$tart97 +* *$*t*!t "tat+a *X a *+9rat )Q Qtt ro$, #o or H %o t2 7 a7,*$t5 yt ro$, !k9k 57 oro7, 9$ok r!,t5k( E kor7,ak

* ra yo & a kot97a!t .r %9ro79 a$ t9rt9k )* 2 aBo a,* *r9 #o,atta * t* *t*tt "ra ko#&k 71r+a! a$ a a7 H%57,!7,1$%o$a ? Ba7,$9 at! t9r yakat2 5k7,*r*k*t ta 9 tak( E * *t*k

* 7,* 65 #9! kQ,5 tarto,!k M*7ka ar$#" B*r'* ara$y7!7ak+a 57a, * y!k B9r)9t #17,1t ara$y !ka)*+(

A 7" 5r %9ro79 a ok a k5t )o y& kQ,5$*k a P*r,7a

JAra Q Q t kQrS * S 4a ! o$! t*r+*# r57,)o a t9k * 2 #* $* a kottak * y75 *7 !ro#a at( A4a ! o$ %o$a 9t& 57,aka ra )*k% t* *6S 57*k

ako779 a 9r k*%*rt %o t: a 75 ! akk9#ok 5k57*$ 5 t*k * yStt a 7" 5rokka a k57 Akk9#$ak $*%*,*ttt*rS *t*$(M*,o6ot9 !9 a$ a, akk9#ok Bo,t9k 5tr* a, * 7 $a y !ro#a at( A,i. e. I!. sz"zad * 7 )* 5 *$ K!7 k!r9

y9$ak 6oB9r$oka2 -arr"k!$ ra a#ta a 9Bo, a Bata at(3a aro7a$ * Btotta a 7" 5r %9ro79 a okat2kQ,tSk a * Bata a7a at2 .r"kot !7( 3o77,? "ra a J!(*( @> t @ < ! a att $* '7ak * 57, M*,o6ot9 !9t* y*71t*tt*2 Ba$* k* *t 57 $y" at )* 5 !7 t*r+*7,k*#*ttX* 5rt* a FQ #kQ,! t*$ *rt !7( A a#5 $5%%* ?+ ) %9ro7


21/441

a a61tott a 9$ak2 a * y$*k B* y5t 5 *##! $*7!k*rS t * ta 9 $!(A, akk9# k!r9 yok !$t* y = 5%! "ra ko#tak(-arr"k!$ "$ok9+a2 Nara -,!$ J!( *( ; @=)o ytatta $a ya6+a Bt& 6o !t!k9+9t2 #* a, "ta! 9r $* t"#t9k * tarta$! a !ro#a at2 7 a B* y%!#5k! "t!tQr,7*k t9 a#97a %5 *t %*t*tt a, akk9# Bata o $ak(A, akk9# !# 7,ak a$ a H%57,*t *$ !7 %9 to,97ok tQrt5$t*k( Na y7,*rH 6a ot9kat * * t*k2 65 #9" A77"r a$2

o$#o7 t*r%*k 7,*r!$t( K56, H%57,*tSk2 9r a 7" 5r * , 5$y*k*$ a a6" t2 5 !7 ?+at Bo,ottX 7,o ra!ko$ 57#o or H%*!k*$ ) k5$t a r*a !7ta 9 r9,o 97 57 ako 6o,1'!&k k!)orrott79 a 5 t& )! y* * r*( E,*kar9$y a k*%57 ara#t )*$$( L* B1r*7* a N!$!%5 *$ ta

9 t ro$,)*+2 a * y -arr"k!$t %a y Nara -,!$t 9 r9,o +a2 %a a !$t Nara -,!$ y ,* ! 7,t5 5+*2 a * y$*k r* !*)+5$ a 9r !7t*$$*k t*k!$t*tt k!r9 y a B* y*k kQ,Qtt

t!6or+a * * *$75 *!t(A, akk9# !ro#a at * 6"7,t1t& "t!k kQ,* * y 5%7,9,a#! "ra ko#tak M*,o6ot9 !9 a$2 +* *$t 7 $yo okat$* Ba ytak B9tra( A #5 ! or7,9 r57,t * k*rS t5k2 1 y a,otta$! 7" 5r %9ro79 a ok ?+ra )S *t *$$5 %9 %a %!r9 ,97$ak !$#" tak( I. e. #$#0-ban .r"k )*+*#* *2.t" B* a %*,*t575%* Q77,*)o tak2 7 k!H,t5k a,* *$75 *t a Fo ya kQ, ( -" *r 5 5$ *,"t9$ $5B9$y5%! .r"k 9 t( .r kor 9$y,&+a2 .r Na " a,o$ a$$* 7ok9ra * )o7,totta Bata 9t& .t"B* a t2 7 a 9t.r k!r9 y9$ak2 -" *r 57 Akk9# "ra ko#&+9$ak $*%*,t*(1 y +Qtt 5tr* a III. Ur-i dinasztia% a * y$*k tQ !$t7,9,5%*7 "ra a J!( *( == M*,o6ot9 !ak" t?r9+9$ak 57 tQrt5$* 5$*k * )5$y*7* a6+a! kQ,5tarto,!k( A H%57,*t !$#*$ t*rS *t5$ k! a a7 &


22/441

a kot97ok +Qtt*k 5tr*( Na y7,a 97? 561tk*,57*k k*,# #t*k a, * 57, !ro#a o a$X *kkor a ak" t k! a,!kk"r9tok toro$yt* 6 o ok )or 9+a2 7 *,*k

* 5 6o 697 7,*$t5 y*k*t !7 * * t*k( .#%arok kQr57,*r%*, # k!r9 y! 6a ot9k 56S t*k2 7 * a, !# 7,ak &7,9r a,!k M*,o6ot9 !a * y*t *$ $a y7,a 97?71r561t 5$y* !7: .r Na "$ak 57 "ta!$ak a",& *"

a .r %9ro79 a$(La a7 9 a B* ytart&+a2 G"#*a J.r Na " kort9r7a

7,!$t* k!r9 yk5$t "ra ko#ott( T* 6 o okat * * t2 Ba#+9ratokat %*,*t*tt2 7 * * *tt +* *$t 7 kQ t !7 %o t( G!r7,"%9ro79$ak ro +a! kQ,S k*rS t*k $a6%! 9 ra #!or!t & k57,S t2 * y7,*rH %o$a ? k56 97a! a kor 7,o r97,at5$ak

* 7,* 65 #9!(A, i. e. 3. vezred vge a 7" 5r !ro#a o $ak !7 +* *$t 7kor7,aka %o t( Ekkor a ak" tak k! kor9 ! *6!k"7Ba yo 9$yok a a6+9$ a B 7! 57 a !to & !a! t5 9t )*

#o o,& *6o7,ok2 !$t 65 #9" a G! a *7 5 *t5t2kS,#* *!t * *7,5 B 7! 5$*k*k2 57 a %! 9t*r* t575%* 2 a %1, Q,Q$$* )o a ko,& kQ t* 5$y*k( At* 6 o ! B! $"7,ok 9r kor9 a$ !7 5t*,*tt H)a+9tG"#*a2 La a7 "ra ko#&+a * * t* kQ t ! a a7 atokra:$a y B! $"7,a2 UN!$ !r7," !7t*$ 39,9$ak 561t57!5$*k* a 7" 5r !ro#a o * 7,* a kot97a! kQ,5tarto,!k( A III( .r ! #!$a7,t!a "ra ko#979%a )S t*k Q77,*a k!r9 yB! $"7,ok J.r Na "r& 2 -" !r& 65 #9" ( A,* 7 7!rat&5$*k*k 6*#! a #!$a7,t!a "k97a "t9$2 ) k5$ta, !( *( ]]( 7,9,a# a$ k* *tk*,t*k(A 7" 5r !ro#a ! a kot97ok * tQ +5t a,o$ a$ k57 2a, !( *( ( 5%*,r*# * *+5$2 * 7 7or a$ a ]I] ]VIII( 7,9,a# a$ 1rt9k *( E *$ a, !# 7,ak a$ a *7,5 t $y* %* yr* !$k9 a, akk9# *tt2 7 '7ak a t* 6 o ok a$ 57


23/441

!7ko 9k a$ Ba7,$9 t9k a 7" 5rt( A, !7ko a J #" a2 Uat9 a B9,a 2 a * y *kkor 9r $* a t* 6 o Bo,2 Ba$* a k!r9 y! "#%arBo, ka6'7o ott2 1r97 a )o a ta a,a##! +&r57,t 7,& * ! kQ t57,*t*t( A k57 ! akk9# J a ! o$!2 a77,1r !ro#a o $ak a 7" 5r QrQk75 *tt a,a a6+a2 t5 9!t !7 * *r1t*tt*( L* 7,* *$ G! a *7tQrt5$*t* 65 #9,,a *,t2 a * y$*k %5 7 * )o a a,97a2a G! a *7 *6o7,2 a, !( *( I] VII( 7,9,a#! a77,1r !ro#a o )5$ykor9 a$ +Qtt 5tr*(

A, !( *( @( 5%*,r*# * %5 5$ a III( .r ! #!$a7,t!a Bata aQ77,*o ott( Ny" atr& a, a "rr" $56 t9 a#ott2 k* *tra, * 9 !ak2 ak!k a 9t .r %9ro79t !7 * )o a t9k(M*,o6ot9 !a tQ k!7* k!r9 y79 9 a6r&,ott:57,ako$ E7$"$$a 57 A77"r2 #5 *$ I7,!$2 Lar7,a2 a+#4a ! o$ %o tak a * +* *$t 7* *k( E,*k a, 9 a ok

!$t* y == 5%! 5 t*k * y 97 * *tt2 Bar'o tak .r !rtok 9795rt2 -" *r 57 Akk9# "ra 95rt( V*,*t !k

akk9#ok %a y $y" at! 75 ! a "rr"k %o tak2 ak!k Ba aro7a$ 9t%*tt5k a 7" 5r akk9# k" t?r9t( A 7" 5r $y* % B* y5 * a, akk9# 56*tt2 a * y$*k k5t2 * y 97Bo,kQ,* 9 & %9 to,ata %o t: a #5 *$ Ba7,$9 ato7 a ! o$! 5a, 57,ak! r57,*k*$ *7,5 t a77,1r(A, i. e. !III. sz"zadra a, ?+ a "rr" k!r9 y79 ok * y!k*24a ! o$ a$$y!ra * *r 7Q#Qtt2 Bo y r*$#r* * y ,t*%*t5 yt9r7a!t2 7 "ra ko#&+a2 3a "ra6! ?+ !ro#a atBo,ott 5tr* M*,o6ot9 !9 a$( 3o77,? "ra a J!( *( >; > = * y75 *t 57 %!7,o$y a o7 5k5t t*r* t*tt aFo ya kQ, *$( A %9ro7ok ?++956S t*k2 #* * a,& a ! &$!$ak $*%*,*tt2 57 a, * , Jr57, *$ %* ** ykor? 2 I7,!$ Lar7,a kor7,ak & $a yo$ k*%5756S *t ara#%9$y k*rS t * ( E 7 7or a$ E7$"$$9 a$ 57a, a77,1r t*rS *t*k*$2 %a a !$t a a -,1r!9 a$ *% Mar!


24/441

%9ro7 a$ t9rtak )* $5B9$y 6a ot9t2 t* 6 o ot( E kor H%57,*t5$*k $a y +* *$t 75 5t * 7 7or a$ Mar! * *t*!:

* y $a y7,a 97? r*,!#*$'!a2 )a )*7t 5$y*k2 7,o rok "tat+9k(

3a "ra6! * 7 7or a$ !$t 9 a )5r)! !7 *rt( TQr%5$ykQ$y%* $* a * * 7 2 #* a * +* *$t 7* %oM*,o6ot9 !9 a$2 7 5 a, ?+ a ! &$! !ro#a o a$ !7 tQ !$t *,*r 5% ? t9$ a +o a a6+9" 7,o 9 t( A *%*,*t *$ 1 y Bat9ro,ta * a yH+t* 5$y '5 +9t:

U r%5$y*7S +Q$ a, ! a,79 a, or7,9 a$2 6"7,t" +o$ * aro77, 57 a o$o7,2 a, *r 7 $* $yo Ba77a * a y*$ 5t(

4a ! o$! 7,* 6o$tok 7,*r!$t r*$#*,t5k 9t a, !7t*$*k yS *k*,*t5t !7(A 7" 5r 57 akk9# kor7,ak a$ !$#*$ %9ro79 a $ak 7a+9t !7t*$*%o t2 * y*7*k*t kQ,S Sk a,o$ a$ 9 ta 9$o7a$ !7 t!7,t* t*k2 65 #9" Na$$a J-,!$ Bo #!7t*$t2 .t" J-a a7 $a6!7t*$t2 7 a t*r 5k*$y75!7t*$$ k*t2 !$t N!$B"r7,a 2 I$$!$ JI7t9r ( A 7" 5r 6a$tB*o$ 5 5$* y !7t*$B9r a779 9 ott: A$" Ja, 5 !7t*$* 2 E$ ! Ja *%* !7t*$*2

ak! 7,5t%9 a7,totta a, * *t a )Q #t 2 %a y!7 * t*r* t*tt* a %! 9 ot57 E$k! J*r*#*t! * a )Q #2 k57 a, 5#*7%!,*k !7t*$* ( 3a "ra6!4a ! o$ %9ro7 !7t*$5t2 Mar#"kot * * t* E$ ! B* y5 *2 *tt at*r* t 2 a ) !7t*$( E$$*k * )* * *$2 t*r 57,*t*7*$2 at*r* t57*6o7,okat !7 9t! a,1tott9k( A r5 ! B!t a,o$ a$ 5$y* 5 *$$* %9 to,ott(

3a "ra6! Ba 9 a "t9$ !ro#a a 7,5tB" ott( E 7,aka#tak a, 57,ak!2 a77,1r t*rS *t*k2 7 N!66"rt& #5 r* !7 ?+ k!r9 y79 a ak" t k!( Ny" atr& ?+a a "rr" tQr,7*k2 k*

*tr a ka77"k )*$y* *tt5k a, * ykor! Akk9# t*rS *t5r*'7Qkk*$t a ! o$! 9 a ot( I( *($&'&-ben B*tt!ta '7a6atok * )o a t9k 57 k!ra o t9k 4a ! o$t2 7 *,,* %5 *t 5rt3a "ra6! "ta!$ak "ra a(A B*tt!t9k $* ara#tak 4a ! o$ a$2 Ba$* k* *tr7,9r a,& ka77" k!r9 yok S t*k tr&$+9ra( TQ !$t $5 y


25/441

5%7,9,a#o7 "ra "k J!( *( ; 5k57 %o tXt!7,t* t5k a *,o6ot9 !a! Ba yo 9$yokat2 )* 561t*tt5k a, * 6"7,t" t 7,*$t5 y*k*t( MH%57,*tSk " ya$)* Ba7,$9 ta a B* y! tra#1'!&kat2 * *$ a kor a$ 5 !77ok ?+ o$#o at 7,S *t*tt( L* +* *$t 7* ta 9$ a,56S *t*k Bo ok,at9$ak #17,1t575r* a ka a,ottt5 ar* !*)( -,56 65 #9+a *$$*k a, !#o t5 9k &k!a ak1tott2 !7t*$a akokat 9 r9,o & #o or H7or .r"k a$2 Kara!$#a7 k!r9 y k!7 t* 6 o 9$( A ka77" kor

+* * ,*t*7 * 5k*! a k"#"rr"k JBat9rkQ%*k ( E,*k a $5Ba5t*r*7 a a779 ot !7 * 5r 7,t5 5k t" a+#o$k566*$)Q # !rtok a+9$#5ko,97! %a y !rtok 97! ok!ratok %o tak27 )* S *tSkr* a, *rr* %o$atko,& 7,Q%* *$ k1%S!7t*$7,! & " okat2 *7*t * a, a+9$#5ko,& k!r9 y $*%5t!7 k!)ara t9k(A ka77"k 561t57,*t* 7ok)5 * Bat97t * y*71t*tt( E,t * +o a$ a, !( *( ]IV( 7,9,a# a$ a a61tott ?+ ) %9ro7"k2 D"r

K"r! a ," JAkar K") ara#%9$ya! "tat+9k( A k!r9 y 6a ot9+9$ak * 7*+5t )r*7k&k #17,1t*tt5k(A ka77"k "ra a '7ak D5 M*,o6ot9 !9ra t*r+*#t(3a "ra6! !ro#a 9$ak * 7,H$57* "t9$ a, 57,ak! r57,*k*$ a, 57,ak$y" at )* 5rk*, B"rr! $56 a ak1tott 9

a ot( k $* tarto,tak a 75 ! $56*kB*,2 7 %*,*t r5t*Sk !$#o*"r&6a! J !t9$$! %o t(

A, a77,1rok a, i. e. I!. sz"zadban %*t*tt*k %5 *t a!ta$$! "ra o $ak( Ett k*,#%* 4a ! &$!a 57 A77,1r!a

* *$t5t* Bat9ro,ta * a Fo ya kQ, tQrt5$*t5t( N5B9$y7,9, 5%! a, 57,ak! $a yBata o %o t )Q 5$y *$2%*t5 yt9r7"kat %5 *r*# 5$y *$ 5 !7 a a ! o$!ak 7* !71t*tt5k * (A, i. e. I!. sz"zadtl k*,#%* a UkQ,56a77,1r kor7,ak "ra ko#&! *r t* +*7 Bt& 6o !t!k9t )o ytattak( K* *t )*


26/441

a Ba yo 9$yo7 * *$75 2 E 9 7*r* *!t y ,t* * I( T"k" t! N!$"rta J!( *( =< X * )o a %a ) %9ro7"ka!7( 4a ! o$t $5B9$y )S *t *$ "ra ko#&t& * t*k!$t%*2

!$t 65 #9" I( Na " k"#"rr! "7,"r Jk ( !( *( =@ a77,1r )*+*#* *k kor 9$yo,t9k( I( T"k" t!

a6! *7arra J!( *( =>> a $y" at )* * r*tQr75 ! tQr,7*k2 a, ar9 !ak * *$ %!7* t Ba#+9rata! 7or9$* 57,*$ a FQ #kQ,! t*$ *r! * +"tott( A, * y! ko 97a"t9$ 97)5 5%7,9,a#o7 Ba$yat 97 kQ%*tk*,*ttX B9 or?k2

5B1$75 t!,*#* t5k $* '7ak A77,1r!a2 #* 4a ! &$!aako779 9t !7( Ar9 ! tQr,7*k kQ tQ,t*k *M*,o6ot9 !9 a2 57,ak$y" ato$ k!7* k!r9 y79 okat !7

5tr*Bo,tak(A kQ,56a77,1r kor H%57,*t* tQ !r9$y? Bat97t "tat(E 7 7or a$ 6a ot9!k k57,S t*k B"rr! !ta$$! * k56*k a a6+9$: a k5t "#%ar kQr5 7,*r%*, # * yStt*7*k * y!k 7,56 65 #9+a I( A#a# N!r9r! J!( *( @== kQrS 6a ot9+a

A77"r a$2 a ) %9ro7 a$( Ekkor k*,# )* tH$$! a '7ak B9ro o #a r& ,9rt2 * Q r $y!tott B* y!75 2 a, !%a$ !7T* 6 o 561t57,*tSk %!7,o$t ka77"2 ! *t%* a ! o$! !$t9ra a ak" t( A 6a ot9k * 7*+5t 7,1$6o 697 )a )*7t 5$y*k #17,1t*tt5kX I( T"k" t! N!$"rta J!( *( =< r*,!#*$'!9+9 a$2 Kar T"k" t! N!$"rt9 a$ k*rS t*k * )r*7k&tQr*#5k*k(A, i. e. . sz"zadban a, a77,1rok * k*,#t5k * %*7,t*ttBata "k %!77,a7,*r,575t2 7 a, ?+ a77,1r "ra ko#&k rQ%!#*7*$ $a y !ro#a o "ra! *tt*k( II( A77"r $a7,!ra6 " J!( *(


27/441

Bt& 6o !t!k9t( II( -arr"k!$ J!( *( > >= * )o a ta-,a 9r!9t2 * 6"7,t1totta I,ra* 9 a ot 57 ak&!t* B"r'o ta( A77"r aBa !##!$ E y!6to a !7 *Bato t2 7M* 6B!7,t !7 *%*tt*( E B9 or?k ,79k 9$ya! tQ tQtt5k

* a 6o 697 k!r9 y! 6a ot9k t*r *!t( A77"r a$ a6 " J!(*( < @ ?+ra Ba#+9ratott %*,*t*tt E y!6to a2 7$* '7ak M* 6B!7,t2 Ba$* TB5 9t !7 * )o a ta(-!k*rr* Bar'o t a, * 9 !ak * *$ !72 7 *%*rt* a 9,a#&4a ! o$t(

A )*$t! k!ra a#ott 65 #9k !7 "tat+9k2 Bo y a, a77,1r !ro#a o a$ a +a%ak * 7,*r,575$*k +a * 7 7or a$a ra &B9 or? %o t( 1 y yH+tQtt5k Q77,* a,t a 7ok k!$'7*t2a !$*k * y r57,5t kor"$k r5 57,*! a 6a ot9k ara#%9$ya! kQ,Qtt * ta 9 t9k(A, a77,1r Bata o k!%9 & Ba#7*r* *2 +& 7,*r%*,*tt kQ,! a, at97a * *$5r* 7* ara#t )*$$ 7ok9! ( A,ok a, akot97ok2 a * y*k*t a, a77,1r H%57,*k Bo,tak 5tr*2 a

ra#a$#& ak$ak !,o$y" tak(61t57,*tSk a, ?+ a77,1r kor a$ 5rt* * t*t 6o$t+9t2 *7 7or a$ a 6o 697 6a ot9k k!a ak1t979%a ( II( A77"r$a7,!r a6 " r*,!#*$'!9+a Ka B" a$ JN! r"# a k5t $a y"#%ar kQ,Qtt * B* y*,k*# Bo77,? tr&$t*r* * a kora!2!( *( I]( 7,9,a#! t16"7t k56%!7* !2 1 II( -arr"k!$ D"r -arr"k!$ a$ JKBor7,a 9# )* t9rt * yStt*7* a 6a ota561t57,*t '7?'7a( A, a77,1r 561t57,*tB*, 7,oro7a$ ka6'7o !k a k56, H%57,*t( A 6a ot9k2 t* 6 o ok *+9rata!ttQ $y!r* Bata a72 7,9r$ya72 * *r)*+H !k9k2 oro7, 9$ok k * )ara ott a ak+a! r!,t5k( A r*,!#*$'!9k * 7*+5 *$ a )a ak a 7& r57,5t 9r%9$y 57 a a 97tro #o or

H%*k #17,1t*tt5k2 97Bo 6*#! 7,1$6o 697 )a )*7t 5$y*k or1tott9k( 5$k 7,1$H2 9,a7 t5 9t !7 )* Ba7,$9tak a, 56S *t*k 5k*71t575r*( A ro$, a+t&7,9r$yakat


28/441

H%5-ZI r* !*)*k )*#t5kX *$$*k * y!k * 7,* 65 #9+aI "r E$ ! J4a a%at t* !+5$*k 97at97akor k*rS t * 2 IIA77"r $a7,!r a6 " 57 III( -" a$" a7ar*#" %!#5k!ka7t5 y9 & ( A ) * N! r"# a$ )* t9rt r*$ *t** *)9$t'7o$t )ara# %9$y $a y r57,* )Q$1'!a!2 7,1r!a! 7t (

"$ka2 a Ba#+9ratok ,79k 9$yak5$t k*rS t a 6a ot9 a( 566o ya$ H%57,!*k a,ok a #ara ok !72 a * y*k*ta77,1r *7t*r*k k57,1t*tt*k(A77"r a$ a6 " Ba 9 a J!( *( @ "t9$ a !ro#a o ro

Ba o7a$ y*$ S t( M5#*k 57 7,k1t9k )*$y* *tt5k 57,ak!257,akk* *t! Bat9ra!t2 7 * 7 9,a#97ok !7 $*B*,1t*tt5k B* y,*t5t( I. e. (#)-ben 4a ! &$!a kor 9$y,&+a2 Na "a6a "7,"r Ja, ar9 ! $56B*, tarto,& ka #" tQr,7 *tt a#5 ! t*rS *t*k )S *t *$75 ! tQr*k%57*!$*k %*,*t +*( E y5% ? %a 4a ! o$ tr&$+9ra S t2 7 *tt a, ?+ a ! &$! %ak9 # #!$a7,t!a * a a61t&+a( E y 97 "t9$ 7,a a#1totta )*a, * ykor! -" *r 57 Akk9# t*rS *t5$ )*k% %9ro7okat2 !(

*( a$ 9r 57,ak )* 5 %o$" t 7*r* *!%* ( -,Q%*t75 *tkQtQtt a 5#*kk* 57 7,k1t9kka 2 7 * y*7S t '7a6ata!k * t9 a#t9k A77,1r!9t( 1( *(($4-ben * )o a t9k A77"rt2a+# k5t 5% ? %a * 6"7,t1tott9k N!$!%5t 57 Ka B"t( y

5rt %5 *t a Bata a7 a77,1r !ro#a o ( Na " a6a "7,"r Ba 9 a "t9$ )!a2 II( Na " k"#"rr! "7,"r J!( *( = k*rS t 4a ! &$!a tr&$+9ra( 3o77,? "ra aa att * 7 7or a$ a 7,1r!a!2 6a *7,t!$a! t*rS *t*k * 7,*r,575r* 57 * tart979ra tQr*k*#*tt2 7 !tt a t*r+*7,k*#E y!6to a k*rS t Q77,*StkQ,57 *( E 6"7,t1totta a, *

*$75 * 7,Q%*t75 *7 /"#a 9 a otX k5t7,*r * o7troo ta 57 * )o a ta /*r",79 * *t J!( *( ;> *$ 57

*$ 2 -a a o$ t* 6 o 9t *ro o tatta( A ,7!#&kat *kkor B"r'o t9k * a U a ! o$! )o 79 a (KQ, *$ a 6o !t!ka! Bata 9t %!77,a$y*rt 4a ! o$ $a y


29/441

7,a 97?2 ra yo & *tro6o !77,9 )*+ #Qtt( T* 6 o ok2 6a ot9k 56S t*k2 * r*$#*,57Sk *$ a r5 * ! korok * 5k5t !#5,%*( A 7,*$t5 y*k 561t575$5 a 7" 5r ka77"Ba yo 9$yt %*tt5k a a6" 2 a, "ra ko#&! r*,!#*$'!9k

!$tak56*! 6*#! a, a77,1r 6a ot9k %o tak( A )a akatyakra$ 9,a7 t5 9%a "rko t9k2 7 !#o t5 9k &

k!a ak1tott #o or r$H%*kk* #17,1t*tt5k( 4a ! &$!atQ ! %9ro7a 7,!$t5$ ?++956S t(E"r&6a k57 a Uk9 #*"7okat QrQ kQ,%*t1t577*

!$t 9 "7okat2 %ar9,7 &kat !7 *rt*( A 9 !a2 %a y!7a t*r 57,*t)* *tt! *r k*t *)o y97o $! akar& '7* *k%57%a & a$ * ta 9 Bat& a 7" 5r akk9# %a 97 a$2 #* *$$*%" ar!,9 97a2 a %ar9,7 972 '7ak a, !# 7,9 1t97"$k k*,#*t* kQrS ! 5%7,9,a#ok a$ Q tQtt $a yo 5r*t*k*t(M*,o6ot9 !a ak&! 9r kor9$ a a7 )oko$ H%* t5k at*r 57,*tt"#o 9$yokat2 aBo y *, a, 97at97ok 7or9$ *k*rS t $a y7,9 ?2 5k1r97o7 t9 9 & k!#*rS ( Mat* at!

ka! t"#97"k 9 " ato7( 3a7,$9 t9k a )S %5$y*k*t2 aka a,tak * 6o$*$'!9 !72 o ar!t !k"7 Q77,*)S 57*k*t297o# 57 Bar a#)ok? * y*$ *t*k*t o #ottak * J !$#

*,t2 t*r 57,*t*7*$ $* 7,a a# a a * 7,okott2 a * ra!a ak a$ * k56,* $! 2 7 9r a, !( *( ( 5%*,r*# * * *+5$ !7

*rt5k a P!ta ora7, t5t* t( -,9 r*$#7,*rSk a a6+a a Bat%a$ %o t2 a ! 65 #9" a, &ra2 a 7,Q )* o7,t979 a$ !$# a

a! $a6! )*$$ ara#t( I7 *rt5k a B* y! 5rt5k*t2 * y*#Sa, &kor $56*! kQ,S ( Mat* at!ka! t"#97"kat )* Ba7,$9 t9k a '7! a 97,at a$ !72 a * y*t * 7 7or a$ k5t 6ro

5 a * o #97a '5 +9 & )*+ *7,t*tt*k( A, 5 !t*7t*k o,979$ak ta$" 9$yo,97a r57, *$ aBBo, a B!tB*, ka6

'7o ott2 Bo y a, 5 ! *7* 5$y*k tSkrQ, #$*k a FQ #Q$27 Ba a o y &k2 '7! a ok * y * y !7t*$$* 2 k!r9 ya a,o$o7ak2 kQ '7Q$Q7 B* y,*tSk a ak" 979 & a +Q% r* *B


30/441

kQ%*tk*,t*t$!( E a o$#o at & +Qtt 5tr* a, a7,tro &!a( A 97!k )* a#at a, %o t2 Bo y a^, !# 7,9 1t97 a a6

+9" 7,o 9 & Bo #5%*t Q77,Ba$ a k* *tt Bo,$! a $a65%A 7" 5r !ro#a o $* *rS t )* *#57 * a $y* % * tH$575%* 2* *$k*, * 2 !$#*$ k57 ! a kot97 !$t9+9" 7,o 9 t2 t5 9!t9t%*tt5k( A$$y!ra *, %o t a B* y,*t2 Bo y a, Q$9 & akk9# H%*k*t !7tQ $y!r* )or#1t97k5$t +* Q t5k * 2 !$t *, 65 #9" A77"r a$ a6 "$a y kQ$y%t9r9$ak t9 9!$ 9tBat&( P*#! 566*$ a, ?+a77,1r kor a$* * k*#!k a, !ro#a o 2 * 7 7or a$ a, *6!k"7 kQ t57,*t 7" 5r 57& a ! o$! * , 5$y*k $yo 9$ ?+a a a7 atokra( AUT*r* t57 2 UI7t9r 6oko ra 7,9 57 a UG! a *7 a, 7! t5 9k

* +* *$t 7* ?++9a kot97a!(

II( Na " k"#"rr! "7,"r Ba 9 a "t9$ Ba aro7a$ %5 * *tt ak9 # a ! &$! #!$a7,t!9$ak2 7 *,,* * yStt M*,o6ot9 !aQ$9 &79 9$ak !7( A, "to 7& "ra ko#& Na " $a!# %o t J!*( @; 2 ak!t or7,9 a o$#+a!$9 +o a$ 5r#*k* t*k a r5 !75 *k 57 a %a 97( A !ro#a o y*$ *75 5tBa aro7a$ k!Ba7,$9 ta K* *t ?+ $a yBata a2 a,A'Ba! *$!#a P*r,7!a( KSro7, J!( *( ; @= * y ,t* a

5#*k*t2 7 4a ! &$!a * *$ )or#" t( Na " $a!# )!a2 4*7ar "7,"r 7,*r%*,t* * a %5#*k*,57t2 #* a, O6!7,

* *tt! '7at9 a$ * *7*tt2 7 KSro7, *%o$" t 4a ! o$ a J!(*( @; ( M* k1 5 t* a %9ro7t2 7 a ako779 QrQ *)o a#ta a, ?+ "ra ko#&t( A k!r9 y * o'79totta a

)o 79 a$ tartott ,7!#&kat2 7 * r*$#* t* /*r",79 *?++9561t575t(A, * 7 A'Ba! *$!#a k!r9 yok 5 * %5 *,t5k M*,o6ot9 !a !$#*$kor! "ra ko#&+9$ak )* a#ata!t2 ?++9561t*tt5k a 7,*$t5 y*k*t 57 t!7,t1ttatt9k2 ?+ra97att9k a '7ator$9kat(]*r 57, !#*+5 *$ a,o$ a$ a 6*r,79k * yr* !$k9 $y"

ato$ * 7 7or a$ a QrQ Qk * *$ %1%ott B9 or?!kka %o tak * )o a %a2 7 a Fo ya kQ,t * Ba$ya o t9k( 4a


31/441

! o$ a$ tQ )* k* 57 !7 o a$t "ra "k * *$X !( *< / *$ ]*r 57, k* y*t *$S *tQrt* a )S *t *$75 !o, a akat2 * 6"7,t1totta a %9ro7t( -,*$t5 y*! tQ 5

$* ?+" tak * 2 7 a77a$ o a#o,$! k*,#t*k( A, 561tt*%5k*$y75 * y5 k5$t !7 $a yo$ '7*k5 y %o t *kkort9+tM*,o6ot9 !9 a$(4a ! &$!a ako779 a 9r *##! !7 7ok !#* *$ $566* k*%*r*#*tt2 *,*kB*, o7t a 6*r,79k +9r" tak2 ak!k !7t*$*!k k" t"7,9t !7 a "kka Bo,t9k( KQ,%*t1t $y* %k5$t a,

ar9 ! 7,o 9 t2 7 Ba aro7a$ ottBo$9 a$ !7 *,t *7,5 t*M*,o6ot9 !a $56*( M9r '7ak a ta$" t * *r*k !7 *rt5k a 7" 5rt 57 akk9#ot2 7 t"#t9k o %a7$! a, 5k1r97t(A, A'Ba! *$!#9k "ra ai. e. 33$-ben 5rt %5 *t2 a !kor a ak*#&$ Na y -9$#or a a" a * a! StkQ,*t *$

* y ,t* a, "to 7& 6*r,7a k!r9 y 7*r* *!t( E,,* k*,# #QttM*,o6ot9 !9 a$ a B* *$!7,t!k"7 !# 7,ak2 a * y tQ

!$t k5t 5%7,9,a#! tartott(

Na y -9$#or 4a ! o$t k1%9$ta ) %9ro79%9 t*$$!2 7 *r*$#* t* 7,*$t5 y*!$*k ?++9561t575t( Kora! Ba 9 a !atta,o$ a$ t*r%*!t $* t"#ta %a &ra %9 ta$!2 !ro#a 9$Ba#%*,5r*! o7,to,tak( 4a ! &$!9t 7ok kS,#* * "t9$ -,*

*"ko7, )o a ta * 2 "ta! 9r Bata a7 t*rS *t "ra! %otak(A -,* *"k!#9k 561t t*%5k*$y75 * * 7 7or a$ ?+ %9ro7ok a a61t979 a$ )*+*, #Qtt k!( A Fo ya kQ, *$ $* 7ok ?+t* *6S 57 +Qtt 5tr*2 * $a yo +* *$t 75 H a T! r 6art+9$ * * t -,* *"k!a *tt( GQrQ ra2 #*r5k7,Q H"t'aB9 &,atta t*r%*,t5k2 * y*7 56S *t*! 5 !7 7ok *,o 6ot9 !a! QrQk75 *t "tat$ak( A r5 * ! %9ro7ok a$ !7561tk*,t*k2 .r"k a$ 65 #9" Bata a7 7,*$t5 y* yStt*7*k +Qtt*k 5tr*(


32/441

4a ! &$!a! t"#&7ok !7 *rk*#t*k a QrQ k" t?r9%a 2 7QrQ Qk ta$" 9$yo,t9k M*,o6ot9 !a 7! t"#o 9$y9t2H%57,*t5t(

A, i. e. $$. sz"zad vgn ?+ $56 )o a ta * M*,o6ot9!9t( A 69rtB"7ok !( *( = kQrS t* *6*#t*k * Ar7,ak57,

%*,*t575%* Ir9$ 57,akk* *t! r57,5$2 7 Ba aro7a$ t*r+*7,k*#$! k*,#t*k( I( *( = kQrS I( M!tBr!#at57, * 5rt* a T!r!7t2 7 !( *( a$ 9r a, * 57, Fo ya kQ, a, Ar7,ak!#9k k*,5$ %o t( .ra "k '7ak !( 7,( > *$ 5rt %5 *t2 7 *

Bo77,? !# 7,ak a att 9 a$#&a$ Bar' a$ 9 tak a, E,7!9 a$ * r*$yo " & r& a!akka (A 69rtB"7ok $a y7,a 97? 561tk*,57*k*t )o ytattak( K*%57%9ro7t a a61tottakX *,*k kQ,S * +* *$t 7* Kt*7,!6B&$ %o t2 -,* *"k!9%a 7,* *$( k * * t5k a, 57,ako$ )*k% 3atra k57 Q$9 & k!7 ara )*+*#* * 75 6o 697 56S *t* yStt*7*!t( A r5 ! %9ro7ok * tQ +5 *$ )o yt 561t t*%5k*$y75 2 a, * 6"7,t" t a77,1r t* *6S

57*k 6*#! ?++95 *#t*k( A77"r 6o 697 $a y%9ro7 *tt( A 69rtB"7 561t57,*t*t * 7 7or a$ a B* *$!7,t!k"7 Ba yo9$yok *)o y97o t9k2 k k57,S t*k t* 6 o a!k2 6aot9!k2 7 a, "t'9kat 7ok7,or o7, o67or Q%*,t*( K57 a

B* y! tra#1'!& QrQk75 * !7 * "tatko,ott Ja ,9rt)a a7561tk*,57 "ta *rr* 2 7 t $5 ! r& a! Bat97 !7 9t7,!k( /*

* ,*t*7 t5r)or a *tt a, !%a$2 a * y 9r a, a77,1r 6a ota561t57,*t *$ !7 )* tH$t( K56, H%57,*tSk *$ a 7,o r97,at$ak %a$ $a y +* *$t 75 *(A 6*r,7a Ar#a7!ri. sz. ##4-ben )* 9,a#t a 69rtB"7ok * *$2 k!H,t* k*t Ir9$ & 2 a+# M*,o6ot9 !9 a$ !7 *

y ,t* a, Ar7,ak!#9kat J!( 7,( > ( A kQ%*tk*, $5 y5%7,9,a# a$ a -,a77,a$!#a k!r9 yok "ra ko#tak aFo ya kQ, *$( E kor7,ak 7,!$t* 7,aka#at a$ Bar' a$ t* t* 2 a r& a! Jk57 a !,9$'! '7a6atok * *$( A 6*r,79k


33/441

Kt* 7,!6B&$t %9 a7,tott9k t5 ! ) %9ro7"k$ak2 #* r5 * !t* *6S 57*k*$ !7 561tk*,t*k: tH,t* 6 o okat2 *r #Qk*t2 6a ot9kat * * t*k( To%9 ra !7 Ba7,$9 t9k a, !%a$tJ * $a yo 7,a 97?2 )*$$ ara#t 65 #9+a a kt*7,!6B&$!2 6ara o a1%H #o$ 9%a )*#*tt $a y t*r* 2 7 k"6o 9%akoro$9,ott )o a#&'7ar$okokat !7 561t*tt*k(3o ok,ata!kat 7ok7,or o7, o6o7 %ak9rk9#o7ar'B!t*kt?r9%a #17,1t*tt5k2 7 7t"kk&%a or1tott9k(A 7ok B9 or? kQ%*tk*,t5 *$ a -,a77,a$!#9k t* +*7*$

* Ba$ya o t9k or7,9 "kat( A a,#a79 ! $*B5,75 *k Bataa7 * 7 )*7,S t75 *kB*, %*,*tt*k2 7 *BB*, +9r" t 5 a'7ator$9k2 9tak roBa o7 6"7,t" 97a( A k5t $a y )o y&

yakra$ %9 to,tatta *#r5t2 5%*,r*#*7 %9ro7ok %1, $5 kSara#tak2 ak&!k * kQ tQ,t*k( M*,o6ot9 !a 7! t* *6S 5

7*!t a77a$ * $y* t* a 7!%ata Bo ok+a %a y a o'79r(A Fo ya kQ,t 9r a 69rtB"7ok "ra a a att * 5rt* a, ?+B!t2 a k*r*7,t5$y75 ( A Ba yo 9$y 7,*r!$t /5,"7 k5t

ta$1t%9$ya2 4*rta a$ 57 Ta##*"7 t5r1t*tt5k a, * ykor!A77,1r!a ar9 ! $y* %H $56*775 5t( A, Ar7,ak!#9k tSr**7*k %o tak 7 *$ *#t5k a, ?+ %a 97 t*r+*7,t575t 57 ya

kor 979t2 a -,a77,a$!#9k a,o$ a$2 ) k5$t !"t9$ a k*r*7,t5$y75 a r& a! !ro#a o a$ 9 a %a 97 *tt2S #Q,t5k B1%*!t( E$$*k * *$5r* t* 6 o ok 56S t*k a%9ro7ok a$2 7 r* *t*75 *k2 a+# ko o7torok a ak" tak aB* y*k kQ,Qtt2 a * y*k a kQ,56kor! t"#o 9$y2 !ro#a o +* *$t 7 HB* y*!%5 %9 tak( E yr* +o a$ t*r+*#t a$*7,tor!9$"7 B!t2 a * y*t R& 9%a %a & 7,* *$9 97a

!att a 6*r,7a "ra ko#&k !7 +o a$ tHrt*k( A -,a77,a$!#a !ro#a o Q77,*o 97akor M*,o6ot9 !9 a$ 9r

!$#*$Stt +* *$t 7 k*r*7,t5$y kQ,Q775 *k %o tak(A !II. sz"zad els *elben ?+ %a 97 +Qtt 5tr* a M*,o 6ot9 !9t& #5 r* )*k% Ara )5 7,! *t*$: a, !7, 9 ( A a


34/441

61t&+a2 MoBa *#2 k5t 5%t!,*# a att *r 7 kQ,Q775 5 )or9 ta a, a##! Q$9 & ara tQr,7*k*t( 3a 9 a J @ *$

"t9$ A " 4*kr *tt a ka !)a JU"t 2 ak! 7!k*r*7*$ *aka#9 yo,ta2 Bo y a, a ak" & !ro#a o 9r '71r9+9 a$7,5tB" +o$( 3t& 6o !t!k9+a Q77,*)o ta a 7,5tB?,& ara okat( KB9 !# ! $ a Va 1# %*,*tt* a, * 7 Ba#+9ratot M*,o6ot9 !9 a2 aBo a, ara '7a6atok * y ,t5k a 6*r,7aB* ytart&t( A " 4*kr "ta2 O ar ka !)a "ra ko#97a a att)o ytattak a Bar'ok a -,a77,a$!#9k * *$2 7 @> *$

9r a, * 57, Fo ya kQ, a, ara ok k*,5$ %o t( RQ%!#*7*$ Ir9$t !7 * )o a t9k2 7 a 6*r,7a !ro#a o Q77,*o ott( I. sz. (&(-ban A !t2 MoBa *# 6r&)5ta %*+5t %9 a7,tott9k ka !)9$ak2 7 a, ?+o$$a$ a a61tott K?)9t t*tt* 7,5kB*

y5%5( -,1r!a B* ytart&+a rQ%!#*7*$ )* 9,a#t * *$*2 7 akor A !t *$ K?)9 a$ * Q t5k2 Da a7,k"7, a$ ka

!)9%9 %9 a7,tott9k M"9%!+9t( *tt a, O a++9# #!$a7,t!a* a a61t&+a( A ! )!a! 57 kQ%*t !k2 a 71!t9k 5 5%*k*$

k*r*7,tS Bar'o tak a Bata o 5rt2 #* *r*# 5$yt* *$S ( A71a a,o$ a$2 a Ba yo 9$y k56%!7* !%* 7,* *$ 9 & 69rtk5$t2 7a+9to7 B!t)or 9t k!a ak1t%a2 5 $a6+a!$k a$ !7 +* *$t 7 %a 97! *r t k56%!7* (A, O a++9# ka !)9k > = ! "ra ko#tak I$#!9t& a, At

a$t! &'*9$! t*r+*# Bata a7 !ro#a "k a$( E kQ,*7,9,5%*7 !# 7,ak & Irak t*rS *t5$ a ! ara#t %a a !* 5k( 61t57,*tSkr * 7 7or a$ a, ara tQrt5$*t1r&k *1r97a a a6+9$ %a$ t"#o 97"$k2 7 a K?)9 a$2 V97,!t a$%5 ,*tt 97at97ok "tat+9k a kora! ! aB9,ak2 6a ot9k *r*$#*,575t(

A M*,o6ot9 !9 a 5rk*, ara ok Ba aro7a$ ?+ %9ro7okata a61tottak2 a * y*k kQ,S a * )o$to7a ak 497,ra2 K?)a 57 V97,!t(E 7 ! aB* y*!k '7ak kQrS k*r1t*tt yS *k*, t5r75 *k %o tak2a * y*k$*k #5 ! J! *t%* a M*kka )* 5 $5, 2 k! a o #a 9$ k57


35/441

o7, o6o7 tor$9'ot * * t*k( E, a,"t9$ tQ Ba+&7 '7ar$okk9 a ak" t2 7a, "#%ar 97!k B9ro o #a 9t o7, o6o7 )o yo7& ,9rta kQrS ( A %9ro7

kor 9$y,&+9$ak 6a ot9+9t 9 ta 9 a$ a, ! aB9, k! a o #a a * 5561t*tt5k(

A !III. sz"zad k+zepn )* k* 57 7* !71t*tt* * a,O a++9# #!$a7,t!9t2 a * y$*k '7ak * y*t *$ ta +a2 A #a RaB 9$ k*rS t* * a 6"7,t" 97t: 3!769$!9 a *$*kS t 7C&r#o 9 a$ a a61tott ?+ "ra ko#&B9,at( Irak a$ A " aA 97,t2 a Pr&)5ta $a y 9ty+9$ak *7,9 a,ott+9t %9

a7,tott9k ka !)9$ak( t rQ%!#*7*$ Q''7*2 Ma$7,?r kQ%*tt* a tr&$o$2 7 %* * k*,# #Qtt a, A 97,!#a ka !)9t"7* ra yo & 5%7,9,a#a(

Ma$7,?r J> >> a !ro#a o 7,5kB* y5S ?+ %9ro7t561tt*t*tt2 4a #a#ot( A T! r!7 +o 6art+9$ * * k*# 2 kQr a ak? t* *6S 57 Ba aro7a$ a, ara k" t?ra 57 t"#o 9$ykQ,6o$t+a *tt( V!r9 kora 39r?$ a Ra71# J><


36/441

39r?$ a Ra71# * k!7* )!a2 M?ta7,! J


37/441

A, A 97,!#a !ro#a o "to 7& B9ro 5%7,9,a#9 & 9r tQ

561t57,*t! * 5k ara#t )*$$2 !$t a, * , kor7,ak & X ! a,2 aB9 or?7 6"7,t1t97ok !att * tQ 7,Qr *r 7*$ * '7o$k1t%a( A#,79 !k 9 ta 9 a$ * 7* !7S t*k %a y t* +*7*$ 9ta ak" tak2 #*

!$ar5+"k 5 tQ B* y*$ 9 ( A B*$ *r*7 tQr,7H2 )* S *tSkQ$7,5tt*rS t5 aor$a *$t!k9%a #17,1t*tt tor$yok *rk5 y*!t 7ok *7*t *$ 7*+t o to,97 t9 a7,t+a a 9 J4a #a#2 M&7," 7t ( ( -ok)* 5

9tBat&k 5 a !7 a, * kor7,akra +* * , 2 7*+t*k Q77,*9 1tottk"6o ator$yokka koro$9,ott 71r* 5k*k J4a #a#2 497,ra2 D"r 7t ( (E *$ a, !# *$ a ak" t k! a, !7ko a J *#r*7,* $a y kQ,6o$t!

"#%aro72 $5 y!%a $o7 * r*$#*,57*( A %9ro7ka6"kat Bata a72 kQr a ak? 97ty9k %5#t5k( A k!r9 y! 6a ot9k a )5$ykor 6o 69+9t !#5,t5k(A )a )* S *t*k*t2 o to,atokat $5Bo 7t"kk&%a or1tott9k2 * tQ 7,Qa,o$ a$ t5 9 & k!a ak1tott %a y k!)ara ott *o *tr!k"7 57 $Q%5$y!or$a *$t!ka 5k*71t*tt* a, 56S *t*k*t(

7,ako$2 * 7 7or a$ M&7," a$ 57 kQr$y5k5$2 7a+9to7 H%57,*t%!r9 ,ott a ]II ]III( 7,9,a# a$( A, ? y$*%*,*tt ata *k 7t1 "7 a,!7, 9 57 a, Qr 5$y )or a%! 9 Qt%Q,*t*k5$t +Qtt 5tr*2 7 * 5k*!t* y)or 9$ * ta 9 +"k a oBa *#9$ ! aB9,ak2 a",& *" ok 57 a

k*r*7,t5$y t* 6 o ok 9r%9$y & %a y a a 97tro & )ara ott#o or H%*7 #17,1t 5$y*! kQ,Qtt(

( A, A 97,!#a !ro#a o kora2 * 7 7or a$ a!ili I . sz"zad% a kQ,56kor! ara k" t?ra * $a yo kor7,aka%o t( A ka !)9k ) k5$t 561tk*,57! k*#%Skk* tH$t*k k!2 #* 69rto t9k a t"#o 9$yokat 57 a, !ro#a at !7( A $a y 5r*tH 6*r,7a *)o y97 * *tt * !$k9 a k a77,!k"7 QrQ

)! o,&)!a! 57 t*r 57,*tt"#o 9$y! H%*k Batottak a, araH%* t75 r*( E,*k t*r+*7,t575 *$ 6*#! )o$to7 7,*r*6*%o t a kora! !# k *$ 5 9 & 57 HkQ# k*r*7,t5$yko o7torok$akX * tQ +Sk *$ $a y kQ$y%t9rak r!,t5k a, 5rt5k*7 r5 ! 1r97okat2 7 a 7,*r,*t*7*k 7,1r2 a+# ara)or#1t97okat k57,1t*tt*k r& "k(


38/441

A, ara filozfia k*,#*t *$ t* +*7*$ Q77,*)o$ott a t*o & !9%a 2 7 aKor9$ a yar9,at9 & !$#" t k!( A, A 97,!#a kor7,ak a$ a,o$ a$

* !7 *rk*#t*k a QrQ )! o,&)!9%a 2 7 * 7 7or a$ Ar!7,tot* 57,"$k9! t*tt*k $a y Bat97t2 1r97a!t $a y B1rH t"#&7ok a yar9,t9k(L* $*%*7* *k kQ,S Sk a K!$#! JI]( 7,9,a# 2 a Far9 ! J](7,9,a# 2 A%!'*$$a J]I( 7,9,a# 57 a GBa,9 ! J]II( 7,9,a# (A, ara ok matematikai "$k9779 a !7 a QrQ Qk $yo 9$ !$#" t:!7 *rt5k 57 a yar9,t9k E"k *!#57, H%*!t 7 tQ 97 QrQ t"#&7

"$k9!t2 a * y*k 7ok7,or '7ak ara )or#1t97 a$ ara#tak a,"t&korra( /* *$t 7 *r*# 5$y*k*t 5rt*k * a at* at!kato%9 )*+ *7,t575 *$( k %*,*tt5k * a U,5r"7 7,9 +* y*tX a,

a * ra 7,& !7 $a y B1rH at* at!k"7"k2 a KB%9 r!, ! JI]( 7,9,a#* y!k H%5$*k '1 5 *r*#( Fo a ko,tak tr! o$o *tr!9%a !7X ara7,9 +* y*!$k a, kQ,%*t1t57Skk* k*rS t*k E"r&69 a(A csillagszat H%* 575 *$ Pto * a!o7, )*$$ ara#t kQ$y%*Ja * y*t a, ara ok A a *7,t$*k $*%*,t*k %o t a k!!$#" &6o$t(C7! a %!,7 9 &k 56S t*k2 '7! a 97,at! t9 9,atok k57,S t*k(M* 5rt5k a )Q #ra+,! 7,5 *775 ! 57 Bo77,?79 ! )okokat( A QrQ'7! a $*%*k * y r57,5t ara ra '7*r5 t5k2 7 *,*k 5 a !7Ba7,$9 ato7ak( A kor * B1r*7* '7! a 97,a a I]( 7,9,a#! a F*r 9$!%o t2 ak! * k57,1t*tt* a, A a *7,t ara k!%o$at9t( E * *tt %!r9 ,otta, a7,tro & !a !7X a )! o,&)"7 57 '7! a 97, a K!$#! !7 1rt r& a ko o ykQ$y%*t(A tQ !termszettudomny kQ,S * 7 7or a$ a k5 !9t 57 a, o6t!k9t

H%* t5k2 #* +* *$t 7 "$k9kat 1rtak a $Q%5$yta$r& 2 9 atta$r& 2 797%9$yta$r& !7( Or%o7a!k 7,!$t5$ $a y t*k!$t5 y$*k Qr%*$#t*k2

H%*!k E"r&69 a$ !7 !7 *rt*k %o tak(I *$ +* *$t5k*$y %o t a, ara kQ,56kor fldrajzi 57 trtnetri

"$k9779 a( A *o r9)!a H%* 57* a, "takat !,to71t& 57 a, "ta7okat* 9t& 6o7ta *7t*r*k +* *$t57*!%* k*,# #Qtt2 a+# a ,ar9$#ok"tak

*1r97a!%a )o ytatott( E,*k a a6+9$ k* *tk*,t*k a, * 7)Q #ra+,kQ$y%*k( K57 a %! 9 ot * !7 *r$! %9 y& "ta,&k H%*! +9r" tak Bo,,9 a, or7,9 okat2 %9ro7okat * "tat& a,#a!ro#a o Bo,( JItt 5 a * B1r*7* *o r9)"7ok 57 "ta,&k kQ,S !7'7ak $5B9$yat t"#"$k * * 1t*$!: a, * y*7 %9ro7ok * "tat979$9B!%atko,"$k a+# *1r97a!kra( /ak? ! 57 I $ R"7,ta a I]( 7,9,a# a$k57,1t*tt*k ?t!kQ$y%*k*t( I $ 3a"ka 57 Mak#!7,1 a ]( 7,9,a# a$

9r t* +*7 )Q #ra+,! r57, *t*775 * t9r ya t9k a, * y*7 %!#5k*k*t(Ma7,?#! a ](2 I $ D,7" a!r a ]II( 7,9,a#! M*,o6ot9 !9t "tatta *(


39/441

/9k?t a ]III( 7,9,a# a$ 9 1totta Q77,* $a y FQ #ra+,! -,&t9r9t( I $4att?ta 57 Mo7,to%)! 9r a o$ o Bt97 "t9$2 a ]IV( 7,9,a# a$

+9rt Irak a$(A, ara trtnetrs a, !7, 9 k* *tk*,575$*k 57 a, a,t kQ%*tBar'ok$ak2 Bt97ok$ak a *1r979%a k*,# #Qtt2 #* Q7,7,* yH+tQtt5k a 5 )* * B*t kor9 ! a#atokat !7( A tQrt5$*t1r& $* * y *7*t *$

*o r9)"7 !7 %o t2 1 y tQ "$k9 a$ k*%*r*#!k a )Q #ra+,! 57tQrt5$*t! *1r97( A * $*%*7* *k kQ,S * 1tS$k * $5B9$yat:/ak? ! JI]( 7,9,a# 2 4a 9#,"r! JI]( 7,9,a# 2 Ta ar! J]( 7,9,a# (A, ara szpirodalom * r5 * ! * 5k*! 5 a, !7, 9 * tt!!# k 2 a, !( 7,( VI( 7,9,a# & 7,9r a,$ak( Ekkor 5 t A$tar2 a

k57 * *$#9779 %9 t kQ t !7(A Kor9$2 a * y a a !7 !ro#a ! H2 $a y Bat977a %o t a k57 !)*+ #57r*( A, !7, 9 k!a ak" 979$ak !#*+5$ 57 a, O a++9#kor7,ak a$ a,o$ a$ a kQ t k * y r57,* 5 k! o$#otta$ 7,* *$9 t a, ?+ B!tt* ( T*r 57,*t*7*$ %o tak a Pr&)5t9t 57 a, ?+ %a 97t#!'7 1t 1r97 H%*k !7(A, A 97,!#a ka !)9k "ra ko#97a a att2 a k" t"r9 !7 5 *t tQ !t*rS *t5B*, Ba7o$ &a$2 a, !ro#a o !7 %!r9 ,97$ak !$#" t( E yor7)*+ #57B*, a * Btott $56*k2 * 7 7or a$ a 6*r,79k Ba yo 9$ya!$a y 5rt5k *$ Bo,,9+9r" tak( A VIII( 7,9,a# * !7 *rt* !rak!kQ t +* a 97,ra! 7,S *t57H A " N"%97, %o t2 39r?$ a Ra71# ka !)a ar9t+a( 4or#a a! 57 7,*r* ! 5$*k*! *77,* )Q #Q$ B1r*7*k %o tak(M&7," a$ 5 t A " Ta 9 2 a I]( 7,9,a# k*r*7,t5$y 7,9r a,97?$*%*7 kQ t +*( A %a 97o7 5r,57 57 a !7,t!k"7 o$#o atok 7okakat

* !B *tt*k( E kor t"#&7a! a 6o 9$ykor kQ t* 5$y*!t !7 $a y 5r#*k #577* yH+tQtt5k(A kQ,56kor! ara 6r&,a!ro#a o * +* *7* * 5k*! a *75k 57r* 5$y*7 tQrt5$*t*k( A %! 9 7,*rt* !7 *rt *7* yH+t* 5$y2 a,E,*r* y5+7,aka tQrt5$*t*!t * 7,Qr a ]III( 7,9,a# a$ )o a t9k 1r97 a( L* tQ +Sk +&%a kor9 ! *r*#*tH2 r57, *$ $* !7 ara 2Ba$* * 7 7or a$ 6*r,7a( A kQ,56kor! !7, 9 %! 9 ot 9 r9,o &

*7*Q77,*9 1t97t a k57 ! 7,9,a#ok a$ !7 97o t9k2 %1t*tt5k:E"r&6a * 7,Qr a ]VIII( 7,9,a# * *+5$ !7 *rt* * ( AUka a$#r* 5$y*k kQ,S a VI( 7,9,a# * *$#97 B 7*2 A$tar kQr5)o$& tQrt5$*t*k %o tak a * $567,*rH *k(


40/441

A o$ o ok !$t* y = 5%! %o tak Irak "ra!( E 7,Qr a, I kB9$ 2 a+# a D,7a a!r!# #!$a7,t!a k*,5 *$ %o t aBata o ( == a$ Ta *r 9$ 6"7,t1totta %5 ! a,or7,9 ot2 "t9$a tSrk 5$ "ra ko#&k kor 9$yo,tak * y5%7,9,a#o$ 9t( E,"t9$ I7, a! a7, -,a)9%! 6*r,7a 7aBJ =; 57 "ta! S t*k Irak tr&$+9$ * 57,*$ @! 2 a !kor Na y -,o ! 9$2 a, o7, 9$ tQrQk !ro#a o7," t9$+a * )o a ta a, or7,9 ot( Irak tQrQk tarto 9$y *tt2 6a79k ! a, att9k( A -,a)9%!# 6*r,79k 5 * y7,*r

* 6r& 9 t9k %!77,a7,*r*,$! Bata "kat: *$A 97, 7aB k!H,t* a, o7, 9$tQrQkQk*t( .ra a $*tartott 7ok92 IV( M"r9# 7," t9$ @< a$ %!77,a)o a ta57 k!ra o ta 4a #a#ot2 7 Irak *,"t9$ kQ,* B9ro5%7,9,a#ra a tQrQk !ro#a o Bo, tarto,ott(A o$ o ok2 * 7 7or a$ a, I kB9$ok "ra a a att 5

* *B*t 7*$ 7okat 561tk*,t*k Irak a$( 61t57,*tSk a7,* #,7"k tQrQkQk5$*k a to%9 )*+ *7,t57*k5$t +Qtt 5tr*2

#* a$$9 kQ$$y*#* 2 $y? 9$ka %o t( TQr*k*#t*k a,ar9$yok o$#o7 t*r%*,575r*( A Bo ok,atok #17,1t575r*to%9 ra !7 a t5 9 & k!a ak1tott2 ! *t%* k!)ara ott or$a

*$t!ka 7,o 9 t( Na y7,a 97? * yStt*7*!k 7a+$o7 $ayo$ k*%57 ara#t * Irak a$(

A -,a)9%!#ok kor9 a$ ?+ra * *r 7Q#Qtt a 6*r,7a Bat97 aH%57,*t*k t*r5$ !7( A *,o6ot9 !a! *r*#*tH2 7,1$*79,,a *%o$t t5 a2 a 7,1$6o 697 $Q%5$y! #17,1t 5

$y*kk* or1tott )a+a$7, "rko at $oBa B* y*$k5$t 9r kor9 a$ !7 a ka a,t9k o7t !r9$! kQ,%*t1t577* k*rS t Irak a( E 7 7or a$ a #,79 !k k"6o 9+9t2 ka6"!t 5k*71t*tt5k * a,#a 2 7ok7,1$H or$a *$t!k9%a 2 a * yto%9 5 t a, o7, 9$ tQrQk !# 7,ak a$ !72 7 t $a6+a!$k !rak! 561t57,*t* !7 Ba7,$9 +a(


41/441

A, o7, 9$ tQrQkQk tQ 5%7,9,a#o7 "ra a a att Irak t* +*7*$ * %*7,t*tt* * ykor! +* *$t 75 5t2 %9ro7a! %!77,a)*+ #t*k( [+ 56S *t*k*t a ! * * t*k( 7,ako$2 M&7," a$2 aBo a ]VIII( 7,9,a# a$ a D,7a ! ! '7a 9# * *B*t 7*$ Q$9 &a$ "ra ko#ott2 a kQ,56kor! t* 6 o ok2 #,79

!k B* yr*9 1t979%a 2 7 a, ata *k 7t1 "7 "t9$,979%a 6r& 9 t9k )* !#5,$! a #!'7 75 *7 ? tat(E"r&6a $a yBata a!2 * 7 7or a$ A$ !a 9r a ]VIII(7,9,a# 97o#!k )* 5t 5r#*k #$! k*,#t*k a, !rak! S y*k

!r9$t( A KQ,* K* *tt* %a & ka6'7o at k!561t575r*tQr*k*#t*_ a $5 *t*k2 )ra$'!9k2 oro7,ok !7( E$$*k kQ7,Q$B*t a, !72 Bo y a )! y* * M*,o6ot9 !a &kor!* 5k*! )* 5 )or#" t2 7 * 7,S *t*tt a, a77,!ro & !at"#o 9$ya(

A Fo ya kQ, &kor! %9ro7a!t 9r a QrQ tQrt5$*t1r&2 -,tra &$ J!( *(I( 7,9,a# ro ok a$ B*%*r $*k 1rta *( La77a$ * 5kSk !7 )* *#57 *

*rS t2 7 E"r&6a '7ak a$$y!t t"#ott r& "k a *$$y!t a 4! !a 1rt( Ara*o r9)"7ok 57 tQrt5$*t1r&k 5 !7 *rt*k %a a *$$y!t Irak

$a y7,*rH ? t+9 & : a ako779 * 5k*,*t* !7 * r!,t*$5 * y!kSk J65 #9" : N!$!%* 4a ! &$ $*%5t( T"#* a! 4*$+9 !$B!769$!a! ,7!#& ra ! J]II 7,a,a# %o t a, * 7 *"r&6a! "ta,&2 ak!4a ! o$t *1rta( I $ 4att"ta a ]IV( 7,9,a# a$ 6*#! N!$!%* ro +a!r&* 5k*,!k * ( A ]VI( 7,9,a# a$ L( Ra"`o ) $5 *t or%o7 * 1t

ara#%9$yokat( A ]VII( 7,9,a# a$ P!*ro #* a Va !5 o a7, $* *7"ta,ott %5 ! M*,o6ot9 !9$2 7 Bo,ott E"r&69 a * 7,Qr 5k1r97o7t5 9kat( A, * 7 t"#o 9$yo7 * 6*#1'!&t a #9$ k!r9 y kS #t* aFo ya kQ, *2 K( N!* "Br %*,*t575%* > *$( Ok 57 * yr*$a yo 7,9 ? kQ%*t !k )* !ratokat 97o tak2 7 Ur5 !75 *k*t

yH+tQtt*k( A * * 7 97at97t P( E( 4otta2 &7," ! )ra$'!a ko$,"k*,#t* N!$!%5 *$2 aBo $* ta 9 t 7* !t2 a+# KBor7,a 9# a$2aBo %!7,o$t )* t9rta II( -arr"k!$ a77,1r k!r9 y 6a ot9+9t J < @ ( K5t5% ? %a a, a$ o 3( Layar# N! r"# a$ JKa B" 57 N!$!%5 *$Bo,ott $a6%! 9 ra 56S *t* yStt*7*k*t( A, &kor! M*,o6ot9 !a $56*!kQ,S * 7,Qr t*B9t a, a77,1rokat !7 *rt5k * E"r&69 a$2 *,5rt !7$*%*,t5k * a Fo ya kQ,,* )o a ko,& t"#o 9$yt a77,!ro & !9$ak(


42/441

((A, * 7 r5 57,*k 65 #9+9t Ba aro7a$ tQ *$ kQ%*tt*k2 rQ%!#*7*$

7,9 o7 t* ! J* y 97 ro +a!ra 56S t r5 ! %9ro7ok2 6a ot9k ara#%9$ya! & k56, #Qtt2 Bo okka 2 )Q ##* * *6*tt #o k*rS t)* t9r97ra( A 97,ra! )ra$'!a ko$," 2 E(#*-ar7*'2 > *$ T* !& a$97atott2 7 )* )*#*,t* a 7" 5rokatKQ, *$ E"r&69 a$ a, 5k1r97 * )*+t575$ )9ra#o,tak( A, * 7 7!k*r*7*r*# 5$yt a $5 *t G( F( Grot*)*$# 5rt* *


43/441

+* * ,*t*775 a $a yo t* *6S 57*k2 kQ,tSk 4a #a# 57M&7," k565t(A 7,9,a#)or#" &$ )* t9rt o a+ 5 +o a$ )oko,ta a$y" at! Bata ak2 * 7 7or a$ a, a$ o ok 57 a $5 *t*k Irak !r9$t! 5r#*k #575t(A, els vil"g,"borban Irak k* 5$y Bar'ok 7,1$t*r*%o t( A tQrQkQk a $5 *t*kB*, '7at ako,tak2 7 a, a$ o'7a6atok 6artra 7,9 tak Fao k!kQt +5 *$( E r*Ba a#97"k a,o$ a$ a77? %o t2 7 M&7," '7ak ; < %5 5r*

a !kor a tQrQkQk a 91rt9k a )* y%*r7,S$*t*t 7,a a#" t)* ( Ekkor 5rt %5 *t a 7ok 5%7,9,a#o7 tQrQk "ra o ( Irak r!t a$#9t" t*rS *t *tt2 a+# ; *$ k!r9 y79 ( A

a$#9t" 7,*r, #57 ;@ *$ 7,H$t * 2 *kkor Irak * 56*tt a N567,Q%*t75 *( A$ !a a,o$ a$ * tartotta *)o y979t(A m"sodik vil"g,"bor !#*+5$ Irak Ba#at S,*$t " ya$ N5 *tor7,9 $ak 57 7,Q%*t75 *7*!$*k2 a,o$ a$ $* %*tt

r57,t a Ba# H%* *t*k *$( A B9 or? "t9$ *r 7Q#t*k a, a$o ok *)o y97a * *$! o, a ak2 7 a k"r# $* ,*t!75 !tQr*k%57*k !7(Irak2 Ir9$ 57 TQrQkor7,9 ; *$ kato$a! * y*, 5$ytkQtQtt J4a #a#! Pakt" 2 a * yB*, A$ !a2 a+# Pak!7,t9$ !7 '7at ako,ott(Irak 57 /or#9$!a )Q#*r9'!&+9t2 a,rab Uni/ * a ak" 979t +* *$t*tt5k *$'& *ebru"rj"ban. E, a 7,Q%*t75a,o$ a$ $* %o t Bo77,? 5 *tH: " ya$* *$ a, 5% *$ +?

!"7 5$2 Ka77,* t9 or$ok %*,*t575%* a Ba#7*r** #Q$tQtt* a k!r9 y79 ot2 7 a, "$!& 7,5tB" t( A

kQ,t9r7a79 kor 9$ya t9r7a#a ! 57 a,#a79 ! r*)or ok2%a a !$t a Ba,a! o a+!6ar 5tr*Bo,979t tH,t* k! '5 " (E !7 *rt* a k"r# $* ,*t!75 +o a!t !72 *$$*k * *$5r*

; *$ ?+a k"r# )* k* 57*k tQrt5$t*k( Ka77,*


44/441

t9 or$okot ; @ a$ * Q t5k2 7 r*) ar7a *tt akor 9$y) ( A 4aatB 69rt a 7,9r$ya k*rS t Bata o ra

; < a$2 7 ) t!tk9ra2 AB *# 3a7,a$ a 4akr *tt a,or7,9 * $Qk*( A, ?+ kor 9$y a,#a79 ! 57 6o !t!ka!!$t5,k*#57*! kQ,S * )o$to7a a, Irak P*tro *"Co 6a$y Ja$ o a *r!ka! )ra$'!a 5r#*k* t75 Ho a+t9r7a79 9 a o71t97a 57 a k"r# a"to$& !a

5tr*Bo,97a J ;> %o t( A, !rak! kS 6o !t!ka 7,*r%*7r57,* a -,o%+*t"$!&%a 57 a tQ ! 7,o'!a !7ta or7,9 a

)*$$tartott 6o !t!ka!2 a,#a79 ! 57 k" t"r9 !7 ka6'7o atok )*+ *7,t57*(A tQrQk )*$$Bat&79 * 7,H$t* "t9$ Irak k" t"r9 !7 57

H%57,*t! t5r*$ !7 +* *$t 7 )*+ #57$*k !$#" t( A, 561t57,*t*t a 97o#!k %! 9 B9 or?! +&r57,t a, a$ o ok !r9$y1tott9k2 ak!k a, *"r&6a! 7,*'*77,!& 57 a, !$#!a! ko o$!9 !7 7t1 "7 )or 9!t k*%*rt5k a, ara kQ,56kor Ba yo

9$ya!%a ( A Bar !$'a7 5%*k %5 5r* )* $Q%*k% 2

E"r&69 a$ ta$" t !rak! 561t57,$* ,*#5k a,o$ a$ 9r a$y" at! o#*r$ 561t57,*t 57 %9ro7r*$#*,57 7,* * 5 *$k*,#*tt #o o,$!( Ma 9r yQk*r*7*$ 9ta ak" tak J%a y9ta ak" & a$ %a$$ak a %9ro7ok2 * 7 7or a$ 4a #a#X7a+$o7 tQ 5rt5k*7 a kot97t2 %9ro7k56! * yStt*7t !7

* o$tottak( Kor"$k !rak! 561t57,*t* arra tQr*k7,!k2 Bo yQ77,** y*,t*77* a Ba yo 9$yo7 57 o#*r$ )or 9kat 57561t a$ya okat(Irak a! k56, H%57,*!$*k * $a yo r57,* E"r&69 a$ ta$" t2 1 y 7ok7,or )or a$y* %Sk !7 a, *"r&6a! !$t9t kQ%*t!( A H%57,*k$*k * yr57,t 5%7,9,a#o7 Ba yo

9$yokka k* *tt 7,ak1ta$!"k2 B!7,*$ a, !7, 9 9 ta 9 a$t! t+a a, * *r9 r9,o 97tX 97r57,t * 6r& 9 t9k ?+)* )o 97 a$ * )or 9 $! a r5 ! o$2 a *tHk2 )* !ratok


45/441

7* 1t75 5%* k!)*+*,*tt tarta at( A $o$)! "rat1% !r9$y,atok !7 tQ kQ%*t r* ta 9 tak(

A o#*r$ H%57,*t )*+ #575t $a y 5rt5k *$ * 7* 1t*tt*2 Bo y a97o#!k %! 9 B9 or? a att *$ y* )*7t k ta 9 tak *$*#5k*t

Irak a$( A kQr5+Sk '7o6orto7" & )!ata )*7t k2 7,o r97,ok kQ,Sk57 a, or7,9 * +* *7* k56, H%57,*! k*rS t*k k!( E kQrBQ,tarto,ott a, * y!k * $*%*7* !rak! )*7t 57 7,o r97,2 a )!ata o$* B"$yt D,7*%9# -,* 1 !7( A )*7t k kQ,S * * 1tB*t+Sk 5KB9 !# a D,7a#!r2 -9k!r 3a7,a$ a -,a!#2 F9#! A 97, $*%5t2 a7,o r97,ok kQ,S 6*#! MoBa *# GB9$!5t(

Irak o#*r$ !ro#a a2 * *$t5t *$ a k56, H%57,*tt* 25 $* t"#ta *Bo,$! a, 5%7,9,a#o7 * ara#97t( L*

!$k9 a, ara ok$9 !$#! $a y 7,*r*6*t +9t7,& kQ t57,*t )*+ #!k( -,9,a#"$k k5t * $*%*7* J 9r * B"$ytkQ t +* D,7a ! a, ZaB9%! 57 Mar?) ar R"7,9)!(

ID RENDI TTEKINT -

I# bTQrt5$* ! kor7,akok2 *7* 5$y*k2"ra ko#&k

/* *$t 7B* y2! *t%*t* *6S 57

MH%57,*t(k" t?ra

!( *(=======

===

-KKOR-ZAK 4ar#a4a ka 7k kor! t* *62

k *7,kQ,Qk

= ===@ ===

-a$!#9r -a$!#9r

$*a$#*r %Q y! * *r t* *6*

= === KZ P- Zar,! 9 att*$y57,t57


46/441

KKOR-ZAK -a$!#9r k*,#*t*!

>=== === /KKOR-ZAK D,7ar & )Q # H%* 57k*,#*t*!%9 yo B9,ak a ya 7,o ro'7k9k

=== ===

3A--ZNA -ZAMARRA KOR

T a7,7,?$a-,9 9rr9T* ! *7,-,a%%9$Er!#"

%9 yo B9,ak2)*7t*ttk*r9 !a*#5$y*k a a 97tro7,o rok k" t!k"7 561t57,*t

I# TQrt5$* ! kor7,akok2 *7* 5$y*k2"ra ko#&k

/* *$t 7B* y2! *t%*t* *6S 57

MH%57,*t2k" t?ra

=== @@==

O4EID K.LTRA T* !* O *!#Er!#".r"k .r N!$!%*T*6*Ga"rar6a

'7!+*

7,*$t5 y*k 7,o rok a%9ro7ok k!a ak" 979$ak

k*,#*t*!@@== @ ==

.R.K KOR-ZAK

.r"k

.ka!r

o$" *$t9 !7t* 6 o 561t57,*t)a )*7t 5$y*k )a,*ka7koro$ 6*'75tB*$ *r 1r97 k*,#*t*


47/441

@ == @ Nara -,!$J ;Akk9# !ro#a o

A a#5.r .r"k A77"r 6a ota561t57,*t

I#

TQrt5$* !kor7,akok2*7* 5$y*k2"ra ko#&k

/* *$t 7B* y2! *t%*t* *6S 57

MH%57,*t2k" t?ra

@= =G.TI.RALOM

= A "t!k k!H,57* .r"k:.t"B* a

.r"k


48/441

J =

@ == /-.M R KOR-ZAK .r: III( .r !#!$a7,t!a .r Na " J @ =;-" ! J =;

=

A77"r N!$!%*

6a &ta 561t 57,*t

I#TQrt5$* ! kor7,akok2 *7* 5

$y*k2 "ra ko#&k

/* *$t 7B* y2! *t%*t* *6S 57

MH%57,*t2k" t?ra

4a ! &$ a77,1r "ra o a att3a#+9ratok E 9 57 a,ar9 !ak * *$K!7* ar9 !k!r9 y79 ok a ak" $ak

=== /A--ZR KOR-ZAK


50/441

II. A77"r$a7,!r a6 "J >= A77"r aBa!##!$ J


51/441

Pa *7,t!$a2/"#a2 E y!6to* *$/*r",79 ** )o a 97aJ ;>2

I#TQrt5$* ! kor7,akok2 *7* 5$y*k2 "ra ko#&k

c/* *$t 7B* y2! *t%*

t* *6S 57

MH%57,*t2k" t?ra

@; KSro7, 6*r,7ak!r9 y J ;

@= *%o$"4a ! o$ a

@; @@=

@@

PERZ-A.RALOMJAC3AIMENIDK]*r 57, J @

39 or?a QrQ Qk * *$K"$a a! StkQ,*t Na y -9$#or *%o$"

4a ! o$ a@@ 3ELLENI-ZTIK.-ID -ZAK Na y -9$#or J@@ @ @-,* *"k!#9k

-,* *"k!a.r"k

-,* *"k!aa a61t97a7,*$t5 ykQr,*t*k r5 * !%9ro7ok a$


52/441

!( *( !( 7,( >

PRT3.-KOR-ZAK JAR- ZAKIDK a$#& Bar' ar& a!akka Ak*r*7,t5$y75t*r+*#57*

Kt*7,!6B&$3atraA77"r .r"k

7,*$t5 ykQr,*t*k 6a ot9k 7,o r97,at

> @>@

PERZ-A

KOR-ZAK J-ZA--ZANIDKIV. -a6"r J >; V. -a6"r J@=; @>; I(KBo7,ro%A$o7!r%9$ J @ >;KBo7,ro%Par%*, J ;=

A, ara ok * )o a +9k M*,o6ot9 !9t

KORAIKALIFK O 9r J @

A ! J

K?)a497,raV97,!t

?+ %9ro7ok a a61t97a! aB9,ak 6a ot9k


54/441

> => =

OMA//ADKALIFAT.-M"9%!+a J

=

A, A 97,!#a !ro#a o7,5t*7!k

-,* #,7"ktQrQkQk "ra aJ =@> < N97,1r D1$A 9B J >;

M"7,ta$7,!r J @

4a #a# 6a ot9k ! aB9,ak

!$ar5k *#r*7,5k

71r* 5k*k %9ro7ka6"k


56/441

M&7," Q$9 &)*+*#* * 75J]II ]III( 7,(

M&7," t 5 aor $a *$t!k a Uata *k 7t1 "7

>( 5%!a#at ( A, or7,9 $56*775 5$*k tQ 75 * ara : !$t* y


61/441

kor9 a$!7 %o tak a Fo ya kQ, t*rS *t5$(A Bt&k a "k a o %a7,tott9ka 9r akkorra!7 * *B*t 7*$ k*

%*rt$56*775 *t2 7'7ak a B* y%!#5k! k"r#ok2* a k57 *t* *6S t tQrQkQk2 Qr 5$y*k * y r57,* r!,t**kS Q$9 &79 9t(Ara oka 7!%ata o7 t*rS *t*k*$2 6"7,ta79 oko$5 $o

9# *#"!$ok !72 ak!k$*k 79tra!t a, or7,9 "tak* *tt7ok7,or 9tBat+"k( k 566? y2 !$t a #5 !rak!

o'79r%!#5k*$ ak&a#a$ok %a y o'79r! ara ok

$a yr57,t r,!k 5 tQr,7! r*$#7,*rSk*t(Er 7 a tQr,7!Q77,*tarto,97 Ba yo 9$yaa, 57,ako$ ak&k"r#ok kQ,Qtt !7( E, a 6*r,79kka roko$$56 %a &7,1$H *

9r a, &kor a$ !7 aK"r#!7,t9$! B* y75 *$ 5 tX* y*7k"tat&k a,Akk9#ot* 6"7,t1t& "t!kat tart+9k ak"r#ok

7*!$*k( A77,1r )* +* y,57*k *$kSrt! $5%*$ 7,*r*6* $*k(A B* y! ak&k !$#! )*$y* *t%*7,5 yt +* *$t*tt*k M*,o6ot9 !a$56*!$*k2 7 *, $a6+a!$kra!7 '7ak *$yBS t2

#*t* +*7*$ $* 7,H$t * (A k"r# tQr,7*k * y 977a !79 a$#&a$Bar'o tak2 1 y* y75 *7 k"r# 9 a 7oBa7* +Qtt 5tr*2 * )* +*Bo7,7,a rQ%!#* !#*!)*$$9 & k!7* k!r9 y79 ok(E, a7,5tB?,97 a !7 tartX a,!rak! 9 a%*,*t ! 9 ta ;>= *$ * 1 5rt 57 ;> *$ 5 *t * !756t*t*tt k"r#a"to$&

!9t atQr,7! %*,*t k * y r57,* $* )o a#+a* (

NYELV

Irak a$2 a ako779 * o7, 979$ak* )* * *$2 * tQ *$ a, ara $y* %*t *7,5 !k(A, ara $y* % a 75 ! $y* %'7a 9# a tarto,!k25 6*#! a$y" at! '7o6ort #5 ! a '7o6ort+9 a( L* * 71r97o7* 5k*! !# 7,9 1t97"$k kora!7,9,a#a! & ara#tak


62/441

)*$$( A, !7, 9 5tr*+Qtt5%* k*,# #Qtt a, ara1r97 * !75 $a yar9$y? )*+ #57*( A kor9$ $y* %* *ttak a77,!k"7 araa a6+a2 7 $* '7aka %a 972 Ba$* at"#o 9$y57 a, !ro#a o !7 *,*$ a $y* %*$ o$tako,ottk!( E,t a, !ro#a ! $y* %*t2 a * y$*k r57, *t*7*$k!#o o,ott2 6o$to77,a 9 yokka rQ ,1t*tt$y* %ta$a %a$27,!$t* !$#*$ %9to,tat97 $5 kS J'7ak a * 7,Sk75 *7*?+ )o a ak *%*,*t575%*Ba7,$9 +9k 5 a !7(Ett a k a77,!k"7ara t&a *7,5 t $y* %9r * *

B*t 7*$ * t9%o o#ott2 7 ! *$ 7ok $y* %+9r97rata o ott(Irak a$ k5t ) #!a *kt"7 a ak" t k!2 a a #a#! 57a &7," !(A k"r# !$#o*"r&6a! $y* %2 a, !$#o!r9$!9 !r9$! '7o 6ort+9 a tarto,!k( E +* *$t 7 ?+ !r9$! $y* % !ro#a a '7ak$* k!,9r& a 7,& * !(A, ara o$ 57 a k"r#o$ k1%Sk!7* $56'7o6ortok *7,5 $*k tQrQkS 2 Qr 5$yS 2 7 * 7,&rt kQ,Q775 *k$5Bo

5 *7,5 !k a k* *t! ar9 ! $y* %k!a ak" ta$#*"7t57 ?+ar9 !tJ%a y?+7,1rt (

VALL-

Irak ako779 9$ak ; 7,9,a 5ka a, !7, 9 B1%*( E %a 97ta *kka! MoBa *# a a61totta a VII( 7,9,a# * *+5$2 7 5" ya$* *$ a 7,9,a# a$ a, ara Bt97 r5%5$ * t*r+*#t M*,o6ot9 !9 a$ !7(A, !7, 9 +* *$t57*: a, !7t*$ !r9$t! o#aa#97( 31%*!* y*t *$ !7t*$t !7 *r$*k * 2 A aBot2 ak! !$#*$$*k at*r* t +*2 !$#*$Bat&2 9tBatat a$ 57 QrQkk5%a &( 3!t%a 97"k2 a * y a, !7, 9 Bo, %a & tarto,97 )* t5t* *2 1 y7,& : UN!$'7 97 !7t*$ A aBo$ k1%S 2 57 MoBa *# A aBkS #Qtt*(


63/441

A * )o$to7a %a 97! kQt* *775 *k*t a, !7, 9 Qt tart&6! 5r5$*k $*%*,!k( E,*k a kQ%*tk*, k:

a ta$ ! a,79 9$ak * !7 *r57*2 B!t a, !7t*$ *$ 57 a, 6r&)5t9! a$X

r!t"9 !7 ! a $a6o$ta Qt7,Qr2 M*kka )* 5 )or#" %a2 *,t!$#! o7ako#97$ak k* * * ,$!*X

Q+t a Ra a#9$ B&$a6 a$X 7,* 5$ya#&2 %a 97!2 ! *t%* +&t5ko$y79 ! '5 okraX

*kka! ,ar9$#ok at2 * a 9 * y7,*r a B!% 5 *t5 *$(E,*k*$ k1%S 5 7,9 o7 * 1r97 7,a 9 yo,,a a B!%

oBa *#9$ 5 *t5t( KQ,S Sk '7ak a #!7,$&B?7 *%575$*k 57 a or !%979$ak t! a 9t * 1t+Sk * 2 %a a !$t a,t2Bo y * y )5r)!$ak * )* +* $5 y )* *75 * *B*t(A oBa *#9$ok 7,*$t kQ$y%* a kor9$2 a * y MoBa *#

"$k9+a: a k!$y! atko,tat97okat G9 r!* arka$ ya r5%5$

ka6ta A aBt& ( Ma yar9,at9t2 5rt* *,575t a Pr&)5taBa 9 a "t9$ Ba aro7a$ * k*,#t5k( A ! $* %o t akor9$ a$2 arra %o$atko,&a$ MoBa *# 7,& * ! $y! atko,ata!t2 ! *t%* 7,ok97a!t t*k!$t*tt5k 5r%a#&$ak( K57*,*k*t !7 *1rt9k2 7 a Pr&)5ta U7,*$t 7,ok97a!$ak yH+t*

5$y* J7,"$$a !7 )o$to7 B!t)orr97 *tt( N* !$#*$k!)o a#+a * a 7,"$$9tX * *$, ! a 69rtok %a y 7,*kt9k J71a (A * r5 * ! 7,*kta $a yr57,t 6o !t!ka! a a6o$ +Qtt 5tr*:a,ok a kott9k2 ak!k MoBa *# %*+5t2 A !t 57 a,

*7,9r a,otta!t !7 *rt5k * +o 7,*r!$t! ka !)9$ak J"t (A 71!t9k 7,*r!$t A ! Ba 9 a "t9$ )!a2 3a7,a$ %o t a, ! a,!ka !)a %a y ! 9 2 "t9$a 6*#! a, )!a( A to%9 !! 9 ok 7,9 9 a$ 9r a 71!t9k !7 * t5r %5 * 5$y*$ %a$$ak2 7 1 y ?+a 7,*kt9k +Qtt*k 5tr*( A * * t*r+*#t*kQ,S Sk a Ut!,*$k*tt*7 2 %a y!7 a * y!k t!,*$k5t ! 9 ot


64/441

!7 *r * : a, "to 7& 5 %* tH$t * 2 7 B1%*! %9r+9k2 Bo y !MaB#!2 * +* *$+*$2 7 5tr*Bo,,a a, ! a,79 or7,9 9t(Irak oBa *#9$ ako779 9$ak $a yo !k r57,* 7,"$$!ta2#* * *B*t 7*$ 7ok a 71!ta B!% !7(Irak a$ a oBa *#9$oko$ k1%S !$t* y $* y*# ! !&k*r*7,t5$y !7 5 2 * 7 7or a$ 4a #a# a$ 57 M&7," kQr$y5k5$(L9tt"k a tQrt5$*t! 9tt*k!$t57 7or9$2 Bo y a k*r*7,t5$y75! *$ kor9$ * t*r+*#t a Fo ya kQ, *$( TQ %9 to,ata

a ak" t k! a, V( 7,9,a# a$( N*7tor!"7 kQ%*t ! @ *$$* !7 *rt5k * a, *6B*7,o7,! ,7!$at Bat9ro,ata!t2 7!%* 7,* *$ 9 tak a r& a! )* )o 977a 2 B!tSk t*r+*7,

t575t a 6*r,7a "ra ko#&k !7 * tHrt5k( 3?7, 5%%* k57 2 akBa k*#&$! ,7!$ato$2 kS Q$%9 tak a o$o)!,!t9k JIrak a$ +ako !t9k$ak $*%*,t5k k*t 2 ak!k $* )o a#t9k *Kr!7,t"7 k*tt 7 t*r 57,*t5r 7,& & ta$1t97t( E k5t !r9$y,at kQ,Qtt a kQ%*tk*, 5%7,9,a#ok a$ 7ok

* *$75 *7k*#57 )o yt(A, ara Bt97 * 7 7,9,a#a! a$ a k*r*7,t5$y*k 5k5 *$5 t*k a oBa *#9$ok * *tt( Ko o7tora!k $* '7ak %a 97!2 Ba$* H%* #57! kQ,6o$tok !7 %o tak( /* *$t7,*r*6Sk %o t a k a77,!k"7 QrQ H%*k t*r+*7,t575 *$2a * y*k*t 7,1rr*2 a+# ara ra )or#1tottak( A ka !)9k "#%ar9 a$ 7,9 o7 k*r*7,t5$y 1r$ok2 or%o7 t*%5k*$yk*#*tt(A ]I( 7,9,a#t& k*,#%* $a yr57,t a k*r*7,t*7 B9 or?k Bat979ra * yr* $*B*,* *tt a *,o6ot9 !a! k*r*7,t5$y*k B* y,*t*( RQ%!#*7*$ 9r '7ak 57,ako$ ara#tak $a yo kQ,Q775 *k 7 $5B9$y ko o7tor(A ]VI( 7,9,a# a$ * a $*7,tor!9$"7ok2 a+# a +ako !t9k tQ 75 * * !7 *rt* a 696a )* 7 75 5t2 7 *a ak" tak a k9 # kato !k"7 57 a 7,1r kato !k"7 * yB9,ak( A$* '7at ako,& $*7,tor!9$"7ok a B* y*k * B?,tak


65/441

%!77,a2 7 Ua77,1r * yB9,$ak $*%*,!k a "kat( A +ako !t9k * y r57,* !7 * ara#t o$o)!,!t9$ak(A )*$t!*k*$ k1%S a, Qr 5$y * yB9,$ak !7 %a$$ak B1%*!57 t* 6 o a! Irak a$(-,& $"$k k* $5B9$y 7,&t a, 57,ak! B* y%!#5k*$ 5 +*,!#! %a 97r& 2 a * y$*k B1%*! a 79t9$t )5 !k 57 t!7,t* y %5 !k2 Bo y a L* ) L5$y a 79t9$$ak a#ta a%! 9 ot2 *,5rt %! y9,$! k* 2 $*Bo y * 75rt75k2 7*$ *7,t* $!2 Bo y $* t* y*$ ro77,at( N*%5t $* 7,a a#

k!*+t*$!2 #* 5 a, o ya$ 7,a%akka !7 %! y9,$! k* 2a * y*k Ba7o$ 1ta$ak Bo,,9(A +*,!#! B!t *r*#*t5t $* !7 *r+Sk( -ok !$#*$t a 9 ao %a7,tott a, !7, 9 & 2 a k*r*7,t5$y75 2 7 t r5 * !%a 97ok & !7( -,*rtart97a!k a$ * )o$to7a 7,*r*6*t aP9%a a$ ya JM* *k Ta"7, +9t77,aX k56 97a!t7,*$t5 y*!k *$ r,!k(D5 Irak a$ 5 5 $*k 7,a *"7ok J%a y a$#*"7ok 2

* y2 5 a, !7, 9 * tt! $o7,t!k"7 7,*kta B1%*!( 3!tSk a 6*r,7a #"a !, "7ra Ja )5$y 57 7Qt5t75 2 a +& 57 a ro77,Bar'a %*,*tB*t %!77,a2 #* a ! o$!2 ,7!#& 57 k*r*7,t5$y* * *k*t !7 tarta a,( /5,"7t $* !7 *r!k * 2 #* k*r*7,t* $*k2 *,5rt $5Ba U/9$o7 k*r*7,t5$y*k$*k !7 $*%*,!k

k*t(

LTZET

A 9to at&$ak a,o$$a 7,* 5 * tH$!k2 Bo y 5 4a#a# a$ !7 '7ak a ako779 * y r57,* %!7* *"r&6a! Q tQ,*t*t(A )5r)!ak )Q #! 5r 2 !$ 7,*rH r"B9t Bor#a$ak J#!7#97a 2a * yr* ar$a %a y )*k*t* kQ6*$yt %*7,$*k( F *%9ro7ok a$ t*r+*#t * 2 Bo y kQ6*$y B* y*tt ,ak&t %!


66/441

7* $*k a #!7#97a )* *tt( F*+Skr* k*$# t t*7,$*k Ja 9 *7*t* k!7 7a6k9t 2 a * y %!#5k*$k5$t %9 to,& 7,1$H:

57,ako$ )*B5r2 KQ,56 Irak 71!ta ak&! kQr5 *$ )*k*t*)*B5r ko'k972 7 #5 *$ 6!ro7 )*B5r ko'k97( A k*$# t )*k*t*kar!ka tart+a a )*+*$(A $ k )*+5t 57 * 57, a ak+9t * takar+a a 7* y* k57,S t)*k*t* kQ6*$y2 a, a 9+a( A atta ) k5$t %9ro7 a$ *"r&6a! r"B9t %!7* $*k(A k"r#ok Q tQ,*t* * 57,*$ 97( A )5r)!ak " yo7 $a#

r9 +"kBo, 7,1$*7 Q%5t kQt$*k2 7 * tQ 7,Qr B1 ,*tt *5$yt %*7,$*k( F*+Skr* tarka !$t9+? 7a6ka k*rS 2 a * ykQr5 t"r 9$t t*k*r$*k( A $ k *,S7tt* 2 ara$$ya 2 yQ$

yQkk* #17,1t!k r"B9,at"kat(

A/NLOTT -ZAKIRODALOM

A, a 9 ! ! !o r9)!a a,ok 7,9 9ra k57,S t2 ak!k

r57, *t*7*$ 7,*r*t$5$*k * !7 *rk*#$! Irak tQrt5$*t5%* 2H%57,*ttQrt5$*t5%* 2 !ro#a 9%a ( KQ$y%+* y,5kS$k *a a yar $y* %H*k*$ k1%S )* %*ttS$k $5B9$y )o$to72Q77,*)o a & +* * H kS )Q #! H%*t !72 a * y*Ma yaror7,9 o$ Bo,,9)5rB*t *k(

A ya t9 9k S,*$*t*( For#1totta R9ko7 -( 4"#a6*7t2; @( A$#ra*2 (: Da7 `!*#*r*$t7ta$#*$* A77"r(

L*!6,! 2 ;@>(A$ta L( C7o$ or 4( Fo#or I(: A %! 9 $y* %*!(4"#a6*7t2 ;>=(At a7 o) tB* Ara `or # a$# tB* M!## * Ea7t(A 7t*r#a 2 ; =(4**k2 M( A(: At a7 o) M*7o6ota !a( Lo$#o$2 ; (


67/441

4a'B a$$2 (: F* 7r* !*)7 !$ A77yr!*$( L*!6,! 2 ; @(4a'B a$$2 (: K!r'B*$ "$# Mo7'B**$ !7 Ar *$!*$ "$#K"r#!7ta$( L*!6,! 2 ; @(C*ra 2 C( (: GQtt*r2 Grd *r "$# G* *Brt* ! 4! #( Lo$#o$2 ; >( ((C*ra 2 C( (: A r5 57,*t r* 5$y*( For#1totta Gott7'B !F 4"#a6*7t2 ; ;( bCBS#* V( G(: A '!%! !,9'!& Q '7 +*( For#1totta -,"Bay3a%a7 E( 4"#a6*7t2 ; ;(

CB! #*2 V( G(: A, * *r Q$ a a a kot&+a( For#1totta-,5k* y A$#or$*( 4"#a6*7t2 ;


68/441

G a7*$a662 3(: A, Qt %! 9 %a 97( For#1totta P9 %Q y! E4"#a6*7t2 ;> (G "'k( 3( D!*, E(: D!* K"$7t #*7 I7 a ( 4*r !$2 ; (Gray /(: N*ar Ea7t*r$ MytBo o y( Lo$#o$2 N*` York *t'( ; ;(3a+$&',! Gy(: A, 561t57,*t tQrt5$*t*( kQr( 4"#a6*7t2

; >(3a+$&',! Gy(: Irak 561t57,*t*( 4"#a6*7t2 ;> (35ro#oto7,: A QrQ 6*r,7a B9 or?( R57, *t*k(

For#1totta T*r5$y! I( 4"#a6*7t2 ; >(I $ 4att?ta ,ar9$#ok?t+a 57 %9$#or 97a!( For#1totta 4o aI( 57 Pr! *7,ky C7( 4"#a6*7t2 ; (/a!ra, Boy2 R( A(: A$ o"t !$* o) I7 a !' Ar'B!t*'t"r*24o ay *t'( ;> (K*!7*r2 3(: A $a y !7t*$$ %9ro7a( .r"k $5 y*,*r 5%*(For#1totta G*r * y E( 4"#a6*7t2 ;>@(K *$ * 4ra$#t2 E(: .ta,97 a, &kor! 4a ! o$ a(

For#1totta Tar$&! /( 4"#a6*7t2 ;>@(Ko or&',y G(: -" *r 57 a yare 4"#a6*7t2 ;> (Kra *r2 -( N(: TB* -" *r!a$72 tB*!r B!7tory2 '" t"r* a$#'Bara't*r( CB!'a o2 ; (L oy#2 -( MS *r2 3( ( Mart!$2 R(: Ar'B!t*kt"r #*r )rSB*$ 3o'Bk" t"r*$( -t"tt art2 Ma! a$#2 ;> (L* -tra$ *2 G(: TB* a$#7 o) tB* Ea7t*r$ Ca !6Bat*( Ca r!# *2 ;@=(Ma o`a$2 M( E( L(: Ear y M*7o6ota !a a$# Ira$(Lo$#o$2 ; (Ma o`a$2 M( E( L(: N! r"# a$# !t7 r* a!$7( Lo$#o$2

; (Mo $9r /( D( E y*# E(: A, !7, 9 H%57,*t*(4"#a6*7t2 ; ;(Parrot2 A(: A77"r( Par!72 ; ;(


69/441

Parrot2 A(: -" *r( Par!72 ; =(P*rk!$72 A( L(: TB* 'o 6arat!%* ar'B*o o y o) Ear yM*7o6ota !a( CB!'a o2 ; >(Po6*2 A( .(: P*r7!a$ Ar'B!t* t"r*( Lo$#o$2 ; (Pr*"77*r2 C(: Nor# *7o6ota !7'B* 4a"#*$k d *r A t'Br!7t !'B*r "$# !7 a !7'B*r Z*!t( 4*r !$2 ; (R*a * !ko$ #*r A77yr!o o !*( 4*r !$2 L*!6,! 2 ; <

;> (Ro" 2 G(: A$'!*$t Ira\( P*$ "!$ 4ook72 ;>>(

-'B$*!#*r2 (: V9ro7ok rt& .t&6!9! ( For#1totta T(T*#*7'B! M( 4"#a6*7t2 ;>@(-tra &$: G*& ra6B!ka( For#1totta FQ #y /( 4"#a6*7t2

;>>(-tro *$ *r2 E(: TB* art o) M*7o6ota !a( Lo$#o$2

; (-,"ro%y G(: Irak! t9+ak2 !rak! * *r*k( 4"#a6*7t2 ;>@(-,"ro%y G(: K!$'7 a Bo ok a att( 4"#a6*7t2 ;>


70/441

UF5$y Q *#$*k 5#*7 QrQ 5 *$((( A 7" *r !ro#a ok!7tSkr*( For#1totta Ko or&',y G( 4"#a6*7t2 ;>=(35ro#oto7,: A QrQ 6*r,7a B9 or?( R57, *t*k(For#1totta T*r5$y! I( 4"#a6*7t2 ; >(] $ 4att?ta ,ar9$#ok?t+a 57 %9$#or 97a!( For#1totta4o a I(57 Pr! *7,ky C7( 4"#a6*7t2 ; (-tra &$: G*& ra6B!ka( For#1totta FQ #y /( 4"#a6*7t2

;>>( ]*$o6B&$: A$a a7,!7,( A t1,*,r*k Ba#+9rat9$ak

tQrt5$*t*( For#1totta F*!$ /( 4"#a6*7t2 ;


71/441

II( .TAK2 T/AK2 VRO-OK 4AGDAD2 A F VRO-

4a #a#2 a, Irak! KQ,t9r7a79 !$t* y B9ro ! !& ako7? ) %9ro7a2 a T! r!7 )o y& k5t 6art+9$ )*k7,!k2 kQrS * S = t*$ *r7,!$t )* *tt! a a779 a$( Itt k*rS aT! r!7 57 a, E")r9t*7, a Fo ya kQ, *$ * kQ,* * * y

97Bo,: t9%o 79 "k k*%*7* 2 !$t @= k ( A %9ro7t&!$t* y = k! o 5t*rr* #5 r* a, or7,9 r57, * y!k

+* *$t 7 )o y&+a a D!+a a Q !k a T! r!7 *(4a #a# kQr$y5k* t* +*7*$ 71k( A, &kor a$ 57 a ka !)9t"7a att k*rt+*!r B1r*7 %!#5k a 7&72 +o 9ra t*r 5k*t *$ 6"7,ta79 ( E,t a %9 to,97t ) * a, Q$tQ, '7ator$9k *tQ #57*2 * 6"7,t" 97a oko,ta2 !$t 97Bo !7 a,or7,9 a$( N*B5, 57 kQ t75 *7 "$k9%a ! y*k*,$*k *,*$ 7* 1t*$!(4a #a# a$ 7ok a 6ark2 $5Bo 2 ) * a )o y&6arto$ #?72* ,ot!k"7 $Q%5$y,*t )o a#+a a 75t9 &t( A 7,5 *7 ?t%o$a akat 7ok B* y*$ 69 a)a7or 7,* 5 y*,!(A T! r!7 yor7 )o y97?2 5 y )o y&2 7,5 *775 * 4a #a#$9 kQrS * S >= ( A 1 a 7,a arra! 9tr*$#7,*r *$* 56S t2 ta%a7,! 9ra#97a! yakra$ Bo,tak )*$y* *t %*7,5 yt a %9ro7ra(4a #a# 5 Ba+ ata * *B*t 7*$ 7,5 7 75 *7( Ny9ro$ a,

= C J9r$y5k a$ 7* r!tka79 2 a, 7,! t5 ! *7 ,57*k aka 9%a = C ra !7 **7B*t a B 5r75k *t(Ta%a77,a 57 $y9ro$ 6or%!Barok t*B*t!k $a yo$k* * *t *$$5 a, * y5 k5$t a *%* '7*k5 y 69ratarta a !att 9 ta 9 a$ * %!7* B*t )orr&79 ot(

A VRO- TRT NETE


72/441

4a #a# tQrt5$*t* *77,* a, ara Bt97t * * ,!# k *$ k*,# #!k2 7 $*%* !7 !7, 9 * tt!( L* * 7* 1t57* 3a "ra6! !#*+5 %a &: * y tQr%5$yk*,57!!rato$ )or#" * 4a #a#" %9ro7 $*%*2 7 *, arra "ta 2 Bo y

9r kor9 a$ !7 Ba7,$9 ato7 %o t( A t* *6S 57 a k57 !5%7,9,a#ok a$ !7 5t*,*tt2 * y ka77,!ta k"#"rr" a, !( *(]IV( 7,9,a# a$ a 2(4a #a#! kQr,*t*t2 Mar#"k a6a!##!$a a ! o$! k!r9 y J!( *( ]I( 7,9,a# k"#"rr"+a 6*#!U4a B#a# %9ro7t * 1t!( 4a #aJ#" $*%* 7,*r*6* a,ok

kQ,Qtt a B* y75 $*%*k kQ,Qtt2 a * y*k*t II( A#a# $!r9r!a77,1r "ra ko#& J!( *( ;


73/441

4a #a# $y" at! r57,5$*k * $*%*,57*k5$t ( A a61t979t aBa yo 9$yok II( -a6"r J@=; @>; -,a77,a$!#ak!r9 y$ak t" a+#o$1tott9k( E y*7 )* +* y,57*k 7,*r!$t 5%!%979ra!r& %o t $*%*,*t*72 7 k57 !7 !tt 9 t a k*r*7k*#$* y*#*(]*$o6B&$ QrQ tQrt5$*t1r& J!( *( V IV( 7,9,a# 7,*r!$ta, A'Ba! *$!#9k$ak $a y 6ark+a!k %o tak 4a #a#kQr$y5k5$( M5 ara )orr97ok !7 * 1t*$*k k5t ! y*$ 6o 697 k*rt*t( -,a77,a$!#a 6a ota JKa7,r -,9 ?r 9 ott

a, I7,a '7ator$a T! r!7 * torko 979$9 ( Ma$7,?r ka !)a *B* y*$ k57 B!#at 561t*tt( E y r5 ! -,a77,a$!#a B1# Jaka$tara a at1ka 1%* t* 9t a -,ar9t '7ator$9t(K*r*7,t5$y ko o7torok !7 * * k*#t*k *rr*)* 5( E,*k *a, ara Bt97t * * , !# k *$ a ak" tak k!( A, aratQrt5$*t1r&k * 1t!k 65 #9" a Da!r Mar)atB!o$ J%a y: aDa!r a At1k 56S *t5t a * y$*k B* y5$ k57 a, aKB" # 6a ota 56S t( r97a!k & a,t !7 t"#+"k2 Bo y a Da!r

a D,7atBa !k ko o7tor a,o$ a t*rS *t*$ 9 ott2 aBo a-*+k Mar?) a",& *" a %a$(I y*$*k %o tak a tQrt5$*t! * , 5$y*k ott2 aBo > *$Ma$7,?r2 a 97o#!k A 97,!#a ka !)a ?+ ) %9ro7ta a61tott( A, "ra ko#& 7ok )Q #*t *+9rt2 a 1 %5 * *7*$#Q$tQtt 561t*$# %9ro7a B* y5r ( A "$k9 atokBo,

5r$QkQk*t 57 561t "$k9 a$ +9rato7 * *r*k*t B1%atotta !ro#a o !$#*$ r57,5 ( Q77,* !7 yH t*k tQ *,r*$-,1r!9 & 2 P*r,7!9 & 7 Irak 97 %9ro7a! & !7 JM&7," 2V97,!t2 497,ra2 K?)a ( A, a a6k *t5t* 5$*k 6! a$at9ta7,tro & "7 %9 a7,totta k!( A "$ka!atokat A " 3a$1)a +o t"#&7 57 561t *7t*r !r9$y1tottaX a, o7 +r +a ! a,2

o#*r$ 561t57,*t! kQ$tQ7 *$ a !7 atBato 4a #a#* y!k 57,ak! kS %9ro79 a$2 a, A,a !+a #,79 ! a$(


74/441

4a #a# a a61t979$ak2 561t575$*k r57, *t*7 * *7,5 57* a,ara tQrt5$*t1r&k "$k9! a$ ara#t )*$$( L*1rt9k a,t !72Bo y ! y*$ *tt2 ! y*$ r57,*k 9 ott( E,*k a a6+9$

* a %9ro7 akkor! a a6ra+,! * r*$#*,57* !7 )* %9,o Bat&2$oBa $a6+a!$k! $yo a! 7* ara#tak * (A, ?+o$$a$ 56S t t* *6S 57 aBo y Ma$7,"r ka !)a $*%*,t*: Ma#!$at a7, -,a 9 2 a 45k* V9ro7a /ak" !JI]( 7,9,a# 7,*r!$t t* +*7*$ k*r*k %o t2 7 B9ro 7,oro7)a yHrH %5#t*( A kS 7 kQr 9t 5r +* kQrS * S ==

%o t2 7 !$t* y @= 5t*r*7 kQ, %9 a7,totta * a97o#!kt& ( L* * S a Bar a#!k )a a, "ra ko#&! 57kor 9$y,at! 56S *t*k*t Q%*,t*2 7 *, %o t a * a a7a 2a 5t*rt !7 )* S ? ta A %aro7 *+9ratak5$t $5 y2 @= Bo77,?2 k*tt 7 ka6" 56S t: #5 $y" ato$ a k?)a!2#5 k* *t*$ a 97,ra!2 57,akk* *t*$ a kBora7,a 5757,ak$y" ato$ a #a a7,k"7,!( A 97o#!k )a at )5 kQrQ7 97tyator$yok *r 71t*tt5k( A kS 7 %5# H *7 a kQ,6o$t!

t5r75 )a a kQ,Qtt a ak&t*rS *t $5 y * y*$ r57,r*o7, ott( E,5 k5t a $* y*#*k*t a %9ro7ka6"t& a kQ,6o$t!t5r75 ka6"!Bo, %*,*t 2 o to,ott2 9rk9#o7 )o yo7&k %9 a7,tott9k * * y 97t& ( Lako779 "k %a y *t$!ka!2%a y )o a ko,97 * ! * y75 *t a kotott( M!$#*$'7o6ort$ak * %o t a 7a+9t 6!a'a !7( A kQ,6o$t! t5r75 B*,%*,*t 9rk9#o7 )o yo7&k o to,ott2 o #a 7&B* y!75 7or9 a$ %o tak a, S, *t*k( A, 1 y k!a ak" t a,9rokat a,o$ a$ Ma$7,?r2 !,to$79 ! okok & 2Ba aro7a$ * 7,S$t*tt*X *,"t9$ a 6!a'ok a ka6" * 5kQ tQ,t*k2 #* >>@ a$ a ka !)a r*$#* *t5r* a k*r*7k*# k 57 k5, H%*7*k a K*r*k V9ro7t& #5 r* )*k% KarkB at* *6S t*k 9t( Itt !$#* y!k 7,ak 9$ak 57 k*r*7k*#* !9 a,at$ak kS Q$ "t'9+a *ttX k57 a kS Q$ Q,%!#5k*kr 7,9r a,& k*r*7k*# k$*k !7 kS Q$ 6!a'okat


75/441

+* Q t*k k!2 * y * y %*,*t %* 2 ak! a r*$#5rt %o t )* * A %9ro7 kQ,*65$2 !$t 9r * 1t*ttSk2 a a7 )a akQrS %5%* 56S t*k )* a, "ra ko#&! 57 kor 9$y,at!* yStt*7*k( Itt %o t a ka !)a 6a ot9+a2 a Na y D,79 !2 a,"ra ko#& )!ata a )!a!$ak r*,!#*$'!9!2 * y ko$yBa 57 B5t#!%a$2 %a y!7 kor 9$y,at! 56S *t( Ma$7,?r 6a ot9+a a%9ro7 kQ,566o$t+9 a$ * * k*#*tt2 a a6t*rS *t* !$t* y

==] == %o t2 7 7arka!t 7! 7,ok97 7,*r!$t a $5 y 5 t9+)* 5 )or#1tott9k( F5$yH, 6o 69%a a ak" t k! a,

* yStt*7( M1 a %9ro7)a ak %9 yo & 2 a o to,ott)o yo7&k 5 *t*tt t5 9 & k57,S t*k2 a##! !tt2 a ka !)a 6a ot9+9 a$ 9r%9$yt 57 * y5 $* *7 k a$ya ot Ba7,$9 tak )* a *7t*r*k( Ka6"+9t ara$y * *,*kk* or1tott9k: *rr $y*rt* a, 56S *t a, UAra$yka6" J49a D,aBa $*%*t( E y $a y !%a$ & $y1 t a 6a ota *+9rata2 * Q Qtt k5t2 k"6o 97 B* y!75 %o t( A 97o#!kata *77,* )Q #Q$ B1r*7 ,Q # k"6o a Ja K" at a KBa#r9

)*#t*2 a * y tQ !$t < a a779 a * * k*#*tt2 7'7?'79t o%a7 7,o or #17,1t*tt*( E, a 7,o or ; ! 9 otta %9ro7 * * a a7a 6o$t+9$2 a !kor !7 %a &7,1$H *%! 9 '7a697 kQ%*tk*, 5$y*k566*$2 *,"Ba$t( A 6a ota)a a! %5 * *7*$ '7ak *$ # t*k ro a2 $oBa a,56S *t "ra ko#&! r*,!#*$'!ak5$t '7ak !$t* y )5 5%7,9,a#! 7,o 9 t( 39r?$ a Ra71# J><


76/441

t5 9 & 561tt*tt* ?++9( A, ! aB9,at *$ 57


77/441

#* 9r a, !#*+5 *$ k*,# #t*k a a+ok a tQrQk ,7o #o7Ba#7*r* * ( .ta2 M?ta 7,! J39r?$ a Ra71#

* k!7* )!a2


78/441

4"%a+B!#9k J;=< =@> kQ,Qtt 2 a+# a 7,* #,7"ktQrQkQk *tt*k Irak ! a,! "ra!(4a #a# a$ * *$ a, !# 7,ak a$ !7 %o tak 561tk*,57*k2Ba $* !7 o ya$ $a y 5r%H*k2 !$t kor9 a$( A k* *t!%9ro7r57, )o$to779 a $Q%*k*#*tt2 =; *$ ?+ )a a%*tt5k kQrS ( A, *kkor! %9ro7)a ak * B* y*,k*#57* 5$a6+a!$k a$ !7 $yo o$ kQ%*tB*t a %9ro77,*rk*,*t *$2 7a 7,* #,7"k "ra o %5 * )* 5 56S t %9ro7ka6"k 57,9,a#"$k * 7 )* 5 *$ !7 9 tak( A a! 4a #a#

* r5 * ! H* 5k*! * a, !# 7,ak & ara#tak )*$$(A ]III( 7,9,a# kQ,*6* a a #a#! ka !)9t"7 %5 5t +* *$t*tt*: < a$ a o$ o ok2 3" a " k9$ %*,*t575%* 2

* o7tro o t9k a %9ro7t2 a * y *$*kS t*kk* t* *2!$#Q77,* t!,*$* y $a6! t"#ta tarta$! a 9t(

M"7,ta7,! 2 a, "to 7& A 97,!#a ka !)a J < 2k5t )!9%a * yStt * a#ta a 9t2 #* a %9ro7 * )o a 979t

kQ%*t Q #Qk 57 *$ k !7 * 6"7,t" tak( 4a #a# 6or!5 *ttX a )* +* y,57*k 7,*r!$t a T! r!7 )*k*t5 *tt a, * 5 *tt5rt5k*7 k5,!ratok Ba "+9t& (A o$ o "ra o kQrS * S = 5%! tartott2 * 7,Qr a,I kB9$ 2 a+# a D,7a a!r!# #!$a7,t!a %o t 4a #a# "ra( A%9ro7t !#* *$ 7,o 9 at a$ 9 & kor 9$y,&k ! a, att9k(KQ,S Sk * $*%*7* A !$ a# D1$ M*r#,79$2 ak!*r t* +*7 561t t*%5k*$y75 5%* tH$t k! Ja r& a * $*%*,*$a y kara%9$7,*r9+ a !7 9 (

r#* *7 7,& 7,*r!$t !#5,$!2 Bo ya$ 9tta a ]IV( 7,9,a#* $a yo ara "ta,&+a2 I $ 4att?ta a tat9r "ra o a att

5 4a #a#ot( E 7 7or a$ a,ok a r57,*k 5r#*k*7*k2 aBoa a !7 9tBat& 56S *t*kr t*7, * 1t57t(U ((( a, o$ %9ro7 ((( r5 ! #!'7 75 * ro ok a$ B*%*r2 7'7ak $*%* 5 5 ( Ma 9r o ya$ r5 %o t 9 a6ot9Bo,


79/441

k56*7t2 !$t Q$ a a 9r$y5ka %a y * y k!B"$yt k56,* *tk56 97a( N!$'7 9r *$$* 7* ! 7,5675 2 a * y*$ a7,* * 6!B*$B*t2 Ba'7ak $* )o y&+a2 a T! r!7(((4a #a#$ak k5t B1#+a %a$((( ++* $a66a kQ, *k*#$*k ra+ta a, * *r*k2 )5r)!ak 57f $ k2 ak!k * *$ 9 a$#&7,&rako,97t ta 9 $ak( 4a #a# a$ t!,*$* y o ya$ *'7*t%a$2 aBo a kB"t 9t tart+9k((( R*$ *t* k!7* *'7*t !7aka#( 3a7o$ &k566*$ 7ok a, !7ko a2 *,*k a,o$ a$ 9r ro a # t*k( 4a #a# a$ 7,9 o7 '7o#9 ato7 )Sr#

ta 9 Bat&((( N* 9tta *BB*, Ba7o$ & tQk5 *t*775 * *r*$#*,*tt )Sr# t 97 %9ro7 a$ (((((( A 4a #a#t& $y" atra *7 kQr$y5k2 a * y * 7 $*k 56S tk!g2 o(7t * $a yo r57,5 *$ ro 2 #* * ara#t * * a,5rt t!,*$B9ro $* y*#2 !$#* y!k o ya$2 ak9r * y %9ro72 !$#$*k k5t B9ro )Sr# +*2 $yo '$ak kQ,S Sk ) *'7*t+* !7 %a$( A, * y!k ! y*$ $* y*# a497,ra Ka6"+a $*%5t %!7* !2 !tt a A " D7a)ar a Ma$7,?r

ka !)a *'7*t+*((( Itt2 a $y" at! o #a o$ %a$ aa",& *" ok kQ,Qtt Mar?) a KarkB! 71r+a2 a 497,raKa6"+a kQr,*t *$((( E,*$ a kQr$y5k*$ 9tBat& a 71r+aM?7,a a K9,! $ak !7(((((( A 4a #a#t& k* *tr* *7 t*rS *t 6!a'okka ,7?)o t2t*k!$t5 y*7 t* *6S 57( L* $a yo 6!a'a a, ? y$*%*,*tthk*##! 6!a'i2 * *$ !$#*$$* H k5, H%*775

* ta 9 Bat&( KQ,565$ a a '7o#9 ato7 N!,9 1+a*#r*7,*2 %a y!7 !7ko a2 a * y$*k 7,5675 *

kQ, o$#97o7( A 6!a' B9t7& r57,5$ 6*#! a M"7,ta$7,!r1+* *#r*7,* 9tBat&((( A k* *t! o #a o$ B9ro )

*'7*t ta 9 Bat&( E y!kSk a Ka !)a *'7*t+*2 a * yka6'7o at a$ 9 a( ka !)9k 6a ot9+9%a 57 akB* y*!%* ((

97o#!k a -," t9$ *'7*t+*((( A Bar a#!k *'7*t aR"7,9)a #7a ! $*%*t %!7* !(((


80/441

jA, A 97,!#a ka !)9k 71r+a! R"7,9)9 a$ %a$$ak((( aM"7,ta7,! ((( a, "to 7& ka !)aX a tat9rok *tQrt*k 4a #a# a t7 * Q t5k t 69r $a66a *tQr57Sk "t9$2*,,* * 7,H$t a a# a$ a, A 97,!#a ka !)9t"7(((R"7,9)a kQ,* 5 *$ %a$ A " 3a$!)a ! 9 71r+a (((

== a$ Ta *r 9$ *tQrt Irak a 57 * 6"7,t1totta 4a #a#ot( E,"t9$ * y 5%7,9,a#o7 tSrk 5$ "ra o kQ%*tk*,*tt27 9 #a$#& Bar' a Bata o 5rt a 6*r,79kka ( V5 S I7, a!a7, -,a)9%! J =; 6*r,7a 7aB !ro#a 9Bo,

'7ato ta Irakot(A, o7, 9$ tQrQkQk %*t*tt*k %5 *t @ *$ a -,a)9%!# 6*r,79k "ra 9$ak( Na y -,o ! 9$ 7," t9$ *kkor2

!"t9$ * )o a ta Irakot2 *%o$" t 4a #a# a( AkQ%*tk*, 7,9, 5% *$ 6a79k ! a, att9k a %9ro7t: Irak tQrQk tarto 9$y *tt( *$ a -,a)9%!# 6*r,7a A 97,7aB ra a#ta a 9Bo, a Bata at2 #* IV( M"r9# 7," t9$

* o7tro o ta2 * )o a ta 57 k!ra o ta 4a #a#ot J @ *$ a a61totta A !$ a# D1$ M*r#,79$2 ak! *kkor 4a #a# kor 9$y,&+a %o t( 61t +* a %9ro7 kor9 ! B1r*7!7ko 9!$ak2 a M"7,ta$7,!r1+* 57 N!,9 1+a *#r*7,*k$*k a a6* r*$#*,575t kQ%*tt*( A k5t7,!$t*72 kQ,56"#%aro756S *t )* 7 * * *t5$ %o tak a ta$" &k 7,o 9!2 a


99/441

)Q #7,!$t*$ t9 a7 ! at*r* B* y*,k*#*tt * ( A, a a61t&t !7!#* t* *tt5k( A tQrQk !# k *$ a, !7ko 9t #,79 !%9a ak1tott9k( A, * yStt*7 '7ak 7,9,a#"$k $* y%*$*75%*! *$ 6"7,t" t * 2 a !kor !7 a Ra71# "t'a 7,5 *71t57*kor ) ka6"+a k!%5t* 5%* * o$tott9k( A, !rak! !7, 9561t57,*t * y!k $a y7,*rH H* 5k5t %*7,1t*tt* **,9 ta ( ; *$ a, ! at*r*t r*ko$7tr"9 t9k(

A +* *$ * !7 * *% Ja B*t%*$*7 5%*k * *+5$ B* yr*9 1tott ) ka, 56S *t $y" at! o #a 9$ 9 ( Er*#*t! * k5t !$ar5 )o ta kQ,r*2 a a o #a ! o7t !7 * %a$( A a a7 ka6" * r*$#*,57* 5 a7,* #,7"k !$t9t kQ%*t!2 #* * * 9$7 ar9$ya!%a 9r a, !r9$! o$ o56S *t*k 7a+9to779 a!t !#5,!( A ka6",atot '7a%art2 kQt5 7,*rH*$k!tSr* k*# ta o,at k*r*t*,!2 7 a, a+t&$y1 97 )Q Qtt 79%okra o7,tott)* !rat %a$( A t5 a561t 5$y * 57, )* S *t5t * or1t+a a B5t 2 $yo ' 2t1, 57 t!,*$k5t 9 ? '7! a ok & 57 *,*k kS Q$)5 * %9 to,ata! &k56,*tt2 )ara ott !$ta( A ka6",at 7arka!$ $* r5 )* t9rt k!7 k*tt 7o7, o6ok * y*#S 9 &ak a a #a#! !7, 9 561t57,*t *$( A !$ar5* y7,*rH: a, *rk5 y5t a 9t9 a7,t& 7,ta akt!tokat 5r#* *7

* )! y* $!(

A M*r#,79$ #,79 !%a 7,* *$2 a 4a$kok "t'9+9%a 69rB",a o7a$ * y k!7 "t'a %*,*t a T! r!7 )* 5( E$$*k a,* *+5$2 +o k5, )* ta 9 +"k 4a #a# * y!k * ! 6o,9$7a H* 5k5t(A KB9$ M*r#,79$2 %a y aBo y r5 * *$ $*%*,t5k: KB9$Ort aB2 *r*#*t! * kara%9$7,*r9+ %o t( A !$ a# D1$M*r#,79$ 561tt*tt* @ ; *$2 Bo y a *77,!r +Qttk*r*7k*# k 7,9 97B* y*2 9r"rakt9ra 7 * y)a+ta k*r*7k*#* ! kQ,6o$t * y*$( A tQrQk "ra o a att * Ba$ya ot9k 57 7ok k9r 5rt*: ;@ *$ a, Irak! R5 57,*t! I$t5,*tr*7ta"r9 ta2 7 a, I7, 9 M?,*" ka6ott *$$* ottBo$t( Na6+a!$k a$ a ?,*" * kQ tQ,Qtt2 7 a, 56S *t*$ ?+a)* t9r97! 57 B* yr*9 1t97! "$k9kat %5 *,$*k( K!#*rS t2


100/441

Bo y a KB9$ * y r5 * ! 56S *t ara#%9$ya!ra 56S t2a * y %a &7,1$H * a, A 97,!#a ka !)9k 6a ot9+9Bo, tarto,ott(A kB9$ *r*#*t! ka6"+a a $y" at! o #a o$2 a a,9r )* $y1 t o7tt" a+#o$k566*$ a B9t7& *+9rato$ 9t 56S$k a, 56S *t *( A r5 ! ka6"

a !7 9tBat&2 #* *,9r%a: * *tt* * y k!7 a+t& %a$2 a * y*$ 9t* y*$*7*$ a, * * *t! a 5r!9ra +"tBat"$k( E a,o$ a$ $5,,Sk

* a ka6"t2 a * y a M*r#,79$ #,79 !5Bo, Ba7o$ 1t2 #* 7! 9 57$* o ya$ a a7( A, a+t& )Q Qtt !tt !7 )* !rat %a$( A, 56S *t 5$y* * a

a 5r!9%a Q%*,*tt2 o to,ato7 *)*#57H2 Bo77,B9,a7 $a y '7ar$ok2a * y ; Bo77,? 57 2@ 7,5 *7( A, 5%*,r*#*7 7,ok97 7,*r!$t2a, 56S *t 7arka! a $5 y 5 t9+ )* 5 )or#" $ak( A )Q #7,!$t*$ !72 a,* * *t*$ !7 7,o a %a$X 5r#*k*775 2 Bo y a t*r*7arok6o$t+a! a$ !7 a+t&k $y1 $ak( M!$t 9r * 1t*ttSk2 *r*#*t! * a a,9r )* ! o #a o$ %o t a *+9rat( Itt a, a+t&$ k*r*7,tS a * 56 * yrQ%!#2 o to,ott )o yo7&ra2 a+# * y k"6o 97 * t5r * +"tott2a * yB*, * y k!7 "#%ar7,*rH t5r '7at ako,!k( E !$#" $ak )* a

56'7 k a, * * *tr*2 aBo * y !%a$ %*,*t k! a a 5r!9ra( I$$*$$y1 $ak a, * * *t! 7,o 9k2 Ba7o$ & * r*$#*,57 *$2 !$t a)Q #7,!$t!*k( A a a7 $a y t*r* o to,ata r*$#k1%S 5r#*k*7(3at #ara 2 !$t* y k5t 5t*r 7,5 *72 7 a 7,5 *k*$ 5 * y * y

5t*r*7 7,5 *775 H B*%*#*r1% kQ,Qtt kS Q$ * *7*$ o to,ott)* S %! 9 1t&k o'79t+9k * a )5$yt( E,*k a ko$7tr"k'!&k k1%S r !7

* "tatko,$ak2 566? y2 !$t a 7*+t o to,ato7 71rok k"6o 9!$9 ( A,56S *t t5 9 & k57,S t2 $a yo$ k*%57 #17,1t577* ( A a 5r!9t tart&ko$,o okat !#o t5 9k & 9 1tott9k Q77,*2 o ya$ok2 !$t * y * ykr!7t9 y(

A M*r#,79$ #,79 ! Q Qtt2 #* ) * a Ra71# "t'a ao #a 9$ 9r a a,9rok %! 9 a t9r" * 5$k $yS,7 tQ *

*!%* ( M!* tt a,o$ a$ U* %*7,$5$k a 7,?k a$2 *$ +S$k to%9 a Ra71# "t'9$( RQ%!#*7*$ a, A !$ t5rr*5rS$k2 aBo a kQr)or a o kQ,*65$ 9 Mar?) a R"7,9)!$ak2 7,9,a#"$k +* *7 Ba,a)!a7 kQ t +5$*k 7,o ra(3a !tt a ra )or#" "$k2 69r 7,9, 5t*r "t9$ * 5r+Sk a


101/441

-"Ba#9 B!#at2 7 * *tt* 4a #a# * y ?+a +* *$t 7 H* 5k5t( D* 5 !* tt !#* !$#" $9$k2 $5,,S$k * a, ?t +o o #a 9$ 9 & 4a #a# M?,*" 56S *t5 *( A ?,*"k!9 1t97a!$ a, 5 *tk567,*rH*$ * B* y*,*tt2 5 *t$a y79 ?)! "r9k 7* 1t75 5%* a a #a#! $56 !$#*$$a6+a! a 6! a$tBat"$k *( L9tBat+"k a r5 !2 7 r57, *$ 5 a !75 )o a ko,97okat2 *7t*r75 *k*t2 t9r7a#a !7,ok97okat( A ?,*" kQ$y%t9ra a 4a #a#ra %o$atko,&!ro#a at yH+t!(

A -"Ba#9 B1# kQr$y5k5$ a a,9rok $yS,7 57* )o a#+a a75t9 &t( A B1#t& #5 r*2 a T! r!7 6arto$ 9 4a #a# * ykor* y*t* *2 a M"7,ta$7,!r1+* *#r*7,*( A, "to 7& * tt!A 97,!#a ka !)a * * t*tt* *,t a, 56S *t*t @@ a$2 a,!7, 9 $5 y orto#o r1t"7a 7,9 9ra( Itt * y*7S t * 7,Qr a $5 y $a y +o ! !7ko a * y U.$!%*r7!ta7 !tt*ra r"

92 aBo a +o o$ 57 %a 97ta$o$ k1%S at* at!k9t2!ro#a at2 )Q #ra+,ot2 or%o7t"#o 9$yt2 tQrt5$* *t !7 ta

$1tottak( T" a+#o$k566*$ a, ara %! 9 * 7 2 * y*t* +** H !$t5, 5$y5$*k t*k!$tB*t ( A, !7ko 9$ak 7a+9t %*,*t 75 * %o t( KS Q$ %1,* 9t972 ko$yBa2 )Sr# 57 k&rB9tarto,ott a *#r*7,5B*,( Na y7,*rH kQ$y%t9r !7 7* 1t*tt*a $Q%*$#5k*k "$k9+9t( E '7ar$ok9 a$ * y H%57,!&ra +* *,t* a #!9kok$ak a, * a#97ok 57 ! 9k 6o$to7 !#* +5t( A *#r*7,* a tQrQk !# k *$ a77a$ * %*7,t*tt* +* *$t 75 5t2 * Ba$ya o t9k2 a+# < @ a$ %9 56S *tt5 a ak1tott9k 9t( Na6+a!$k a$ a, Irak! R5 57,*t! I$t5,*t B* yr*9 1t97! "$k9 ata! 7or9$ !7 5t %!77,a$y*r! r5 ! 7,5675

5t(

A, * $y?+tott t5 a a6 a a6ra+,? 56S *t * y $a y "#%ar J ] @ kQr5 7,*r%*, #!k( K5t7,!$t*7X "#%ar9$ak !$# a $5 y o #a 9$2kQ,56*$ * y * y Bat 5t*r 7,5 *72 !$#k5t 7,!$t a a779 9t 9t)o &!%a$ %a$( A k5t Bo77,o #a o$ 5 to%9 ! k5t k5t !%a$ 9 a kQ,567


102/441

* *tt( A k* *t! kQ,567 !%a$ 7,o 9 ) *+9ratk5$t( A, "#%art* * *t*7 9rk9#7or Q%*,!2 a, * * *t! a 5r!9$ %o tak a ta$" &k 7,o 9!(

A, "#%ar! Bo ok,at '7?'71%*7 9rk9#+a! $5 y7,Q *t*7 k*r*t*,57H*k(A $5 y7,Q *k 7arka!t 57 a, 9rk9#ok a+t&%a 9t $* tQrt )* S 5t5!t* or1t+9k a t5 9 & )ara ott2 6o ! o$9 !7 57 $yo '9 ? '7! a

!$t9+?2 r* *k ara *7,k*k( A kQ,567 !%a$ok * 7 )* S *t*!t !7Ba7o$ & #17,1t57 )*#!(A, "#%ar #5 ! o #a 9$ 9t+9r&k %*,*t$*k * y a a72 k*7k*$y2 o to,ott2 )* S %! 9 1t&kka * 9tott )o yo7&ra2 aBo$$a$ tQ t*r* $y1 !k( Ta 9$ *,*k * y!k* %o t a )Sr# ( Mo7t k!9 1t97okat ta 9 "$k *$$Sk2 ) k5$t a, !7, 9 t"#o 9$y ? t+9t "tat+9k *( A, 57,ak!

!%a$ Q Qtt2 a, 56S *t kS 7 o #a 9$ * y 97!k2 k!)* 5 $y1 & !%a$B* y*,k*#!k * ( A a,#a t5 aor$a *$t!k9+? 561t 5$y a Ba+#a$ a*#r*7,5B*, tarto,& D9r a K"r9$ * y*t *$ * ara#t r57, *t*(

A M"7,ta$7,!r1+* $y" at! a T! r!7 )* 5 t*k!$t Bo ok,ataBo77,a$ * $y? !k a )o y& 6art+9$( M!$t* y )5 a a779 a$)* !rat7,a a Q%*,!( E 79% a att2 a, 56S *t )* 5$*k a )* S *t5t 7! at5 ak*r*t *$2 %9 tako,%a 7,5 *7* 57 k*7k*$y* 2 r* *k *)ara ott t5 a !$t97 *, k #17,1t!k( A )* !rat79% )Q Qtt * y7,*rHt5 a "7tra %a$2 7 *,2 566? y2 !$t a, 1r972 a Bo ok,at tQ ! r57,5t!7 9t)o +a( A k* *t! Bo ok,ato$ *% ) ka6"2 $y?+tott ar9$ya!%a 2 a7,* #,7"k 561t57,*t 57 #17,1t H%57,*t 7,56 65 #9+a( A $5 y7,Q *)o a t '7?'71%*7 ka6",atot k5t k!tSr* k*# 2 kQt5 7,*rH ta o,at kQ,Qtt

Documents

Czellár Katalin - Irak