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1

ǍβǓەaѥ 2012ɞ 1Α 31otildeicirc 2016ɞ 9Α 30ӱ 77Θƿicirc

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8 ŀȐ ƘƘʬпʜբՉͽCcedilĒAtildeY `MĥĢł4

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Ε ڏ

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ȄFĹžlaquokȒƩƭ1UumlǞĹsup3 sup3āŭƉŐuumlŌĎǗ0ń

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2

ńĮȀǛǞcopyŢƵksup3 sup3āŭyacuteƾnZƏƍƉƍkĮETHĽpoundaacute

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ɧ

1967ɞ 8ΑoumlЪĦοƜچegraveѸɾԽţЪĦVOgraveȺ 414ʱپԏ˝

ƛ˝ǀҢڠӼǌǵ ˿ƘƘʬпʜբԡЄīʱ˝ņҢȠcento

ӹӘʜբɾǌǵ˿ҢՉͽϿظԈ 66ԑǺŶЇԳ

ЪĦaƙʝʜբە+xǩʋƂĈɟampǌ˩օƞFʑΒڹ

ǌǉaampӻͽՇƛͽՇƘatildeAЃΒaΒՌʛҮȂAcircȬǓM[1]

9Α 16ЪĦƜńegraveѸԽţЪĦVOgraveȺƘƘǌغ˻Ԗڬ 00

oڔڿӽǖĜǌź˚δҢ+aeligɺҢaѥؼъѮڇ˿Ңǌǵڬ

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ҢЊuumlՉͽάʞؠۓԉǰŶЇԳ

ǍŤάʞۓŻŶЇԳegraveȉţǌǵ ˿ъ˥ӽǖĜǌź˚δҢ+

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hєťڷ

10Α 17ǊŶЇԳƛЕaŴ˭AumlȀȱ

10Α ڷъ˥3ШKҢǵؼȝŶЇԳƥǌǵ˿ъڋ27

ƦؽЪĦΒ2Ǻampҵʩ=ŉMӈԟҙ־egraveӤŊĜǌź

˚δҢگȒڷӪOumlʕʑڠʑՒ˛ampˍҮ [2]

Ղɞ 7Α 28ϲЍƥaϴǌƹUǌǺ3פϲЍ

ҪƘmiddotƘʜբʬˍ˛ampեŋŢͳńӘŶЇԳͽƘƘҢѽט

ȒϲЍˌ҈ҢƓיŻдR[3]ƓיŤϲЍŪżĲ˘Ğ

ŜnЮѴ˚ɷڅŶЇԳ

ͽŶЇԳɟЃΒӧĵΪrڅՊͽiĊʙβҮǿˢغղĝր

ȥɞӻˢϲЍʬˍǺGѻ [4]ƥچٸŶЇԳEumlkiumlPҢŻІҢۑȥ

ɞΛYacuteѨԟ02ΑҢԻǺGŤӆ

ϭێҔŶЇԳŻʜբҿȉƚϲڎьՊˬţǍM

RͽapɷǩƙǓΫEgraveЌٸӼבŶЇԳ7тĎampϟ۷sup2ampɍҢ

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ӆҢĝրȥɞӻˢϲЍʬˍǺGѻӱΘĉѻͳڥͽ 1968ɞ 6Α-7ΑΐŤΘǺGѻǌԐԠΩR 1970ɞͺǍŶЇԳǌԐͽӱΘǺŴ

3

ӪҮҮEuml3ucircɫٿOumlMXc=

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ΫטאʜբҢOumlүҫͽampͽʕΒX֊ץϡ֊ץɸRҔϮ

˷˜ͽҔĜŶЇԳѽʄ]ΒʜբAcircپҢҵן[Σ־ێۆ

Ոלŧ

єՊϡӓ֊ץүүiacuteiacuteȉȉƥƥƦǶƥұɍԟԨMĥ2+Ԓ

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Ȭͽȝϡӓ֊ץҢې

ФīԸʎŭוƘƘʬпʜբOumlүҫ

2010ɞ 6ΑӯՉƥԾƠĦicircѥ$ŉЗαЪĦǌǺƘƘ5Ք

˚ӧҢͳΠ٣ŅEumlǽoӹӘͳΠϡغŉucircѬӧטמԶӨ

$ɟɻΫǉڋדמȝͳΠ3EgraveRҢaѥҢцƘͽƘ

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2010-06-11 075606Չ ϛڮ ФīȝՇѵ414Ңцaѥͽk414ʬпȬͽ

Фīʬп414ʜբȬͽФīʜբՇplusmnƥŖoڣk [1]

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ӄƘƘʬпʜբҢOumlүҫΒۃˆ

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үҫڣҢOůЋOůҢŇͽЪĦοņŶЇԳŻФīϡЋۯ

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ŻҺӠʜբŅEumlOumlүҫȋڇүƦ

ŪǝȄyacuteƾnZƏƍ

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ǫϳampґˆƦȝʜբҢAumlՉŶЇԳ

ą$BoacutelaquoĂicircřbzUumlŬĤoacutefrac14paraĹCcedilĒAtildeY bŁthornOtilde6laquoIgrave6ğbğŝAcircF6wcentń3Acircň

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4

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ФīƥŒӼӪ[2]3Oumlucirc

ƘƘʬпʜբͽЪĦŘ$u־ڇҢǌǵ˿ղɻآMϲЍ

ŻɾͺχҢЌҩuǌǵ˿ҢŀӟͽŔŶЇԳҢŢǺOumlҢԡЄī

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īʱҢȠcent [3]

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ՊҿӧҢ

[1] Ըʎŭ1934ɞegraveЪĦǌǺǺɶӴԈϱɟґοmacrɆɜپΘڥͽЪĦƘƘЕҢ˚ŴŤtЪĦǌǺAgraveǬĆI1983הɞtЧƧǌǺAgraveǬIהӱĆο1985ڠղ 1989ɞtЧƧǌǺӱQtοڠ [2] ФīŒ23CcedilΣĈѻaҢǐ˻httpblogsinacomcnsblog_42cdb3720101dqv5html [3]ƘƘʬпʜբҢĆμɪ7ԡЄīʱ˝ņҢȠcent

5

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ʎŭcurrenФպŶЇԳԡЄīʱ˝ņҢȠcentҢǵՊΰ˚Euml3egraveѸƥ

ӱQӪսЕʮҢʒʮҢٸϩӆ$ΒƃXЕuacuteǌǺʜєҢՊ

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բҢ

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ȸM

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Єīʱ˝ņҢȠcentҫʄRɧŻ ت

ƶuacuteumlǝȄyacuteƾnZƏƍ

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ӹӘכʅԸʎŭƥכʅ3ŅMʜբҢOumlүҫ[1]

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ņԶ 63ɞԑԶӨŉӪƙʝ414ʬпʜբҢץӚoӹӘƙ

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ʅ3ʜբOumlүҫΒEgraveҢNtildeȓѸʅǣכ

1967 ɞ 7 Α3Ͳ0ƘƘҢІՇɒօʙЪۿȃϐųנԸ

ʎŭƘƘԏ˝ƛҢŶЇԳϿAringѻǺOumlMӼӪΒː

ϰؿԁԆ־ێċɆב˛ɘďcurrenŃċcurrenӼӪҢΒФīƣΚԈ

ԡ 0ѻǺΥordmϻɶӴԈɒʄͳƥοicircЪĦtԯك

helliphellip˛p7ʜբΒԚоŗهȬͽϲ8ɗŉĎҢƨĜǌ

[1] άԥԪȝԸʎŭҢכʅicircҟƥщͺӒ2014ɞӱƘΘ$

6

źͽίɇʬпҢˢoͽɻآШKĎՁՁҢԻӉۯ helliphellipŶЇԳҢӟǲĎʕʑǉ8־ͽƥكŻǵەĎEuml8ט־

ьٿiexclґMȯӻ˛pҢːɟampĠigraveճ

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AcircپђM

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ʄͳƥ 2 śϒɜc=ΥordmϻΐЪϑkͽcurrenaʜբچɻ҈ҢX

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helliphellip

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ӱƘʜբΒԚоŗסĵϲ8ɗͽίɇʬпҢԻӉۯ

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MntildeǼʅ

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OumlrPFȬͽʜբҢOumlүҫƥ3ҢЪĦƜɟampͽc=ۃӕ

P

7

ФīŻԸʎŭ2ƥЧƧ2ƥЈƠ0aЈampԐՊŢŖ

centɰؿǌ

QƅȥήוƘƘʬпʜբOumlүҫ

ŤΐͱСŅʜբOumlүҫҢǵegraveѸƥ 13ɞāegraveѡҢԗѡI3

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ǉΫհ۱frac12ʬʶσntildeǼŻǌβьҢטԸʎŭˢѽegrave

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ղǌrdquo [2]

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ҢaampɪשͽФīŻΥordmϻ3ҢtӯՉʜբוťƅȥή

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Ϊǌβʅ

ŞIacuteŒğǮ Ƒƙ

ƅȥήҢŚҵӒە+ŤΎɻΫşҢמEuml3FΒצҙ

ŀЪĦƘƘʱęČŴЀǣϖȬΎOumlӪŘȉγŚҵ

Ӓ3ҢŘȉǒүŻ

[1] ƅȥήŚҵӒmdashmdashЪĦǌǺ 1968ɞldquoҡǌϣrdquo۰Я3ǌǺegraveѡӆ2003ɞ [2] ƅȥήŚҵӒmdashmdashЪĦǌǺ 1968ɞldquoҡǌϣrdquoӱ 145

8

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9

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10

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11

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12

ҢΐͱҢΐΣǯҢڋȝAcircƠҢԏԘ8ȟטҢڸȬɪשi

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1967 ɞӱƘΘԏʡӆטʜϠҿƦȝʐɜپҿȉͽԟŶʱѽ

ȋکҢӼӆטҢآֈՉĶͽѵĈŻEgraveږΒEgraveשҢOumlՠѵĈƥ

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13

ʧdƹדŕɷҢāatildeǍѵĈŻEgraveږɍԟآֈMӼӆטʜϠҿƦȝ

ʐɜ[1]پ7MԮŻӡ϶ѵĈť8ɗegraveatildeǍā˛ŻEgraveږς8

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ȬegraveoŤԏҢ־ڇӆטͽʱѽŻІȱΒEgraveŢʡȋک

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1966=ٸ ɞӱĠQΘԏʡӆטOǌťńͽaҢ

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Չڠ־ˤuacuteҫcent˛p2AgraveٿچͽǢaǢatildeɞoā˛Ȭ־ЏyacuteatildeҡٸampͽוӡפŧΒc

=ĉЈϲЍİĬŻɎıɩͳҢפսʅؾȁϸϬ8ԯ3ƠĜǌźɩfrac14ҧ

14

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ڿʄͳ8ӻȍɆҢڼampղڷʕǉҢͳtԏʡʱԯҢۺ

Ң҈ϡPʐՈڔ

ʱЀǣϖˢҢAcircƠԏԘ8ȟטҢՉȳєΫհѵĈŻEgrave

ӕǄЀǣϖœקȬͽĻŘȬͽĻŘҢדAΒьampŖʬږ

ŶʶΫȝʜϠҿƦȝʐɜپҢȋکՊٳѵĈEgraveآږֈɟťϲЍ

שӆטҢŘȉːƥЪƘƘЕŅƘƘʬпѵEgrave˞ҢEgraveԈ

ȉƥͽǌŖampʜ

ǣδүƙĻŘ˛pŖoЪϑƦҮucircєOҢǌťŻ

ʜϠҿƦȝʐɜٿپƥɸŏŢǂƦʂucircAgraveŻƠȒȟȼҢňڐ

Agraveňӆ8gtňϲЍʬˍҢňźcurrenϠ8gtigraveǲœͽȤɟ

ѕΒgPƦȍӘٿƥɆOslashƉǺEcircşҏچ؇şԑȟɆҢɜپ

ƥոˆTHORNǌǉͽ˾Agrave˾ϲ8ɗƭYacuteӆ8gtخҢ

ͽi 1966ɞҢ 9Αucirc 1967ɞҢ 2Α0Ӽӆ3טˢCcedilҢňźcurrenϠ

8gtigraveǲҢaՁҏɍԟŉڇǌŌĜograveٶŅEumlƥڙԘخ

OҢǌťŉͳϩAœͽȸRՇɜٮپucircڣͽucircMʜ

ϠҿƦȝʐɜپŉͳϩograveڣٶҢʮɍԟŉŌƥ3CcedilۺȲɍԟ

ŢۉťإQΑ٢ЖҢΜɟampͽňȝȢograveٶԕAacuteňźcurrenϠ8gt

igraveǲҢaՁՊͽעơȢňźcurrenϠ8gtigraveǲaՁҢҏȬϡƟȆΫ

ampOcircmiddot2חҏϳڹɰƦ˩ȷŁʜϠҿƦȝʐɜپӆ3טҢѵ-

EgraveFȬͽŤΫƘƘaίĈμϔҢAcircƠԏԘ8ȟטͽo

ŢȢňźcurrenϠ8gtigraveǲaՁiʊԸڶά˩ȷucircograve7ڿٶraquo

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ɫԘҊϡŖˢԏԘ8ȟטƥϲЍҢ[ڱԑ)ԥ

ԨźҢѽטԈ3ЃΒϳːgtœͽ2Σȇט

ĹǩĘƩƭ1UumlǞnfsup3 sup3āŭyacuteƾ

ԏԘ8ȟטҢegraveǄƸΜטאЪϑMͽΒ2Μ8ԋșҫ

EgraveҢٸڣȬͽͽaȢ0őŖoμӸ7ԏԘ8ȟטҢԏ

ʡӆטҢǵǣϡ˔Ʀ˵ʅucircʜբ3ŁEuml˚7ʜբטͳϩ

ҢŵטԑEgraveԈŌĜҢρʛڱϡ˵ʅaͽŶЇԳ ͽФīͽԸʎŭ

ͽΥordmϻ

0ϩטˢԏԘ8ȟטҢǵegraveѸƥƘƘʬпʜբҢӱ

15

ӪڱԑEgraveԈҢŌĜ3іФīҢЈʜբҢāĥپͽҊk˨ӯȂ

˚ҢǣδФīҢЈ˚ӧ0=ٸϩԏʡӆטҢɻȬɪשͽҊ

Фī˵ʅucircʜբ3ŁҢФīͽƘƘVOgraveȺ˿ҢԯؿكŶЇ

ԳΒ7ؿօҢǵגԙƚϡȢԏʡӆטő˔ɻ҈ucircʜ

բ3ŁҢaΒŖեͽФī

ͽӯՉsectͽnotťRͽԸʎŭ˜Υordmϻ0a3ҢȢԏʡӆט

Ңő˵ʅucircʜբ3ŁҢ

ԸʎŭāͽЪĦȍپĆڠپ īՃοڠƕڇҢӱӯΤ ͳΘ

Ըʎŭotildeĉɟ8ԯƘƘVOgraveȺ˿ΥordmϻΎͽɶӴԈɒāƥЪĦ

ȍپɆͳƥοicircЪĦtԯك

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ƨגԙkpIcirc˚MҺ3ײǑrŻAgrave˿AgraveicircҢՓGˌ ĻҢĻϚІ

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հضҢǵ3Β0ڇȷѸ

ӱڇȷѸȬͽ־laquoۯ˶ǵڸڽucircΐڹɰͽaˢo7aҢ

ҢIgraveןօːڭőȬͽӓҢטΜեʅɟɻԏʡӆןօːڭ

Ѹ

ӱQڇȷѸȬͽ־˶ИucircҢȅ3ҢampհДǄǣϓЕ

ʥŻԏԘ8ȟטڥҢҫҫʾɿƦųנԡײՉͽҵןigraveǲ

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8ȟטǌtČ־ۯtČǒŁҢʄΣЕخltΜ8sect

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ҢϣƕΒoǲҬǲҳĊƥʜբ3҈śŀőɻԏ

ʡӆטҢmacrЈȬͽ2־հ˛ڭօń־ɾˬېҢӣegraveל

iAgraveicircAgrave˿3эegraveΫҢԏԘ8ȟטͽƘƘʬпҢρʛΰ˚

Ŗ7ΜʎƘƘʬпͽЪĦǌǺҢήigraveǲןԑȤҵڱ]

ƽӘۊǌ˴

Ԭ$ˢײکGˌڭօːןΜեҢǵσͽ`Ļǉ

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7c=ӯՉampnotťͽŶЇԳȢԏʡӆטҢő˔Ʀ˵ʅucircʜբ

3ŁҢŵ

2ѸͷŉѸؽՉŖoײǵŤپКŶЇԳ3ŻŤҢAcirclaquoۯ

16

ȯӻԏԘ8ȟטRʜբҢɷӼӪս3ͽʜբňȝί

ɇʬпҢρʛטͽŶЇԳĶȝԏԘ8ȟטǩԝΒӓՊamp

ampȶҢʨɰŶЇԳƥŅʜբͳʱͽȢטאҢڇʛƥˢ

ňЕ־˥ǍńƬǍӿ֊ץӞҢȤparaӔڣ$kղҪԏ

Ԙ8ȟטͽƘƘʬпʜբҢ2IgraveNtildeȓͽǽYacuteampͽƘ

ƘʬпʜբҢρʛʬˍrdquo[1]

ŶЇԳ7c=ؽԏԘ8ȟטŵŶЇԳҢȒɲegraveضĵӆ

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ȬՊΐǌҢІЕuacuteҢȝ˺ʄєͽ3CcedilAgraveNtildeoϲЍŻ3Ǒ7

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Ntilde$ȲҢӓȝ˺ccedilʕigraveǈigraveͶȝϠƥŉŻɵҢӉҢňťʬՈۯ

raquoͽiɜپǲɽŅEumlŶaՁ3ɷǩҢ

ƥЪĦƜΐͱːןucircɟegraveǣמsĠɞҢaͽЪĦǌǺƥο

ҢƲŗиŤٶʙҊRograveڶҢparaǲȆڶѵڪǌѵϪڪɘigraveǲۯ

RʊԸڶάs oograveУ RІлŻڇɜǲɽƥoumlΘҢГĎۺӳ

ΣĈOǖȝϲҢѽטҢڇʬՈŻҔ־иŤRڶʙȢĥɞҢfrac14ڶ

ʙˢoƥĎoumlΘȬȝegraveҔʄєڶȆڠΘ8ӻːןʆʨƶ

ǉǉȥȥȝڶʙΒˢʋƂΒEgraveۯraquoͽڶȆƲŗؿͱΒEgrave

1966 ɞ 8 Α 4 ŶʶΫǙϲźΫucircЪĦƜƥՑŬiexclɆԚЕŻňɆ

ԚЕҢטيŤŶʶΫƥ3ۋŉMлוŶʶΫפוŤڶʙƥοƜ3

egraveǌǵ˿ѝҢŶʱѽͽɜc=ӹӘɜc=Ťڶ

ʙƥƙʝӪ3Oumlucirc

ƥǌǵ˿3˛raquoʅMʱѽƥϚaǌ$ҢפוєŤ˶ɶ

ƠĠɞΫջŻەҢ˚ԦntildeegraveΫ˶3ǑŻ8ɗȝXɆҢמ

sntildeegraveΫ˛ѧuacuteӣegraveMAgraveҢڋĵʜŢ[ēĎҫԠŠҢ

ĵҡվڋMAgraveҢŇҡͽ˛џџegraveΫҢѧuacuteʂڋ

ҡȒOҢڋFͽ˛џџegraveΫҢ˛հɌ˒02ڋͽ˥amp

sectҢhelliphellipǌǵ˿OumlǢoŤȬ˶ǽƥЪĦǌǺMǌǵ˿ҢԽţ

ͽ [2]ƛטيɜǲɽۺ

=ʙƙʝɜcڶǌǵ˿egraveāڶʙŻʑǉɜپǲɽɍԟɷǩ

טאĠɞͽŨͽԏԘ782ڣMՊڶʙҢӵτʄєͽȆҢ[3]

[1]ŶЇԳœΒϲЍײ˖MltƘƘʬпʜբgt2012ɞ 9Α 29 ʙӼӱڶegraveѡӆڞͶ3ۉ789 [2] 40 ʙӼӱڶegraveѡӆڞͶ3ۉ789 [3] 38-39

17

=ʙҢɜcڶЃΒAacuteЪĦaԯكҢЪĦǌǵ˿Ϻԯ3

Β2לAŖoלͶڶʙɾǌǵ˿ҢǶƥ1966ɞ 8Α 22Ŷʶ

ΫӱQϚƥЪĦǌǺՁǌ$ҢפוΎhelliphellip$Ϛ˛ƥפוچoŤЃ

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=ʙҢǌǵ˿ɜcڶŖo7 ԏԘ8ȟטƥЪĦƜΐͱҢϴ

ʙҢegraveѸȂAcircӰŠʜբ3ɻ҈ڶȯӻEumlΙդԁԆͽڥ

ҢntildeǼEgraveRǌǺ3ҢІЕuacuteΐʌɫΐϠҿƦňMӆڱԑugraveҤҢ

oslashٮٲՊ[ҢĴΠ˒ɻŉIgraveΒڋȝʮŻ۲يʮҢňťʬԊœե

πҢٸŅEumlǲɽ2aՁ3ՊampŖե[RacuteǌȚپRCcedil[Agraveɜ]laquoۯ

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Ңşӓʬˍamp˥$ڱԑҢѐĳȬͽ۱frac12ʬˢҢǶƥYacuteȆːן

ĜǌźampȐMɜڱپȲŅEumlǲɽҢƸΜugraveҤFȐucircM7ɜپ

ȲӆƸҽҢɮǌaՁҢƸΜugraveҤڱ 2ӆƸҽěāҢAgraveƛɆۑǤҢ

۹ɜ˚ŴٸXϲȆʮ7XͳƥٸҢaՁěigraveǲןԑҵڱ]

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ҢɕoԏԘ8ȟט7ԔwơƥЕʮO37հضҢІugraveҤҢ

ΐǌĜՊOͽԏԘ8ȟטˢNtildeХҢŨȆҢraquoǍІnotťʮ

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iԏԘ8ȟטҿȉեɻȟegrave˥sectԣǌǉɜپҢΗmɺ

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ͽƛЕeacute 414řnotiexclǿҢұĈьȯӻҫث˛ƥʄͳF˒ucircͽƘƘʬпҢ2ػՙ [1]

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ŶЇԳŃʛʨǣ٦ձɡчBӉĵucircM 1976 ɞʄƘaɘ

˸ԏԘ8ȟטaeligϞۺǚͳŶЇԳhєƥϝɫچƦŔƌڱ]

ԑȬƥCcedil[AgraveNtildeɟ7ϡOcircϚڒژAacuteѭ [2]ampŖoלʄɞʜբ3

ҢԏԘ8ȟטҿȉampͽŶЇԳ˵ʅʜբ3ŁҢŖϢלͶ

ŶЇԳʄɞFҿȉЃΒ˖ΜʎƘƘʬпԏԘ8ȟטƥѧΣugrave

ҤڱȲňѽטԈ3ҢslaquoˢƥampeǣϡҪղ 2014ɞʄԸʎŭƥכ

ʅʜբΒԚоŗهȬͽϲ8ɗŉĎҢƨĜǌź

ͽίɇʬпͳŶЇԳєȝϡǌampo7є7MלͶʜբ3ЃΒň

ҢоŗסŶЇԳƥԶ$OumlӪkŶЇԳƥ3ŻŤiΫٿЃ

ΒňȝϲЍ8ɗFЃΒʌɫŨȆĜǌź7ϡŶЇԳȳє

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18

ntilde 1977ɞɾǌǵ˿ڱ]טԑȬƥCcedil[AgraveNtilde7לԀӁ

ƘaɘŤamplt˛ń^ǌǵ˿־ϹքͶĦƠږԥԨƭ

ϲЍ8ɗEgraveR[ڱԑȬƥCcedil[AgraveNtildeҢѽטoƥʱԠג

ҢƸҽ$ԥԨԊiexcl3לƠCcedil[AgraveϸampŌպҢخǲԠδ˛ƚ7ϡ

ĝ^ʄȱoһƫ˰ƘaɘҢňźԻAacuteѭՊEgraveȬͽ 30

2Α [1] ײԺϩǵүͽŔaʟampӊƐӮampɍű

ŶЇԳΎԟƥkҢI3ʕːЎЎƦucircπrPǌԐͽƥAtildeĠɞmouml

Θ[2]ͽգՆΎǔ˛ͽƠȈהʱIٹգՆ

ucircɫͽƚ7ŶЇԳҢӓ7ˤȢEumlӘ7הʱIٹƠȈҢŵͽƚ

7գՆٹҫcentʜբ3ҢٸXoĠɞԏԘ8ȟט7ρʛҢňnotť

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ƥŔƌ ՊƎҢampҢӵτєͽڣ2ŵԑȬƥCcedil[AgraveNtildeڱ]

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ǌكŻŶЇԳƥʜբە+Ť 40 ɞҢІлٿƥלͶүϠЃΒײ˖Ը

ʎŭȆӟŤҢʜբaϠͽŶЇԳΜa ղϡŖoȝŶЇԳ˙ǣ

ʄ 1976ɞڊӒʄŚ-Ħ҈ϣĈƘaɘͳԏԘ8ȟטɍԟ

ƦAacuteڙڮɋگʇǓFۦ2ІAringŠʇҢɉʕMĻŘʮҢբugraveϡŢͳ

MƠȈŶЇԳҢˣ3єՊҊRІ$ҢˑڌŻshyΠцŻȝĠ

ɞԏԘ8ȟטƥCcedil[Agraveːןʆʨ3ҢѽטslaquoҢː2ןІAringŠʇ

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ӞŖӮҢˆսEumlŖӮӚɰƽӘӮΐƚ7ӳзӞPөєŉƥ

ҢЪĦƜ3ۉƉaՁՕ΅ۺ

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ɻ҈ԏʡӆטǵҢa

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ԳӪՒͽŉӈԟҙՊʜբoacuteϩЪ΄ǵЏэldquoŶЇԳrdquo

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19

ϳΒEacuteئҢײՉŖoŁՄکŶЇԳoŤŉҢװǉˢѽטʮ

Ӫװǣڱ]טԑȬƥCcedil[AgraveNtildeouml3ĦͶҢȔȓɰԤ۱frac12ʬ

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ҢьŻհɌҢѽШ7

ǣ 2016 ɞ 3 ΑŶЇԳƥԶ$ŉkҢȝѧպѽטҢʱמoslash

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FampͷɕҢخٺՊĶӽ7ampԤӆ8gtҢՇخ

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ƘŶЇԳוƘƘʬпʜբOumlүҫ

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ucirc 2010ɞФīԸʎŭAumlɷטʜբҢOumlүҫĻͳǌԐ 7ɞƥ

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ȂAcircپ˳ٳigraveүҫȂAcircǒʨ

OcircgȉǪnZƏƍ

2003 ɞƅȥήҢŚҵӒegraveѡŤƪڥΒ2טמѓEuml3oʓО

_ŻЀǣϖҢӪΐIgravemʮȪEumlͽЀǣϖҢӪŘȉȬƅȥή

I3ҢٸϩפĵԸʎŭȝƘЕҢΐǌlsquo؈ѱrsquoͽkϰؿԈԤЧĀƦʱԠŻʃԕMƘЕҢьɟƥטאŻcurrenƘƘʬпʜբͳԡ

(טǉΫհ۱frac12ʬʶσntildeǼŻǌβьҢחMש

Ҕegraveڡ

ƥΘڥŶЇԳΎOumlӪEgraveRҢԏĲEcircԉמЀǣϖƅȥ

20

ήʓО_ҢΒEgraveьƥӼӪ3ŶЇԳŅMƅȥήҢŚҵӒ

IͽŶЇԳȝƅȥήI3EgraveRʜբOumlүҫҢЈĶЃΒԡegrave2

ǵҢטמ

ӯՉѯИŶЇԳiexclЁҢŀƚŖեΒ0ӓ

ӱӓŖեŶЇԳςΜȬЃΒײ٧ƅȥήҢŚҵӒAcircIƚϡƅȥ

ήI3ҢٸϩʜբOumlүҫΒEgraveҢǵŶЇԳ˜חςΜȬЃΒҮucircǣ

δүͽπŶЇԳЃΒŉΒڋȝʮҢטמFȸϠə

ӱQӓŖեŶЇԳҮucircMƅȥήEgraveRʜբOumlүҫҢٸϩǵͽ

ҊRƅȥήєǝMԸʎŭĶɟЃΒŶЇԳ ղƥI3)وӪսgԞ

ŶЇԳEumlaƚϡŶЇԳampˍƚƅȥήI3ҢőآפOטƚ7ɻآO

ŖեͽΐҢ٣œեǉҢaŁEgraveЌʜբҢOumlүҫiexclЁט

ĖǚȋunZƏƍ

ŶЇԳۯϚŅʜբҢOumlүҫͽƥ 2006 ɞegraveѡҢĜǌźͽĻ

ŘҢڙעoӹӘ I3ڙע

˛igraveͽŶЇԳgԞЪĦҢǵμͽپigraveӱپigrave70ڙע

ʛ3ҢӱQپigraveͽӪϺԯŶЇԳȢk 2006ɞoāŉҢӪٿʅ

Euml3ƥ˛ʛ3ҢЪĦƙʝ414ʬпʜբҢץӚӪս3

ŶЇԳӱϚ7ؿՃȉƦƙʝMkOumlʜբҢӚɟ˳ԸʎŭŻФī

ΎԟŃcurrenʜբ

EgraveRԸʎŭŃcurrenʜբҢˆTHORNŶЇԳͽπҢ

7MϢoslashȆƘƘʬпʜբoumlӟucircɫͽŨǣ˛հɌˢΘΖ

ԸʎپƘʬпʜբoumlӟZԡM˛ΐcenttҢЪĦɜӓϷɝ˛ȢƘٸ

ŭׯkȝƘƘʬпʜբoumlӟegraveːɟcurren ԸʎŭŊ˛ҢƘƘʬпʜբoumlӟŤӱQǍȬ˶kcurrenŤ

ҢƘƘʬпʜբԝӟƙԡ˛kʄĵʨ7Ӫƥѽט$ʑ

ΒϷɝՊOumlʕFʑǢŢͳԸkȝӪЃΒc=currenœͽk

ʕӪΐŤϩȰΒьparaֈѳƚϡk7˛ФպMϩǵɟ

ċMϩntildeǼňίɇЕҢʅϡǈԸʎŭȝƘƘʬпʜբΒ

02ΑҢƘʬпʜբāȬͽԸƥ˛OumlƘٸѱ؈7aҵҢ2

πǲΎ˛atildeΜ۱frac12ʬŻntildeǼҢȤOacuteǲEuml3ΒΜȬͽntildeǼҢטɇ

ЕɢӜʮŻȤ[ڱԑʮƚϡʑʤntildeǼҢטɇЕɢӜʮŻȤ

ƘʬпʜբˢoԸǉьȬ˛MƘװԑʮ3Ңڱ]

21

ЧΒ˒Ʀȝθ 414Е˚ŴlsquoȤǲըцāXǍ˛ocircԡkΜɇЕɢӜҙntildeǼҢטɇЕɢӜʮŻȤ[ڱԑʮkʑʤ

ȬհǣƦȢѽ҈טƥƘƘʬпʜբچMrsquo [1]

EgraveRФīŃcurrenʜբҢˆTHORNŶЇԳͽπҢ

ҊRƘƘʬпʜբʕucircԸʎŭҢȆ˛ʛ3ȬΒMɫƚ

7ƥЪĦʕucircԸҢȆȬͽʕucircAcircЪĦѽט$ΐۺԑuacuteҢȆұ

˛YacuteȆOcircȢƘƘʬпʜբԝӟucircǺ3ŁעňRͽ˛ׯ

Ɇƛяфїї˝ԚҢФīȬͽŤΫƥɷ3otildeĉĝ^Ƙ٧

AumlŜҢФī7ƘƘʬпʜբԝӟːԠδӱQǍȢӟ

ǲƙΫͳӪҿȉʑǢampɪשȢEuml3Ң02ϩɧsect22

˛ЃΒʄĵň۲ҢːՊͽʄұŻԸʎŭҢڇەǆMҢː

ԸŬMĵĀňȝƚ7Ըƭ7ӪŀΫҢϩɧʑǢ[2]

2010 ɞ 7 ΑŶЇԳƥ۰ЯegraveѡEgraveRldquoƠȒEacuteYrdquoӵҔIƥϡ

I3ŶЇԳOcircϚŅФīʄɞŃʜբӟPŶЇԳπ

˛ΫФīΎԟΒʶRآldquoͽ3kͽ˛־ڇҢǌǵ ˿414ʬпʜբҢ02ӟardquo [3]

ʃʱŶЇԳҢ$ǵEuml־ьǣ

ӱŶЇԳ˳ԸʎŭŻФīͽʜբҢӟՉԸʎŭampͽʜ

բҢӟՉՊͽʜբҢԝӟa

ӱQԸʎŭȝʜբЃΒmacrc=ĎœͽƥӪԠȰċMϩntildeǼň

ȝίɇЕҢʅɟФպMǵ

ӱŶЇԳє˳ФīͽʜբҢ02ӟaФī

ȝʜբˢmacrҢIgrave؈ѱŶЇԳœФīɶדŌĎϩɧ

2ɶדԸʎŭŨYacuteіŶЇԳҢЈФīȝʜբҢ؈ѱatildeAŖ

oʦҒampŶЇԳńΎФīΒʶR˛AāŤҳҬ

ӱƘʜբ3ɻ҈ҢntildeǼҢьΫհntildeǼҢטɇЕɢӜʮŻȤ

טԑʮՊڱ]ɇЕɢӜʮŻȤ[ڱԑʮȤOacuteǲͽԸʎŭƥŶЇԳ

OumlʜբāatildeǍZԡŶЇԳҢԸʎŭƥʜբԠȰǄċMϩntildeǼň

ίɇЕҢʅ

ŶЇԳ$ǵŖoʃԠ7őפԸʎŭФīєŃcurrenʜբ

oumlӟͽҊRʜբҢʬˍь ǵԠΰ ɍȆƱٿƥoumlӟ3Ȭك

ˢoԸʎŭŻФīȝEumlЃΒmacrc=ĎœͽФպMǵƚϡampœͽ

[1]հŶЇԳĜǌźͽĻŘҢͽڙI3˛ʛ3ҢЪĦӪսӱ 93 [2]հŶЇԳĜǌźͽĻŘҢͽڙI3Ң˛ʛ3ҢЪĦӪսӱ 93-94 [3]հŶЇԳEgraveRldquoƠȒEacuteYrdquoӵҔI3ӱĠӪӱƘսӱ 152

22

ФīěԸʎŭƥNtildeȝʜբˢmacrҢ؈ѱŖoȂAcircʦҒamp

OcircgEacuteyuml

ƥФīŻԸʎŭɷŏפוāŶЇԳԡaҢĳAɟampʞזƥkҢ

ǵ3ŅФīŻԸʎŭʄɞŃʜբӟPƚ7ŶЇԳƥհɌҢǵ

3ɍԟΐǌڹɰƦʀĜMԸʎŭŻФīȝʜբˢmacrҢ؈ѱˢoŶЇԳƥ

ŅФīŻԸʎŭʜբҢEgraveԈͳȩեiexclθӓҴʨɰ

ͽucirc 2010 ɞӒǹʄԸʎŭŻФīɷŏפוŤŶЇԳȬȂAcircǒ

ʨMkԨOumlMƘӼӪ[1]ŉƥЪĦοņԶ$ȂAcircampҪەФī

ԸʎŭŅҢʜբOumlүҫ3ҢIgraveԛս

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ǣʜբāĥپͽampͽФīOumlҢʜբҢŤĥپͽampͽԸʎŭ

OumlҢ

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ǺʜєҢՊampŖٳfrac34ҢΒƃXЕuacuteҢntildeǼʅŅEumlҫEgraveטדǵͽamp

ͽegraveհФīˣ

ǣΥordmϻͽŨŃMʜբҢcurrenɟ7ʜբɻʅMװΪntildeǼ

ʅ

ǣʜբcurrenӟͽŨŶЇԳђϫ7c=־ђϫӳӳӳӳ

ŶЇԳƥŅʜբҢOumlүҫͳœͽ˔ƦȢڙעI3EgraveROuml

үҫҢٸϩǵ˵ΫɟdivideڼMEuml3ҢoǵϡǈԸʎŭȝƘ

ƘʬпʜբΒ27aҵҢ؈ѱٸȬͽԸƥ˛OumlƘƘʬп

ʜբā02ΑҢπǲΎ˛atildeΜ۱frac12ʬŻntildeǼҢȤOacuteǲEuml3Β

ΜȬͽntildeǼҢטɇЕɢӜʮŻȤ[ڱԑʮƚϡʑʤntildeǼҢט

ɇЕɢӜʮŻȤ[ڱԑʮ3ҢװǉьȬ˛MƘƘ

ʬпʜբˢoԸЧΒ˒Ʀȝθ 414Е˚Ŵlsquo ȤǲըцāXǍ˛ocircԡkΜɇЕɢӜҙntildeǼҢטɇЕɢӜʮŻȤ

rsquoMچƘʬпʜբƥƘ҈טԑʮkʑʤȬհǣƦȢѽڱ]

ŶЇԳdivideڼϩǵҢ҈ːŖեampϟR־ʀĜԸʎŭȝʜբҢ؈ѱEuml3

ҢǟǥȓӯՉŒӼOcircד

ŶЇԳƥƘӼӪ3҈kˌ҈ҢshyǌӡҢפ ՊǽҢɺ

ԸQaˮɟնІǌώwơ҈ІʲŦבԸQaڢƔѸʅŶ

[1]ŶЇԳҢƘӼӪͽƙʝ414 ʬпʜբҢץӚƙʝ414ʬпʜբsup1ȝoΫԸʎŭҢʱמoslashĜǌźǌҢڙעԃӈȻɷˇ+ǌטאҢɧɛ

23

ЇԳҢǒʨǵǣ

ФīƥǲڼچMѶɹkҢأԑЖϵˣϩʷampҵՏƦsup1ʄԸʎ

ŭ414 ʬпʜբĻŘҢ۱āĩǈ˛pƥЪĦοņԶɷMƙӵФīǲegraveҢڇǌІڣҢˇ+ǌטאҢɧɛ[1]

Фīť˛ŉĎأԑЖϵɺҢeacuteEumlςΜŀƚampͽФīհɌ

ȝ414 ʬпʜբҢΣΒc=EacuteئՊͽФīȝĄǖŶЇԳɍԟΒҢ414 ʬпʜբҢΣΒEacuteئƚ7ФīŖե7ʑŖեեthornŶЇԳȝФīˢƥҢϴ8ЕҢźςǲϴ8ʬˍ

ҢڗampŖҢĔ[2]

ԸʎŭФīӳˣ٧3Ơϴ8ЕҢţicircѥщͺӒҢ

Ըʎŭכʅ414 ʬпʜբҢĻŘӽ414 ʬпʜբ

Іȉϫƫ˛ҢІţɟȢհɌĻŘƦȆσ7θӓІքۈń

ͽڇлMkѓRІȤĎŊհɌІugraveҤҢ(ʺ˶˙[3]

ŶЇԳƥӪΐŤh˒ːѪΛȯĶŖRͽөєӈԟƦۺŹ

ȻΫآ

ĜǌźǌҢڙעԃӈȻ

۱frac12ʬntildeǼϲЍ7MAcircaӿעơʌɫЪӺΜ8gtӐΒ

uumlčςʮҢǌҢڙעԃӈȻ[4]

ŶЇԳǒʨampϟRϡҊRФīƥŅʜբOumlүҫͳMő

ŶЇԳ˪ʛհڣƘƘʬпʜբӼӪەچΒ

2ǵͽOumlҢŧ RͽŶЇԳoEumlaІoEumlaضkƥ 2014

ɞ 5ΑŉҢEgraveR414ʬпʜբotildeŘҢǅʢʅ3OumlucircPȉ$Ф

īȝʜբ2ǵFЃΒΪΒҢːFЃΒ [5]єФ

īȝʜբҢ؈ѱŖoӳ7ٸی=ŶЇԳƥEgraveRldquoƠȒEacuteYrdquoӵҔ

I3ˢآldquoΫФīΎԟΒʶR˛ͽ3kͽ˛־ڇҢǌǵ˿

414 ʬпʜբҢ02ӟardquońiآŵŐaSՊampcent

o7ŶЇԳegraveȦňȦamp7اcent

iӼǒʨҢǵ3ŖoҮegraveФīŻԸʎŭEgraveRʜբOumlүҫҢŉ

ˆհɌҢʛҿȉЧЧƦyumlтMŶЇԳŶЇԳπ

ԸʎŭŻФīƥ˛ŶЇԳҢźЃΒԝԠҢfǍȳєR

[1]հŶЇԳĜǌźǌҢڙעԃӈȻɷˇ+ǌטאҢɧɛŉRЪĦοņԶӨ [2]հŶЇԳƙʝ414 ʬпʜբҢץӚŉRЪĦοņԶӨ [3]հŶЇԳȝoΫԸʎŭҢʱמoslashŉRЪĦοņԶӨ [4]հŶЇԳĜǌźǌҢڙעԃӈȻɷˇ+ǌטאҢɧɛЪĦοņԶӨ [5]հŶЇԳEgraveRlt414ʬпʜբgtotildeŘҢǅʢʅϠɺAumlɷƙɪltщͺӒgtŉҢltԸʎŭכʅgt

24

ʄұ˛Ңەŉegrave$ΒEgrave414 ʬпʜբץӚҢүͽב˛ŋMΒoΫΐϲ۹ʿєҢϚԃӈyumlтkpԡR˛ҢԃӈyumlтҔ

ͽ˛aҢǌ˄ſ[1]

ȯӻŶЇԳƥϚPEgraveʜբOumlүҫҢOů3ѸʕʑǒʨMחǉ

ʜբOumlүҫϳampҫEgraveҢפkͽוMەπϩĨ

ҜȆʬҜ˛ʑŤʽʄoumlƥ3ǺͳmregǢѽĜŻĻŘՊampǢǢ

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ųuacuteԸʎŭФfrac34ٳҢaȆեǋ˛=ٸ˿ɘď˛currenǌǵض

īđM [2]

ŶЇԳΎƥڙעI3ԸʎŭȝʜբҢ؈ѱͽФպǵѸ

ƥń˳հɌƥ3ǺͳmregǢѽĜŻĻŘՊampǢǢǺGƚϡ

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ǌǵ˿ͳʜբԝӟ$ڼMΒ˛ŻԸʎŭҢӯǈЃΒӱ2aҢ

ӯ[3]

ͽEgraveRʄɞʜբҢԝӟrФīԸʎŭĶΒŒǈҢЈ

ФīŔŶЇԳҢŢǺOumlҢԡЄīʱ˝ņҢȠ

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ѱMegrave؈ȠcentҢcurrenRͽ˛˶ȩΛŉҢӟٸŃȝŶЇԳ˛ׯٴ

Ϋ˚7ǌǵ˿Ңāĥپu[4] ԸʎŭkŶЇԳʄƨ˶˛pcurrenҢɫӟŅˢΒrAcirc

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ҢԡЄīʱ˝ņҢȠcentŻФīآֈҢƘƘʬпʜբՊX

ɫӟŅEumlEumlǽŤΫƩŶЇԳђMƚϡҊФīZlջӆƛҢɪש

[1]հŶЇԳƙʝ414 ʬпʜբҢץӚŉRЪĦοņԶӨ [2]հŶЇԳƙʝ414 ʬпʜբҢץӚŉRЪĦοņԶӨ [3]հŶЇԳEgraveR414ʬпʜբotildeŘҢǅʢʅϠɺAumlɷƙɪщͺӒŉҢltԸʎŭכʅgt [4]ФīŒ23CcedilΣĈѻaҢǐ˻httpblogsinacomcnsblog_42cdb3720101dqv5html [5]άԥԪȝԸʎŭҢכʅicircҟƥщͺӒ2014ɞӱƘΘ$

25

ͽ2ȆӟŤҢ˵rҊRŶЇԳЃΒŃʜբҢȆӟƚϡ2˵

r$ampɪשΒŶЇԳҢӯ

ŶЇԳ˳ͽФīұʜբԝӟŁջӆƛ˵˚ǌǵ˿[1]ǣδүҢǣŶЇԳˢФīȝʜբЃΒ2ǵҢ؈ѱ7c=ͽ

ФīՊampͽŶЇԳȢʜբZucircldquoջӆƛrdquoŵ

ʱŶЇԳҢЈŻФīԸʎŭҢЈҫŁEuml3ȆΒ

ƥ

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ˢoڣ2טא־ͽƚ7ΒXЪĦaěŶЇԳΜaƥNtildeƥ

ΒEgraveʜբҵן[ΣʃȸڣҢ3ŲѸegraveampɪΒҢҵŻ

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Фī҈أԑЖϵˣϩĄǖŶЇԳɍԟΒҢ414ʬпʜբҢΣҢwơȂAcircͽʔēҢhelliphellip[2]ŶЇԳldquoƚ7414ʬпʜ

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26

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27

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28

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29

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30

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31

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33

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34

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35

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36

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ĔĈ3٩жڠɵ

ϠǣשntildeǼʅˢʂҢǌǺ3ҢІЕuacuteҢӆȸʮʃςԠɫ

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AacuteʜբҢŵ˵ʅͽΪntildeǼ=ٸ

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ҪەЪĦǌǺ3oograveУ7mҢňЕuacuteҢǶƥ

2010ɞӒǍʄФīƥЪĦοņԶӨۯϚטʜբOumlүҫͳŶ

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37

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ɇЕɢӜҙͽɇЕɢӜʮ

հntildeǼźۑɞҢtČҢٸϩʅҢΫĻɍԟЪϑە˛pטא

egraveհCcedil[8gtĎ3ҢldquoɇЕrdquoɢӜҙҢntildeǼʅҢʅˆTHORN

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ɢӜҙҢntildeǼʅͽampͽҊŶЇԳ˵AacuteʜբҢ

ƥŅntildeǼȝʜբҢʋƂͳśӘȝʜբ]ΒΣotilde

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ǣϩί7ΒئҢǵ

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38

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ɐȦcԫ8gtͽƥňȝɆaĎNtildeپƃXaҢO3˚ڠǁǌŻʕucircڜэ

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ŎʔՈևƸͽntildeǼ8gtІǺҢΰ˚ntildeǼҢldquoɇЕrdquoɢӜҙؿɇ

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ЕɢӜҙӼӪ

ϰǣ1967ɞ 4Α 20ϲЍOumlπϩ˰ӄŁҢAtildeΪѸƥ

ҢĠΪԠŠآΫͽȝҢɇЕآΫMȝӧەFآΫMFamp־ԋΒ

ьňǆΒǢǄɭ8gtͽȝΠ8gtҢˋԹ־ťňە[1] Euml3ɭ8gtͽȝΠ8gtҢˋԹЈȬegraveհntildeǼɇЕ

ɢӜҙ3Ңldquoɭ8gtʍʍͽȝɆaĎ3Π8gtԻҢӓˋԹ

0ӓғʆͽTҫsup1Ңrdquo

1967ɞ 5Α 11aϴ˿ǓѡŉԽţtӧҢӪӪoldquo

ɭ8gtͽȝɆaĎ3Π8gtԻҢӓˋԹrdquo7μȢňȝɭ

8gtucirc2ίۺҢІۺɰӪɻ҈ntildeǼҢפƚ7ɭ8gtՉldquo

єۓəlsquoѮяƦrsquoeacute[ڱԑͽkpͽӨƥ[ڱԑ+ҏҢӧƨ$rdquo[2] Ӫȉڵ$ͽƥغϲЍҢ˰ӄԃӈӄňЕĵȢťň־

AcircƠŻЪĦƜňЕҢآœͽπͶҿҢՖňЕҢІcentśҿЃΒɻە

ڇǋا

ҊRaϴ˿ŻԏʡӪҢȍ҈ntildeǼҢɇЕɢӜ

[1] AtildeΪŻĠΪͽ3ǑtimesǬŉɐҢtimesڬΒEgraveҢӄ [2] ntildeǼטɆaAgraveȝȄҢʨɰ1909ɞntildeǼۉ٣ӱQķaϴegraveѡӆ 1965ɞѡӱ 278

39

ҙĶƚϡƥ3ԏԏʡԽţӪŉŤղȥƥĝ^Ңپigraveǌ

3ǺǺ3ΎegraveѸ2ײکntildeǼɇЕɢӜҙҢȤѓпŶЇԳˢ

ҢԸʎŭťkntildeǼȤOacuteǲɪשȬƥ2ͳϩoӯՉԸʎŭťŶЇ

ԳˢIɪשͽntildeǼҢɇЕɢӜҙՊampͽɇЕɢӜʮ

7ћŉͳҢoumlǺҢӯՉȬͽƥ2ٸͳΘײکMɇЕɢӜ

ҙҢʄєײ˖ŨȬŒʄuacuteטMͽśӘѽטȒҢŶЇԳĶɾUgrave

ΥˠȢntildeǼҢɇЕɢӜʮŻɇЕɢӜҙ0Ш7Ͷ

Mc=œեͶհǩ˟ ϟucirc 2006ɞҢ 40ɞڥŶЇԳǩԝЃΒ

˖ntildeǼҢldquoɇЕrdquoɢӜҙŻɇЕɢӜʮςΜȬampͽӼӪՊͽ0Ӽ

Ӫ

ŶЇԳŖեղfٿЃΒːןucircհɌegraveM2ǉ=أԑԑҢЎҫՊ2

ЎҫҢegraveѸȉȉƥƥƦųנ+a2үҫŶЇԳن؇MԸʎŭҢչփ҈ʛ

iΫȬЃΒǢǢײntildeǼҢCcedil[8gtĎ3ҢldquoɇЕrdquoɢӜҙ ӼӪƚϡ

ʅʄєFampŖեͽҊŶЇԳ˵ʜբƘΪհldquoɇЕrdquoɢӜҙҢntildeǼٸ

ҢampeǣϡegraveѸƥƘΪntildeǼʅŤƘΪʅҫEgraveҢטדʮǵ

FampŖեͽŶЇԳOumlҢ

yOgraveaeligŦicircƝĂƉǖűǑcopyŢƵĤȂyacuteƾyen

ŶЇԳampȢɇЕɢӜʮŻɇЕɢӜҙШ7ѕΒg

PƦhelliphellipʑʤntildeǼҢטɇЕɢӜʮŻȤ[ڱԑʮ3ҢװǉьȬ˛MƘƘʬпʜբrdquo

pΫҮҮ˛בȬ=ٸntildeǼҢטɇЕɢӜʮŻȤ[ڱԑʮ

3ҢװǉьrdquoͽŨŶЇԳMʜբ

7MOumlΜԈntildeӯՉԛײMɇЕɢӜʮӼӪntildeǼƥӼ

Ӫ3ȝɐƁβŅEumlίɇטьίȯփեPѸ˵ʅւɜԃʇőǲǣ

ő 1kpFѝհӘ7[ڱԑҢCcedil[8gtՉƚ7ƥkpض

ԑҢѧuacuteǉڱ]ԑҢѧuacuteȥȤڱ]$

ő 2˛pƥCcedil[8gtՉʡ$ucircǄٿŖoҮegrave˛pҢɇ

Еamp˖ʕ[ڱԑҢڑҢԒʒoŅǣƷIcircӓԒʒkpП٥MЃΒ

ƟȆڱԑѧʮҢȤ[ڱԑҢҵןigraveǲҢʛѽ

ő 3ӡפӼǔǔEumlͽЃΒƟȆڱԑѧʮҢȤ[ڱԑ

ҵןigraveǲҢѧʮΒԚԜҢ[ڱԑCcedil[8gtՉȝRΒӓlsquoGʮrsquoҢa

40

ȆԡoˋԹǌϓΐؽF־ċoƓӮŻڕEumliacute؇ՓČ

ő 4`ѝҢɇЕCcedil[8gtՉՇȉpœͽƥ2Ƃ_ס

őŢŒ2Ƃ_סőڥċʂΒΠՔԈŖͽӓʑampǢҢΒΠՔ

ԈƊ

ő 5ŖѝҢɇЕCcedil[8gtՉkpҢƭYacuteʮٸ=ǉhelliphellipՊʬՈ

ĈĶٸ=ȥ

ő 6˛pҢlsquoɇЕCcedil[8gtՉrsquoȬͽπҢakpƥŏǓ$ͽʄєkpFЧcentհɌͽȤ[ڱԑҢˆҢaՊƥȉڵ$ĶϠǢͽ

ɘďȤ[ڱԑϠǢͽ7Ȥ[ڱԑēϠǢͽѸȤ[ڱԑҢ

ьhelliphellip

ő 7ƚ7בȤӐΒՉҢɭѩʨԥԨŁȬͽΐǌΐ1ڇҢ

ĴڽǽҔ˛phelliphellipɆaڱԑԟǺMʩπiexclĲƠȒӖɧΫňȝȤӐΒՉҢɭʮhelliphellipٸͳȬAcircĆѵѢʳ˛ǣϡΫʆȓӆ8gtҢɊƟȬΒMiexclל

ő 8ԠטœΒ2ɇЕCcedil[8gtՉˢƠȒΜ8gt

ͽȝ˛pҢǯҢטͽ2ίǌҢԟЙڙǽЪϑƦלͶkpȂAcirc

˚MȤ[ڱԑʬˍҢ

ő 9ɡՊXźAgraveҢŉȷŘoŅɐȦcԫ8gtǽpO

ҢĻŘԡ˛pґMşӓͶҢIacuteƱEuml3ɇЕӆźAgraveaŅɭ8

gtՉsup1igraveѸegraveհɌͽӓampǌǢҢźՉIacuteƱ

ő 10ɐƁβՈȜ[ڱԑ)ҢtČͳͽەťŁՊampͽەť

ΛΫhelliphellipɐƁβregreg lsquoЃΒЌːucirc ԑڱ]ԑźȒĞuacuteRȤڱ]rsquoźȒҢƦɐƁβЌːucircMɟұڇegraveMɪשlsquo˥ӁrsquolsquoыϫrsquoҢƠȒ

Πΰɪשlsquo˱Ρrsquo[ڱԑӳӳѫѓҢȤ[ՉF˓ː=ɜҢ

helliphellip

io$˵Ңő3ŖoҮucircntildeǼȝȤ[ڱԑlsquoɇЕrsquoCcedil[8gt

ՉɭѩʨȤ[ڱԑźȒȤ[ڱԑҢҵןigraveǲҢʛ

ѽŻȤ[ڱԑҵןigraveǲҢѧʮMاǋsup1igraveҢփŻǣδŶ

ЇԳʄɞҿȉײɇЕɢӜʮӼӪœێȢ$ntildeǼҢňɇ

ʅŀȠampĎ˜ӛċĎ˵AacuteʜբĵŖ˚7eacuteЕҢڗugraveϣƕٱ˕Ң

ͽ˛pƥʜբ3Ķ˲ampucircntildeǼɇЕɢӜʮӿőҢϳرʋ

=ͶMcœեͶŶЇʄɞɪĽςȬЃײntildeǼҢɇЕɢӜʮ

ӼӪ

ς$igraveα˛pɍԟҵntildeǼҢɇЕɢӜҙŻɇЕɢӜʮ

41

ςΜampͽӼӪՊͽ0ӼӪՊʜբ3FЃΒʅntildeǼɇЕ

ɢӜʮҢǵőegraveѸƥʜբ3ҢΪȟɒʅ3ΒƘΪʅͽ˵

հntildeǼҢɇЕɢӜҙՊЃΒΪͽհntildeǼҢɇЕɢӜʮƚϡ

ŶЇԳוҢԸʎŭЧΒ˒ƦǔǝkҢPɪשͽǲΒ

ŶЇԳ7c=־ԯԸʎŭǔǝŶЇԳҢŵ

aҢΜեͽyenΫҢʛѽǺȒ7aƥǺפҢŢͳFŢͳǺ

MքƠΞևֆǌǺʛѽǺȒռȦʙbullǯҁղ7ȤǻǲǍȬ

ΒˢampŢҢʮŻȤǻǲͽ˚ɞa a־=ͽ7M

ΫآŢϢ˚љŻplusmnAcircضͽʛ΅ЃΒ=־ǔǌ˚Ȭ˜ڙ

ҹҢampǣҢƢͽȬȆېegraveһԭŶЇԳˢҢntilde

ǼҢטɇЕɢӜʮŻȤ[ڱԑʮ3ҢװǉьȬ˛M

ƘƘʬпʜբrdquoɟŋucircԸʎŭǔǝȬͽ2ЃΒˮƢҢ

copyŢƵ0G2ǔǄľkyOgraveǉZƉacutethornĮETH

ǣ$ˢŶЇԳƥk 2006ɞԯҢԗѡĜǌźͽĻŘҢڙע

I3ƙʝʜբOumlүҫͽŶЇԳƇϚטʜբOumlүҫIgrave

ԛսҢǵȬͽƥϩǵ3ŶЇԳוM2հɌǣײکntildeǼҢldquoɇ

ЕrdquoɢӜʮɟȢϡIҢьʜբɟŋucircԸʎŭǔǝҢP

ͽ2010 ɞӒǍŶЇԳƥЪĦοņԶ$ŻФīȬʜբҢOuml

үҫŉOůͳkƥհɌҢƙʝ414ʬпʜբҢץӚ3ϩɻ

҈$ƙʝҢͳumlĶȝϩǵMĀːҢdivideսՊdivideսҢNtildeȓϠǢͽٸ

ϩѸȢΛdivideսΜŻdivideսΜȝіǣ2

ΛdivideսΜհĜǌźͽĻŘҢڙע

ԸʎŭŊ˛ҢƘƘʬпʜբoumlӟŤӱQǍȬ˶kcurrenŤҢ

ƘƘʬпʜբԝӟƙԡ˛kʄĵʨ7Ӫƥѽט$ʑΒ

ϷɝՊOumlʕFʑǢŢͳԸkȝӪЃΒc=currenœͽk

ʕӪΐŤϩȰΒьparaֈѳƚϡk7˛ФպMϩǵɟċ

MϩntildeǼňίɇЕҢʅԸʎŭȝƘƘʬпʜբΒ27

aҵҢ؈ѱٸȬͽԸƥ˛OumlƘƘʬпʜբā02ΑҢπǲΎ

˛atildeΜ۱frac12ʬŻntildeǼҢȤOacuteǲEuml3ΒΜȬͽntildeǼҢטɇЕɢ

ӜʮŻȤ[ڱԑʮƚϡʑʤȢntildeǼҢטɇЕɢӜʮŻȤ[

ƘʬпʜբˢoԸЧΒǉьȬ˛MƘװԑʮ3Ңڱ

42

Ʀȝθ˒ 414Е˚ŴȤǲըцāXǍ˛ocircԡkΜɇЕɢӜҙntildeǼҢטɇЕɢӜʮŻȤ[ڱԑʮkʑʤȬհ

ǣƦȢѽ҈טƥƘƘʬпʜբچM ҊRƘƘʬпʜբʕucircԸʎŭҢȆ˛ʛ3ȬΒMɫƚ7ƥЪĦʕucircԸҢȆȬͽʕucircAcircЪĦѽט$ΐۺԑuacuteҢȆ

divideսΜհƙʝ414ʬпʜբҢץӚ





MϩntildeǼňίɇЕҢʅҊϡdivideŁ 233ǵ ҊRƘƘʬпʜբʕucircԸʎŭҢȆ˛ʛ3ȬΒMɫƚ7

ƥЪĦʕucircԸҢȆȬͽʕucircAcircЪĦѽט$ΐۺԑuacuteҢȆ

ŶЇԳ7c=־divideս2ٸϩŵӯՉ7Β0ӓŖե

ӱӓŖե7MʀĜԸʎŭȝʜբˢ؈ѱ

ӱQӓŖեFחŶЇԳɍԟŉѸMհɌ3ҢкА7MampOcirc˩2

ӢɘҢ

ʄє$0ӓŖեɟampҫTŖեIumlՊΒ

ʄє˜חǶƥұӱӓӱƘӓŖեͽΐΐagraveҿҢӵτœǶƥR

ŶЇԳΜaҢʛ3kťײՉ2ӵτŧ

ňʬ 2OcircǺGҢӚŶЇԳˢoƥͽٿͽOumlӪͽOumlIט

ƙʝӪ3ۮېȬͽƚ7ŶЇԳʛԧНشйاRҵĥղf

atildeĠɞǣǩԝЃΒIcirc˚չǢҢǺGGˌǣδŶЇԳIcirc˚MչǢҢǺGG

ˌkΜɪשƥOumlڙעIͳڇρȝʜբ3ΪȟɒʅҢegraveǄ

ɟүײکȟɒŀւ˶ϡPmacrĵʄɞʜբ3ҢXʅampͽҊŶ

ЇԳ˵AacuteʜբҢFampղRegraveϡЎҫ

ƘԸʎŭ˵AacuteʜբҢͽƃϩntildeǼʅ

ղϡ˛pɍԟלͶʜբɻ҈ҢAringϩntildeǼʅ3ղȥΒUϩamp

ͽŶЇԳ˵ʅŁҢĵٸƘϩհntildeǼɇЕɢӜҙҢʅoŅҊ

ФīհntildeǼźۑɞҢtČҢٸϩʅΜӪս˛pȬΫטאհ

ntildeǼҢտԫƳΣҢʄātČҢٸϩʅͽa˵AacuteʜբҢ

43

i$սɻ҈ŶЇԳҢǵ3ײՉŉѸ2ڣ єŶЇԳۓəň˒Ņ

ԸʎŭȝʜբˢmacrҢ؈ѱͽkƥĜǌźͽĻŘҢڙעI3ͽ

ΪͽҊԸʎŭ˵ʅŁҢʅ3ղȥΒʜբ3egraveѸҢւɜΪȟɒ˳

ŶЇԳҢŀפͽπҢ

kԸʎŭʕӪΐŤȰΒьֈѳƚϡk7˛ФM

ϩǵɟċMϩntildeǼňȝίɇЕҢʅrdquo [1]

єŶЇԳ˳Ըʎŭ7ʜբċMϩntildeǼňȝίɇЕҢʅ

ҢϩegraveѸƥʜբŶЇԳˢىΜӪսȬΫigrave=ٸӪΐŤȰ

ҢntildeǼňȝίɇЕҢʅͽƃΪʅ

іŶЇԳҢЈntildeǼňȝίɇЕҢʅͽegraveѸƥӪΐŤȰ

Լٸ=ϩntildeǼňȝίɇЕҢʅAȬɪשͽʜբ3egraveѸҢΐ

ŤٸΪڙʄ˚ntildeǼʅҢǌβʅͽǣāˢϩʅҢڡͽ

ňřnotϳЃΒňίɇҢːʬŻʜբAcircňίɇҢ8ʒίampŠƚ

ϡŶЇԳˢҢҊԸʎŭ˵AacuteʜբҢntildeǼňȝίɇЕҢʅampɪשͽ

Ϊʅ

ǣδүײکʜբ pŉѸʜբҢǵԠΰͽ2ͶІԠΰ

ɷӼŻԠȰͽIcentԠΰĵԡЄīʱ˝ņҢȠcentՊȠcentҢoumlӟآ

ֈՉͽŶЇԳԡЄīʱ˝ņҢȠcentҢcentۯŻcentȰǕƥ3ڥҢϠ

ͽ2טԠΰʜբҢρʛNtildeȓŻ8־ьٿǶƥR2ǕȲ3

EgraveRʜբҢϠҢ˚ӟФīΒۓəIgraveҢЈ˛˶ȩΛŉ

Ңӟ؈ѱMegraveΫ˚7ǌǵ˿ʜբҢāĥپuՇԸcurrenҢ

ŀcent˚7Ťĥپigraveˢoǌǵ˿ŉͳ8μ҈MƘƘʬпʜբ

Ćμ҈MԡЄīʱҢȠcent

ƚϡςФīҢЈŖoŶЇԳˢҢӪΐŤȰǄɪ

Ӫ414ʜբҢԠȰǄՊampͽԡЄīʱͽʜբҢϠΐŤש

˝ņҢȠcentҢcentȰ

ǣδ2И˚ӧҢٸפ=ŶЇԳˢҢҊԸʎŭƥӪΐŤȰ

ǄċAacuteҢntildeǼňȝίɇЕҢʅȬɪשͽāntildeǼʅ3ҢӱAringϩĵ

ƥźɍԟћŉڦʕѓфΗǍҢͳumlc=aٿΫŃċźΒ

ҢҊRĪԓҢѫѓΒҢͽ7Mءͳ־ۻվίǌҢĈ϶Ŗo҈

ġمփҢmsˤեiӓزթҢźȒˣچlsquorsquoegraveΫ

ϩʅegraveհntildeǼҢɇЕɢӜҙāҢigraveαŻטאҊRŶЇ

ԳЃΒүײntildeǼҢɇЕɢӜҙˢoשϩʅʄєampͽҊŶЇԳ˵

[1] ŶЇԳĜǌźͽĻŘҢͽڙIҢ˛ʛ3ҢЪĦӪսӱ 93

44

ʅՊͽҊԸʎŭ˵ʅucircʜբ3ŁҢ

ɪ˳שϩntildeǼʅҢ҈ͽʜբҢǌ_ь҈թҢźز

ȒΫĚėǌȚŅEumlίɇЕǺҢІʆͽĠigraveĎҢ

ͽǣδ˛pүײکʜբ˛pŉѸϩʅŻӱUϩʅͽ

414ƦϚegraveѸƥʜբҢۄڥʜբӪս3ҢӱUϩʅͽ

tǌźȪEumlͽӆ8gtźĵnampŉȝǈ˝OFYacuteamp

ampԟƠNtilde˝OՊƠNtilde˝OҢԟЙһƫϰȝƠǈ˝O˚ҢǌƠNtilde

˝OŉġҡӓĎŻsect˗Pr˚ǌҢίampͶҿĈډίampɝ

ҢШKѩTHORNӆ3ҢşӓƫigraveǲډʄєۓəǉǌĥٿͽȤ

]ԑһڱ]iacuteĴΠҿraquoȤiacute˝OŻԑΒՔԈҢƚ7ڱ]

ՊXƫigraversquoǓlsquoېampŌͳumlհєampեغϫkpӓaƥǌlaquoۯ

ǲlsquoېǓrsquoȬampեampѨ7ڙЖϵ7˹ΠŅşӓƫPƿǉ־РڼӓѸȬʜվͳڥʜΒڑҢˣծ

ϩʅegraveհntildeǼҢտԫƳΣҢʄātČשOumlR 1918ɞϩ

ͽסڛʅҢEgraveȤ[ڱԑȝʜբסڛXEgraveҢˣծڑǓې

ňίɇ8ͰآucircMίʂяҢаι҈

2a˵ʅucircʜʅͽampͽҊŢʅŻ$ӱAringϩntildeǼӱUϩntildeǼ=ٸ

բ3ŁҢŵǣδײՉjԛ0ײکϩʅŤەҢԬǵӵτȬЪϑM

Ѹ˵ʅϩǵǣ

ԑڱǌź3ňĎڼ˫ԈntildeɆȂ˚ˢegraveҢӝƟΣ־

ґΫҢԻүϠȉѸڭcurrenňcurrenҢҩҢЃΒƘƘЕπ2үϠm

ȯĈaacuteȥԟڥեǋƥźΘugraveҤҢźЕͽampŖեҢۺԑΐڱ]

ЙһƫҢШKѩʨɟƥǖŊբugraveŤƛԠiacuteĈډȯĈʵǆX

ampŖٳfrac34ҢһƫӝȆШKѩTHORN־եǋ҈ڑҢˣծ˥eacuteٸXƥǌź3

iacuteѨԻ7Жϵ7˹ΠӳѸҢƫigraveǲŻǓې

եǋȂ˚iٸXءͳۻơӋҢزթҢźЕˣ3egrave

ΫҢtČŵœեͽƥϲЍʬˍҢfrac14قіՆƥ˝3amp[ڱԑ

ĜҢɐȦcԫfrac12ĜҢƘƘЕ

ʑєڣ ϩǵҢOumlՉȢ$0ϩʅ3ҢEgraveסڛҢˣծڑѨ

эegraveΫթҢźȒزǓې7Жϵ7˹Πڙ

ɟȢntildeǼŀ3ҢթҢźȒز 7ȢթҢźЕزѨ7ڙ

7ѨԻ7єŤԬŠ˚őפ

0ϩntildeǼʅҢ҈ċ$ŤԨǵҢجΰ˚M414ʜբӪս

3ҢΐEgraveڛʮҢǵFͽʜբAcirc3ΐԃʇҢϩampͶMίɇЕҢ

45

7ѧʎFͶMkpҢІʃȖҊR0ϩntildeǼʅŻŤԨǵڥΒұί

ʂҢEgraveՔʮˢo0ϩntildeǼʅҢ˵ʅՉŻʅŤەҢŤԨǵҢOumlՉ

ɪשͽŢ2a

ҊRŶЇԳœͽʜբoumlӟҢآֈՉЃΒŃʜբҢcurrenŻȆӟ

ńampןΥordmϻՇɒńҊRŶЇԳЃΒүײɇЕɢӜҙӼӪ

ŶЇԳŢͳń˳ƥӪΐŤȰԼЩċntildeǼňȝίɇЕҢ

ʅҢͽԸʎŭˢo0ϩʅŅEumlŤԨǵʑŖեȬͽegraveհԸʎŭˣ

ʄєFΒŖեͽԸʎŭŻΥordmϻŠҢԠδɦ ҊR0ϩʅҢ˵ʅՉamp

ŖեͽŶЇԳs o0ϩntildeǼʅŤەҢŤԨǵҢOumlՉʄєFȬampͽŶ

ЇԳM

1968 ɞ 7 Α 28 ʜբegraveӲɞŤϲЍȢɆȍڬŴŅҡ

ţ թҢźЕزȢǌȚŅEumlҢˣծڑŴЕ۵ЪĦƜ҈˚ڬپ8341

ʕԀԂʜբ3ˢɻ҈ҢntildeǼ˚ͽүŖҢˣծڑ

ͽŉegraveϡaampͽŶЇԳ

UǌβʅͽntildeǼʅ

ղϡʜբ3egraveѸҢAringΪntildeǼʅҢΫĻɍԟטאȂϱѸƥ˛p

ȬΫטאʜբ3ҢΐŤϩˢntildeǼʅŅEumlҫEgraveˆTHORN

ʜբɻ҈ҢΐŤϩntildeǼʅegraveѸƥʜբҢԠΩԡЄī

ʱ˝ņҢȠcentҢcentȰ3

ntildeǼʄƝۆegraveѸҢͳumlʄƦɝƥԘegraveѸȤΟSҢͳuml

Ǟ3aҢXѧʎƥkpض$ȬѸʕѧuacuteŖӮœ־˛pΒc=Ʀegrave

ѸMXƝۆŻۅӀkpȬӧĀʲˊآΫamp־ɹegravec=PˆΫœ־

Ŭc=ƦΒœŉegraveЂЂҢƂǂЃΒȂAcirciАǲچќegraveΫ

kpӧĵȬŦʕʍŤ˝ʛˇǌƌǌŔǌۆʄǓMտԫƳ

ΣȬ־хYM [1]

κکѱŖҵʜբˢɻ҈ҢשϩʅςΜampͽc=ntildeǼʅՊͽ

ǌβʅϩʅհ 1930 ɞǌβƥՔCcedilɐ3ǑǬŴťӱĠAring

ϚmǌҢІ˿ųԠپטigraveʜբ7c=egraveѸϩǌβʅŵ

ͽȢϩǌβʅɾUgraveΥˠ˚ͽntildeǼʅҢŵ

[1]ǌβՔCcedilɐ3ǑǬŴťӱĠAringϚmǌҢІ˿ųҢԠטǌβAcircۉӱ 13ķӱ1315

46

ıAEligōǤdivideǵƩcedilĪfrac34Ɖƽĺ

ǣδʜբҢՉҪײکǌβՔCcedilɐ3ǑǬŴťӱĠAringϚm

ǌҢІ˿ųԠپטigraveŀɟi3שҪ˵ʅשϩʅͽamp

ŉӓɾUgraveΥˠҢڙҢͽƥشĎҢͳΘבŃՉےʛײک

ĠķΜҢǌβAcircۉatildeAͽӓӈٸפ=ϩǌβʅńͽǣ

AacuteucircʜբՉҢ3ڈŁҢŵ

ǌβҢϩʅƥ3ƠӱϚ҈ڇہ 1959ɞҢɨȺדΒEgrave

1959ɞɨȺדΘڥograveсУ[1]7MɘďϲЍȞ˲˰oslashʊʙʧřnotΠ8

gtҢѽۉטMւɜȟɒʅɟԯك˚Oacuteţ۱frac12ʬ8gtՉɪʄǣ

ϠҿƦȝʐźҢՁĎӹӘՁĎ

1959 ɞ 8 Α 2 ograveсУȢϡOacute$˿IהǄIהʊүIהǄȢEumlغ˿ղϲ

ЍϲЍײŤۥܒǌ˂8 Α 15 ϲ7EumlOuml˰ƥϡ˰3ϲЍ

ʊɾŶ˶2ɨȺatildeAؼMĥϲˏ˂ƦӘMograveсУԯ

ʅϲƥ˰3OumlucircҢȟɒك2rƥ˛Ңυǲ$آΫҮ

ͽ˛ҢatildeϩפŻntildeǼҢatildeϩפҩŔmacr۱frac12ʬ8gtՉɪʄǣϠҿƦ

ȝʐźҢՁĎampҵͽƃӏˤŢʡĉҢkӺͽ˲ucircMatilde

ΠEgraveεatildeȣeacuteъťұɨȺ3דҢřЕΓņCCDDƦŉȡM

ǌƺѺъʁCcedil[AgraveNtildeҢigraveЕřʕŖOcircřҢٸXΓņppŬ

ъǂMŧ˥3MpҢ־ȐЃΒŵ

8 Α 16 EacuteΛȯҢϲЍOcircϚ7ՁĎOuml˰ĵٸӼţ

ҢΠEgraveεŻeacuteъҢΫĻŅEumlǽ

ՁĎCcedilۉϲЍʅ 6 Ϊ۱frac12ʬʅ 15 Ϊʶσʅ 05

Ϊ[2]ntildeǼʅ 7 Ϊǌβʅ 2 ΪŠ 17 ΪȟɒʅɨȺדŤ

ograveсУԯكҢՁĎicircҟƥ 8Α 30aϴ˿ǓѡǓΪʄΑӱ

ĠΘԏʡFڇہicircҟϡAcircƠşƦҢegraveѡӆٿǌډƦĳyacuteŉM

ΜȤOacuteǲ

1970 ɞҢɨȺڷ$דvograveсУFъuumlMΜźȟɒʅҢ

ȤOacuteǲţźȟɒטǍˤϲЍ7ϡڇפȢ˶2ɨȺatildeA

ҢɨȺ7ٻŮŚΥɟڷβʈģσĥMؼǌΒыɝɨȺ

Ĕ1970 ɞɨȺדҢԠȱʄєͽɾͺχȀєʴڷԺȅβʈ

iϡسamp XɞΒaȳє)ڡՈלϲЍƥ 1970 ɞǌΒыɝ

[1]ograveсУ(1910-1997)ںӾզaͱɞŃċUĢĎΎt3Ccedil3ǑĝȱӱIהAEligAEligɄtimesĞӱІǬŴ [2]հճǟbrvbarbrvbarȦǯΥĭfrac12Ntildeǯɐfrac12ӳaͽ۱frac12ʬŻʶσŠ

47

ɨȺĔͽƚ7ӡtimesƥɨȺ$currenΠƨɻآϲЍҢϡՈלʦMϲ

ЍҢפσϡǈפ

oumlΘ7M˰oslashograveȥǗڝĽՁĎҢՁԘخԑŉĎڱ]

Ďʅۉŋucircş2ǌ)ڻοňЕҢѓ 7ňЕˣ3˰oslashҢϣƕʜ

բՉǌϓȬͽײک٧ՁĎucircϩǌβʅҢϩǌβ

ǌԐڠʅʑ 1800ǉǵʜբ˵ҢœͽEuml3ҢپigraveoӯՉҢoslash

ȠcentͳʅMϩ˝ņҢͽƥOumlԡЄīʱשʅҢ˵ʅՉɪש

ǌβʅ[1]ƥ˵ʅϩǌβʅͳ˵ʅՉʛѲː۱ӈampǿմˍʄє

[1]۱frac12ʬ8gtՉɪʄǣϠҿƦȝʐźҢՁĎ3ҢӱQΪǌβʅ řnotňȝЕŁҢۯpampM˛pɐȦcԫfrac12Ңŉȷ٩ɰampҫcentӓ٩ɰɟςΜampŋأegrave

٦ЬŉȷҢօƞأegraveհЖօƞҢtampeǣϡ˛pɐȦcԫfrac12Ң٩ɰ˛pٸXŻͳΘΒ

EgraveҢҢŉȷڱخԑOҢȧڗĜoŅҊRӓȧڗĜՊɻآҢԠδٿkpۀRɾˎǒҢƾƦ

[ҐԴʲˊҢʛѽƚϡʑͶkpٳطŻ˛pAgraveҢΐȧڗҢŏśΒEgraveҢiacutePѥ kpι$MǛŖǏȤ3ΒţҢ8aAumlɓլŴǞ3auacuteچλǏҢٸӓϲҙpהʕǛŖ

ǏҢҶӼȤǞ3aŧǌȒҵ8aAumlampӻǍ϶szligѓegraveڡʱͽӢұǞŻύǌɖұۋ

~ΒaڣuacuteچλǏ7c=ƥπѓҢΑǍӢұǞŻύǌŵڣׯuacuteچλǏƙӵ

oڭ־ampɹegravec=PˆΫ־ͽӣєszligآΫٸʩ=ĉŵǌӮkacuteȐʫҝҖπ

ȐʫiacutePѥȐʫiacuteأegraveɝaumlɴҢГəعoǈҢaȒɷĉM2ƹuacuteچλǏӧĀ

ȬʲˊآΫʄєΒ2ƹFחͽǢҢŖͽ־ʄʛƊamp־ɹegravec=PˆΫaȒԚԜM2˙ą

Ԛ˚ӧM2کȎuacuteچλǏńʲˊآΫ˙ąԚکȎ־XɜƒʄʛŸamp־ɹegrave

c=PˆΫǌӮ řnotňȝЕŁҢۯpFͽπpהʕ˶ۺӳ˴ΝǺοZԡΒEgraveҢԟЙaϴǬŴپĉҢPˆ

ŧʄͳ˛pampˍ˶0ˢۺӳ˴ΝǺοZԡΐۺƠϴԟЙǬŴΜΫͽrȤPˆͽ˛pĶٲ

ucircřnotigraveǲҢźň˺˶0ˢۺӳ˴ΝǺοZԡΐۺƠϴԟЙǬŴ7c=־πӳӳampͽǢ

ŧʄʛŸamp־ƚ728ːɹegravec=PˆΫѸƥ˛pˢΒҢۺӳ˴ΝǺοٿɍZԡΒEgraveҢԟЙaϴ

ǬŴپMŖͽc=PˆFЃΒŉ˛pГұ ˜ՉOcircȝȚOslashڄŊۓəҢڣΫũpהʕřnotňȝЕҢۯpƚ7rPť˛pŉҢӈ

ԟҙŧȝȚOslashڄŊۓə7c=־πȝȚOslashڄŊհҊ8gtҢӶampͽǢŧʄʛŸamp־

ƚ728ːɹegravec=PˆΫѸƥ˛pɍԟƥȉРхȚOslashڱԑҢӶMŻ2ӶϰآؿΫȝȚ

OslashڄŊҢۓəӹҪͽampاҢȤPŖͽc=PˆFЃΒŉ˛pГұ˜ՉOcircۉOslashɥŻƠ

ũΫڣOslashƨҢƠOslashƨŻۉOslashɥǽpɜŧ־˛pʜұʭŵʄʛƊamp־ƚ7XƠ

OslashƨŻۉOslashɥɹegravec=PˆΫ ǣϡӳӳ ӓȐʫPѥamp҈ɺΫǄѽڣҢϲҙӓҢʲˊȬɹegravec=PˆΫ־amp

ͽǞ3aҢXѧʎڲұřnotňȝЕŁҢۯpүϠŻAgrave˥˚Ѡ ʄƝۆegraveѸҢͳumlʄƦɝƥԘegraveѸȤΟSҢͳumlǞ3aҢXѧʎƥkpض$ȬѸʕѧuacute

ŖӮœ־˛pΒc=ƦegraveѸMXƝۆŻڲӀkpӧĀȬʲˊآΫŬ־ɹegravec=PˆΫœ־amp

ˇќegraveΫkpӧĀȬŦʕʍŤʛچc=ƦΒœŉegraveЂЂҢƂǂͽЃΒȂAcirciА

ǌƌǌŔǌ6ۆǓMտԫƳΣȬ־хYMƁƁǌӮ ˛pŔkpȀʛӫĈɷȟkpچЃΒtĴڽampͽœ҈ampұȐʫͽƃ

Β҈kpͽԥԨǌƌǌŔچʩ=ͽampͽͽġœѮETH ampͽ ͽЧЫ

ͽտԫƳΣҢхYRͽȬˣʣթKآΫɐƁβ7ϡOumlM2Ԕucirc3ǑҾ3Ǒ

ҢӶɍԟƠȒуRхYҾտԫƳΣȆхYǣδampͽӧĀхYղǉFamp2ΑȬ־х

YΥŖǏŢːɐƁβҢԔampڴɖǂͶkŻɐƁβΒί1ڇҢigraveϤigraveϤҢƦͽƥkҮΫ

տԫƳΣҢхYampͽ2ΑՊͽ2Α0یǍǌӮ˦ǨƸŢːɐƁβŻΥŖǏҢːamp

ΒьkͽňȝҢȬͽkpoundampɪשOumlegraveԔampɪǻґŤampfrac34־ȝǽ؇Ңǵ˛ȝp

ǉȥٯpˍʩπmacrȬʩπmacrͽamp־ґǵamp־ґқAcircƨƁƁǌӮǉͳ Ңͳumlřnotigraveǲɍ$ampٿǃ2ڽɍԟͶҠҢĴٿɞoŤʄϯ2sup3єԟף

ɷǩʵǆӈʡǁآǲղampهŰѣkpampʫtTHORNͽœΒ϶ĈĥϥampГҢ

ӮǂͽɞoŤҢPƥoāĶampʕampŻXѝ˲ёҢaĈŶ ŢʡpȬͽXˆTHORNڲұřnotňȝЕŁҢۯpAgraveҢȟρʛɟŻǽʌɫ˥˚Ѡ

ǌβՔCcedilɐ3ǑǬŴťӱĠAringϚmǌҢІ˿ųҢԠטհǌβAcircۉӱ 13ķ

48

Ʀ7ˢ˵ʅȬͽntildeǼʅM

ĹǩYacuteıAEligōǤdivideǦĎyOgraveǦ

7MЪϑͽampͽŶЇԳȢǌβʅ˚ͽntildeǼ־laquoۯҿŶ

ЇԳƥ3ͽŨograveсУԯكҢ2ٸՁĎҢȟɒʅۉ

PˆʑacircɈȬƥӯՉOumlΜΘڥŶЇԳƥԶԢ$ŉMkҢϲ

ЍհҊϴ8ɝӳȝϲЍҢʱמoslashӹӘʱמoslashʱמ

oslash3ΒϩǵŖלͶŶЇԳ3ҿȉՁĎ2ȟɒʅ

ŶЇԳҢϩǵͽۉhelliphellipϲЍńampʕampĎ҈ۉΣԎϠǌةŻaϴAumlӆĎҢǒɟŖǘŻʂסǖѽƦ҈۱frac12ʬ8gtՉɪשǣ

ϠҿȝʐՁĎסŁograveȥǗȝǌةŻaϴAumlӆĎҢ

igraveǍчigraveaӉҢeacute

ŶЇԳ$ǵ3҈śҢ۱frac12ʬ8gtՉɪשǣϠҿȝʐՁ

Ď 182ǵȬͽograveсУԯكҢȟɒʅۉҢţӘŶЇԳȝ2ʅۉҢ

ţӘǣϡהʝѪͶΘڥkҿȉՁĎ2ʅۉ

EumlϚҊRŃʜբOumlҢaampϟŶЇԳaٸ=Ȣǌβʅɾ

UgraveΥˠ˚ͽntildeǼҢampͽŶЇԳoǈҢEumlkaŵЪϑ2ˍ־

AacuteˣضiʜբҢӪԠΰŻǵΜ־ͽڣ

āەɍԟigraveαʜբҢӪԠΰͽ2ͶІԠΰɧŻتͽIcent

ǕƥcentۯŻcentȰ3ڥҢͽʜբҢϠ

˚ntildeǼҢǌβʅegraveѸƥʜբҢԠȰǄĵԡЄī

ʱ˝ņҢȠcentcentȰǄұǌβʅegraveѸҢŤԨǵͽπOumlҢ

ҢҿˁןۆΓņntildeǼҢǞ3aFȬͽȤaӓaƥ

źخ$ͽʑəҢcent3ucircXXXǌϓȬͽӓaũƝۆͳΘӓaǉatilde2آΫЃΒc=Mampآ

ƥϩǵ3 ǌβˢҢǞ3aOcircϚ˚ͽntildeǼҢǞ3a

ldquoǞ3ardquoͽƠȒǛםǏҢŢţȤҢ8aAumluacuteچӔǏҢԩśҊREumlƚ

ʗǿȐʫŌs oƥǌβŻntildeǼҢ3ԟə҈ΫϰƎٸXʬˍřnotiexcl

ǿҢa

ƥԡЄīʱ˝ņҢȠcent3centҢOumlՉѽטՔԈȉڵƦȢЄī

ʱҢldquoXXXrdquoϰƎ˚Ǟ3aҊϡŖϩ˚ntildeǼҢǌβʅ

ҢڋȝՉɟampͽЪĦƜ˜ЄīҢίɇЕՊͽЪĦƘƘЕƥЄīҢ˝ņ3

ӱ 1315

49

ҢːʡampƭȆՉ

ʱͶ˵ʅǌβʅɟȢEuml˚ͽntildeǼҢaŻŤԨ

ǵҢOumlՉɪשͽŢ2a

ŶЇԳ 1967 ɞҢ 67 ΑڥΎ٧ƅҢEgraveԈŁټɄՈȜؿЧ

ƦgAacuteMʄƦҢĎҊRԸʎŭФīΥordmϻٿЃΒŁЄīЄ

īʱƩѦˮˢoegraveѸƥʜբϠāŤҢȠԡЄīʱ˝ņ

ҢȠcent3ҢAcircמپʮǵœŖեegraveհŶЇԳˣ

ҊRŶЇԳȝ۱frac12ʬ8gtՉɪשǣϠҿȝʐՁĎҢהʝѪ

ŖoטŶЇԳƥͳϩograveсУԯكҢՁĎȟɒʅۉńҊ

RŶЇԳ3gAacuteЄīҢĎƚϡƥԡЄīʱ˝ņҢȠcent

centȰǄȢЄīʱҢ XXXϰƎ ntildeǼҢǞ3aҢaFœեͽŶЇԳ

ˢoȢٸϩհՁĎȟɒʅۉҢǌβʅ˚ͽntildeǼҢ

aœեͽŶЇԳ

ͳΘŶЇԳœͽ 20 ǉȻҢۑɞakҢ)ͽϿظuumlampͽ

۱frac12ʬntildeǼ8gtȝ۱ntilde8gtˢҵȥͽˆѽ3ҢPˆҊRβʈordfȟҢ

ҢʅײکɺƷIcircMmۑɞʭĊugraveҢײکGˌċ$ŶЇԳmacr

amacrPʛН϶شʑŖեƥ˵ʅǌβʅͳςΜȬЃΒүρκϡϩʅҢegrave

ǄˍʄєƦȢǌβʅʄntildeǼʅFŢπͽŖoŀҢ

ʄєʜբegraveѸǣϡԑҢ7ڙɞڠՉŻʜբҢcurrenՉŻȆ

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t

ʜբegraveӲɍԟ 49 ɞśӘˣʜբΣҢŶЇԳĶœͽŷЁ

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ϡӯՉampʕampcopyΜɘďŶЇԳοĘϡɓΖŶЇԳFեǋȬϡԑ

ͶԡNڙ

ԠΩ

ղϡƘƘʬпʜբ3ntildeǼʅҫEgraveҢפƸΜטאȂϱ

єՊӯՉampʕamp˳ΜɟЃΒȂ˚ɧ3ˢךҢtČלͶФīŻԸ

ʎŭˢ7ƘƘʬпʜբMپigraventildeǼʅҢͽΥordmϻ˜ՉampͽΥ

ordmϻͽ˛phєŖoȆ02ƸΜPȉ

ӱ2PȉհǩҪղ 2006ɞOumlڙעIͳƥ 40ɞΘ

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50

ҙŻטɇЕɢӜʮŻȤ[ڱԑʮ0ӼӪˢoˤƥƙʝӪ3

ȢntildeǼҢ0ӼӪШ7ɟԯntildeǼҢטɇЕɢӜʮŻ

Ȥ[ڱԑʮ3ҢװǉьȬ˛MƘƘʬпʜբrdquoƚ

ϡŋucircMԸʎŭҢǔǝ

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centȰپigraveȢǌβʅɾUgraveΥˠ˚ͽntildeǼͶ˵ʅՉŶЇԳЃΒIcirc

˚չǢҢײکGˌŻOumlGˌ

ΐŤ˛pȝegraveѸƥʜբ3ҢΪȟɒʅҢʅՉǣoslash

հntildeǼźۑɞҢtČҢٸϩӆ$ΒƃXЕuacuteǌǺʜє

ҢՊampŖٳfrac34ҢΒƃXЕuacuteҢʅͽҊФī˵AacuteʜբҢ

հCcedil[8gtĎ3ҢldquoɇЕrdquoɢӜҙ3ٸϩΒEgraveҢթҢźȒز

ʅҢҢҢˣծڑϩΒEgraveٸʅoŅհտԫƳΣҢʄātČ3

˵ʅՉɪשͽԸʎŭ˜Υordmϻ0ϩʅŤەҢҫEgraveǵҢOumlՉͽԸʎŭ

˜ՉͽԸʎŭŻΥordmϻՇɒŠҢԠδ

հntildeǼCcedil[8gtĎ3ҢldquoɇЕrdquoɢӜҙ3ҢEumlϩʅҢʅՉ

ntildeǼҢCcedil[8gtĎ3ҢײүȆampͽŶЇԳƚ7ŶЇԳɟΛתamp

ldquoɇЕrdquoɢӜҙ

հǌβՔCcedilɐ3ǑǬŴťӱĠAringϚmǌҢІ˿ųҢԠט

ҢٸϩʅʑΒŖեͽҊŶЇԳ˵Aacuteucircʜբ3ŁҢĶȢǌβʅ

˚ͽntildeǼ

Ĝǌźͽ2НشҢɞmŃՉНشRՉʜբOuml

үҫҢבטאӯՉŻײՉ6ضEumlƾƦҒMӓНش


para iacute 13 atildeeĳīsup1+ocircţĮ para iacute atildeLĳkgtĊČ2ograve

Һה

еǜТϺϽО

UumlŬħĴŚ+ paraIcircĦIcircEuml

Yǋ

51

egrave TŃNtilde$ntildeĹqŒfrac14E2ħĴ UumlŬltlparaJAringĖcĿ para iacutentildecŒfMŃrM6oslasha

˛ҢӱӼҺӠӪ3ӱϚǌϘϣɪͽڇɦQƘP

rŉƥ3CcedilڇɦɏǬAgraveŘҺӠȎҢNtildeپicircѥڇɦAgraveŘҺӠ1994

ɞӱΘ$FŢ9G para iacutebcĠ2[UxsTHORN 1ķ yŒٸͳȬҵΒӓЈŉƥ3ƠҺӠƥǈƠȯӻҪucircfǍ2ЈΒXʋƂ˛ĶҪʕɟۓPȉ

ҺӠƥ3ƠǌڶҪٿƥœampΒחǉƝۅۆӀEumlȉƥОǈmacr

ҺӠ І$ҢӊʞFΒŒXƝۅۆӀʮampŢՊɍ7ϡ

ѧoϡȝ˛2aˢҵҢ3Ơǌ־8ڶͽϴڥ ҺӠˆTHORNƙόѽ

ΐͱԡ˛ʋƂҢāفǺՉ

1989 ɞͺ˛iɤҌŗraquoŤtŘսҩԯكɤąԯąջսҩ

ԯكucirc3CcedilڇɦɏǬAgraveŘҺӠȎoAgraveЕضuŃċotildeĉԏȾͺӒ

ʡǌډucirc3CcedilAgraveŘەҢӟŻ˛ҢEacuteئiǺ٦ЬغťMŘǺ

ϩœampϡāˍҢͽOumlջƀҪEgraveЌҢьͽ˛ڇ

ƥAtildeĠɞmAcircӆȝĜǌźƸΜ$degґR˰oslashנҢȲەʄͳƥ

ǺΝҺӠ$آϢؿͱʋƂؿǌҢͽѵɞҢǌĎKҢɞmămyumlbĔĪ1313 paraŻڊͺͶҢĜǌźטα+ĊyumlbĔĪ13 paraʌɫŨȆĜǌźĠוŗOslashbĔĪ13 paraŅڊͺͶ8ԯOumlҢͳΘʰPʰţccedilaringŰŕamicroEcircyumlTĀampbĔĪ 13 paraamp+|eacuteigraveaumlĠUumlŬordfśâmplt˛oAgraveŘΘicircԯكҢضuigraveuacuteԡѵڊQāفŁcentϹɟԐӟkpٿʑʤȬԡM˛ѓˆҢƙǆ

ѵɞՇɒkƥ 1992 ɞ3ΒŤٱҚOumlcentٿƝۆƚϡampOumlӟ

˛ͽŻkiexclM٧centŻҌפՔԈŤΫńħďkѽȂ˚MatildeӼӪΒ

Ϛ˛ׯkOumlڇɦĻŘʑۆƙڬtimesٳɇ3ҢڣɪʩπǄѽ

kϳampūԄƦƙӵӑӯҪI˛ƥaΒɡٮչɒʧʥѵɞՇɒ

ōהԛתΒچ

ͺͶՇɒoacuteԡ˛ȘΫMkڊĜǌźŘӟIپigraveӪսҢǆĳr

˛٣Euml30ӼƥԏȾͺӒ$ŉigraveuacuteͽǌUacuteτʊԸڶά

ňAgraveۉƛ paraķiumlŻOumlograveȥǗUacuteτҢ3ƠǓśǌUacuteτʆ˚

52

paraķiuml

Βa˜חƚȅǺՉҢضuȝѵɞڊͺͶӳaҢΒ˚

EumlȉkpٿͽΒչҵΒѬӧʛmacrǺڣҢǺՉѵɞǉϚʂk

ͺڊΜǌĎKҢɞmampͽȅɟȅːՊͽkҢ2aٸ

ͶƥͳΘʰPʰIɧ3Fͽ˛pհɌٿڅˢҢچ

ҢҺӠ˚δȸR˛p2aҢѽŻןӓ2aҢѽŻןח˜

ʕȋ˔ղiexclǿFͽǺΝ$ҢȒɟampӳŢRІȍ

ϰǣβʈPrŤȅAumlɐMϲЍ 1966ɞ 7Α 8ԡϽۑҢcentע

ơoϡΫלͶͶȜӒϳҢϲЍͱɍҮЪMβʈҢňĎΜocurrenǆβʈ

Pr1ڇϾҢϲЍүҺӠcentҢΜŅҫEgraveŘͺͶĶƥڊՊʆقfrac14

ȉŤʕegraveMȂAcircampŢҢԠ7טϡcentɟېۓβʈضicentҢNtildeȓΜט

ͽiʄͳҢȉڵГĎҮٿampեͶϲЍʄͳɍАȜMβʈҢňĎΜ

centȠ iʱ$ҮȝβʈͽcenttŻҢͽ7ɘďհɌ˥ۼҢ

Γņĵ ĜǌźҢƸΜĈډĹĖĠňIacuteŗgthornŉāŪĠOjotilde qŒUoslashg 13 paraķltiuml~Vţccedilaringň~UumlŨ macryumlbĔĪ para iacuteķĔ

ńϰǣΒEgraveĜǌźҢȆgtȅҢEgraveRɶƠoΫAgraveҢւɜĻŘڣ

ҢYacute3דҏȆ7ĻŘɍԟoslashͶĜǌźͽƨҊȟՉڙŉĎ

ňźۉƛugrave҈ԡAgraveƠȒŻşaϴɖΫ1ڇчۆҢNtildeKՊڊͺͶoacute

ƥkҢĜǌźŘӟā3egraveMampŢҮЈƨNtildeK7c=եŉĎ

bՁүʛףːҢŃċampeƥ3ƠǌڶՊƥAcirc+ҏ˚ٸπɉǌҢʋƂ

ńͽNtildeKҢȆgtampاoЪϑҢ˜ՉͽěȓampMҢ7ϡkegraveM

Œ2ȆgtĜǌźͽҊAgraveŻƠȒҢΐۺȟa`հŉĎŻȟҢo

ЕŻňĎǺΝΣǯ7ȟʬˍҢoˢטѽԑ)ԥԨźڱ]

7źȝҢڄŊƘǌЈĎŴbՁŃҢoňcurrenڭcurrenɊƟԏպϽ

Ⱥ7ӈƤҩμҢƨҳҬڙԬǆҢǌϘҢڠͳΘҢѧϦІĎUumljŬxĳ macryumlbĔĪ paraĔķ 0ҫϰؿєāՉͽІʮҢȆgtŤՉͽǺΝʮҢȆgtǌϓϠƚ7ӓȅŏʏampճҢ

egraveѡĵκӊͺͶϡIocircڊ

2ҺӠȤԚoŤńƥԚɶM3ǑAgraveοӱדٹͺͶͽΐͱԟգՆڊ

AcircƠΐͱMҺӠҢǺՉkĠigrave˛macrҺӠ gԞMkҢҺ

Ӡ˛ՔԈ˛ƥԏȾͺӒ$ڶԨŉMڊՇɒҢҺӠOumlҢ˜ԚԜΫҢ

atildeӼΦҢӪ

53

ͱҢɒņؿϢآ

ƥҺӠ3آϢؿͱEĠɞmɍԟĠigraveГةҢǺՉ3ǌǉͽͳҢ

3ǺǣʓņЭŮŭĭĦĳԏμڷβӳ˛ˍkp

ƥ3Ң3ǺضuΒEgraveҵۑHǌп3Ǻٯ˼egraveMĎ

XaՈńkp3ҢۺҢʬՈΘԠΩŤʵǆےϩszligΒMع

ʕoԥԨǺ$ҢЧΒMؿǢҢǺΝΪrƚՊƥҺӠ3ucircMā

Ǔ

ʓņЭͽϴڥҺӠҢraquoՉkٸΜƙʝʅєƙۯămyumlbĔĪ paraͽƠNtildeAumlɷegraveѡҢӱΜ˜חͽղf7ϟƇҢΜňЕԏĲEcircƙʝʅѸƥƙǓOcircײhʕI3ȝҢňʬҫʄǢղfh

Βŭŉ҈kԯҢٸΜǉaƙʝŠ1966ۉ˛pٸmҢƙʝ2UumlXbĔY13 paraŻkҢǺΝ)ʆʆպպҢňԏĲEcircԃӈԉҢʆ˚ŻлŌŮĎ2UumlcurrenbĔĪ ȝĎƙʝҺӠʋƂٿparaǌؿ єAacute+ԒoŤkǉҺӠϴ8ȏڣŁMȝҺӠǩԝEgrave

Ќ˛ٸΜ7ϲ8ɗՊ˝ڇɦǌϣȉʅȬͽkԡՔIɬ۰

ЯΒڹAumlŜegraveѡҢ

ԥʓņЭŤEĠɞm3ŤΘɍɷǩiPҺӠҢٸ˰ǺՉҢǺΝ˚

δƥ+ԒoumlڶԨڣ+ǣЪĦǌǺƅȥήҢŚҵӒЪĦǌǺ 1968

ɞҡǌϣŮĎ2UumlcurrenbĔĪ para3ǑAgraveŘҺӠȎĭĦҢҼю+ҏĜǌźҢĎKЛđŮĎ2UumlcurrenbĔĪ 13paraİķşUumlŬŞtxĝ^ǌǺĳԏμҢǒرՉҢاĜǌźΘڥҢۑɞʬпŮĎ2UumlcurrenbĔĪ para3ƠҌʋջΝ3ʛŮŭԯҢķΜ3ƠҌʋҺӠ19491979 ɞkgtUumljZ9bĔĪ paraŻkҢ)NtildeȉʅϴigraveՖ ĎŮĎőRbĔĪ paraϲЍͳmҢaϴҌʋ19491966

wďĬiexclY paraӕ3ƠҌʋ ײʋѠwďĬiexclY parakpҢZʍȝ˛ƥǺΝ$ɘďʑǌƚkpٿԟϠҢǺΝגԙѽטĊɫЧĿʓņЭͽ3ƠӆӔǺڻҺӠŭͽĝǌҺӠĳԏμͽ

ĝǌĬǀƅȥήͽϣϻǌǺҺӠՊ˛oacuteǌǺٿڡЃ œͽAtildeĠɞ

m3ΘƥɤҌŗtŘսҩԯكͳ7MמՓӘҢ־ێՊ٧ՈעŊM2

ҌǌǺ)Ӕaring

EĠɞmГةR3ƠǌڶϴڥҢҺӠՉ3ΐraquo˛ɶӧՔԈҢͽʓО

_kͽћŉͳҢǌǺ ʄͳѓʛRҺӠҢaǉͽͳҢ3Ǻ

54

˛ƥԏȾͺӒ$ŉMkΒEgraveҢ0ӼԒȉӪϚۆʢҢȤѿѬǚ

ľĨN paraķ iumlͳΘˢҢatildeegraveȒaľđethparaķ iumlŤΫkԯOumlҢбSʅϣϻҢՁהʝăbĔĪ paraŤcurrenƿ7ϣϻQ13Prȉʅ2UumljOumlbĔĪbĔϺۉMחǉ`ĻՉҢƙʝ˜ŏŘ˚7ҺӠϣϻQ13PrҢ־ڇŃՈ

˛ՔԈ$MŀܒϽ˿ʋהՉΥҨɟƥԏȾͺӒ$ŉ

MkҢ0ɾіѠҢΫĻ paraķiumlŻ˛`ĻҢňźPr paraķiumlkٸXͳΘҢʋƀѸƥɍԟƥAcircѼחǉƦɅƙȷʋƂʑǌM

ƥ+ԒZ˛ڶԨucircMǉҢϴڥҺӠՉϰǣ

бīҢڷҤīʄͳٸ˰ϴڥҺӠՉǉͽћŉͳҢ3ǺՊڷҤ

īŻ˛ƥћŉͳͽɆakͽǺʔɆ ͽ6ͳɆkOumlҢƙʝʅۑ

ͺқ2ňЕɆaҢĠɞŮĎ2UumlcurrenbĔĪ paraͽϣ`ĻՉҢӱپƙʝʅkȝڠЂՁԚԜҢҺӠͽ˛ucircҢΐͱȝ

2ƦĞՁԚԜegraveAcircەҺӠҢƀ

ɤɄҢŚͶEĠɞmȬƥԶ$ڶԨŉMΒEgraveɤɄҢԈntildeӪkҮ

ɤɄtimesӻҢAcircپφτכڄɤɄҢւɜSaѥƚϡȝɤɄĠ

igraveљʼ2011 ɞkȢXӪϺԯȆӟ˚לEAringɞɤɄƦĞ

ȉʅΜĿ 497ҢհĳI

oҺӠtimesڠڣڬҢϼcent ΒƥtimesڬtՓҢضuҺӠ

ĶͽѬӧʬՈҢϴڥӧƨkۉMҫʄǉҢŘחǉͽǈҏampͷucircҢ

NtildeپIհĳIӐaˣӟӿkҢҺӠΒM7ؿƭȉҢŘƸҽŤΫ

kԯЌMȁηβҢԏĲEcircEacuteʅЪĦ3ڴՇԏĲEcircˣהŮĎAgravetbĔicircťY paraѽЌڅM Ҩŏהפfrac14ڊʅҢۆքۈ ҨȢtimesƙʝʅŮĎaeligT)bĔicircťY13 para8ԯMԸҁĸτŮĎagrave0JbĔĪ para

ӱپȝňЕ)ҺӠҢňЕүҫŮĎĜshyparaՉŶ3œͽƘɃ͵Ң2ҵۑňЕ۹ɜƥԟĻΒڹFampǉҢˆTHORNĶokЧٵҢƄǺʬՈȢňЕĻŘѸiѽט$igraveα

ʕوAacuteچn˛ŝΔŖˉŤΫkƚҙdegӯΛեԥԨҺӠŁ

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ϴڥҺӠՉɰȝ$О`ĻՉmacrMǌډŏכڄҢ3גȝɤǌȹ

ΡMڠΘκҺӠҢΚͶi3ƠӔǺڻzŤOumlMǌډĬȌ

55

ӪҺӠҢΨڏӌȝۑОŅXҫEgraveڣMЧAacuteҺӠҢǷףҺӠ

ڮҢŀǍБ3ǺѵӬהɞǺՉҠӂѽegraveѹҢўǲۑҢں

ȝUɜοҺӠegraveɷʮ؈ѱҢбĝžǼΥƵǈ

2006ɞҢϴڥҺא

2006 ɞͽĜǌźћŉƘĠŶɞʓņЭŻɂĲɝٽɶӳŉآƥĝ^

MϚϴڥҺאŃċՉǉͽĝ^ҢǺՉǣŭƅȥήڷβ

frac14E2ħĴIcircۿfrac14ǗŭŠŮȤ2ܒŪparaUgraveĄcurrenŦ ȒѾŻڷОŢЙǌǺҢ$ףؠȤՁǏǤӳΫհǈƦҢΒȺҭǬAgraveοҢٷ

ΫհڇɦҢ˛ΒiԾƠƙΫҢŚԫ9UumlŬ6ĠŤ2currenĚҁIacuteǺՉЀfrac12ٸϚЀfrac12Ңןԡ˛ґʑЧҢĳkΎRŤΘƥǆǌ

ǺґǺհӘɆOslashEcircǺŴampeʕŏЖugraveҢϻՊȝşƦҢˆ

THORNAϰX3ƠҢҺӠՉљʼϰǣƥڤՒͳucirc3Şaڣ

ոaœҵɤϣ3ŉkĶեegraveƥSīFŉٸͽɳ

ϴUacuteτ(ũŏyumlbĔĪplusmnؠ paraI3ېҢآƘɃҢkեegraveʄͳAtildeQAringԏ˚۶Ġigraveˇɸ˛ٿXՎ۳ب

ŻΔatildeɞŤkԾƠǺՉfrac12ЈǔȦŠOumlMՇǈӯҢŘϲЍΐ

ŤҢź

ҢɆϡā˛ɍԟҵەȤՁǏǤʄͳɍԟƥmacrŏĻŘٷ

ampeOumlΒampȥʬˍЧĀҢӪkҢԃӈҢЖМǉϚOcircѡՊճĈRʬ

ˍŭҢԯكegraveѡɆӶethԯك˜ŃԯكM˰ȝҺӠňʬίΒ

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ڂŤampltĵքɞͱ٨ǁʡΛאϚҺٸƥܒənaҜʛҢͽŮȤۓ

kŀethOumlϲЍɟɍmacrMǌډāΘagraveǅɆƥٸϚҺא$ȍ

n`ŀr15ĵ6Eacuteordf ŒMkҢOumlԔIacuteìcircײ paraķiuml

kpږͽҊĝ^Ĝŉȷ3ʛΥǾٿخҢȖאϚ˛ŃċҺٸ

ҢƥkچٸŃċMŒ2ΒEgraveҢɱ3ʛҢ8Չ

3ΎϽۑ˥ UAringigraveǲҢټqEcircՇɒŻʓņЭĭĦŭŮȤܒ

ΒճĈRβʈPrүҫκOumlҢڬپǠȒյSщͺӒā8ԯograve

56

Ȓ۴ϠƥĝêgraveɋҢͳڇǌAtildeU˝˿8ԯŶǸdӳŃċM ŢǾږ

ϚŁҢΒٸەϚҢϚFͽƇͽ˛ѵՇɒӱٸȒŁMѵɞآ

յSŻOumlMtimes˿NtildeپРʸ`ĻȉʅŮĎ6EbĔicircťY paraҢŀtimes˿הՉıɼ3əoВшӯţ7aϴ˿Żtimes˿ҢXӪځҍơ

ƥǾچٸږucircMΎt3ǑɆaŴŻϽۑӱtӕIҢڠڪՇ

ɒoŤ˛ҢXӪŻˢԯicircѥٿʕucirckүҢŤΫkΎt3Ǒ

ĉPԚԚڠҢѵɤǾՇɒآegraveѡMΒEgrave3ǑҢƙʝҺӠڣۉŘϹcent

IacircbĔĪۉ para^w0frac12āŪŧĠiŘ ĝŮĎőRbĔĪ parabĔoŤkńĪѬegraveM3īОNtildeɛϽۑtӕI`ĻȉʅŮĎregUumljicircťYۯ para

icircѥʍPڥkpĉҢϴږqEcircՇɒŻΥǾټucircMײā˛ɍԟەϚٸ

ucirc 2015ɞCcedilegraveM 130ΘԐigraveNtildeȓͽƙʝ˜ҺӠҪucircەŤ

˛ˤҵǾږͱɍƚҙճϧĎamp3ʛŻʍPҢ8ՉټqEcircՇ

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56
















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53

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55




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ŤҢź












56
















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πatilde2ە






57






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ǌPהŻΒEgrave


58








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59









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