1

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

klasikuri filologiis, bizantinistikisa da neogrecistikis

instituti

maia SuxoSvili

platonis ,,sofisti” (filologiuri analizi)

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori

asocirebuli profesori irine darCia

Tbilisi

2011

2

Sesavali --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

Tavi I. platonis “sofistis” Seswavlis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba -------------- 9

Tavi II. sofistikis raoba da sofistTa moZraobis arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebi

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13

termin ,,sofistis” mniSvneloba -------------------------------------------------------------- 13

sofistTa moZraoba rogorc socialuri movlena ------------------------------- 14

sofistebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15

sofisturi subieqtivizmi da relativizmi -------------------------------------------- 16

sofistTa politikuri moRvaweoba da samarTlisa da kanonis maTeuli

aRqma ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18

aRzrdis sakiTxi sofistebTan --------------------------------------------------------------- 21

ritorika --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23

sofisturi eristika da antilogika ------------------------------------------------------ 24

sofistebi da sokrate ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25

sofistikis mniSvneloba -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26

Tavi III. dialogis Janri da dialeqtikuri meTodi --------------------------------------- 28

dialogi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

dialogis Janris problematika da misi Seswavlis Tanamedrove

mdgomareoba ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29

dialogi da monologi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30

Sinagani dialogi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31

dialogis struqtura ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 32

3

dialogis roli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi ----- 33

dialogis kavSiri azrovnebasa da logikasTan ------------------------------------ 33

logika da ritorika filosofiur dialogSi ------------------------------------- 34

dialogi filosofiasa da literaturaSi -------------------------------------------- 36

Janris SerCeva platonis mier ---------------------------------------------------------------- 38

platonis argumentebi da dialogis forma ------------------------------------------ 41

platoni dialogis Sesaxeb --------------------------------------------------------------------- 45

platonis dialogebis forma da ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi ---------------- 48

dialogis Janris Semdgomi ganviTareba ------------------------------------------------ 51

dialogi da dialeqtika -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51

“sofistis” literaturuli formisa da dialeqtikuri meTodisaTvis –

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55

Tavi IV. platonis “sofistis“ struqtura da siuJetis – filosofiuri

msjelobis – ganviTareba ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60

dialogis mTavari moqmedi pirebi da maTi SepirispirebiTi

daxasiaTeba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60

saubris dawyeba. kvlevis meTodis SerCeva ------------------------------------------- 62

nadiroba sofistze. nimuSi (παράδειγμα) rogorc kvlevis meTodis erT-

erTi elementi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 69

dayofis (διαίρεσις) meTodi ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74

sofistis pirveladi definiciebi ----------------------------------------------------------- 77

sofisti rogorc antilogikosi (αντιλογικός) ------------------------------------------- 83

4

arsebuli da ararsebuli ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 85

arsis Teoriebis kritika ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87

arsebuli, moZraoba da uZraoba ------------------------------------------------------------- 90

dialeqtikis xelovneba sofistikasTan SepirispirebiT ---------------------- 91

umaRles gvarTa ziareba ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92

filosofosisa da sofistis gamijvnis kidev erTi cda --------------------- 93

ararsebuli da tyuili azrovnebasa da msjelobaSi -------------------------- 94

sofistis saboloo definicia --------------------------------------------------------------- 95

dialog “sofistis” struqtura ------------------------------------------------------------- 97

dialog ”sofistTan” dakavSirebuli ramdenime mniSvnelovani sakiTxi -

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97

“sofistis” dramatuli buneba -------------------------------------------------------------- 101

Tavi V. “sofistis” kompoziciuri organizaciisTvis ---------------------------------- 104

Tavi VI. platonis “sofistis” terminologia ----------------------------------------------- 117

ontologiuri terminologia ---------------------------------------------------------------- 117

gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis xelovnebasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi --- 121

saubarTan, msjelobasa da azrovnebasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi -125

adamianis saqmianobasa da moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi -----

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 133

nadirobasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi ----------------------------------------------- 136

sulis mankierebebTan dakavSirebuli terminebi --------------------------------- 137

Tavi VII. “sofisti” rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebi --------------------------------------139

5

epiTetebi, Sedarebebi, metaforebi ------------------------------------------------------- 139

platonis bgerweris Taviseburebani ---------------------------------------------------------- 143

mokle pasuxebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 145

daskvna --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 148

literatura ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 151

platonis sofisti (Targmani Zveli berZnulidan qarTulad) ----------------------158

komentarebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------235

6

Sesavali

platonis dialogebi, sayovelTao aRiarebiT, dasavleTis filosofiuri

tradiciis saTavea. am dialogebs filosofiuri mwerlobis yvelaze adreul

srul kodeqsadac moixsenieben, romelmac Cvenamde sruli saxiT moaRwia

(133, 1). platonis Semoqmedeba aqtualuria yvela droSi.

platonis filosofiis kvlevisas aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT,

rom misi ZiriTadi mizani da miswrafeba berZnebis cxovrebis Zireuli

gardaqmna, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tavisi epoqis zneobrivi reformacia iyo.

rogorc უ. gaTri aRniSnavs, platons ori motivi amoZravebda: mas surda

gaegrZelebina sokrates dawyebuli saqme, ganemtkicebina misi moZRvreba da,

imavdroulad, ,,daecva qalaq-saxelmwifos, rogorc damoukidebeli

politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri erTeulis idea” (24, 96). platonis

epoqaSi ki es mizani aucileblobiT sofistebis poziciasTan dapirispirebas

gulisxmobda.

amdenad, platonis Semoqmedeba mTlianobaSi, misi filosofia,

TiToeuli debuleba, sofistebis kritikis, maTi zneobrivi relativizmis

uaryofis procesSi yalibdeboda da swored am procesis dasafiqsireblad,

Tavisi Sexedulebebis gadmosacemad, man dialogis forma airCia.

rogorc cnobilia, filosofosi-mecnieri platoni ganuyofelia

filosofosi-mwerali platonisagan, romlis wvlili mxatvruli

literaturis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovanwilad swored dialogis Janris

formirebam da am Janris mxatvrulma srulyofam ganapiroba.

platonis Sesaxeb, misi filosofiis TiToeul niuansTan dakavSirebiT,

uamravi gamokvleva arsebobs. samecniero literaturaSi araerTgzis aris

aRniSnuli, erTi mxriv, sofistebTan platonis dapirispirebis detalebis,

meore mxriv ki, dialogis literaturuli Janrisa da kvlevis dialeqtikuri

meTodis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb.

Cemi naSromi miznad isaxavs dialog ,,sofistis” filologiur analizs,

rac gulisxmobs aRniSnuli nawarmoebis filologiuri aspeqtebis kvlevas,

7

kerZod, esenia: “sofistis”, rogorc filosofiuri dialogis, Janrobrivi

maxasiaTeblebi, siuJetis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi da “sofistis”

dramatuli buneba, nawarmoebis struqtura da kompozicia, platonis stili

da tropuli metyveleba, bgerweris Taviseburebebi, personaJTa SerCevisa da

individualizaciis principebi, terminologiuri aspeqtebi da sxv.Uunda

iTqvas, rom “sofistis” kompoziciuri da struqturuli organizaciis

Taviseburebebi mecnierTa mier dRemde gamokvleuli ar aris.

aRsaniSnavia, rom “sofisti” mxatvruli TvalsazrisiTac naklebadaa

Seswavlili, TiTqosda im mizeziT, rom is nakleb mxatvrulia platonis

sxva nawarmoebebTan SedarebiT.KCemi naSromiT “sofistis” sistemur

filologiur kvlevas da zemoT aRniSnuli mosazrebis marTebulobis

dadgenas Sevecdebi.

vinaidan “sofisti” aris mxatvruli formiT gadmocemuli filosofia,

bunebrivia, kvlevis dros ver avuvliT am dialogis calkeul filosofiur

aspeqtsac, rogoricaa sofisturi moZraobis istoria da misi ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebi, dialogis literaturul JanrTan uSualod dakavSirebuli

msjelobis dialeqtikuri meTodi, ideaTa Teoria da sxv. naSromSi sagangebo

adgili davuTme Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi “sofistis” kvlevis istoriasac.

rac Seexeba “sofistis” kvlevis istorias qarTul mecnierebaSi, unda

aRiniSnos, rom am dialogis analizi platonis sxva nawarmoebebTan

SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba. samwuxarod, aqamde arc “sofistis”

qarTulenovani Targmani gagvaCnda da arc misi monografiuli gamokvleva.

naSromze muSaobis procesSi momixda dialog “sofistis” qarTulad

Targmna da Targmanis aRWurva Sesabamisi komentarebiT. Zveli berZnulidan

qarTulad Targmnis procesSi damatebiT visargeble “sofistis”

axalberZnuli, inglisuri, rusuli da franguli1 TargmanebiT, ramac

saSualeba momca dialogis SedarebiT rTuli pasaJebi qarTulad meTargmna

maTi sxvadasxva interpretaciis gaTvaliswinebiT. Sevecade, rom Targmani

dedanTan maqsimalurad miaxloebuli yofiliyo, rac saSualebas iZleva

1 gansakuTrebul madlobas vuZRvni q-n magda mWedliZes, romlis daxmarebiTac SesaZlebeli

gaxda “sofistis” frangulenovani Targmanis gamoyenebac.

8

maqsimalurad zustad gaviazroT TiToeuli frazis, calkeuli monakveTisa

da mTeli dialogis terminologiuri da azrobrivi niuansebi.

9

Tavi I

platonis “sofistis” Seswavlis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba

platonis yvela nawarmoebi mecnierTa mier mravalmxrivaa Seswavlili

da amas mowmobs is uamravi gamokvleva, statia da monografia, romelic

didi filosofosisa da misi nawarmoebebis Sesaxeb arsebobs. gamonakliss

arc dialogi “sofisti” warmoadgens. platonis am dialogis Sesaxeb

arsebuli mravalricxovani gamokvlevebis arseboba mowmobs, rom es

nawarmoebi aqtualuria sxvadasxva epoqaSi, samecniero skolasa Tu wreSi.

“sofistisadmi” interesi droTa ganmavlobaSi araTu iklebs, aramed

TandaTan ufro da ufro matulobs.

dReisaTvis arsebobs “sofistis” kritikuli gamocemis ramdenime

varianti. dialogis Targmnisa da kvlevisas veyrdnobodi oqsfordis

gamocemas (Platonis Opera - Recognovit brevique adnotatione critica instruxerunt E. A Duke, W.

F. Hicken, W. S. M. Nicoll, D. B. Robinson, J. C. G. Strachan - vol. I (Eutyphro, Apologia, Crito,

Phaedo, Cratylus, Theaetetus, Sophista, Politicus) - Oxford, Oxford University Press 1995 (revision

of the edition published by John Burnet, 1900-1907), romelic platonis mkvlevarTa

Soris dRemde yvelaze sando da misaReb gamocemad iTvleba. Tumca,

kvlevisas, sxvadasxva sadavo pasaJis interpretaciisas, viyenebdi sxva

gamocemebsac (Plato, Sophistes and politicus, by Lewis Campbell, 1867; Plato, Opera, ex

recensione R. B. Hirschigii, v. I, Graece et Latine, Parisiis, 1873; Plato, Opera, recognovit I. Burnet,

t. I, Oxonii, 1905; Plato, Theaetetus, Sophist (Loeb Classical Library No. 123), 1921; Plato,

Thaetetus. Sophist, with an English translation by Fowler, London, 1967).

dialog ”sofistis” aqtualobas sxvadasxva droSi mowmobs is faqtic,

rom igi araerTgzisaa naTargmni sxvadasxva evropul enaze sxvadasxva

periodis sakmaod avtoritetul mecnier-mkvlevarTa mier (f. m. kornfordi,

b. seTi, v. kobi, e. brani, e. salemi, j. durlingeri, b. joveti, a. die, n.

kordero, r. vili, r. mainhardti da sxv.).

rac Seexeba uSualod dialogis problematikis kvlevas, “sofistis”

Seswavlis aspeqtebi pirobiTad ramdenime jgufad SegviZlia davyoT: 1.

dialogis wminda filosofiuri Seswavla; 2. dialogis

10

literaturaTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT kvleva; 3. dialogis rogorc

filosofiisa da filologiis sinTezis Sedegad miRebuli nawarmoebis

Seswavla. TiToeul am jgufSi ki gamoiyofa sxvadasxva qvejgufi.

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ufro aqtualuri iyo platonis wminda

filosofiuri aspeqtiT kvleva, ramac ganapiroba is faqti, rom am tipis

gamokvlevebi ufro didi raodenobiT mogvepoveba. SesamCnevad mcire

raodenobiT gvaqvs naSromebi, romlebic am dialogis mxatvrul da

literaturaTmcodneobiT mxareebs exeba. am ukanasknelis mizezad, rogorc

ukve aRvniSne, is iTvleboda, rom platonis “sofistis” SedarebiT dabali

mxatvruli Rirebulebis gamo, es nawarmoebi calke filologiuri kvlevis

sagani ar unda gamxdariyo.

platonis “sofistis” kvlevisas mkvlevarTa did interess iwvevs

“arsebobis” sakiTxi am dialogSi (platonis ontologia), romelsac

mecnierebi sxvadasxva aspeqtiT ganixilaven. es sakiTxi pirvelad dasva f. m.

kornfordma, romelic erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli figuraa platonis

“sofistis” Semswavlel mecnierTa Soris. “sofistSi” “arsebobis” problemis

kvleva Semdgom ganaviTares m. ouvenma da m. fredem. gvxvdeba uamravi

gamokvleva, romelic exeba dialogis Semdeg problematikas: “arsebulisa”

da “ararsebulis” sakiTxs, imas, Tu ra aris platonisTvis “arseboba”; aris

Tu ara platonis “yofna” damoukidebeli zmna, Tu is mxolod

SemaerTebelia; rogoria platonis ontologia; zogierTi problema

platonis “yofna”-s Sesaxeb; gansxvaveba platonis ”yofnasa” da “qmnadobas”

Soris; “arsebobis” kategoriebi da qvekategoriebi platonis am dialogis

mixedviT. “sofistis” ontologiisa da “yofna” zmnis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani

gamokvlevebi aqvs agreTve amerikel mkvlevar b. seTsac.

unda aRiniSnos, rom “arseboba” mTeli dialogis sakvanZo sakiTxi da

“xerxemalia”, romelsac SedarebiT detalurad Sevexebi dialogis

siuJeturi qargis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas.

meore mniSvnelovani problema aris “WeSmariti” da “mcdari”

“sofistSi”, romelic, garkveulwilad, isev “arsebobis” sakiTxTanaa

dakavSirebuli (oqsfordis skola, j. akrili). mecnierTa yuradRebas, aqac

11

platonis dialeqtika ipyrobs. ganxilulia platonis gvarebi da gvarTagan

umaRlesebi (aqac erT-erTi gamorCeuli mkvlevari aris f. m. kornfordi).

gvarTa ziarebis problemas ukavSirdeba sxva dialeqtikuri aspeqtebic,

romlebic mTlianobaSi qmnis erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas

“sofistis” kvlevaSi.

XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan erT-erT gamokveTil figurad platonis

“sofistis” kvlevaSi gvevlineba g. vlastosi. am periodidan “sofistis”

analizi ukve gansxvavebul xasiTs iZens. ZiriTadad xdeba misi calkeuli

pasaJebis filosofiuri kuTxiT Seswavla. am periodis naSromebi swored

platonis “sofistis” konkretuli pasaJebis filosofiur analizs exeba.

amas ganapirobebs is faqtic, rom platonis “sofistis” erTianobaSi kvlevis

mxriv mniSvnelovani nabijebi iqna gadadgmuli da siaxleebis Zieba ukve

dialogis konkretuli pasaJebis gansxvavebul interpretaciebSi

mdgomareobda. am mxriv ikveTebian r. s. blaki da j. gordoni, manCesteris

skolis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic ZiriTadad ikvleven dialogis calkeul

pasaJebs da maTze dayrdnobiT msjeloben platonis dialogebis garkveul

doqtrinebze.

rac Seexeba platonis am nawarmoebis literaturuli aspeqtiT

Seswavlas, is, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, mxolod XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis

bolodan xdeba popularuli da aqtualuri. savaraudoa, rom am periodidan

ukve mcdarad iTvleba mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom araviTari forma am

dialogSi ar SeiZleba vikvlioT da rom es aris mxolod da mxolod

mSrali filosofiuri nawarmoebi. gacilebiT ufro adre mecniereba

SeTanxmda imaze, rom platoni ramdenadac aris filosofosi, imdenad aris

mwerali da rom es exeba mis uklebliv yvela nawarmoebs, iqneba is

mxatvruli xerxebiT datvirTuli Tu am mxriv SedarebiT “Raribi”.

dialogis filologiuri analizis kuTxiT mniSvnelovan naSromad unda

gamoiyos m. fredes “sofistis literaturuli forma”.

Cvens yuradRebas agreTve ipyrobs XX saukunis miwuruls gamocemuli

gamokvleva (Gordon, Jill, Turning toward Philosophy. Literary Device and Dramatic Structure in

12

Plato’s dialogues, Univ Park. 1999), romelic “sofistis” struqturuli

organizebisa da misi sxva nawarmoebebTan mimarTebis sakiTxebs exeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom XX saukunis miwurulidan aSkarad TvalsaCinoa

am dialogiT, rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebiT daintereseba, rogorc ukve

aRiniSna, dRemde ar ganxorcielebula dialog “sofistis” sistemuri

filologiuri kvleva. Cemi naSromiT Sevecdebi mokrZalebuli wvlili

Sevitano aRniSnuli nawarmoebis mxatvruli aspeqtebis kvlevaSi.

sanam “sofistis” uSualod filologiur aspeqtebs Sevexebode,

mimovixilav sofisturi moZraobis istorias da mis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs,

radgan sxvagvarad warmoudgenelia, CavwvdeT platonis sofistebTan

dapirispirebis arss da SevZloT sofistikis raobis dialeqtikuri analizi,

rac am dialogis mTavari Temaa.

13

Tavi II

sofistikis raoba da sofistTa moZraobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi

termin ,,sofistis” mniSvneloba

sityva ,,sofisti” mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli berZnul sityvebTan sofov~

da sofiva romlebic Cveulebriv iTargmneba rogorc ,,brZeni” da ,,sibrZne”.

termini ,,sofisti” gulisxmobs iseT adamians, romelic Tavisi mcdari azris

dasamtkiceblad yvela xerxs mimarTavs. Tumca, Tavdapirvelad es sityva

imaves niSnavda, rasac ,,brZeni”. termin ,,sofistis” mniSvnelobam droTa

ganmavlobaSi Semdegi transformacia ganicada: 1. konkretuli xelovnebis

codna, ostatoba; 2. praqtikuli an politikuri goniereba, sibrZne; 3.

mecnieruli, Teoriuli an filosofiuri sibrZne (113, 24). lidl-skotis

ZvelberZnuli-inglisuri leqsikoni ki am sami mniSvnelobis garda

gvTavazobs Semdeg ganmartebas: “adamiani, romelic aswavlis gramatikas,

maTematikas, ritorikas da sanacvlod iRebs fuls” (16, 1622).

termin “sofistiT” aRniSnavdnen kanonmdeblebs, poetebs, filosofosebs,

musikosebs, qurumebs da a. S. a. giliarovi aRniSnavs, rom herodotosi am

sityviT moixseniebs cnobil kanonmdebel solons, filosofos piTagoras

(Herod. Hist. 2.49)2, misi Tanamedrove filosofosi diogenes apolonieli ki _

yvela im filosofoss, vinc bunebis kvleviTaa dakavebuli (Diog. Apoll.

Philosoph. 3.12). pindarosi sofistebs poetebs uwodebs (Pind. 5.1.28), esqile

musikosebs (Aesch. Fragm. 314), sofokle _ gamomgoneblebs (Soph. Fragm. 101) (45,

12). sityva “sofistma” sxva Sinaarsic miiRo, rac, rogorc fiqroben,

dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom moxerxebuloba da SorsmWvreteloba xSirad

gulisxmobs eSmakobasa da sicrues.

iTvleba, rom sityva ,,sofisti” uaryofiTi mniSvnelobiT pirvelad

gvxvdeba esqilesTan ,,mijaWvul promeTeSi”, sadac is aRniSnavs eSmaksa da

2 antikuri periodis nawarmoebebis citirebisas, veyrdnobiT maTi laTinurenovani

saxelwodebebis klasikur filologiaSi dReisaTvis aRiarebul da gavrcelebul Semoklebebs. ix.: r. gordeziani, m. danelia, Sesavali klasikur filologiaSi, programa “logosi”, Tbilisi 2005.

14

matyuaras (Aesch. PV 62). amave mniSvnelobiT iyenebs am sityvas evripide (Eur.

Heracl. 993). Zv. w. V saukunis meore naxevridan es sityva ZiriTadad uaryofiTi

mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba da samarcxvino xdeba, Tumca mas Zveli

mniSvnelobiTac iyeneben. sofistebis saxeliT cnobili istoriuli

pirebisadmi mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebulebis miuxedavad, sityva

,,sofistis” Zveli mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba arc isokratesis, qsenofonisa Tu

aristotelesaTvis aris ucxo. qsenofoni sityva ,,sofistiT” moixseniebs

yvela brZen adamians, gansakuTrebiT ki _ filosofosebs, romlebic bunebis

kvleviT arian dakavebulni (Xen. Hell, I. 6. 13). isokrate da aristotele am

sityviT aRniSnaven cnobil Svid brZens (Isocrates, 1 5 I 48, Aristot, Rhet I 419) (45,

14-16).

Semdgomi periodis bizantiel avtorebTanac es sityva orive

mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. grigol nazianzeli Tavis erT-erT werilSi

sofistebs iseT adamianebs uwodebs, romlebic sityvis Sedgenisas

mniSvnelobas formas aniWeben da ara Sinaarss (1, 38). maswavleblis an

filosofosis gageba aqvs am sityvas VII saukunis qristian avtorTan _ ioane

mosxosTan (2, 36).

Zv. w. V saukunis meore naxevridan sofistebad iwodeboda

maswavlebelTa is klasi, romlis warmomadgenlebic fuls iTxovdnen

siqvelis swavlebaSi, rac, arsebiTad, saubris, ufro sworad ki, kamaTis,

eristikis xelovnebis swavlebaze dahyavdaT, Teoriulad da praqtikulad

amuSavebdnen ritorikis sakiTxebs, adgendnen politikur da sakanonmdeblo

sityvebs. swored maT moRvaweobas ukavSirdeba ,,sofistis” saxelis

uaryofiTi mniSvnelobiT damkvidreba.

sofistTa moZraoba rogorc socialuri movlena

SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom sofistebi asparezze Zv. w. V saukunis meore

naxevris aTenSi gamovidnen. es ganapiroba am periodSi momxdarma socialur-

politikurma cvlilebebma. kerZod, am dros damTavrda sparselTa

15

Semotevebi, berZnebi Seudgnen qveynis marTvas, damyarda demokratia.

pirovnebas meti Tavisufleba mieca. intensiuri saxe miiRo saxalxo

krebebma, ramac gamoiwvia mWevrmetyvelebis ganviTareba (72, 203). saWiro

gaxda pirovnebis ganaTleba, raTa is yofiliyo Tavisufali da SeZleboda

saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis miReba. sofistebis erT-erTi umTavresi

mizanic saxelmwifo moRvaweebis momzadeba iyo. sofistebi warmoSobiT

berZnuli samyaros sxvadasxva regionidan iyvnen da, miuxedavad imisa, rom

isini qalaqidan qalaqSi mogzaurobdnen da avrcelebdnen TavianT codnas

(72, 78), TiToeuli maTganisaTvis umTavresi samoRvaweo adgili mainc aTeni

iyo. Zv. w. V saukunis Sua periodidan aTeni sofisturi moZraobis namdvil

centrad iqca. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sofisturi moZraoba erTmniSvnelovnad

periklesis dros aTenSi gatarebulma reformebma da am reformebis Sedegad

Seqmnilma viTarebam ganapiroba (113, 22).

sofistebi

CvenTvis cnobilia ocdaeqvsamde sofistis saxeli, romlebic

moRvaweobdnen Zv. w. 460-380 wlebSi. es is periodia, rodesac sofistebis

aqtivobam umaRles mwvervals miaRwia. Zv. w. IV saukuneSi maT ufro

organizebuli skolebi Camoayalibes (113, 42). CvenTvis cnobil sofistTagan

rva-cxra udavod saxelganTqmuli iyo. amas emateba ori anonimuri naSromis

(Dissoi Logoi da e. w. Anonymus Iamblichi) avtori. samwuxarod, sofistTa

nawarmoebebma Cvenamde sruli saxiT TiTqmis ver moaRwia da sofistTa

naazrevis Sesaxeb msjeloba calkeuli fragmentebis safuZvelze Tu

SegviZlia. miuxedavad amisa, sofistTa calkeuli warmomadgenlebis Sesaxeb

gvaqvs garkveuli informacia:

protagoras abdereli, platonis Tanaxmad, iyo pirveli, visac sofisti

uwodes da vinc swavlebaSi gasamrjelo aiRo (Prt. 349 a)3. moRvaweobda Zv. w.

3 suv g j ajnafando;n uJpokhruxavmeno~ eij~ pavnta~ tou;~ }Ellhna~, sofisth;n ejponomavsa~ seautovna pevfhna~ paideuvsew~ kai; ajreth`~ didavskalon, prw`to~ tou[tou misqo;n ajxiwvsa~ a[rnusqai (Prt. 349 a).

16

490-421 wlebSi. mas ekuTvnis ,,eristikis xelovneba”, ,,mecnierebaTa Sesaxeb”,

,,saxelmwifos Sesaxeb”, ,,siqveleTa Sesaxeb”, ,,antilogiebi”.

gorgiasi leontinidan empedoklesis mowafe unda yofiliyo. igi,

rogorc Cans, ritorikiT yofila dakavebuli. mis yvelaze cnobil

nawarmoebs erqva ,,bunebis, anu ararsebulis Sesaxeb”.

prodikos keoseli dainteresebuli iyo lingvisturi sakiTxebiT.

kerZod, mas ekuTvnis naSromi sinonimikis, anu msgavsi mniSvnelobis

sityvebis garCevis Sesaxeb.

hipias eliseli cnobili yofila mnemonikis, anu mexsierebis xelovnebis

swavlebiT.

sofistTa umcrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: Trasimaqosi,

antifoni, kaliklesi, kritiasi, alkidamasi, polosi, evTidemosi,

dionisidorosi.

rac Seexeba anonimi avtoris “ormag sityvebs” (Dissoi Logoi), romelic

aRmoCenilia seqstus empirikosis xelnawerebSi, is dawerilia doriul

dialeqtze da Sedgeba eqvsi Tavisgan. miiCneven, rom am Txzulebis avtors

protagorasis meTodis gavlena unda ganecada. am naSromis ZiriTadi nawili

eTmoba mSvenierisa da usaxuris Sesaxeb arsebul sapirispiro SexedulebaTa

mtkicebas (113, 42-54; 60, 13-14; 39, 51-80).

miuxedavad imisa, rom sofistTa calkeuli warmomadgenlebi

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen TavianTi interesebis sferoTi,

SexedulebebiT, saqmianobiT, maTi ZiriTadi funqcia mainc imaSi

mdgomareobda, rom adamianebisTvis eswavlebinaT, Tu rogor SeiZleba

nebismieri azris WeSmaritebis damtkiceba msjelobiT, rasac ukavSirdeba

cnobili sofisturi subieqtivizmi da relativizmi.

sofisturi subieqtivizmi da relativizmi

sofistebi aswavlidnen, rom obieqturi samyaro Seucnobelia. isini

arian pirveli agnostikosebi, Tumca maTi agnosticizmi gamoixateba

17

relativizmiT _ swavlebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom WeSmariteba fardobiTia da

damokidebulia garemo pirobebze, droze, adgilsa da calkeul adamianebze.

sofistebi ambobdnen, rom WeSmariteba subieqturia; amdenad, isini

uaryofdnen ara zogadad WeSmaritebas, aramed obieqtur WeSmaritebas.

sofistebis gnoseologiuri relativizmi ganapirobebda eTikur

relativizms, romlis mixedviTac ar arsebobs sikeTisa da borotebis

gansazRvris obieqturi kriteriumebi da sikeTe aris is, rac SenTvis

sasargebloa (71, 204).

diogene laerteli protagorasze msjelobisas aRniSnavs, rom is iyo

pirveli, vinc Tqva, rom nebismieri sagnis Sesaxeb msjelobisas arsebobs

ori urTierTgamomricxavi argumenti (Diog. Laert. Vitae Philosophorum 80 A 1). aq

mTavari is ki araa, rom SesaZlebelia ori argumentis arseboba, aramed is,

rom isini SesaZloa gaaCndes erTsa da imave mosaubres, rogorc

erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli argumenti (113, 85; 60, 16-17; 72, 81). gorgiass

SeeZlo erTsa da imave saganze kargic eTqva da cudic, misi obieqturi

Tvisebebis miuxedavad. kidev ufro sainteresoa misi traqtati ,,bunebis, anu

ararsebulis Sesaxeb”, sadac gorgiasi Tavis mosazrebas sam etapad

aviTarebs: 1. araferi ar arsebobs; 2. Tu raime arsebobs, misi Semecneba

SeuZlebelia; 3. arsebulis Semecneba SesaZlebelic rom iyos, am codnis

sxvisTvis gadacema iqneba SeuZlebeli.

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi miiCneoda, rom es iyo parodia an sarkazmi

filosofosebis winaaRmdeg. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ki Tvlidnen, rom es

traqtati warmoadgenda garkveul ritorikul savarjiSos. g. kerferdis

azriT, aq SesaZloa iyos lovgo~-is ori gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis

dapirispireba: 1. raRac, rac Cvens gonebaSi warmoiSoba rogorc SegrZnebis

Sedegi; 2. fonetikuri bgera, naTqvami sityva. gorgiass am pasaJiT, SesaZloa,

im winaaRmdegobis Cveneba surda, rom sityvaTa mxolod mcire nawilia

onomatopoeturi, danarCens ki _ SeTanxmebiT aqvs darqmeuli saxelebi.

amdenad, didia albaToba imisa, rom maTi gamoyenebiT Cven sagnis WeSmariti

arsi ver gadmovceT (6, 33-35).

18

sofistur relativizms zustad gamoxatavs protagorasis cnobili

sityvebi: ,,adamiani aris yvela sagnis sazomi, arsebulebis, rom isini arian

da ararsebulebis, rom isini ar arian” (Tht. 152 a)4. u. gaTris TqmiT,

protagorass albaT imis Tqma undoda, rom sagani CemTvis iseTia, rogoric

me meCveneba da SenTvis iseTi, rogoric Sen geCveneba. aqedan ki

gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom Tu yvela SegrZneba WeSmaritia, maSin ar

arsebobs mcdari SegrZneba, amdenad, azri ar aqvs SewinaaRmdegebas (24, 84).

es iyo sofistikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Teza, saidanac safuZvels iRebs

paradoqsuli doqtrina: ,,SeuZlebelia SewinaaRmdegeba”. ar arsebobs mcdari

azri, radgan yvela azri WeSmaritia imisTvis, visac is ekuTvnis (Euthydemos

285 b)5. swored amgvari sofisturi relativizmi aRmoCnda sabediswero

sofistebisTvis, radganac, Tu yvela azri WeSmaritia, misi sapirispiro

azric, anu, sofistebis sapirispiroc, WeSmariti iqneba.

sofistTa politikuri moRvaweoba da samarTlisa da kanonis maTeuli aRqma

sofistebis moRvaweobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo politikuri

saqmianoba. isini aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulni saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. TiTqmis

yvela sofisti monawileobda politikaSi. hipiasi amayobda imiT, rom,

“rodesac eliss raime saqmis mogvareba surda, umal mas mimarTavda da

elCad gzavnida, radgan swored igi miaCnda im sityvebis saukeTeso

mauwyeblad, romlebsac, Cveulebriv, warmoTqvamen xolme molaparakebaSi

monawile qalaqebis saxeliT” (Hp. mai. 281 a)6. sofistebi axalgazrdebsac

pirdebodnen, rom Seaswavlidnen, Tu rogor CarTuliyvnen politikur

saqmianobaSi.

4 fhsi; gavr pou pavntwn crhmavtwn mevtron a[nqrwpon ei[nai, tw`n me;n o[ntwn wJ~ e[sti, tw`n de; mh; o[ntwn wJ~ oujk e[stin (Tht. 152 a).5 ajll j a[ra, o{tan ejgw; me;n to;n tou` pravgmato~ lovgon levgw, su; de; a[llou tino;~ a[llon, tovte ajntilevgomen, h] ejgw; levgw me;n to; pra`gma, su; de; oujde; levgei~ to; paravpan, oJ de; mh; levgwn tw/` levgonti pw`~ a] ajntilevgo (Euthydemos285 b)i.6 hJ ga;r H{li~ o{tan ti devhtai diapravxasqai prov~ tina tw`n povlewn, ajei; ejpi; prw`ton ejme; e[rcetai tw`n politw`n aiJroumevnh presbeuthvn, hJgoumevnh dikasth;n kai; a[ggelon iJkanwvtaton ei[nai tw`n lovgwn oi} a{n para; tw`n povlewn eJkavstwn levgwntai (Hp. mai. 281 a).

19

sofistebis amgvar damokidebulebas politikuri saqmianobisadmi

ganapirobebda samarTlisa da kanonis maTeuli gaazreba. miuxedavad imisa,

rom am sakiTxSi gansxvavebuli iyo sofistebis poziciebi, maTTvis saerTo

iyo bunebisa da kanonis dapirispireba. novmo~-fuvsi~-is cnobili antiTeza

pirvelad Tavs sofistebTan iCens (113, 114).

cnobili sofisti protagorasi Tavis Sexedulebebs kanonTan

dakavSirebiT miTis saxiT ayalibebs. is ambobs, rom zevsma adamianebs

STaunerga ridi7 da samarTali, raTa maT erTmaneTi ar moespoT, radgan

amaT gareSe adamianTa erToba _ saxelmwifo _ ver iarsebebs (Prt. 322 d)8.

amasTan, gansxvavebiT xelobis sxva saxeebisagan, romlebsac zogi flobs,

zogi ki _ ara, ridi da samarTali yvelas sakuTrebaa. amis Semdeg adamiani

ukanonobisTvis isjeba, magram igi isjeba ara Cadenili ukanonobisTvis,

aramed im mizniT, rom momavalSi sxvam ar gaimeoros misi danaSauli (Prt. 324

b)9, amitom yoveli mSobeli Tu maswavlebeli cdilobs kanonis Sesabamisi

cxovreba da moqmedeba aswavlos bavSvs (Prt. 326 d)10.

platonis dialogSi protagorasis mier moyvanili miTi

sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba iyos interpretirebuli. SeiZleba vinmem ifiqros,

rom sofists samarTali adamianisaTvis RvTaebisgan boZebulad miaCnia. u.

gaTri ki, ambis gadmocemis aSkarad miTosuri xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT,

agreTve religiisadmi protagorasis skeptikuri damokidebulebidan

gamomdinare, askvnis, rom am miTSi protagorasi adamianTa mier kanonTa

aucileblobis Segnebamde misvlaze mogviTxrobs, rac praqtikuli

7 ai|dw~-s v. soloviovi ,,sircxviliT” Targmnis, h. foulers ,,sindisad” gadmoaqvs. Cven ,,ridi” varCieT, radgan konteqstis mixedviT protagorasi kanonis winaSe ,,SiSze” ufro saubrobs, vidre sircxvilze sxva adamianTa mimarT. miT ufro ar aris saubari mis sityvaSi sakuTari Tavis mimarT sircxvilis gancdaze, rac ,,sindisze” gvafiqrebinebda.8 Zeu;~ ou[n deivsa~ peri; tw/` gevnei hJmw`n mh; ajpovloito pa`n, EJrmh`n pevmpei a[gonta eij~ ajnqrwvpou~ aijdw` te kai; divkhn, i} jei[en povlewn kovsmoi te kai; desmoi; filiva~ sunagwgoiv (Prt. 322 d).9 oJ de; meta; lovgou ejpiceirw`n kolavzein ouj tou` parelhluqovto~ e{neka ajdikhvmato~ timwrei`tai, ouj ga;r a]v tov ge pracqe;n ajgevneton qeivh, ajlla; tou` mevllonto~ cavrin, i{na mh; au\qi~ ajdikhvsh/ mhvte aujto;~ ou|to~ mhvte a[llo~ oJ tou`ton ijdw;n kolasqevnta (Prt. 324 b).10 i{na mh; au[toi ejf jauJtw`n eijkh/` pravttwsin, ajll j ajtecnw`~ w{sper oiJ grammatistai; toi`~ mhvpw deinoi`~ gravfein tw`n paivdwn uJpogravyante~ gramma;~ th/` grafivdi ou{tw to; grammatei`on didovasin kai; ajnagkavzousi gravfein kata; th;n uJfhvghsin tw`n grammw`n, w}~ de; kaiv hJ povli~ novmou~ uJpogravyasa, ajgaqw`n kai; palaiw`n nomoqetw`n euJrhvmata, kata; touvtou~ ajnagkavzei kai; a[rcein kai; a[rcesqai, o}~ d j a]n ejkto;~ baivnh touvtwn, kolavzei (Prt. 326 d).

20

saWiroebiT iyo gamowveuli (24, 85-86). am azrs pirdapir gadmogvcems

,,saxelmwifoSi” glavkoni, rogorc saqveynod aRiarebul Sexedulebas (Resp.

359 a)11.

meore cnobili sofisti hipiasi fiqrobs, rom kanoni tirania da

mravals iseTi ramis gakeTebas aiZulebs, rac bunebas ewinaaRmdegeba, Tumca

isic aRiarebs kanonis mniSvnelobas saxelmwifosaTvis. amasTan, aRniSnavs,

rom Tumca saxelmwifos sakeTildReod adgenen, sargebloba mxolod

sworad dadgenil kanons moaqvs, arasworad dadgenili ki, piriqiT,

saxelmwifosTvis mavnea (Hipp. mai. 284 d)12. aqedan gamomdinare, hipiasi

kanonebsa da maTdami morCilebas did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda, radgan

xSirad kanonmdeblebi sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr Tavad cvlian kanonebs.

platonTan sofistebis SedarebiT naklebad mniSvnelovani

warmomadgenlebisa da maTi mimdevrebis Sexedulebebsac vxvdebiT kanonis

Sesaxeb, romlebic aRiareben, rom maTTvis ar aqvs mniSvneloba

samarTliansa da usamarTlos, mTavaria iyo Zalmosili (Grg. 468 e-469 e)13, rom

kanoni aris xelovnuri SezRudva, romelic sustebis mieraa dadgenili im

mizniT, rom isini Zlierebze amaRldnen, Zlierni ki bunebis kanonebs

emorCilebian, romlebic ar emTxveva dadgenils (Grg. 483 b-c)14, rom

11 kai; ejnteu`qen dh; a[rxasqai novmou~ tivqesqai kai; sunqhvka~ auJtw`n, kai; ojnomavsai to; uJpo; tou` novmou ejpivtagma novmimovn te kai; divkaion kai; ei\nai dh; tauvthn gevnesivn te kai; oujsivan dikaiosuvnh~, metaxu; ou\san tou` me;n ajrivstou o[nto~, eja;n ajdikw`n mh; didw`/ divkhn, tou` de; kakivstou, eja;n ajdikouvmeno~ timwrei`sqai ajduvnato~ h (Resp. 359 a) /\.12 Swkravth~novmon de; levgei~, w\ Ijppiva, blavbhn povlew~ ei\nai h] wjfelivan;JIppiva~Tivqetai me;n oi\mai wjfeliva~ e{neka, ejnivote de; kai; blavptei, eja;n kakw`~ teqh/` oJ novmo~.Swkravth~tiv dev; oujc wJ~ ajgaqo;n mevgiston povlei tivqentai to;n novmon oiJ tiqevmenoi; kai; a[neu touvtou meta; eujnomiva~ ajduvnaton oijkei`n (Hipp. mai. 284 d);JIppiva~Ajlhqh` levgei~.13 eij ou\n ajpistou`ntiv soi deivxaimi to; ejgceirivdion, i[sw~ a[n ei[poi~ ijdw;n o{ti w\ Swvkrate~, ou{tw mevn pavnte~ a]n mevga duvnainto, ejpei; ka]n ejmprhsqeivh oijkiva touvtw/ tw/` trovpw h{ntinav soi dokoi`, kai; tav ge Ajqhnaivwn newvria kai; aiJ trihvrei~ kai; ta; ploi`a pavnta kai; ta; dhmovsia kai; ta; i[dia. ajll j oujk a[ra tou`t j e[stin to; mevga duvnasqai, to; poiei`n a} dokei` aujtw/` (Grg. 468 e-469 e).14 ajll joi\mai oiJ tiqevmenoi tou;~ novmou~ oiJ ajsqenei`~ a[nqrwpoiv eijsin kai; oiJ polloiv. pro;~ auJtou;~ ou\n kai; to; auJtoi`~ sumfevron touv~ te novmou~ tivqentai kai; tou;~ ejpaivnou~ ejpainou`sin kai; tou;~ yovgou~ yevgousin, ejkfobou`nte~ touv~ ejrrwmenestevrou~ tw`n ajnqrwvpwn kai; dunatou;~ o[nta~ plevon tw`n a[llwn zhtei`n e[cein, ajgapw`si ga;r oi\mai aujtoi; a[n to; i[son e[cwsin faulovteroi o[nte~. dia; tau`ta dh; novmw/ me;n tou`to a[dikon kai; aijscro;n levgetai, to; plevon zhtei`n e[cein tw`n pollw`n, kai; ajdikei`n aujto; kalouvsin (Grg. 483 b-c).

21

samarTlianoba realurad aris is, rac surs Zliers (Resp. 339 a)15, rom

usamarTlo praqtikulad yovelTvis jabnis samarTlians (Resp. 343 d - 344 e)16,

rom sabolood swored usamarTlobaa praqtikulad sasargeblo.

antifoni Tavis wignSi ,,WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb” wers, rom kanonebis

umravlesoba bunebas ewinaaRmdegeba. kanonebs is uwodebs ,,bunebis

borkilebs” (39, 380; 71, 215-216; 60, 21-22).

amrigad, sofistebis moZRvrebaSi eWvqveS dgeba adreuli epoqis kanonisa

da samarTlis aRqma, romelic polisis sulad moiazreboda da bunebaSi

moqmed kanonebTan SesabamisobaSi ganixileboda (53, 147), raki kosmosis

ideac ki divkh-s _ samarTlis bunebaSi ganmgeblobas gulisxmobda (53, 204).

Tumca isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom sofistebi maTi Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis umravlesobis azris gamomxatvelni arian. TavianTi azris

dasabuTebisas isini, rogorc wesi, umravlesobis azrs imowmeben (Resp. 358 a-

360 d)17.

gorgiasi imasac acxadebda, rom igi samarTlianisa da usamarTlos

Sesaxeb saubars aswavlida (Grg. 454 b)18, magram, platonis azriT, mTavari iyo

ara “saubris codna”, aramed _ Tavad samarTlianisa da usamarTlosi.

codnis Temas aRzrda-ganaTlebis sakiTxTan mivyavarT.

aRzrdis sakiTxi sofistebTan

sofistebs pedagogikis fuZemdeblebad miiCneven. maT mier dasaxul gzas

mihyveba dResac umTavresad ganaTleba. maTi es damsaxureba ar SeiZleba

gadafasebul iqnas. isini arian maswavleblebi am sityvis sruli

15 tai`~ povlesin taujto;n ei\nai divkaion, to; th`~ kaqesthkusiva~ ajrch`~ sumfevron, au{th dev pou kratei`, w{ste sumbaivnei tw`/ ojrqw`~ logizomevnw/ pantaxou` ei\nai to; aujto; divkaion, to; tou` kreivttono~ sumfevron (Resp. 339 a).16 kai; ga;r o{tan ajrchvn tina a[rch/ eJkavtero~, tw/` me;n dikaivw/ uJpavrcei, kai; eij mhdemiva a[llh zhmiva, tav ge oijkei`a di jajmevleian mocqhrotevrw~ e[cein, ejk de; tou` dhmosivou mhde;n wjfelei`sqai dia; to; divkaion ei\nai, pro;~ de; touv toi`~ ajpecqevsqai toi`~ te oijkeivoi~ kai; toi`~ gnwrivmoi~, o{tan mhde;n ejqevlh/ aujtoi``~ uJphretei`n para; to; divkaion, tw/` de; ajdivkw/ pavnta touvtwn tajnantiva uJpavrcei (Resp. 343 d - 344 e). 17 ouj toivnun dokei`, e[fh, toi``~ polloi``~, ajlla; tou` ejpipovnou ei[dou~, o} misqw`n q J e{neka kai; eujdokimhvsewn dia; dovxan ejpithdeutevon, aujto; de; di J auJto; feuktevon wJ~ o] calepovn (Resp. 358 a-360 d). 18 tauvth~ toivnun th`~ peiqou`~ levgw, w\ Swvkrate~, th`~ ehn toi`~ dikasthrivoi~ kai; e;n toi`~ a[lloi~ o[cloi~, w{sper kai; a[rti e[legon, kai; peri; touvtwn a} ejsti divkaiav te kai; a[dika (Grg. 454 b).

22

mniSvnelobiT (50, 134). Tumca maTi aRmzrdelobiTi moZraobis mizani

Tavdapirvelad iyo ara sazogadoebis ganaTleba, aramed politikuri

winamZRolis, lideris formireba. Tavdapirvelad sofistebi swored

rCeulebs mimarTavdnen da maTTan midioda is, visac politikosad

Camoyalibeba surda. amisaTvis ki saWiro iyo gonebis ganviTareba, erTi

mxriv, enciklopediuri codnis miRebiT, meore mxriv ki, praqtikuli

ganswavliT.

samwuxarod Cvenamde moRweuli ar aris sofistTa naSromebi, magram,

cnobilia, prodikus keoselis sinonimika, protagorasis swavleba zmnasa da

sqesze, Trasimaqosis _ “winadadebis wevrebze”. sofistebma daamkvidres

piTagoras swavleba harmoniaze. saerTod, trivium-kvadriviumis ciklSi

Semaval saganTa didi nawilis swavleba ukve sofistebma SemoiRes.

sofistebamde ar yofila saubari gramatikasa da ritorikaze. amitom isini

am ukanasknelTa fuZemdeblebad iTvlebian. isini pirvelebi ganmartavdnen

did poetTa nawarmoebebs (simonidesi, Teognisi, pindarosi), homerosi ki

maTTvis erTgvari enciklopediaa. saerTod, protagorasis aRmzrdelobiTi

moZRvreba, romelic miznad sazogadoebis srulyofili wevris formirebas

isaxavda, yvelafris _ poeziis, musikis, gimnastikis swavlebas

saxelmwifosaTvis Rirseuli moqalaqis aRzrdas uqvemdebarebda (Prt. 326 d)19.

Tumca sofistebs aviwydebodaT, rom politikuri xasiaTis aRzrdisas

aucilebelia WeSmaritebis Zieba. maTi aRzrdis mTavari mizani aRsazrdelis

WeSmaritebis Secnobisaken warmarTva ki ar iyo, aramed _ nebismieri sagnis

Sesaxeb saubarsa da nebismieri mosazrebis dasabuTebaSi gawafva.

Eu\ levgein _ ,,kargad saubari” iyo swored is saganmanaTleblo ideali,

romelic yvela sofists aerTianebda (53, 78).

19 ejpeida;n de; ejk didaskavlwn ajpallagw`sin, hJ povli~ au\ touv~ te novmou~ ajnagkavzei manqavnein kai; kata; touvtou~ zh`n kata; paravdeigma, i{na mh; aujtoi; ejf jauJtw`n eijkh/` pravttwsin, ajll jajtecnw`~ w{sper oiJ grammatistai; toi``~ mhvpw deinoi``~ gravfein tw`n paivdwn uJpogravyante~ gramma;~ th/` grafivdi ou{tw to; grammatei`on didovasin kai; ajnagkavzousi gravfein kata; th;n uJfhvgesin tw`n grammw`n, w}~ de; kai; hJ povli~ novmou~ uJpogravyasa, ajgaqw`n kai; palaiw`n nomoqetw`n euJrhvmata, kata; touvtou~ ajnagkavzei kai; a[rcein kai; a[rcesqai, o}~ d j a]n ejkto;~ baivnh touvtwn, kolavzei (Prt. 326 d).

23

ritorika

Zv. w. V saukunis meore naxevris aTenSi gavrcelebuli iyo mosazreba,

rom ar arsebobs WeSmariteba da WeSmariti movlenebi. arsebobs mxolod

ideologiebi da konceptualuri modelebi, romelTa SerCevac

individualuria. ritorikasa da WeSmaritebas Soris farTo ufskruli iyo.

Tavad ritorikis Zala sofistTa Taobis aRmoCena ar iyo. misi aucilebloba

ukve homerossac esmoda da verc erT poets warmoedgina sakuTari

moRvaweoba sityvis Zalis gareSe, magram ritorikis xelovnebis Teoria

sofistur periodSia Seqmnili (113, 83-84).

ritorikis xelovnebis fuZemdeblad diogene laerteli protagorass

miiCnevs (Diog. Laert. Vitae Philosophorum A 1. 17), romelmac, misive TqmiT, pirvelma

gamoiyena sofizmebi sityvier SejibrebaSi. Tumca Tavad diogene

protagorasis ritorikas afasebs rogorc sakmaod zedapiruls. igive

diogene gvamcnobs, rom protagorasma saubari oTx nawilad dayo, esenia:

Txovna, SekiTxva, pasuxi, brZaneba (Diog. Laert. Vitae Philosophorum A 1. 19) (59, 33).

saerTod, sofistebi miiCnevdnen, rom ar aris saWiro, kargma oratorma

icodes, ra aris samarTliani. sakmarisia icode, ra Cans samarTlianad

umravlesobisaTvis. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mSvenierisa da kargis Sesaxebac.

swored ase SeiZleba daarwmuno xalxi da ara WeSmaritebis saSualebiT

(Phdr.260 a)20.

cnobilia, rom hipiasic amayobda Tavisi ritorikuli xelovnebiT da

specialuradac ki werda sityvebs, romlebic, misi azriT, mSvenieri iyo

gamoxatvis xerxebiT (Hipp. mai. 286 a)21, magram sofisturi ritorikis

saukeTeso warmomadgenlad mainc gorgiasi miiCneva. igi Tavis Tavs karg

orators uwodebs (Grg. 449 a)22 da fiqrobs, rom ritorikis sagania yvelaze

20 ei\nai ajnavgkhn tw`/ mevllonti rJhvtori e[sesqai ta; tw`/ o[nti divkaia manqavnein ajlla; ta; dovxant j a]n plhvqei oi{per dikavsousin, oujde; ta; o[ntw~ ajgaqa; h] kala; ajll j o{sa dovxei, ejk ga;r touvtwn ei\nai to; peivqein ajll j oujk ejkth`~ ajlhqeiva~ (Phdr.260 a).21 e[[sti gavr moi peri; aujtw`n pagkavlw~ lovgo~ sugkeivmeno~, kai; a[llw`~ eu\ diakeivmeno~ kai; toi``~ ojnovmasi, provschma dev moiv ejsti kai; ajrch; toiavde ti~ tou` lovgou (Hipp. mai. 286 a).22 Swkravth~rJhvtora a[ra crhv se kalei`n;

24

ufro mSvenieri da didebuli saqmeebi (Grg. 451 d)23, xolo misi mizania, SeZlo

sityviT daarwmuno mosamarTleebi sasamarTloSi da xalxi _ saxalxo

krebaze (Grg. 452 e)24.

gorgiasi miiCnevs, rom oratoruli xelovneba mas saSualebas aZlevs

daarwmunos umravlesoba imaSi, raSic unda. janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebul

sakiTxebSic ki oratori ukeT daarwmunebs xalxs, vidre eqimi (Grg. 456 b).

amaSia oratoruli xelovnebis Zala. ritorikis saSualebiT sofistebs

SeeZloT ,,araswori saqme sworad gamoeyvanaT” da ,,susti argumenti

Zlierad eqciaT”.

sofisturi eristika da antilogika

miRebulia, rom sofistebi dialeqtikis meTodsac iyenebdnen, magram,

rogorc g. kerferdi aRniSnavs, Tavidanve unda gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan

sami termini: dialeqtika, antilogika da eristika (113, 62). dialeqtika aris

meTodi, romelic platonma WeSmariti filosofosis saqmianobad gansazRvra

da romelzec dawvrilebiT qvemoT SevCerdebiT. sofistebma ki es meTodi

aqcies kamaTis, eristikis, ritorikuli darwmunebis xelovnebad, romelic

efuZneboda urTierTsapirispiro Tezisebis arsebobisas nebismieri maTganis

miRebis SesaZleblobas. misi erTaderTi mizani iyo kamaTSi gamarjveba. rac

Seexeba antilogikas (ajntilogikh`), es aris erTi da imave sagnis Sesaxeb

sapirispiro azrTa gamoTqmis xelovneba. antilogika dgas eristikasa da

Gorgiva~ajgaqovn ge, w\ Swvkrate~, eij dh; o{ ge eu[comai ei\nai, wJ~ e[fh O{mhro~, bouvlei me kalei`n.Swkravth~ajjlla; bouvlomaiGorgiva~kavlei dhv (Grg. 449 a).23 Swkravth~Levge dh; tw`n peri;; ejsti tou`to tw`n o[ntwn, peri; ou| ou|toi oiJ lovgoi eijsi;n oi|~ hJ rJhtorikh; crh`tai;Gorgiva~Ta; mevgista tw`n ajnqrwpeivwn pragmavtwn, w\ Swvkrate, kai; a[rista (Grg. 451 d).24 to; peivqein e[gwg joi|ovn t j ei\nai toi``~ lovgoi~ kai; ejn dikasthrivw dikasta;~ kai; ejn bouleuthrivw/ bouleuta;~ kai; ejn ejkklhsiva/ ejkklhsiasta;~ kai; ejn a[llw/ sullovgw/ pantiv, o{sti~ a]n politico;~ suvllogo~ givgnetai. kaivtoi ejn tauvth/ th`/ dunavmei dou`lon me;n e{xei~ to;n ijatrovn, dou`lon de; to;n paidotrivbhn, oJ de; crhmatisth;~ ou|to~ a[llw/ ajnafanhvsetai crhmatizovmeno~ kai; oujc auJtw/`, ajlla; soi; tw`/ dunamevnw/ levgein kai; peivqein ta; plhvqh (Grg. 452 e).

25

dialeqtikas Soris. is aris pirveli nabiji, romelsac mivyavarT

dialeqtikamde da romelsac g. kerferdi zenonis aRmoCenad miiCnevs (113, 65).

sofistebi da sokrate

swored saubris warmarTvis xerxebiT amsgavsebdnen erTmaneTs

sofistebsa da sokrates, rac erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia filosofiis

istoriaSi. Tuki erTni sokrates sofistebis dauZinebel mtrad miiCnevdnen,

meoreni fiqrobdnen, rom igi iyo ,,sofisti sofistTagani”, rom rasac

platoni ambobs sofistebis Sesaxeb, upirveles yovlisa, sokrates

miemarTeba, rom erTaderTi gansxvaveba maT Soris iyo is, rom sofistebi

swavlebaSi fuls iRebdnen, sokrate ki _ ara (113, 63-67).

mTeli rigi niSnebiT sokrate marTlac SeiZleba mivamsgavsoT

sofistebs. esenia: fizikasa da metafizikaze uaris Tqma da yuradRebis

adamianisaken mimarTva, didaqtikur-saganmanaTleblo saubrebi, sakiTxis

gasarCevad saubris formis gamoyeneba. gansakuTrebiT didi iyo msgavseba im

SemTxvevebSi, rodesac sokrate cdilobda Tanamosaubris msjelobaSi

winaaRmdegobebi epova. miuxedavad amisa, maTi miznebi arsebiTad

gansxvavebuli iyo, rac xSirad mxedvelobidan gamorCebaT xolme. v. iegeris

TqmiT, “platonis mier gamovlenili sxvaoba sokratul da sofistur

meTodebs Soris gamoepara komikos aristofanes Janruli msgavsebis gamo”

(113, 63-67).

sokratesa da sofistebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebisaTvis amosavali

codnisa da WeSmaritebisadmi maTi sxvadasxvagvari midgomaa. sofistebisTvis

obieqturi WeSmariteba ar arsebobda, sokratesTvis ki codna iyo

erTaderTi sikeTe, ucodinroba ki _ boroteba. igi Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli

obieqturi WeSmaritebis arsebobaSi, Tumca misi wvdomis sirTulec kargad

hqonda gaazrebuli. swored codnisa da WeSmaritebis gansxvavebuli

gaazreba iwvevda sokratesa da sofistebis sxvadasxva pozicias yvela

danarCen sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

26

sofistikis mniSvneloba

filosofiur mimdinareobaTagan sofistika ueWvelad erT-erTi yvelaze

ufro saintereso da cvalebadia. sofistebis Sesaxeb yvela epoqaSi azrTa

didi sxvadasxvaoba iyo. maT gamoCenas Tavdapirvelad aRtacebiT Sexvdnen,

mogvianebiT ki isini imdenad moiZules, rom maT naazrevSi raime mecnierul

Rirebulebasac ki ver xedavdnen. ukve aristotele sofistebs im adamianebs

uwodebs, romlebic fuls moCvenebiTi sibrZniT Souloben. miuxedavad imisa,

rom sofistebi Tavs politikis maswavleblebad Tvlidnen, aristoteles

azriT, isini amisTvisac gamoudegarni iyvnen, radgan ar hqondaT arc

praqtikuli gamocdileba da arc Teoriuli codna. isokratesic brals

sdebs sofistebs imaSi, rom isini izidaven axalgazrdebs, arTmeven fuls da

ar zrunaven WeSmaritebis Ziebaze. isokratesi sofistebs gamoucdelebad

miiCnevs ritorikis swavlebaSic (44, 29-33). mogvianebiT sofistebTan

dakavSirebiT azri kvlav Seicvala da maT damcvelebi gamouCndnen,

romelTa Soris iseTi didi filosofosic ki iyo, rogoric hegelia (44, 3).

dResdReobiT aRiarebulia sofisturi moZraobis istoriuli da

inteleqtualuri mniSvneloba. sofistebis interesebis sferos

ganekuTvneboda gramatika, lingvistikis Teoria, literaturuli analizi da

kritika. isini ganixilavdnen moralur da politikur doqtrinebs,

swavlobdnen maTematikas, fizikis elementebs, svamdnen filosofiuri

xasiaTis SekiTxvebs da aseTsave pasuxebs moiTxovdnen. Tumca maT

filosofosobasTan dakavSirebiT dResac uryevia platonis mosazreba,

romlis mixedviTac, filosofia aris WeSmaritebis ganWvreta, rac, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom Zalian Sors iyo sofistebisgan. platoni im periodSi

moRvaweobda, rodesac ar arsebobda filosofiis gansazRvruli gageba. am

dros ganviTarebuli iyo abstraqtuli da analitikuri azrovnebis

sxvadasxva saxe. platonis winamorbed moazrovneebs, kanonmdeblebs,

ostatebs, cru sibrZnis maZieblebTan erTad moixseniebdnen rogorc sovfoi da

sofivstai. sityva filosofei`n da misgan nawarmoebi fuZeebi iSviaTad Canda gvian

27

Zv. w. V saukunemde. am termins ar hqonda Camoyalibebuli teqnikuri

mniSvneloba. rodesac asparezze gamovida platoni, man SemogvTavaza am

sityvis specifikuri da sakmaod viwro gansazRvreba sakuTari moRvaweobis

aRsaniSnavad. amiT man sakuTari Tavi yvela sokratemdeli filosofosisagan

gamijna. magram es ar iyo sakmarisi. man Tavisi naazrevis gadmosacemad

Seqmna sruliad axali literaturuli Janri _ dialogi da gamoyo is sxva

Janrebisgan, rogorc erTaderTi forma WeSmaritebis kvleva-Ziebis

gadmosacemad (122, 10).

imisaTvis, rom ufro Rrmad CavwvdeT sofistTa mimarT dapirispirebaSi

Camoyalibebul platonis saazrovno meTodologias, romelic reliefurad

mJRavndeba “sofistSic” da romelic uSualod ukavSirdeba am nawarmoebis

rogorc filosofiuri, ise filologiuri aspeqtiT kvlevas, unda

ganvixiloT dialogis Janri, misi problematika da am JanrTan

dakavSirebuli msjelobis dialeqtikuri meTodi.

28

Tavi III

dialogis Janri da dialeqtikuri meTodi

dialogi (zogadi mimoxilva)

diavlogo~ _ berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs ,,saubars”, ,,dialogs”,

,,msjelobas”. igi nawarmoebia zmnidan dialevgomai, romelic niSnavs

,,vsaubrob”, ,,vesaubrebi” (vinmes), ,,vmsjelob”, ,,vinmesTan erTad ganvixilav

sakiTxs”, ,,msjelobis Sedegad vaskvni”, ,,vkamaTob”, ,,vdaob” (16, 402).

termini ,,dialogi” SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas sam ZiriTad doneze: 1.

saubari or an ramdenime pirs Soris; 2. mxatvruli teqstis nawili, misi

erT-erTi komponenti, romelic personaJTa sityvier urTierTobas asaxavs; 3.

literaturuli Janri, upiratesad filosofiuri Sinaarsisa, romelSic

avtoris azri gadmocemulia ori an meti piris saubris saxiT (14, 96).

swored am TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs dialogs antikuri xanis avtori _

diogene laerteli, romlis ganmartebiTac, dialogi aris saubari, romelic

Seicavs sityva-pasuxs ama Tu im filosofiur, religiur an politikur

sakiTxze (17, 337).

dialogis formas sakmaod mniSvnelovani efeqtis moxdena SeuZlia

mkiTxvelze. kerZod, dialogi dasabuTebuli pasuxebis ufro did

SesaZleblobas iZleva, vidre nebismieri filosofiuri traqtati. es

gansakuTrebuli literaturuli Janri aris, erTi mxriv, saukeTeso

saSualeba sakuTari doqtrinebis gadmosacemad, meore mxriv ki, im

SesaZleblobebis gamosaxatad, rasac weris xelovneba iZleva (101, 95).

dialogis Janris Seqmna antikurobis erT-erTi udidesi moazrovnis _

platonis saxels ukavSirdeba, Tumca, ,,dialogis klasikosad” aRiarebuli

moazrovnis SemoqmedebaSi am Janris Camoyalibebasa da mis maRal mxatvrul

srulyofas uTuod hqonda garkveuli wanamZRvrebi.

filosofiuri dialogis pirvel literaturul Canasaxad miCneulia

demokritesis nawarmoebi ,,gonebisa da grZnobis gasaubreba”. amasTanave,

29

monologTan erTad dialogs vxvdebiT istorikosTa TxzulebebSi (rom

aRaraferi vTqvaT dramaze). garda amisa, rogorc aRniSnaven, Zv. w. V

saukuneSi cnobili unda yofiliyo e. w. ,,Svidi brZenis saubrebi”. dialogis

forma hqonda ion qioselis anekdotebs saxelganTqmuli adamianebis Sesaxeb.

ganuzomlad didia sofistebisa da sokrates wvlili zepiri debatebis

xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi (18, 127). magram, saerTo aRiarebiT, dialogurma

formam farTo da intensiuri ganviTareba pirvelad literaturis

istoriaSi swored platonTan hpova.

dialogis Janris problematika da misi Seswavlis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba

dialogis Kmecnieruli kvlevisadmi interesi XX saukunis 80-iani

wlebidan mkveTrad izrdeba. amave periodidan iwereba ZiriTadad dialogis

Sesaxeb monografiuli gamokvlevebi.25

dialogs rogorc literaturul Janrs sxvadasxva aspeqtiT

ganixilaven: dialogi da Semoqmedeba, dialogi da azrovneba, samecniero

dialogi da sxva. ganarCeven dialogis ramdenime saxes: dialogi-kamaTi,

dialogi-ganmarteba, dialogi-emociuri konfliqti, dialogi-unisoni.

dialogis tipebs ganarCeven imis mixedviTac dasrulebulia msjeloba Tu

dausrulebeli, SeTanxmebulia TanamosaubreTa moqmedeba Tu

urTierTsawinaaRmdego da a. S. (57, 83-86) rac Seexeba specialurad

filosofiur dialogs, masSi gamoyofen kvleviT (romelic moicavs

polemikasac), didaqtikur da satirul tipebs (15, 73).

Tanamedrove mkvlevari d. voltoni dialogis tipebis klasifikacias

maTi miznebis Sesabamisad axdens da gamoyofs eqvs tips, romelsac is aseve

uwodebs: 1. darwmuneba; 2. molaparakeba; 3. kvleva; 4. ganxilva; 5;

informaciis Zieba; 6. kamaTi (137, 27).

25 Tuki pauli-visovas leqsikonis Zvel gamocemaSi dialogisadmi miZRvnili calke statiac

ki ar aris, axal Neue Pauli-Si ukve safuZvlianad aris mimoxiluli am Janris ganviTarebis istoria antikur xanaSi, qristianuli literaturis CaTvliT.

30

dialogis Janrze saubrisas Tavdapirvelad yuradReba unda

gavamaxviloT im sakiTxebze, romlebic umTavresad dialogis struqturas,

mis formasa da Sinaarss Soris kavSirs, monologTan mis mimarTebas da

aseve zogierT im aspeqts Seexeba, romlebic filosofiuri dialogisaTvis

aris mniSvnelovani.

upirveles yovlisa, ismis kiTxva: ra SemTxvevaSi, ra pirobebSi

SeiZleba Sedges dialogi? g. girginovis ganmartebiT, ori mxaris

polarulad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebisa da poziciebis arsebobis drosac

ki unda iyos raRac saerTo, rac gaxdeba dialoguri urTierTobis

safuZveli. misive TqmiT, dialogi socialuri movlenaa da mas SeiZleba

hqondes Cveulebrivi saubris, diskusiis, disputis an polemikis saxe (46, 32).

dialogi da monologi

zepiri metyvelebis formaTagan dialogi monologze adrindeli

warmoSobisaa (57, 37), Tumca miuTiTeben maT Soris arsebul mWidro

kavSirzec, rac istoriulad aris damowmebuli. n. bezmenovas TqmiT,

antikuri codna dialogis saxiT formirdeba, Semdeg ki sxvadasxva teqstSi

monologad yalibdeba (36, 21).

g. kuCinskis azriT, esa Tu is Sexeduleba aucileblad unda

gamoicados dialogur msjelobaSi, raTa mis safuZvelze warmoiSvas sxva

dasabuTebuli Sexeduleba; monologSi ki codna fiqsirdeba, rogorc

azrovnebis procesis dasrulebuli produqti (57, 91).

n. bezmenova imowmebs v. perelmans, romelic istoriul-komunikaciur

modelad asaxelebda ara monologs, aramed dialogs, radgan monologisas

SesaZlebelia sakuTari Tavis motyuebac, dialogSi ki zustdeba

argumentacia. am mxriv, antikurobaSive gaemijna erTmaneTs ritorika,

romelic iyenebda monologs da filosofia, romlisTvisac misaReb formad

dialogi iqca (36, 67). zogierTi mecnieri dialogis monologisagan

ganmasxvavebel niSnad pirvelis reaqciul xasiaTs miiCnevs. l.

31

slavgorodskaias ganmartebiT, dialogi aris metyveleba, romelic

replikebisgan Sedgeba. es aris Zlier dramatizebul reaqciaTa jaWvi (70, 80).

monologs saerTod xelovnur enobriv formad miiCnevda rusi

mecnieri g. Serba, romlis azriTac, Tavis WeSmarit arss ena mxolod

dialogSi avlens: dialogis dros Cndeba axali sityvebi, iwarmoeba axali

formebi, razec gavlenas fsiqologiuri da fiziologiuri faqtorebi

axdens. salaparako ena mas TavisTavad dialogurad miaCnda, ramdenadac igi,

upirveles yovlisa, urTierTobis iaraRia (38, 19).

Sinagani dialogi

g. kuCinski aRniSnavs, rom xSirad xdeba dialoguri metyvelebis

monologizeba, xolo monologi, Tavis mxriv, xSirad iqceva Sinagan

dialogad. Sinagani dialogi ki, rogorc g. kuCinski ambobs, sxva araferia,

Tu ara metyvelebis forma, rodesac adgili aqvs erTi da imave individis

gansxvavebul mosazrebaTa urTierTqmedebas (57, 46).

Sinagani dialogis cneba TavisTavad gulisxmobs dialogis kavSirs

azrovnebasa da logikasTan. es sakiTxi sagangebod aris ganxiluli g.

girginovTan: Sinagani dialogi warmoiSoba maSin, roca xdeba adamianis

azrovnebis dialogizeba. es ki imitom xdeba, rom azrovnebis ganviTareba

aris logikis ganviTareba. dialogi, erTi mxriv, aris obieqturi, Rirebuli

informaciis dagrovebis, WeSmaritebis miRwevisa da WeSmariti codnis

gamdidrebis saSualeba, meore mxriv ki, misi Rirseba da done

damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor eTanxmeba is logikuri azrovnebis kanonebs

(46, 51). l. slavgorodskaia yuradRebas amaxvilebs dialogis mniSvnelobaze

TviTSemecnebis gaRrmavebisTvisac. misi TqmiT, dialogi berZnebisaTvis aris

ara marto urTierTobis, aramed azrovnebis saukeTeso formac (57, 77).

32

dialogis struqtura

g. kuCinski dialogis Janris kvlevisas umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad

dialogis struqturis, kerZod ki, struqturuli erTeulis dadgenas

miiCnevs. amasTan dakavSirebiT igi ganixilavs mecnierebaSi arsebul

sxvadasxva mosazrebas: struqturul erTeulad saxeldeba sityva (a.

vigotski), winadadeba (p. seCenovi), gamonaTqvami (v. ianouSeki), ori mosaubris

Sesityveba (m. baxtini), kiTxva-pasuxis cikli (e. orlova) (57, 91). misi azriT,

ramdenadac dialogis Sinaarsi da forma erTiani unda iyos, Seswavlisas

struqturul erTeulad aRebul unda iqnas kiTxva-pasuxis cikli, romelic

SeiZleba daemTxvas mikro-dialogs.

zogierTi mecnieri (g. koxi) struqturis Seswavlisas axdenda teqstis

diferencirebas, gamoyofda siuJets, motivs, magram, g. kuCinskis TqmiT, aq ar

unda dagvaviwydes, rom dialoguri metyveleba aris lakonuri da bevri ram,

rac ar aris naTqvami, xSir SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba. amitom dialogis

struqturis kvlevisas gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas iseTi enobrivi formebi,

rogorebicaa: 1. reducireba _ roca piri aRar imeorebs ukve naTqvams, an

saerTod ar asrulebs azrs; 2. multifunqcioba _ roca teqstis garkveuli

monakveTi asrulebs ra dialogSi erT funqcias, moicavs meoresac (mag:

pasuxi-informacia, pasuxi-damokidebuleba); 3. funqciuri elementebis

formaTa sesxeba an Sereva (mag: ritorikuli SekiTxva, SekiTxva-gamxneveba)

(57, 94).

g. kuCinski ganixilavs dialogis formisa da Sinaarsis mimarTebasac.

forma, upirveles yovlisa, dialogis Sinaarsis ganviTarebis saSualebaa.

dialogis Sinaarsis analizisas amosavali cnebebia ,,Tema” da ,,Sexeduleba”.

SekiTxva aris ZiriTadi saSualeba dialogis Temis dasadgenad da im

Sexedulebis misaTiTeblad, romlis gagebasac isaxavs miznad dasmuli

SekiTxva. pasuxi ki aris Sexedulebis gamoxatva im Temaze, romelic

SekiTxviT dafiqsirda (57, 99).

33

struqturulad rTuli dialogebis Seswavlisas cal-calke unda iqnas

gamokvleuli Semadgeneli mikro-dialogebis Temebi, romlebic erTianobaSi

dialogis mTavar Temas qmnis.

dialogis roli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi

dialogis mniSneloba aqtualuria sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

sxvadasxva sferoSi. Tumca dialoguri formis gamoyenebas upiratesobas

aniWeben ara mxolod saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebisas, aramed

sxvadasxva jgufisa Tu asakis warmomadgenlebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis

drosac. dialogi TandaTan ufro metad xdeba politikuri liderebis

moRvaweobisa da axali politikuri azrovnebis umniSvnelovanesi komponenti

(46, 17). TviT ganaTlebis sistemaSic ki dialogi mkvidrdeba rogorc

swavlebis meTodi (unda aRiniSnos, rom Sua saukuneebSi dialogi

garkveulwilad ukve iyo gamoyenebuli e. w. kiTxva-pasuxis meTodis saxiT,

dRes ki mas swavlebis interaqtiur meTods uwodeben.

dialogis kavSiri azrovnebasa da logikasTan

l. slavgorodskaia specialurad ganixilavs dialogs mecnierebasTan

mimarTebaSi. misi TqmiT, dialogis Tema mWidrod ukavSirdeba komunikaciis,

zemoqmedebisa da kontaqtis gagebas. yovelive es ki ganuyofelia brZenis,

mecnieris moRvaweobisagan. metic, amaT gareSe mecnieris moRvaweobas azri

ekargeba. l. slavgorodskaias TqmiT, SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom mecniereba,

dRevandeli gagebiT, pirvelad Zv. w. V s-is saberZneTSi Cndeba. am dros

polisebSi demokratiis damkvidrebam gamoiwvia zepiri sityvis ganviTareba.

saxalxo krebasa Tu sasamarTloSi gamosvlisas sakuTari azris

damajerebeli argumentirebis aucileblobam ganapiroba logikuri

dasabuTebis xerxebis SemuSaveba. brZeni adamianis zepiri sityva ki

yovelTvis ufro Zvirfasia, vidre Cawerili. amitom saubari xdeba ara

marto swavlebis, aramed kvlevis saukeTeso formac. werilobiTi teqstebis

34

aucilebloba ki mxolod imaSia, rom informacia Semdgom Taobas gadasces.

sokratec upiratesobas aniWebs cocxal, zepir metyvelebas (Phdr. 275 d-e)26.

amdenad, mecnierebisa da dialogis Janris ganviTareba demokratiul

saberZneTSi slavgorodskaias kanonzomier movlenad miaCnia (70, 48).

logika da ritorika filosofiur dialogSi

filosofiur dialogs rogorc Janrs didi xnis istoria aqvs. klasikur

epoqasa da gvian antikurobaSi platonis adreuli e. w. sokratuli

dialogebidan dawyebuli, plutarqosis, ciceronis, tacitusisa da netari

avgustines nawarmoebebiT damTavrebuli, dialogis Janrma seriozuli

cvlilebebi ganicada. is mniSvnelovan Janrad rCeboda renesansisa da

ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSic da popularuli iyo iseT avtorebTanac,

rogorebic arian galileo, didro, volteri, loki d. a. S. XX saukunis Sua

da bolo periodSi xdeba dialogis Janris aRorZineba, rac mWidrodaa

dakavSirebuli am periodSi kritikuli diskursis ganviTarebasTan.

miuxedavad amisa, filosofiur dialogs Cveulebriv

“araliteraturul Janrad”, erTgvar “virtualur Teatrad” miiCneven. am

Janrma hermenevtikosebisa da enis filosofosebis gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba miiqcia. lingvistikis mxridan gamoikveTa sami ZiriTadi midgoma:

pragmatikis, logikisa da ritorikis. 70-ian wlebSi iqamdec ki mividnen, rom

dialogi miiCnies kulturuli evoluciisa da kulturaTaSorisi gacvlebis

ZiriTad meqanizmad. msgavsi Janri arsebobda Cinur literaturul

tradiciaSic, magram samwuxarod Cinur-evropuli literaturuli

komparativistikis mier ar momxdara am ori fenomenis Sedareba.

26 deinovn gavr pou, w\ Fai`dre, tou`t j e[cei grafhv, kai; wJ~ ajlhqw`~ oJ{moion zwgrafiva. kai; ga;r ta; ejkeivnh~ e[kgona e{sthkh me;n wJ~ zw`nta, eja;n d j ajnevrh/ti, semnw`~ pavnu siga`/. taujto;n de; kai; oiJ lovgoi, dovxai~ me;n a]n w{~ ti fronou`nta~ aujtou;~ levgein, eja;n dev ti e[rh/ tw`n legomevnwn boulovmeno~ maqei`n, e{n ti shmaivnei movnon taujton ajeiv. o{{tan de; a{pax grafh`/, kulindei`tai me;n pantacou` pa`~ lovgo~ oJmoivw~ para; toi`~ ejpaivousin, wJ~ d j au{tw~ ti ajr j oi|~ oujde;n proshvkei, kai; oujk ejpivstatai levgein oi|~ dei` ge kai; mhv. Plhmmelouvmeno~ de; kaiv oujk ejn divkh/ loidorhqei;~ tou` patro;~ ajei; dei`tai bohqou`, aujto;~ ga;r ou[t j ajmuvnasqai ou[te bohqh`sai dunato;~ auJtw`/ (Phdr. 275 d-e).

35

mivyveT sokrates tradicias, romelic pirveli iyo, vinc aRmoaCina

ritorikasa da logikas Soris arsebuli Sinagani uTanxmoeba, rac, Tavis

mxriv, qmnis filosofiuri dialogis pragmatul arss. pirvel rigSi unda

CavuRrmavdeT istoriul konteqsts. aleqsandriuli memkvidreobis

paralelurad klasikurma mecnierebam ganaviTara Tavisi srulyofili

forma da meTerTmete saukunis bolos daaarsa pirveli universiteti. am

periodSi humanitarul mecnierebaTa swavleba ori nawilisgan Sedgeboda,

eseni iyo triviumisa da kvadriviumis cikli. triviumSi Sedioda gramatika,

ritorika, logika, romelTagan TiToeuli garkveuli aspeqtiT ukavSirdeba

enas. zogierTisTvis swavlebis es modeli moZvelebuli da

ararelevanturia, Tumca ukanasknelma wlebma aCvena, rom Sua saukuneebis

triviumis ganaxlebul modelad SeiZleba miviCnioT Tanamedrove enis

filosofia da semiotika. v. perelmanisa da amerikeli neo-pragmatistebis

moRvaweobam ki kidev erTxel dasva sakiTxi logikisa da ritorikis

urTierTdapirispirebis Sesaxeb, romelic inicirebuli iyo sokrates mier

iseT dialogebSi, rogoricaa “gorgiasi” da “menoni” (121, 35).

eWvgareSea, rom am sami mimarTulebidan TiToeuls hqonda Tavisi

funqcia, Rirebuleba da perspeqtiva. pragmatikis koncefciam icvala Tavisi

gageba da Tu adre is moiazreboda ZiriTadad leqsikografiad da stilad,

dRes is gulisxmobs enis struqturas erTianobaSi da ar ukavSirdeba enis

logikur statussa da WeSmaritebas. amis sapirispirod, logikis pirveladi

da ZiriTadi gageba aris WeSmariteba da misi procedura ki – WeSmaritebis

Zieba. rac Seexeba ritorikas, is Tavidanve dakavSirebuli iyo darwmunebis

xelovnebasTan (121, 42).

berZnul-romaul ritorikaSi iyo erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. ra unda

gaakeTon Tanamosaubreebma maSin, rodesac filosofiuri kvleva ver

aRmoaCens simarTles da rodesac simarTle, romelic eTikur Rirebulebebs

ukavSirdeba, ver iqneba aRmoCenili logikuri proceduris Sedegad?

platonuri korpusi TiTqmis mTlianad am sakiTxze pasuxis gacemiTaa

dakavebuli. termin diavlogo~-is etimologiac swored isaa rom, rodesac

36

lovgo~ (WeSmariteba) ar aris misawvdomi da rodesac aravis SeuZlia lovgo~-is

(metyveleba) monopolizeba, maSin procesi unda warimarTos masSi sxva

Tanamosaubreebis CarTvis gziT (diav). anu dialogi aris gangrZobadi

diskusiuri procesi, romlis Sedegadac Cndeba raRac WeSmariteba mainc.

enis gamoyenebis es pragmatuli aspeqti imdenad gavrcelebulia dRes, rom

Cven amas verc ki vacnobierebT. amitomacaa, rom dialogis Janri yuradRebis

centrSi moeqca swored XX saukuneSi.

platonis adreul dialogebSi sokrate yvelgan aris wamyvani

Tanamosaubris rolSi. ufro xSirad is aris adamiani, romelic svams sawyis

SekiTxvas da iwyebs realuri dialogis ganviTarebas. erTi mxriv, sokrate

aris adamiani, romelic TiTqosda siqvelisa da WeSmaritebis ZiebaSia, meore

mxriv ki, is zustad iseve iyenebs ritorikul strategiebs, rogorc amas

sofistebi akeTeben, romelTac is utevs. modeli aseTia: sokrate

Tavdapirvelad acxadebs, rom man ar icis sakiTxi, Semdeg ikvlevs

TanamosaubresTan erTad da logikisa da ritorikis urTierTSepirispirebis

fonze Tanamosaubresac aCvenebs, rom man araferi icis. es aris cnobili

elenxosis meTodi, romelic niSnavs mxilebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom es meTodi

gvxvdeba platonis bevr dialogSi da maT Soris “sofistSic” (am

nawarmoebis elenxosis gamoyenebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb detalurad ix.

Tavi IV).

ra aris Rirebuli da saintereso am meTodidan Tanamedrove

pragmatistebisaTvis? mniSvnelovani isaa, rom dialogis forma da meTodi

Tavis TavSi moicavs logikuri msjelobis procedurisa da ritorikis

darwmunebis teqnikis elementebs, rac mimarTulia Tanamosaubris

gardaqmnisaken.

dialogi filosofiasa da literaturaSi

literaturis zogierTi Teoretikosi yuradRebas aqcevs filosofiur

teqstebs literaturuli kritikis TvalsazrisiT da Tvlis, rom is am mxriv

arafriT gansxvavdeba literaturuli teqstisgan. Sesabamisad,

37

filosofiuri da literaturuli teqsti unda ganvixiloT erTi da imave

saSualebebiT. miuxedavad amisa, zogierTebi filosofiur da literaturul

teqstebs miznebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben. filosofosebi qmnian teqstebs,

romlebic WeSmaritebas Seesabameba, maSin rodesac mwerlebi koncentrirebas

axdenen gamoxatvaze – stilze. magram filosofia mudam aris literatura

da xSirad xdeba meta-literaturac. filosofia aqcents akeTebs arsebulze,

maSin roca literaturas aqvs kreaciis saSualeba da ar aqvs aucilebloba

eyrdnobodes WeSmaritebas.

rodesac am sakiTxze vmsjelobT, kidev ufro bundovani xdeba erTi

avtoris, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi platonis gamijvna, rogorc mwerlis da

rogorc filosofosis. Tavi rom davaneboT platons, rogorc filosofoss,

misi nawarmoebebi SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc xelovnebis nimuSebi,

Txzulebebi, romlebic Zalian mniSvnelovania kulturis istoriisaTvis

maTi literaturuli Rirebulebis gamo. zogierTi mecnieri Tvlis, rom

platonis korpusis Sesaswavlad ar aris aucilebeli misi dialogebis

formis kvleva. sinamdvileSi, nawarmoebebis mxatvruli forma TavisTavad

mniSvnelovani Seswavlis sagania. sxvebi eWvqveS ayeneben mosazrebas imis

Taobaze, rom platonis filosofiuri Teoriebis gadmocema mxolod

dialogis formiT iyo SesaZlebeli da rom dialogis forma platonis

azrovnebasTan uSualodaa dakavSirebuli. isini qmnian platonis stilis

kvlevis gansxvavebul Teoriebs da safuZvlad udevT SekiTxva: ratom airCia

platonma, romelic mudam akritikebs dramis avtorebs, maincadamainc es

forma, romelic ufro metad literaturulia, vidre filosofiuri.

cnobili mkvlevari m. nusbaumi amasTan dakavSirebiT fiqrobs, rom platonma

imitom airCia dramis stili, rom amiT gamijvnoda tragikul dramas da

Seeqmna e. w. anti-tragikuli drama, romliTac mkiTxveli masTan erTad

miaRwevda WeSmaritebas (92, 32).

platonis dialogebi aris erTgvari Teatri, sadac ZiriTadad

TamaSoben filosofiuri argumentebi da mTavaria mihyve maT, rogorc

TeatrSi mihyvebi moqmedebas. Sesabamisad, es naklebad aris filosofiuri

xasiaTis leqciebi.

38

saerTod SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es sakiTxi, ekuTvnis dialogebi

filosofias Tu literaturas, platonis dros saerTod ar idga, radganac

im dros es ori sfero erTmaneTisagan ase naTlad ar iyo gamijnuli. im

dros epikuri da tragikuli poetebi iTvlebodnen moazrovneebad da

maswavleblebad da maT nawarmoebebs aravin aRiqvamda nakleb seriozulad.

platonma scada am cnobierebis Secvla da dawera drama, romlis umTavresi

mizanic xalxis samsaxuri iyo (92, 39).

Janris SerCeva platonis mier

ratom mimarTa platonma dialogis formas? am SekiTxvaze pasuxi ar

SeiZleba iyos calmxrivi. rogorc Cans, erT-erTi mizezi sokrates saubris

maneris SenarCuneba iyo. platonTan kerZo saubarma mxatvruli dialogis

saxe miiRo. isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Zveli berZenisaTvis saubari

iyo ara marto urTierTobis, aramed azrovnebis formac. swored saubarSi

ibadeba codna, aRwevs srulyofas da gadaecema sxvas. v. iegeris TqmiT,

platonis survili iyo eCvenebina filosofosi kvlevisa da Ziebis procesSi,

gaexada eWvi da konfliqti xiluli (46, 47). platonis dialogebSi mudam

aris mkiTxvelisaTvis mravalmxrivi codnis dapireba. igi arasodes aris

gadmocemuli pirdapir, aramed igulisxmeba saubarSi da mouwodebs

mkiTxvels, ufro mravalmxrivad miudges sakiTxs, ufro ukeT ganWvritos da

ufro metad dafiqrdes (133, 3).

dialogis formis arCeviT platonma Tavi aarida mkiTxvelisaTvis

pirdapir mimarTvas. nacvlad amisa, dialogebSi erTmaneTs misi moqmedi

pirebi esaubrebian. saerTod, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom platoni nawerebSi

Tavisi piriT arasodes gadmoscemda filosofiur ideebs. VII werilSi is

ambobs, rom arasodes dauweria Tavisi filosofia da amas sakuTriv

filosofiuri mizezi aqvs, _ filosofia sityvebiT ar gadmoicema (Epist. 341

39

c-e)27. Tuki dialogebi ar aris platonis filosofia, maSin ras warmoadgens

isini da ra mimarTeba aqvs platonis naazrevTan?

r. hircelis dakvirvebiT, Tuki dialogebs martivad mivudgebiT, vnaxavT,

rom es aris maRali donis dramatuli Txzulebebi, sadac brwyinvaledaa

daxatuli xasiaTebi, konfliqti aris aSkara da mwvave, mxatvruli ostatoba

ki iseTi, rom umciresi detalebic ki srulyofilia. maTSi warmodgenili

moqmedebebi gansxvavdeba standartuli dramaturgiisagan. sxva sityvebiT,

dialogi aris ideaTa drama, sadac xdeba WeSmaritebis TandaTanobiTi

gaSla (109, 1118).

ratom dawera platonma aseTi dramebi? amis mizezi Tavad dialogis

formaa. namdvili filosofiuri saubari SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod

realur adamianTa cxovrebaSi, sazogadoebaSi, sadac saintereso sakiTxebs

ganixilaven (109, 122). WeSmaritebas, gagebasa da sibrZnes mxolod amgvar

msjelobaSi SeiZleba miaRwio. filosofiuri saubari iwyeba imis SegnebiT,

rom Cveni Sexedulebebi ar aris WeSmaritebis Sesabamisi. rodesac am

problemas Seigneb, unda daiwyo pasuxis Zieba. filosofiis koncefcia aris

sibrZnis Ziebis wadili, rac ganuyofelia platonis dialogebis dramatuli

struqturisagan. Tavad dialogi ki am Ziebis mxatvruli mibaZvaa (104, 94). v.

sinaikos TqmiT, platoni xSir SemTxvevaSi swored aq irCevs sokrates ucxo

da paradoqsul saxes, rom daayenos is scenis SuagulSi, radganac sokrates

aqvs genialuri Tviseba CaebRauWos dramatul situaciaSi damalul

filosofiur sakiTxs da moaqcios is fokusSi. es aris sokrates dramatuli

funqcia dialogebSi, romelic gansxvavebul xalxTan gansxvavebul

situaciebSi vlindeba (133, 7). Sesabamisad, dialogebic gansxvavebulad

warimarTeba da gansxvavebuli SedegebiT sruldeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

aseTia platonis koncefcia: sibrZnis Zieba SeiZleba yvelgan nebismier

adamianTan erTad, Tumca Sedegi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli TanamosaubreTa

xasiaTze, unarsa da miznebze.

27 kaivtoi tosovnde oi|da, o{ti grafevnta h] lecqevnta uJp j ejmou` bevltist j a]n lecqeivh, kai; mh;n o{ti gegrammevna kakw`~ oujc h{kist j a]n ejme; lupoi`. eij dev moi ejfaivneto grapteva q j iJkanw`~ ei\nai pro;~ touv~ pollou;~ kai; rJhtav, tiv touvtou kavllion ejpevprakt j a]n hJmi`n ejn tw`/ bivw/ h] toi`~ te ajnqrwvpoisi mevga o[felo~ gravyai kai; th;n fuvsin eij~ fw`~ pa`sin proagagei`n (Epist. 341 c-e);

40

s. rozenis ganmartebiT, platonisaTvis dialogi TavisTavad

warmoadgens TanamosaubreTa mcdelobas ama Tu im movlenis Sesaxeb

warmoadginon TavianTi doqtrina. sxva sityvebiT, es aris erTgvari

yucagwgiva, anu sulis aRzrda, sulis „gaZRola“. xolo raki sulebi bunebiT

gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisagan, Sesabamisad, maTi „gaZRolac“ sxvadasxva

saxis saubrebiT unda moxdes. dialogis dramatuli forma aris is gza,

romliTac avtori sakuTar doqtrinebs gansxvavebul mkiTxvelTa bunebebs

Seusabamebs (128, 2).

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dialogis Janris formirebaze Swkratikoiv

lovgoi-s gavlena platonis mkvlevarTa mier erTxmad aris aRiarebuli. am

cocxal Janrs gvinaxavs aseve esqines fragmentebi da qsenofoni. rogorc

Cans, am stiliT werdnen sokrates megobrebi. platoni gansxvavdeba

qsenofonisagan. a. naitingeili fiqrobs, rom platonis dialogebSi

amosaval wertilad unda miviCnioT berZnuli poeziisa da ritorikis JanrTa

gaerTianeba. amis magaliTebia: ,,protagorasSi” damowmebuli simonidesis

poema, dakrZalvisas warmosaTqmeli sityva ,,meneqsenosSi”, prozauli

evlogiebi ,,nadimSi”, lisiasis panegiriki ,,fedrosSi”. marTalia, platoni

xazgasmiT ganmartavs filosofosisaTvis damaxasiaTebel meTods _

dialeqtikas _ sapirispirod poeziisa da musikis macdunebeli enisa, misi

dialogebi arasodes Semoifargleba dialeqtikiT. masze aSkara zegavlenas

axdens, erTi mxriv, tragedia, meore mxriv ki, komedia. komedia amzadebs

models adreuli sokratuli nawerebisaTvis, tragedia ki _ mogvianebiT

xdeba misi paradigma, anu platonis meTodi garkveulwilad

interteqstualuria. mcire albaTobaa imisa, rom qsenofonma miiRo Janri,

romelsac amgvari Sereuloba axasiaTebda da is gaamartiva. ufro

savaraudoa, rom platonma aiRo dramatizebuli saubrebis martivi Janri da

multiJanrulad aqcia is (122, 204).

cnobilia, rom sokrates yvela moswavle werda dialogebs, magram verc

erTma ver SeZlo mTeli cxovreba ise gadmoeca dialogSi, rogorc es

platonma moaxerxa. mxolod man SeZlo literaturulad gamoexata

41

sokratuli saubris Taviseburebebi. amitom iTvleba is filosofiuri

dialogis Semqmnelad (100, 184).

zogierTi mkvlevari (d. klei) cdilobda platonis dialogis Janris

sofronis mimebTan dakavSirebas. es varaudi emyareba diogene laertelis

gadmocemas, rom platonma ,,pirvelma Camoitana aTenSi mimografos sofronis

wignebi da baZavda maT xasiaTebis daxatvisas. es wignebi mas sasTumalTan

upovnes” (Diog. III, 18). aristotelec Tavis ,,poetikaSi” sokratul dialogebs

sofronis mimebis doneze ayenebda (Arist. Poet. 1447 b). miuxedavad amisa, sakmaod

paradoqsulad Cans, rom platons an romelime sokratels filosofiuri

dialogis specifikuri tipis modelad literaturis es saxeoba aeRo.

sacdurs albaT is qmnida, rom sofronis mimebi aris erTaderTi

literaturuli Janri dramatul prozaSi, romelic arsebobda Zv. w. V

saukuneSi, magram mimebic iseTi prozauli dramebi unda yofiliyo,

romlebic scenaze dasadgmelad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, rac qmnida

principul gansxvavebas platonis dialogebisagan (136, 59).

platonis argumentebi da dialogis forma

imisaTvis, rom ufro amomwuravi pasuxi gavceT SekiTxvas, Tu ratom

airCia platonma weris es forma, ganvixiloT, Tu ra kavSirSia platonis

dialogebSi gadmocemuli argumentebi Tavad am JanrTan.

platonis dialogebi xelovnebis nimuSebs warmoadgens. isini iZleva

zust warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori SeiZleba yofiliyo namdvil

dialeqtikur saubarSi monawileoba, an ubralod misi mosmena. ufro metic,

isini SesaZloa imaze metis warmodgenasac ki iZleva, vidre amgvar saubarSi

CarTva mogvcemda, radganac es dialogebi warmoadgens paradigmatul

saubrebs, sadac paradigmatulia xasiaTebic da dramatuli konteqstic.

dialogebSi gamoyenebulia imgvari literaturuli xerxebi, rom es

nawarmoebebi literaturis tradicias miekuTvneba (97, 201). imavdroulad

isini filosofiuri mwerlobis magaliTebicaa da es warmoSobs kiTxvas, Tu

42

rogor aris dakavSirebuli es ori sakiTxi erTimeoresTan platonis

SemoqmedebaSi. saubari ar aris imaze, rom es ori aspeqti erTimeoris

gamomricxavia, an erTimeorisagan damoukidebelia. piriqiT, platonis

koncefcia swored isaa, rom Tu literaturas unda miaRwios raime did

mizans, is aucileblad filosofiuri unda iyos da piriqiT, imisaTvis rom

filosofiurma naazrevma filosofiur mizans miaRwios, man aucileblad

mxatvruli literaturis forma unda gamoiyenos (97, 202).

fokusireba unda moxdes erT konkretul aspeqtze, romliTac, vfiqrob,

filosofiuri da literaturuli formebi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli

erTmaneTTan. sakiTxis arsi amgvaria: platons aqvs konkretuli

Sexedulebebi filosofiuri Tezisebisa da argumentebis statussa da

RirebulebasTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic, misi azriT, mxolod da mxolod

dialogis formiT, ufro zustad ki dramatuli dialogis formiT

SeiZleboda asaxuliyo. am zogad ideas SeiZleba daefuZnos Cveni Semdgomi

kvlevac.

platonis dialogebSi uamrav sxva aspeqtTan erTad gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba aqvs argumentebs, romlebic sainteresoa Semdegi mizezebis

gamo: 1) dialogebis absoluturi umravlesoba swored am argumentebisagan

Sedgeba, rac agreTve literaturul elementebs warmoadgens; 2) rogorc

wesi, swored argumenti qmnis dialogis “xerxemals” da ayalibebs mis

struqturas; 3) dialogis forma srul SesabamisobaSia platoniseul kiTxva-

pasuxis formatTan da amas swored argumentebis buneba ganapirobebs; 4)

platonis dialogebis argumentebis sidiade ganapirobebs Tavad platonis

filosofiuri koncefciis mniSvnelobas. amiT imis Tqma ki ar minda, rom

platoni filosofiis mniSvnelobas mxolod da mxolod argumentebis

Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi xedavs, aramed imisi, rom filosofiuri

xedva da Sinaarsi, platonis azriT, bevrad aris damokidebuli logikur

argumentebze. asea Tu ise, argumenti platonis dialogis erT-erTi sakvanZo

Semadgeneli komponentia da amitom masze aucileblad unda gavamaxviloT

yuradReba.

43

aq Tavs iCens erTi mniSvnelovani problema. kerZod, Cven gvaqvs

argumentebis erTi jgufi, romelic danamdvilebiT viciT, rom platons

ekuTvnis da amis paralelurad gvaqvs meore jgufi, romelic sadavoa,

ekuTvnis Tu ara platons. aRsaniSnavia, rom platoni imgvarad agebs Tavis

dialogebs, rom mxolod dialogze dayrdnobiT ver mivxvdebiT, ekuTvnis Tu

ara esa Tu is argumenti platons. amis dasamtkiceblad Cven gvWirdeba

damatebiTi faqtebisa da garemoebebis codna platonis naazrevsa da

Sexedulebebze.

rodesac vinme wers filosofiur traqtats, iq calmxrivad da

erTmniSvnelovnad aris gatarebuli avtoris argumenti, romelsac is mTel

traqtatSi icavs. amdenad, SegviZlia vimsjeloT logikuri, damajerebeli da

Zlieri aris Tu ara filosofiuri traqtatis avtoriseuli argumenti.

argumenti aris platoniseuli dialogisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani problema, romelic TavisTavad rig SekiTxvebs warmoSobs: 1)

romelia platoniseuli dialogis is formaluri maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic

Riad tovebs sakiTxs, ekuTvnis Tu ara dialogSi ganviTarebuli esa Tu is

argumenti Tavad platons? 2) akeTebda Tu ara amas platoni Segnebulad? 3)

Tu es ukanaskneli asea, ratom airCia man weris es forma? am SekiTxvebze

pasuxis gacemiT ki naTeli moefineba sakiTxs, Tu ratom werda platoni

filosofiur dialogs am formiT.

pirveli mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli, romlis meSveobiTac Riad rCeba

sakiTxi, ekuTvnis Tu ara dialogSi ganviTarebuli esa Tu is argumenti

Tavad platons aris is, rom dialogi mxatvruli literaturis produqtia,

romelSic argumentebs aviTareben mxatvruli personaJebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi

avtori ar aris pasuxismgebeli personaJebis mier SemoTavazebul

argumentebze, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac Tavad avtori migvaniSnebs amas

raime gziT. dialogis SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi aseTi saSualeba SeiZleba iyos

sakuTari Tavis gamoyvana Tanamosaubred an avtoris identificireba

romelime personaJTan. platonis SemTxvevaSi amgvari personaJi xSirad,

magram ara yovelTvis, aris sokrate. es yovelTvis asec rom iyos, aq Cndeba

ukve meore formaluri maxasiaTebeli imisa, Tu ratomaa argumentebisadmi

44

platonis damokidebuleba darCenili Riad. esaa Tavad platonis

dialogebSi ganviTarebuli argumentebis forma.

platonis dialogebSi, ZiriTadad, argumentebs Semdegi struqtura

aqvs: dialogSi aris ori mxare: erTi, romelic svams SekiTxvas da meore,

romelic pasuxobs. Tavdapirvelad pirveli mxare svams rig SekiTxvebs,

romlebzec iTxovs pasuxs “ki” an “ara”, Semdeg ki meore mxares misive

pasuxebis safuZvelze sTxovs konkretul definicias. dialogSi kargad ar

Cans, Tu romeli personaJisaa esa Tu is argumenti, imisi, vinc SekiTxvebs

svams, Tu imisi, vinc pasuxobs. esec dramis struqturisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli elementia da swored am mizniT unda iyos gamoyenebuli.

meore SekiTxvaze, akeTebda Tu ara amas platoni Segnebulad, pasuxi,

vfiqrob, dadebiTi unda iyos, magram manamde umjobesia pasuxi mesame

SekiTxvas gavce, Tu ratom airCia platonma weris es forma, romelic ase

niRbavs argumentebis realur avtorsa da mxardamWers.

am sakiTxis kvlevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi faqti. kerZod is,

rom dialogebSi da gansakuTrebiT ki aporiul dialogebSi ganviTarebuli

msjeloba aSkarad tovebs im STabeWdilebas, rom rac ar unda Zlieri da

logikuri iyos argumenti, is ver gauZlebs sokrates gamocdas. ras

fiqrobda platoni? gauZlebda ki is amas? albaT, pasuxi am kiTxvaze

uaryofiTi unda iyos. platons namdvilad hqonda garkveuli argumentebi,

romlebze dayrdnobiTac ayalibebda Tavis filosofiur mosazrebebs, magram

icoda, rom aRniSnuli argumentebis siswore kidev unda gadasinjuliyo. mas

rom es argumentebi filosofiuri traqtatis formiT gadmoeca, SesaZloa,

ver gaqceoda mxilebas. dialogis miseuli forma ki platons aZlevda

saSualebas, gadmoeca Tavisi Sexedulebebi da argumentebi ise, rom

adamianebs miscemodaT saSualeba ukeT da ufro Rrmad efiqraT maT

sisworeze.

aq aris meore aspeqtic. kerZod, ar arsebobs argumenti, romelic

SeiZleba miiCnio srulyofilad da romelic ar eqvemdebareba gansjas.

platons es argumentebi pirdapir traqtatis formiT rom gadmoeca,

adamianebi aRar ifiqrebdnen bevrs maT sisworeze an Semdgom ganxilvaze.

45

swored amitom man isini gadmogvca misi dialogebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

struqturiT, sadac nebismiers SeuZlia CaerTos da gaamdidros

kacobriobis codna da naazrevi. amdenad, pasuxi Cvens mier dasmul bolo

or kiTxvaze aseTia: platoni amas akeTebda ganzrax, momavali codnis

Seqmnis mizniT.

saboloo daskvna ki is SeiZleba iyos, rom arsebobda mravali mizezi

imisaTvis, rom platons weris swored es forma aerCia da amgvari

struqturis dialogebi Seeqmna. es nawarmoebebi Cven erTgvar filosofiur

gakveTils gvitarebs. weris es gza ayalibebs da warmogvidgens

filosofiur poziciasa da arguments yvelaze ufro ukeT gasagebi da

cxadi dramatuli gziT. dialogis forma da dramatuli siuJeti swored

filosofiuri miznebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. dialogebi gvaiZulebs vifiqroT

maTSi warmodgenil argumentebze, es ki Sedegad gvaZlevs axal codnas,

axal naazrevs.

platoni dialogis Sesaxeb

dialogis problematikis kvlevisas, mniSvnelovania Tavad dialogis

Janris klasikosis _ platonis TxzulebebSi gamoTqmuli Teoriuli

mosazrebebis gacnoba.

sakiTxis kvlevis saukeTeso gzad platonis dialogebis personaJi _

sokrate, rogorc cnobilia, swored dialogis formas miiCnevs. amitom is

yovelTvis dasawyisSive uTanxmdeba Tanamosaubres, kiTxva-pasuxis

monacvleobiT isaubron. ,,pirvel alkibiadesSi” is afrTxilebs

alkibiadess, rom misTvis Cveul grZel sityvebs ver moismens da dasmul

SekiTxvebze mokle pasuxebs moiTxovs (Alc. 106 b)28. misive TqmiT, kiTxvebze

pasuxi umecrebis daZlevis saukeTeso saSualebaa (Alc. 127 e)29.

28 a\r j ejrwta`/~ ei[ tin j e[cw eijpei`n lovgon makrovn, oi{ou~ dh; ajkouvein ei[qisai; ouj gavr ejsti toiou`ton to; ejmovn, ajll j ejndeivxasqai mevn soi, wJ~ ejgw\/mai, oi|ov~ t J a]n ei[hn o{ti tau`ta ou{tw~ e[cei, eja;n e}n movnon moi ejqelhvsh/~ bracu; uJphreth`sai (Alc. 106 b);29 ajpokrivnesqai ta; ejrwtwvmena, w\ Ajlkibiavdh, kai; eja;n tou`to poih`/~, a]n qeo;~ qevlh/, ei[ ti dei` kai; th`/ ejmh/` manteiva/ pisteuvein, suv te kajgw; bevltion schvsomen (Alc. 127 e).

46

platonis Rrma rwmeniT, azrovneba aris sulis saubari sakuTar TavTan,

magram mxolod iseT saubars aqvs mniSvneloba, sadac gageba miiRweva

sakiTxis sxvadasxva mxridan ganxilvis gziT (Phdr. 276 e)30. dialogi aris

cocxali metyveleba mcodne adamianisa, dawerili sityva ki _ misi mibaZva

(Phdr. 276 a)31.

sanam saubars daiwyeb, jer unda Seimecno WeSmariteba im sagnis Sesaxeb,

romelzec saubrob, yvelaferi am WeSmaritebis Sesabamisad gansazRvro,

gansazRvris Semdeg ki, unda icode, rogor dayo is saxeebad. sulis bunebac

ase unda ganixilo. unda monaxo sityvis iseTi saxe, romelic Tanamosaubris

xasiaTisTvis Sesaferisi iqneba da ise aago sityva. rTul suls unda

mimarTo rTuli, mravalferovani sityvebiT, martivs ki _ martiviT (Phdr. 277

b-c)32.

amasTanave, sokrate ayenebs dialogis warmarTvis aucilebel pirobebs:

vinaidan dialogi msjelobasTan erTad kvlevac aris (Menon 80 d)33, saWiroa

SekiTxvebze Tamamad pasuxi, miuxedavad imisa, iqneba Tu ara is mxilebuli

(Chrm. 166 d)34. SekiTxvebi ar unda iyos usamarTlo, radgan sxvanairad aigeba

kamaTi da sxvanairad _ msjeloba (Tht. 167 d-e)35. dialogSi ar unda iyos

30 e[sti gavr, w\ fivle Fai`dre, ou{tw, polu; d j oi|mai kallivwn spoudh; peri; aujta; givgnetai, o{tan ti~ th`/ dialektikh/` tevcnh/ crwvmhno~, labw;n yuch;n proshvkousan, futeuvh/ te kai; speivrh/ met j ejpisthvmh~ lovgou~, oi} eJautotoi`~ tw`/te futeuvsanti bohqei`n iJkanoi; kai; oujci; a[karpoi ajlla; e[conte~ spevrma, o{qen a[lloi ejn a[lloi~ h[qesi fuovmenoi tou`t j ajei; ajqavnaton parevcein iJkanoiv, kai; to;n e[conta eujdaimonei`n poiou`nte~ eij~ o{son ajnqrwvpw/ dunato;n mavlista (Phdr. 276 e).31 Swkravth~o}~ met j ejpisthvmh~ gravfetai ejn th`/ tou` manqavnonto~ yuch`/, dunato;~ me;n ajmu`nai eJautw/`, ejpisthvmwn de; levgein te kai; siga`n pro;~ ou}~ dei`.Fai`dro~To;n tou` eijdovto~ lovgon levgei~ zw`nta kai; e[myucon, ou| oJ gegrammevno~ ei[dwlon a[n ti levgoito dikaivw~ (Phdr. 276 a).32 pri;n a[n ti~ tov te ajlhqe;~ eJkavstwn eijdh`/ pevri w|n levgei h} gravfei, kat j aujtov te pa`n oJrivzesqai dunato;~ gevnhtai, oJrisavmenov~ te pavlin kat j ei[dh mevcri tou` ajtmhvtou tevmnein ejpisthqh`/, periv te yuch`~ fuvsew~ diid`w;n kata; taujtav, to; prosarmovtton eJkavsth/ fuvsei ei\do~ aneurivskwn, ou{tw tiqh`/ kai; diakosmh`/ to;n lovgon, poikivlh me;n poikivlou~ yuch`/ kai; panarmonivou~ didou;~ lovgou~, aJplou`~ de; aJplh`/, ouj provteron dunato;n tevcnh e[sesqai kaq j o{son pevfuke metaceirisqh`nai to; lovgwn gevno~, ou[te ti pro;~ to; didavxai ou[te ti pro;~ to; pei`sai, wJ~ oJ e[mprosqen pa`~ memhvnuken hJmi`n lovgo~ (Phdr. 277 b-c). 33 o{mw~ de; ejqevlw meta; sou` skevyasqai kai; suzhth`sai o{ti potev ejstin (Menon 80 d).34 qarrw`n toivnun, h|n d j ejgwv, w\ makavrie, ajpokrinovmeno~ to; ejrwtwvmenon o{ph/ soi faivnetai, e[a caivrein ei[te Kritiva~ ejstin eu[te Swkravth~ oJ ejlegcovmeno~, ajll j aujtw`/ prosevcwn to;n nou`n tw/` lovgw/ skovpei o{ph/ pote; ejkbhvsetai ejlegcovmeno~ (Chrm. 166 d).35 w/| su; eij me;n e[cei~ ejx ajrch`~ ajmfisbhtei`n, ajmfisbhvtei lovgw/ ajntidiexelqwvn, eij de; di j ejrwthvsewn bouvlei, di j ejrwthvsewn, oujde; ga;r tou`to feuktevon, ajlla; pavntwn mavlista diwktevon tw`/ nou`n e[conti (Tht. 167 d-e).

47

maswavlebeli, romelic gadascems codnas da moswavle, romelic iRebs am

codnas (Prt. 314 b)36. platonisaTvis dialogi, upirveles yovlisa,

WeSmaritebis miRwevis saSualebaa. ,,filebosSi” sokrate ambobs: Cven

erTmaneTs ar vejibrebiT imisaTvis, rom Cemma an Senma msjelobam

gaimarjvos, aramed orivem unda vibrZoloT WeSmaritebisaTvis (Phlb. 14 b)37.

sokrates rwmeniT, mxolod sityvasa da msjelobaSi ibadeba WeSmariteba.

amitom Tanamosaubre unda amodiodes WeSmaritebidan (Prt. 331 c)38.

WeSmaritebis Zieba aris is mTavari kriteriumi, romliTac erTmaneTisagan

ganirCeva dialeqtika _ saubris xelovneba (Menon 75 a)39 da eristika _

kamaTisa da sityvieri Sejibris xelovneba (Resp. 454 a)40.

dialogisaTvis aucilebel pirobad platoni saerTo Temas asaxelebs.

lisimaqesi ambobs: „swored im mizniT mogiwvieT saTaTbirod, rom vicodiT,

es sakiTxi TqvenTvisac sagulisxmo da sayuradRebo unda yofiliyo. barem

Tqveni azric gamoTqviT da kiTxva-pasuxis monacvleobiT SeudeqiT am

sakiTxis ganxilvas“ (Lach. 187c - d)41.

36 maqhvmata de; oujk e[stin ejn a[llw/ ajggeivw ajpevejgein, ajll j ajnavgkh kataqevnta th;n timh;n to; mavqhma ejn aujth`/ th/` yuch`/ labovnta kai; maqovnta ajpievnai h] beblammevnon h] wjfelhmevnon (Prt. 314 b).37 th;n toivnun diaforovthta, w\ Prwvtarce, tou` ajgaqou` tou` t j ejmou` kai; tou` sou` mh; apokruptovmenoi, katatiqevnte~ de; eij~ to; mevson, tolmw`men, a[n ph/ ejlegcovmenoi mhnuvswsi povteron hJdonh;n tajgaqo;n dei` levgein h] frovnhsin h[ ti trivton a[llo ei\nai. nu`n ga;r ouj dhvpou pro;~ ge aujto; tou`to filonikou`men, o{pw~ aJgw; tivqemai, tau`t j e[stai ta nikw`nta, h] tau`q j a} suv, tw`/ d j ajlhqestavtw/ dei` pou summacei`n hJma`~ a[mfw (Phlb. 14 b). 38 mhv moi, h| d j ejgwv, oujde;n ga;r devomai to; “eij bouvlei” tou`to “ei[ soi dokei” ` ejlevgcesqai, ajll j ejmev te kai; sev, to; d j“ejmev te kai; sev” tou`to levgw, oijovmeno~ ou{tw to;n lovgon bevltist j a]n ejlevgcesqai, ei[ ti~ to; “ei[” ajfevloi aujtou` (Prt. 331 c).39 eij ou\n tw`/ ejrwtw`nti ou{tw~ h] peri; schvmato~ h] crwvmato~ ei\pe~ o{ti “a;ll j oujde; manqavnw e[gwge o{ti bouvlei, w\a[nqrwpe, ou[de oi|da o{ti levgei~”, i[sw~ a]n ejqauvmase kai; ei\pen, “ouj manqavnei~ o{ti zhtw` to; ejpi; pa`sin touvtoi~ taujtovn”, h] oujde; ejpi; touvtoi~, w\ Mevnwn, e[coi~ a]n eijpei`n, ei] tiv~ se ejrwtw/vsh, “ti; ejstin ejpi; to; strogguvlw/ kai; eujqi` kai; ejpi; toi`` a[lloi~, a} dh; schvmata kalei`~, taujto;n ejpi; pa`sin”, peirw`/ eijpei`n, i{na kai; gevnetai soi melevth pro;~ th;n peri; th`~ ajreth`~ ajpovkrisin (Menon 75 a). 40 h| gennaiva, h|n d j ejgwv, w\ Glauvkwn, hJ duvnami~ th`~ ajntilogikh`~ tevcnh~. tiv dhv; o{ti, ei\pon, dokou`siv moi eij~ aujth;n kai; a[konte~ polloi; ejmpivptein kai; oi[esqai oujk ejrivzein ajlla; dialevgesqai, dia; to; mh; duvnasqai kat j ei[dh diairouvmenoi to; legovmenon ejpiskopei`n, ajlla; kat j aujto; to; o[noma diwvkein tou` lecqevnto~ th;n ejnantivwsin, e[ridi, ouj dialevktw/ pro;~ ajllhvlou~ crwvmenoi (Resp. 454 a).41 eij de; boulomevnoi~ uJmi`n e[jsi peri; tw`n toiouvtwn ejrwta`sqai te kai; didovnai lovgon, aujtou;~ dh; crh; gignwvskein, w\ Nikiva te kai; Lavch~. ejmoi; me;n ga;r kai; Melhsiva/ tw/`de dh`lon o{ti hJdomevnoi~ a]n ei[h eij pavnta a} Swkravth~ ejrwta`/ ejqevloite lovgw/ diexievnai, kai; ga;r ejx ajrch`~ ejnteu`qen hjrxovmhn levgwn, o{ti eij~ sumboulh;n dia;tau`ta uJma`~ parakalevsaimen, o{ti memelhkevnai uJmi`n hJgouvmeqa , wJ~ eijkov~, peri; tw`n toiouvtwn, kai; a[llw~ kai; ejpeidh; oiJ pai`de~ uJmi`n ojlivgou w{sper oiJ hJmevteroi hJlikivan e[cousi paideuvesqai. eij ou|n uJmi`n mhv ti diafevrei, ei[pate kai; koinh`/ meta; Swkravtou~ skevyasqe, didovnte~ te kai; decovmenoi lovgon par j ajllhvlwn (Lach. 187c -d).

48

dialogSi ,,gorgiasi” platonma aRwera is sami SesaZlo Sedegi,

romelic SeiZleba mohyves dialogs. Tu ori iwyebs raime sakiTxze

msjelobas, xSirad TavianTi mosazrebebis gamoTqmisas da sxvisis

gaTavisebisas, isini midian saerTo ganmartebamde da aq asruleben saubars,

magram mosaubreni xSirad Sexedulebebs ver aTanxmeben da erTmaneTis

mosazrebas miiCneven arasworad. sxvebi ki _ saerTod CxubiTa da

erTimeoris SeuracxyofiT Sordebian (Grg. 457 c - d)42. amitom, jer unda

gaiTvaliswino, rogoria Tanamosaubre, rom ise aawyo saubari. aq

faqtobrivad laparakia dialogis ganviTarebis SesaZlo variantebze,

rogorebicaa: 1. SeTanxmeba; 2. winaaRmdegoba; 3. sruli izolacia da rac

dResac gamoiyofa samecniero literaturaSi.

platonis dialogebis forma da ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi

platonis weris stili erT-erTi yvelaze ufro sadavo da amoucnobia

dRemde. mTavari sirTule ukavSirdeba misi weris maneris sxvadasxvaobas,

gansxvavebulobas, variaciulobas. ratom werda platoni ase

sxvadasxvagvarad? filosofosebisTvis xom werisas umTavresia erTi ram –

weron rac SeiZleba ufro cxadad da mkafiod. miCneulia, rom platonis

TiToeuli nawarmoebi dawerilia erTi da imave gziT – esaa cocxali

saubari or an met Tanamosaubres Soris. miuxedavad amisa, Tuki sakiTxs

CavuRrmavdebiT, vnaxavT, rom dialogis formati iyofa gansxvavebul

saxeobebad, romelTac aSkarad gansxvavebuli Sedegebi aqvs. gansxvavebulia

maTi mTavari moqmedi piri – sokratec.

42 oi|mai, w\ Gorgiva, kai; se e[mpeiron ei\nai pollw`n lovgwn kai; kaqewrakevnai ejn aujtoi`~ to; toiovnde, o{ti ouj rJa/divw~ dunavntai peri; w|n a]n ejpiceirhvswsin dialevgesqai diorisavmenoi pro;~ ajllhvlou~ kai; maqovnte~ kai; didavxante~ eJautouv~, ou{tw dialuvesqai ta;~ sunousiva~, ajll j ejavn peri; tou` ajmfisbhthvswsin kai; mh; fh`/ oJ e{tero~ to;n e{teron ojrqw`~ levgein h] mh; safw`~, calepaivnousiv te kai; kata; fqovnon oi[ontai to;n eJautw`n levgein, filonikou`nta~ ajll j ouj zhtou`nta~ to; prokeivmenon ejn tw`/ lovgw/, kai; ejnioiv ge teleutw`nte~ ai[scista ajpallavttontai, loidorhqevnte~ te kai; eijpovnte~ kai; ajkouvsante~ peri; sfw`n aujtw`n toiau`ta oi|a kai; tou;~ parovnta~ a[cqesqai uJpe;r sfw`n aujtw`n, o{ti toiouvtwn ajnqrwvpwn hjxivwsan (Grg. 457 c - d).

49

riTi aixsneba es? nuTu platoni ase xSirad icvlida Tavis

mosazrebas da midgomas filosofiisadmi da werisadmi? es sakiTxi

problemurad rCeba Tanamedrove mecnierebaSic.

platonis TiToeuli dialogi aris filosofiuri, anu gamoxatavs

filosofias moqmedebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva dialogSi

ganviTarebuli sxvadasxva msjeloba erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli saxisaa,

radganac platons hqonda filosofiis wvdomis gansxvavebuli gzebi.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs mokle kiTxvebisa da pasuxebis monacvleoba,

xolo zogierT SemTxvevaSi msjeloba gadadis monologis formaSi.

platonis dialogebze saubrisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom nebismier

daweril dialogs aqvs ori sxva Tavisebureba, romelic Cveulebriv ar

vlindeba realur dialogSi, esenia: 1) avtori da 2) auditoria.

rasakvirvelia, platoni werda Tavisi auditoriisaTvis, is fiqrobda imaze,

Tu ra imoqmedebda mkiTxvelze. filosofosi ar qmnida dialogebs ise,

rogorc mas es surda, aramed iTvaliswinebda momavali mkiTxvelis

poziciasac. amdenad, Cven mudam varT teqstsa da avtors ASoris,

auditoriasa da avtors Soris. dawerili dialogi aris ufro meti, vidre

filosofiis nawili, is aris filosofia Tavisi monawileebiTurT, Tavisi

moqmedebiT, mkafiod Camoyalibebuli formiT, mimarTulebiT, Seqmnili

viRacisaTvis viRacis mier (130, 9).

gamoricxuli ar aris iseTi dialogis daweris SesaZleblobac, sadac

dialogi da filosofia ubralod Tanaarseboben. vTqvaT mosaubre a ambobs

raRacas, rasac Semdeg mosaubre b sxva raimes upirispirebs da sabolood

mosaubre a Tmobs Tavis sawyis pozicias. es ufro hgavs sokrates sawyis

dialeqtikas, magram platonis arc erTi dialogi ar aris amis msgavsi.

dasawyisidanve a da b Tanamosaubreebi arian gamokveTili personaJebi,

individebi, sadac a ZiriTadad aris sokrate, xolo b sokrates megobari,

rafsodi, sofisti, oratori an vinme sxva da maT Soris gamarTul saubars

ZiriTadad gansazRvravs swored b-s vinaoba (130, 10). swored amitom eqceva

50

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba personaJebis SerCevis principebs platonis

dialogebSi.

kidev erTi sagulisxmo garemoeba, romelic gaTvaliswinebuli unda

iqnas platonis dialogebis Seswavlisas aris is, rom zogierTi maTgani

iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, TiTqos aq or pirs Soris saubari ki ar

imarTeba, aramed Sinagani dialogi platonisa/sokratesi Tavis TavTan.

gansxvavebul suraTs qmnis sxvadasxva dialogi masSi dialeqtikis

meTodis gamoyenebis xvedriTi wilis mixedviTac. zogierTi maTgani xSirad

iRebs monologis saxesac. safiqrebelia, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi

icvleboda ara platonis midgoma filosofiisadmi, aramed mkiTxvelze

zemoqmedebis miseuli strategia, radganac swored es ukanaskneli

warmoadgenda mis mTavar mizans. zogierT SemTxvevaSi saWiro iyo

dialeqtika meti doziT, zogSi – naklebiT, xan ki monologis formac ki

gamoiyeneboda.

j. klainis azriT, platonis nebismieri dialogis interpretaciisas

unda gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi wanamZRvrebi:

1. platoniseuli dialogi ar aris traqtati an leqciis teqsti,

rogorc aristoteles naSromebi an plotinosis ,,eneadebi”.

2. rac ar unda seriozuli iyos platonis dialogis mizani da

Sinaarsi, masSi Sefarulia ironia.

3. vinc ar unda iyos Tanamosaubre, platonis dialogis saubarSi

monawileobs mkiTxveli, rogorc utyvi partniori. mas SeuZlia awon-

dawonos, miiRos an uaryos SemoTavazebuli daskvnebi.

4. arc erTi platoniseuli dialogi ar asaxavs imas, rasac SeiZleba

vuwodoT ,,platonuri doqtrina”. dialogma SeiZleba migvaniSnos platonis

naazrevze, magram bolomde arasodes hfens mas naTels.

5. ar aris swori dialogebis qronologiis mixedviT platonis

azrovnebis ganviTarebis etapebze saubari. nebismieri dialogi aris

damoukidebeli struqtura, romelSic Tanamosaubreebi asruleben erTaderT

da gamorCeul rols.

51

6. platonis dialogebSi TiToeul sityvas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

aqvs. TiToeul TiTqosda SemTxveviT naTqvam sityvas SeiZleba ufro meti

mniSvneloba hqondes, vidre vrcel msjelobas (114, 2).

dialogis Janris Semdgomi ganviTareba

cnobilia, rom platonis dialogma sruliad gansakuTrebuli adgili

daikava am Janris istoriaSi da ver hpova pirdapiri gagrZeleba verc

berZnul da verc romaul literaturaSi. Tumca filosofosis mier

literaturul Janrad damkvidrebuli dialoguri forma sxvadasxva

modifikaciiT antikur periodSive damkvidrda da ganviTarda.

dialogis formas iyenebdnen da aviTarebdnen aristotele da

peripatetikosebi. mogvianebiT, heraklites pontoelTan dialogSi Semodis

axali elementebi. popularuli xdeba e. w. simposionebis Janri. dialoguri

elementebi fiqsirdeba kinikosTa moRweul fragmentebSic. romaul xanaSi

dialogebs werdnen terenciusi da ciceroni. maT mimdevrebad gvevlinebian

tacitusi da seneka. plutarqosTan gvxvdeba filosofiuri an naxevrad-

filosofiuri dialogebi, romlebic moklebulia platoniseul dramatul

Zalas. lukianosi amkvidrebs satirul dialogs. mniSvnelovani adgili

ukavia dialogis HJanrs qristianul literaturaSic, romlis

umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenlebi arian origenesi, meTodios olimpieli,

grigol noseli, avgustine (63, 177).

dialogi da dialeqtika

sityvebi ,,dialogi” da ,,dialeqtika” erTmaneTis monaTesavea

etimologiurad da Sinaarsobrivad. orivesaTvis amosavalia ,,saubari”,

,,metyveleba”, ,,msjeloba” anu lovgo~-i. diogene laertelis ganmartebiT,

dialeqtika aris azrovnebis xelovneba, romelic kiTxvebisa da pasuxebis

meSveobiT Tanamosaubres arwmunebs an amxilebs (56, 19).

52

f. kesidis azriT, dialeqtika rogorc polemikis xelovneba, iSva

politikuri dialogis safuZvelze da Semdgom gadavida filosofiur

sferoSi (56, 20). gadmocemiT, zenon eliselma pirvelma SeimuSava

dialeqtikuri meTodi, rogorc Tezisebis mtkicebis an mxilebis xelovneba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom dialeqtikis antikuri koncefciebi gansxvavebuli

xasiaTisa iyo, f. kesidis TqmiT, TiToeuli maTgani gulisxmobda dialogs,

rogorc filosofosobis formas.

ra aris dialeqtika Tavad platonisaTvis? es aris gansakuTrebuli

meTodi, romelsac igi aseve uwodebs _ hJ dialhktikh; mevqodo~ (Resp. 533 c), an

saubrebTan dakavSirebuli xelovneba _ hJ peri; tou` logou` tevcnh (Phdr. 90 b), an

saubris meTodi _ hJ mevqodo~ tw`n lovgwn (Soph. 227 a). platonisaTvis dialeqtika

aris saukeTeso yvela SesaZlo meTods Soris. is aris erTaderTi WeSmariti

mecniereba da xelovneba (Resp. 533 b-c)43.

platonis azriT, es meTodi saWiroa lingvistikaSi (Cra. 390)44,

maTematikaSi (Resp. 510-511)45, ritorikasa da fsiqologiaSi (Phdr. 269-273)46. Tuki

raime aRmoCenila mecnierebaSi, yvelaferi _ am meTodis wyalobiT.

ra aris am meTodis arsi? ,,kratilosSi” platoni dialeqtikosad

ganmartavs imas, visac SeuZlia SekiTxvebis dasma da pasuxebis gacema (Cra.

390 c)47, ,,fedrosSi” ki dialeqtika ganisazRvreba rogorc cocxali

metyvelebis codna samarTlianobis, mSvenierebisa da siqvelis Sesaxeb (Phdr.

43 ajll j aiJ me;n a[llai pa`sai tevcnai h] pro;~ dovxa~ ajnqrwvpwn kai; ejpiqumiva~ eijsin h] pro;~ genevsei~ te kai; sunqevsei~, h] pro;~ qerapeivan tw`n fuomevnwn te kai; suntiqemevnwn a{pasai tetravfatai, aiJ de; loipaiv, a}~ tou` o[nto~ ti e[famen ejpilambavnesqai, gewmetriva~ te kai; ta;~ tauvth/ eJpomevna~, oJrw`men wJ~ ojneirwvttousi me;n peri; to; o[n, u{par de; ajduvnaton aujtai`~ ijdei`n, e{w~ a]n uJpoqevsesi crwvmenai tauvta~ ajkinhvtou~ ejw`si, mh; dunavmenai lovgon didovnai aujtw`n. w\ ga;r ajrch; me;n o} mh; oi|de, teleuth; de; kai; ta; metaxu; ejx ou| mh; oi|den sumpevplektai, tiv~ mhcanh; th;n toiauvthn oJmologivan pote; ejpisthvmhn genevsqai; oujdddemiva, h| d j o{~. oujkou`n,

h|n d j ejgwv, hJ dialektikh; mevqodo~ movnh tauvth poreuvetai, ta;~ uJpoqevsei~ ajnairou`sa (Resp. 533 b-c).44 kinduneuvei a[ra, w\ Ejrmovgene~, ei[nai ouj fau`lon, wJ~ su; oi[ei, hJ tou` ojnovmato~ qevsi~, oujde; fauvlwn ajndrw`n oujde; tw`n ejpitucovntwn. kai; Kratuvlo~ ajlhqh` levgei levgwn fuvsei ta; ojnovmata ei\nai toi`~ pravgmasi, kai; ouj pavnta dhmiourgo;n ojnomavtwn ei\nai, ajlla; movnon ejkei`non to;n ajpoblevponta eij~ to; th` fuvsei o[noma o]n eJkavstw/ kaiv dunavmenon aujtou` to; ei\do~ tiqevnai ei[~ te ta; gravmmata kai; ta; sullabav~ (Cra. 390).45 manqavnw, e[fh, o{ti to; uJpo; tai`~ gewmetrivai~ te kai; tai`~ tauvth~ ajdelfai`~ tevcnai~ levgei~ (Resp. 510-511).46 eij mevn soi uJpavrcei fuvsei rJhtorikw`/ ei\nai, e[sh/ rJhvtwr ejllovgimo~, proslabw;n ejpisthvmhn te kai; melevthn, o{pou d j a[n ejlleivph/~ touvtwn, tauvth/ ajtelhv~ e[sh/. o{son de; aujtou` tevcnh, oujc h| Lusiva~ te kai; Qrasuvmaco~ poreuvetai dokei` moi faivnesqai hJ mevqodo~ (Phdr. 269-273). 47 to;n de; ejrwta`n kai; ajpokrivnesqai ejpistavmenon a[llo ti su; kalei`` h] dialektikovn (Cra. 390 c).

53

265 d)48. ,,sofistSi” dialeqtikis amgvari definicia gvxvdeba: gvarebis

mixedviT dayofa da erTi da imave gvaris sxvad ar daSveba, xolo sxvisa _

erTsa da imaved, aris dialeqtikis codna (Soph. 253 d)49.

platonisaTvis dialeqtika ganuyrelia filosofiisagan. dialeqtikis

meTodi ar aris arc filosofiis propedevtika, arc misi xerxi an iaraRi.

dialeqtika Tavad filosofiaa, magram is amave dros Zalian saSiSi meTodia.

saSiSia imdenad, ramdenadac Seicavs ejlevgco~-s da amitom SeiZleba gadavides

eristikaSi. es ukanaskneli ki dialeqtikis sapirispiro gamocdilebaa. misi

mizania sakuTari argumentaciis gamarjveba, dialeqtikisa ki _ WeSmaritebis

aRmoCena. platoni xSirad esxmis Tavs eristikosebs. ,,menonSi” teqnikuri

termini ,,dialeqtikuri” Sepirispirebulia ,,eristikulTan” (Men. 75 c-d)50.

arsebobs iseTi mosazrebac, rom platonis mier eristikasTan

dapirispirebis ZiriTadi mizezi is iyo, rom dialeqtika Zalian hgavda

sofistebis xelovnebas, rom platonis konstruqciuli dialeqtika bevr

msgavsebas avlenda sokrates arakonstruqciul ejlevgco~-Tan da, rom

sokrates saubari sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara meore mxaris mosazrebis

uaryofis cda. r. robinsonis TqmiT, platoni kargad xvdeboda, rom

eristika sokrates meTodis saxecvlileba iyo (127, 85-86).

swored is faqti, rom dialeqtikuri meTodi aris saubris meTodi,

ganapirobebs platonis nawarmoebTa literaturul formas _ dialogs.

r. robinsons gamokvleuli aqvs platonis dialogebSi warmodgenili

dialeqtikis ramdenime meTodi: elenxosi (ejlevgco~), epagoge (ejpagwgh`) da

hipoTesisi (uJpoqesi~). adreuli dialogebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi

meTodia _ elenxosi, romelic farTo gagebiT niSnavs adamianis

48 ta; de; nu`n para; sou` te kai; Lusivou maqovnta~ eijpe; tiv crh; kalei`n, h] tou`to ejkei`nov ejstin hJ lovgwn tevcnh, h|/ Qrasuvmaco~ te kai; oiJ a[lloi crwvmenoi sofoi; me;n aujtoi; levgein gegovnasin, a[llou~ te poiou`sin, oi} a]n dwroforei`n aujtoi`~ wJ~ basileu`sin ejqevlwsin (Phdr. 265 d).49 to; kata; gevnh diairei`sqai kai; mh; te taujto;n ei\do~ e{teron hJghvsasqai mhv te e{teron o] taujto;n mw`n ouj th`~ dialektikh`~ fhvsomen ejpisthvmh~ ei\nai (Soph. 253 d).50 kai; ei; mevn get w`n sofw`n ti~ ei[h kai; eijristikw`n te kai; ajgwnistikw`n oJ ejrovmeno~, ei[poim j a]n aujtw`/ o{ti, ejmoi; me;n ei[rhtai, eij de; mh; ojrqw`~ levgw, so;n e[rgon lambavnein lovgon kai; ejlevgcein. eij de; w{sper ejgwv te kai; su; nuvn fivloi o[nte~ bouvlointo ajllhvloi~ dialevgesqai, dei` dh; pra/ovterovn pw~ kai; dialektikwvteron ajpokrivnesqai. e[sti de; i[sw~ to; dialektikwvteron mh; movnon tajlhqh` ajpokrivnesqai, ajlla; kai; di j ejkeivnwn w|n a]n prosomologh`/ eijdevnai oJ ejrwtwvmeno~ (Men. 75 c-d).

54

Sexedulebis gamocdas SekiTxvebis dasmis saSualebiT. es SekiTxvebi ki

xSirad cvlis Tanamosaubris pirvelad mosazrebebs. amgvarad, viwro

mniSvnelobiT elenxosi aris uaryofis erT-erTi forma (127, 11).

TiTqmis yvela adreul dialogSi sokrate svams kiTxvebs, romlebic ar

iTxovs informacias, aramed mxolod daTanxmebas saWiroebs. rodesac

filosofosi Sekrebs Sedegebs, aRmoCndeba xolme, rom isini Tanamosaubris

Tavdapirvel Sexedulebebs ewinaaRmdegeba. elenxoss ucodinari adamiani,

romelsac hgonia, rom raRac icis, mihyavs im mdgomareobamde, rom is xvdeba

Tavis arcodnas. es ki mniSvnelovani nabijia codnisaken mimaval gzaze.

amdenad, elenxosi aris swavlebis meTodi, romelic amzadebs safuZvels

codnis misaRebad. sxva sityvebiT, elenxosi aris mosaubris sakuTar

mosazrebebTan SewinaaRmdegeba.

meore mniSvnelovani meTodi aris epagoge, rac niSnavs erTi an

ramdenime argumentis wanamZRvrebidan meore argumentis daskvnas. epagoges

formebia: erTi SemTxvevidan meoris daskvna, kerZodan zogadamde asvla,

kerZodan zogadamde asvla da kvlav kerZosTan dabruneba (127, 97).

epagoges meTodis gamoyenebisas platoni xSirad xmarobs Semdeg

formulebs: kata; to;n aujto;n lovgon (msjelobis Sesabamisad), sullhbdhvn (erTad),

ou|tw kai; peri; pantw`n (asea yvelaferTan dakavSirebiT), eJvni lovgw (erTi sityviT).

platonis Sua periodis dialogebSi sruliad qreba elenxosi da mis

adgils ikavebs axali meTodi _ hipoTesisi (hipoTeza). zmna uJpotivqemai

niSnavs ,,raRacis winaswar dadgenas”, romlis safuZvelzec SeiZleba aago

Semdgomi msjeloba. r. robinsoni erTmaneTisagan gamijnavs tivqemai da

uJpotivqemai zmnebs. pirveli niSnavs ,,msjelobis Sedegad raimes dadgenas”,

meore ki _ ,,dadgenas azrovnebis procesis gareSe” (127, 30-34). hipoTesisi

aris dadgena momavali moqmedebis mizniT. is aris im Sexedulebis SerCeva,

romelic msjelobisas unda iqnas ganxiluli da gamocdili. robinsonis

azriT, platonis hipoTesisi aris p-s daSveba im mizniT, rom daaskvna, Tu ra

aris q-s buneba (127, 108). mogvianebiT platoni am meTods upirispirebs

mouazrebel (ajnupoqevteon) dasawyiss, romelsac ufro xSirad mivyavarT

55

WeSmaritebamde. ,,parmenidesis” Semdeg hipoTesisis meTodi aRar gvxvdeba arc

erT dialogSi.

D“sofistis” literaturuli formisa da dialeqtikuri meTodisaTvis

“sofistis” literaturuli formis ganxilvisas aucileblad

gamoikveTeba erTi saintereso sakiTxi – ra Taviseburebebia damaxasiaTebeli

platonis am konkretuli dialogis literaturuli formisaTvis?

“sofisti”, iseve rogorc platonis sxva nawarmoebebi, dialogis Janrs

miekuTvneba. Tu davakvirdebiT platonis adreul e. w. aporiul dialogebs,

advili SesamCnevia, rom aq gvaqvs mza ganmartebebi, Tu ratom dawera isini

platonma dialogis formiT, magram rodesac gadavdivarT Sua da

gansakuTrebiT ki gviani periodis dialogebze, es ganmartebebi ufro da

ufro naklebad gvxvdeba. amgvari tipis ganmartebebi gansakuTrebiT mcirea

dialog “sofistSi”. Cans isic, rom rogorc minimum, “sofistis” Sua nawili

aris dawerili, rogorc traqtati sicruis Sesaxeb.

imisaTvis rom ukeT gavigoT, platonis adreuli dialogebi da is

faqti, ramac ganapiroba maTi dialogis formiT dawera, unda gvesmodes

platonis elenxosi. formula aseTia: adamiani, romelsac aqvs pretenzia,

rom raRac icis da aris avtoritetuli raRac sferoSi, Tavdapirvelad

acxadebs raRacas, rac Tavad WeSmariteba hgonia. Semdeg am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemiT, is pirvelad naTqvamis

sawinaaRmdegos ambobs da am gziT ewinaaRmdegeba sakuTar Tavs, “ibneva” da,

Sesabamisad, aRar iTvleba avtoritetad am sferoSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

momenti am proceduraSi aris is, rom arc im adamianma (xSir SemTxvevaSi

sokratem), romelic svams SekiTxvebs, ar icis WeSmariteba, magram mas sjera,

rom dialogis gamoyenebiTa da dialeqtikis meTodiT SesaZloa WeSmarit

daskvnamde misvla.

savaraudod, platoni fiqrobda, rom Cven yvelani varT sokrates

Tanamosaubreebis mdgomareobaSi. sokrates ki mivyavarT “dabneulobamde”.

aravin aris daculi imisgan, rom misma mosazrebam kraxi ganicados da

56

damarcxdes. platoni Tvlida, rom, am mxriv, arc TviTon warmoadgenda

gamonakliss, radgan igi flobda sibrZnes da gamosakvlevi iyo, es sibrZne

WeSmaritebasTan axlosaa Tu ara. amitom man Tavi Seikava iseTi traqtatebis

werisagan, sadac misi mosazrebebi ar iqneboda gadasinjuli. amis

brwyinvale magaliTia platonis adreuli dialogebi.

mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad icvleba Sua periodSi, rodesac Cven aRar

gvaqvs arc aporiuli dialogebi, arc elenxosis meTodi am sityvis sruli

gagebiT. aq ukve romeliRac Tanamosaubre (xSir SemTxvevaSi sokrate)

ayalibebs mosazrebebs, romlebic miiCneva, rom aris platoniseuli. TiTqos

dialogis forma am periodSi TandaTan iqceva wminda mxatvrul formad,

romelsac araviTari filosofiuri datvirTva ar gaaCnia. yvelaze did

SekiTxvas ki dialogis formis gamoyenebis saWiroebaze platonTan mainc

“sofisti” badebs. sofistis gansazRvris mcdelobisas Cven vawydebiT

problemas, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli sicrue, mcdari mtkiceba, mcdari

rwmena da ase Semdeg. dialogis mTavari mosaubre – eliseli ucxoeli ar

upirispirebs Tavis Tanamosaubres _ Teetetoss elenxosis meTods, is ar

umtkicebs mas, rom am ukanasknelma araferi icis sofistis Sesaxeb da rom

misi mosazrebebi mcdaria, ar eubneba mas, wavides saxlSi da momavalSi

ifiqros am sakiTxebze. ar akeTebs amas imitom, rom aRar aris amis

saWiroeba. Teetetosi aris sakmaod moridebuli da ampartavnebisagan

Tavisufali Tanamosaubre. amitom dialogi midis Tavisi gziT da ucxoels

ar sWirdeba aq elenxosis gamoyeneba.

ibadeba kiTxva – xom SeeZlo am SemTxvevaSi platons gamoeyenebina

filosofiuri traqtatis forma? albaT, pasuxi isev da isev igivea –

platoni fiqrobda, rom traqtatis dawera niSnavs raRacis weras

avtoritetis poziciidan. ratom fiqrobda igi ase? unda aRiniSnos, rom

traqtatis Janri platonis periodSi jer kidev ar iyo calke

Camoyalibebuli da damkvidrebuli Janri. rac Seexeba heraklitosisa da

parmenidesis nawarmoebebs, isini swored rom avtoritetis mier daweril

Txzulebebs warmoadgens. parmenidesis Sesaxeb msjeloba gvaqvs

57

“sofistSic”. moxseniebulia “didi parmenidesi” (Soph. 237 a)51 da “mama

parmenidesi” (Soph. 241 d)52, romelic gvesaubreba rogorc bavSvebs (Soph. 237 a)53,

romlis mosazrebasac eliseli ucxoeli upirispirdeba, im faqtis

miuxedavad, rom is “mamis mkvlelad” warmoCndeba (Soph. 241 d)54. eWvi ar unda

SevitanoT imaSi, rom platoni parmenidesis filosofiur miRwevebs

aRiarebda, TumcaRa aq SeiniSneba erTgvari ironia da platonisTvis

parmenidesis avtoriteti arafris mTqmelia. amrigad, am dialogSi swored

parmenidesis mosazrebebi iqneba ganxiluli da swored maT winaaRmdeg

iqneba gamoyenebuli elenxosic. amas ki platoni axerxebs isev da isev

dialogis da ara traqtatis gziT.

dialog “sofistis” forma ar aris arc aporiuli arc elenqtikuri.

raRac doneze TiTqos aris aporiisaken swrafvis, dabrunebis survili.

dialogis pozitiur, konstruqciul msvlelobaSi aporiis elementebis

CarTvis mcdeloba aSkarad SeiniSneba. adreul dialogebSi elenxoss Seaqvs

destruqciuli Zala da angrevs mtkicebebs. TumcaRa aris raRac, rac

SeiZleba iswavlo aq warmodgenili aporiidan. ZiriTadad ki is SeiZleba

iswavlo, Tu ra unda daaskvna da ra _ ara. amis miRweva ki advilia

aporiis gziT. magram adreul dialogebSi aqcenti amaze ar aris.

am sakiTxze yuradReba gadatanilia “sofistSi”. gansakuTrebiT ki es

elementi SeiniSneba dialogis Sua nawilSi (Soph. 236 c-264 c), sadac platoni

Tavidan ixmobs “dabneulobebs” arsebulTan, ararsebulTan, mcdar azrebTan

da msjelobebTan dakavSirebiT. Semdeg ki igi nel-nela Wris am aporiebs,

jer ararsebulTan, Semdeg arsebulTan, bolos ki mcdar warmodgenebsa da

mtkicebebTan dakavSirebiT. amrigad, imisaTvis rom raimes bunebas Cawvde,

jer unda mimoixilo, ra aporiebia masTan dakavSirebiT.

51 Parmenivdh~ de; oJ mevga~, w\ pai`, paisi;n hJmi`n ou\\sin ajrcomevnov~ te kai; dia; tevlou~ tou`to ajpermatuvrto (Soph. 237 a).52 to;n tou` patro;~ Parmenivdou lovgon ajnagkai`on hJmi`n ajmunomevnoi~ e[stai basanivzein (Soph. 241 d).53 Parmenivdh~ de; oJ mevga~, w\ pai`, paisi;n hJmi`n ou\\sin ajrcomevnov~ te kai; dia; tevlou~ tou`to ajpermatuvrto (Soph. 237 a).54 patraloivan uJpolavbh/~ givgnesqaiv tina (Soph. 237 d).

58

amdenad, platons am SemTxvevaSic sWirdeboda dialogis forma, raTa

ganxilva ufro cxadi gaexada. garda amisa, dialogis formam, romelic man

“sofistSi” gamoiyena, misca saSualeba aqve ganemarta filosofosis raobac

da aRar dasWirveboda calke dialogis dawera. platonis “sofisti”

gamoirCeva dialogis gansakuTrebuli formiT. es aris sada,

konstruqciuli, koordinirebuli da SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba, sadac

Tanamosaubreebi pativs scemen erTmaneTs da erTad midian saboloo miznis

miRwevisaken. miuxedavad amisa, garkveul pasaJebSi mainc SeiniSneba ironia.

platonis „sofistis“ literaturuli formisa da dialeqtikuri

meTodis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva: ramdenad

reliefurad warmoCndeba filosofiuri dialogis zemoT moyvanili

Janrobrivi maxasiaTeblebi „sofistSi“. am TvalsazrisiT misma kvlevam

warmoaCina, rom Tu Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa mier SemoTavazebul,

filosofiuri dialogis klasifikaciebs daveyrdnobiT, „sofisti“ SeiZleba

miCneul iqnas e.w. kvleviT dialogad. xolo Tu konkretulad d. voltonis

klasifikacias aviRebT amosavlad, maSin aRmoCndeba, rom es nawarmoebi

filosofiuri dialogis eqvsi tipidan, xuTis maxasiaTeblebis mqonea.

kerZod, esenia: darwmuneba, kvleva, molaparakeba, ganxilva da informaciis

Zieba.

dialogis Semadgeneli struqturuli elementebidan „sofistSi“

gvxvdeba kiTxva-pasuxebis cikli, xolo filosofiuri dialogis enobrivi

formebidan ki – e.w. reducireba, multifunqcioba, funqciuri elementebis

sesxeba. rac Seexeba dialeqtikis meTodebs, am mxriv, „sofisti“ sakmaod

mdidar da mravalferovan masalas iZleva. kerZod, aq r. robinsonis mier

gansazRvruli dialeqtikis samive meTodia gamoyenebuli: elenxosic,

epagogec da hipoTezisic.

Pplatonis literaturuli Semoqmedebis erT-erT ZiriTad

maxasiaTeblad misi dialogebis dramatuli buneba, nawarmoebebis Sinagani

dinamika da dramatizmi iTvleba. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, platonis

dialogebs zogjer ganixilaven rogorc ideaTa dramas (109, 1118) da

59

mkvlevarni svamen kiTxvas – ratom da rogor dawera platonma aseTi

dramebi?

platonis nebismieri nawarmoebis da maT Soris „sofistis“

filologiuri aspeqtiT kvleva faqtobrivad warmoudgenelia misi

dramatuli bunebis warmoCenis gareSe. swored amitom imisaTvis, rom pasuxi

gavceT kiTxvas, Tu ramdenad maRalmxatvrulia es dialogi, upirveles

yovlisa, unda gavaanalizoT misi dramatuli buneba, rac am nawarmoebis

struqturisa da siuJetis – filosofiuri diskursis – ganviTarebis

Taviseburebebis kvleviT miiRweva.

60

Tavi IV

platonis “sofistis“ struqtura da

siuJetis – filosofiuri msjelobis – ganviTareba

dialogis mTavari moqmedi pirebi da maTi SepirispirebiTi daxasiaTeba

dialogi ,,sofisti” platonis trilogiis („sofisti“, „politikosi“,

„filosofosi“) pirveli nawarmoebia. igi platonis sxva dialogebSi

warmodgenili sofistikis Sejamebaa da misi arsis gansazRvrasac

gvTavazobs. amasTanave, es nawarmoebi siuJetur da Tematur kavSirSia

“TeetetosTan” da “parmenidesTan”.

“sofistSi” mocemulia Sekrebisa da dayofis uamravi magaliTi, ris

Sedegadac sabolood viRebT sofistis daxasiaTebas. dialogis erT-erTi

mTavari mosaubre, ucxoeli darwmunebulia, rom sofistis saboloo

definicia gamoxatavs mis WeSmarit bunebas. platonis azri amasTan

dakavSirebiT TiTqmis ar Cans am dialogSi. gansxvavebiT platonis sxva

mravali dialogisagan, sadac mTavar mosaubred gvevlineba sokrate, am

dialogSi igi utyvad zis da usmens elisel ucxoels. ucxoelis vinaoba

gasaidumloebulia. am mxrivac es dialogi gansxvavdeba platonis sxva

dialogebisagan, sadac met-naklebad aris miniSneba moqmedi pirebis

vinaobaze. Cven TiTqmis araferi viciT ucxoelis Sesaxeb garda imisa, rom

is warmoSobiT eleadan aris. ucxoeli Tavis Tavs mijnavs sofistebisagan,

xolo sokrate ar miiCnevs ucxoels filosofosad. albaT, swored amitom

aris utyvad sokrate am dialogSi da platonis mizani aris gvaCvenos

ucxoelis saubrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli stili sokrates saubris

manerasTan mimarTebaSi da is, Tu ra kontrastia filosofossa da sofists

Soris.

Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ucxoeli dialog “sofistSi” bolomde

ucnobad rCeba. Cven viciT, rom is warmoSobiT eleadan aris da asocirdeba

parmenidesisa da zenonis wresTan, magram es socialuri da geografiuli

miniSneba avtomaturad ar gulisxmobs ucxoelis filosofosobas. platoni

61

arc ucxoelis portrets ar gvixatavs. is ar gviambobs raime istorias, rac

ukavSirdeba am personaJis warsuls, mis warmatebebs an marcxs. mTeli

dialogis manZilze ucxoeli ar gamoxatavs raime saxis emocias, rogorc

amas xSirad akeTeben platonis sxva dialogebis moqmedi pirebi.

ucxoelis saubris manerasa da meTodze ufro mets vigebT, vidre TviT

mis pirovnebaze da swored es ganasxvavebs mas principulad sokratesagan.

Tuki am ori personaJis msoflmxedvelobas erTimeores SevupirispirebT,

miviRebT Semdeg daskvnebs: sokrate arasodes ar miiCnevs Tavs raime codnis

an ideis mqoned, is aris Suamavali, rom adamianebs moumwifdeT ideebi da

miiRon raRac konkretuli codna. sokrate sakuTar Tavs ufro

ganmanaTleblad miiCnevs, vidre metafizikosad. ucxoeli ki eZebs iseT

Tanamosaubreebs, romlebic mas daxmarebas gauweven WeSmaritebis aRmoCenaSi.

is darwmunebulia, rom aucileblad miiRebs saboloo pasuxs. sokrate ki

darwmunebulia, rom filosofia uSualo kavSirSia TviTSemecnebasa da

zomierebasTan da rom saboloo WeSmaritebis wvdoma arc ise ioli saqmea

(128, 98).

ucxoelisa da sokrates mier TavianTi meTodebisa da filosofiis

aRwerac mniSvnelovan gansxvavebs gviCvenebs maT midgomebs Soris. ucxoeli

ase aRwers dialogisaTvis aucilebeli pirobis miseul gagebas:

“Tavdapirvelad, rogorc me mgonia, CemTan erTad kvleva sofistidan unda

daiwyo, gamoiZio da gamoamJRavno, Tu ra aris is. axla xom me da Sen

mxolod saxelTan dakavSirebiT varT SeTanxmebulni, im saganze ki, rasac

TiToeuli maTgani am saxels vuwodebT, SesaZloa, sakuTari azri gvaqvs.

yovelTvis yvelafris Sesaxeb Tavad saganze msjelobiT unda SeTanxmde da

ara mxolod saxelze, [saganze] msjelobis gareSe” (Soph. 218 c-d)55.

aq Cans ramdenime maxasiaTebeli, romelic arsebiTia ucxoelisaTvis:

pirveli, is dainteresebulia TanamosaubresTan SeTanxmebasa da harmoniis

miRwevaSi. meore, misTvis mniSvnelovania arsebobdes saerTo definicia.

55 nu`n ga;r dh; suv te kajgw; touvtou pevri tou[noma movnon e[comen koinh/`, to; de; e[rgon ejf j w/| kalou`men eJkavtero~ tavc j a]n ijdiva/ par j hJmi`n aujtoi`~ e[coimen, dei` de; ajei; panto;~ pevri to; pra`gma aujto; ma`llon dia; lovgwn h] tou[noma movnon sunwmologh`sqai cwri;~ lovgou. to;de; fu`lon o} nu`n ejpinoou`men zhtei`n ouj pavntwn rJa/`ston sullabei`n tiv pot j e[stin, oJ sofisthv~ (Soph. 218 c-d).

62

mesame, definicia unda asaxavdes saqmis realur arss da ara mxolod

saxelwodebas. sokratesTvis ki arasodes ar aris aucilebeli

TanamosaubresTan SeTanxmeba, misTvis, piriqiT, mniSvnelovania arsebobdes

winaaRmdegoba, rac aris winapiroba kvlevisa da WeSmaritebis Ziebisa.

amdenad, saboloo jamSi ucxoelisa da sokrates Sepirispirebas mainc

sofistisa da filosofosis Sepirispirebamde mivyavarT da TiToeuli

mkiTxveli saboloo jamSi Tavad acnobierebs, Tu romeli xasiaTi aris

ufro metad filosofiuri da romeli _ spekulatiuri, sofisturi.

ganvixiloT dialog “sofistis” struqtura da siuJetis –

filosofiuri msjelobis – ganviTareba, risTvisac Tanmimdevrulad da

struqturirebulad warmovadginoT nawarmoebis Sinaarsi, dialogis

ZiriTadi debulebebisa da filosofiuri problematikis CaTvliT, raTa

filosofiur diskursTan uSualo kavSirSi warmoCndes is mwerluri,

mxatvruli xerxebi, romelTa saSualebiTac platoni Tavis filosofiur

saTqmels gamoxatavs.

saubris dawyeba. kvlevis meTodis SerCeva.

(Soph. 216 a-218 b)

nawarmoebis dasawyisi, romelic erTgvari prologis, eqspoziciis

funqcias asrulebs, aris ufro meti, vidre mTavari moqmedi pirebis

warmodgena. rogorc es platonis dialogebisTvis zogadad aris

damaxasiaTebeli, Sesavali aris winaswari miniSneba im problemebze,

romlebic ganxilul unda iqnas dialogSi da im konteqstze, romelSic es

problemebi eqceva. “konteqstSi” igulisxmeba platonis dialogebis

samyaros dramatuli konteqsti da mxolod nawilobriv Zv. w. V saukunis

aTenis istoriuli da politikuri garemo. mcdari mecnieruli midgomaa

dramis, rogorc istoriuli dokumentis, wakiTxva. platonis dialogebis

siuJeturi qarga aris platonis mxatvruli gamogoneba da ara istoriuli

movlenebis Canaweri. gaumarTlebelia imis kvleva, realurad hqonda Tu ara

63

adgili am saubrebs, romlebsac platoni mxatvruli formiT warmogvidgens.

es aris filosofosis mier im Temebis SerCeva, romlebzec mas surda

gagvsaubreboda (128, 1119).

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, prologis Tema aris sokratesa da eliseli

ucxoelis Sexvedra. dialog ,,TeetetosSi” warmarTuli saubris meore dRes

Teetetosi da Teodorosi SeTanxmebisamebr midian sokratesTan. Tan axlavT

ucxoeli eleadan. isini sokrates ucxoels warudgenen rogorc

filosofoss (ajnh;r filovsofo~) da raki, rogorc Semdgom Cans, sokratec

eTanxmeba mis amgvar saxeldebas, es imas niSnavs, rom rasac ucxoeli ityvis,

Cven seriozulad unda miviRoT da, rom mis saubars pirdapiri da

mniSvnelovani kavSiri unda hqondes sakuTriv platonis filosofiasTan

(Tumca, rogorc Semdgom vnaxavT, sokrate erTimeorisagan ganasxvavebs

WeSmarit da cru filosofoss da ucxoelis mimarT Tavdapirvelad

warmoTqmul mis sityvebSi, SesaZloa, erTgvari ironiac SeiniSnebodes) (106,

225).

es Sexvedra svams dialogis mTavar sakiTxs, Tu rogori aris

filosofosis buneba. mTavari aspeqti ki isaa, filosofosebi adamianebs

pirdapir eCvenebian Tu Sefarulad. es ukanaskneli ki Tavis mxriv ayalibebs

WeSmaritisa da msgavsis erTimeorisagan garCevis teqnikur problemas.

swored filosofosis ganWvretis sakiTxi aris is konteqsti, romelSic

unda mivagnoT sofists. meore Tema, romelic prologSive iSleba, aris

ucxoelis sakiTxi. ra mizniTaa mosuli ucxoeli? sokrates gansadideblad

Tu gansasjelad? Tu is gansasjelad movida, maSin ra mizeziT? da mesame

mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic prologSive farTodaa gaSlili, gaxlavT

“diairesisis” meTodis farTod gamoyeneba dialogSi, rac upirveles

yovlisa erTmaneTis opoziciaSi ayenebs, erTi mxriv, sokratesa da mis

megobrebs, xolo meore mxriv, elisel ucxoels. igi ar miekuTvneba

sokrates wres. Teodorosi ambobs: ,,movediT da moviyvaneT es ucxoeli” da

amiT zRvars avlebs aTenelebsa da sxva qalaqebis mkvidrT Soris. Cven

versad vigebT ucxoelis sakuTar saxels, magram es arc aris mniSvnelovani,

radgan Cven ar gvainteresebs is, Tu vin aris ucxoeli. Cven gvainteresebs,

64

romeli skolis warmomadgenelia is. Teodorosis daxasiaTebac ki, rom

ucxoeli aris parmenidessa da zenonTan daaxloebuli piri, ar xsnis

problemas da ar gvaZlevs pasuxs kiTxvaze: aris Tu ara ucxoeli

filosofosi? da Tumca albaT platons aranairi eWvi ar Sehqonda

parmenidesis filosofosobaSi, misTvis filosofosTan daaxloebuli piri a

priori ar aris filosofosi.

swored am ucxoelis identificirebis sakiTxs udgeba platoni

gansxvavebulad da aq mimarTavs homeross: ,,iqneb RmerTi mohyavs Teodoross

da ara adamiani” (Hom. Od. XVII, 485-487). am pasaJis qveteqsti ki mravalnairi

SeiZleba iyos, kerZod: 1) SesaZloa, aq imazea saubari, rom filosofosi

mokvdav adamianTa Soris ise Cans, rogorc RmerTi; 2) ufro Rrma

interpretacia iqneboda pasaJis ise gageba, rom aq saubaria ucxoelsa da

odisevsze. Tan cnobilia, rom RmerTebi ucxoelebis msgavsad evlinebian

mokvdav adamianebs, raTa Tvali adevnon maT da dasajon isini zviadobisa

da ampartavnebis gamo. amitomac xSirad maT erTmaneTisgan ver arCeven; 3)

sofistebis msgavsad RmerTebSic rTulia WeSmaritis msgavsisagan garCeva.

amaSi Cven ZiriTadad gvexmareba saxelebi an Sesabamisi atributika. Tumca,

Tu ar figurirebs saxeli, maSin saqme rTuldeba, amitom WeSmaritis garda

unda icode misi msgavsi saxec, rom Semdeg SeZlo maTi erTmaneTisagan

gamijvna. ,,WeSmariti” da ,,msgavsi” aris opozicia, romelic Zalian

mniSvnelovania platonis mTliani msoflmxedvelobis gasagebad da es ar

aris ubralod ori ramis erTimeorisagan gansxvaveba, aramed ,,kargis”

,,cudisgan” gamorCevis unari (128, 42).

aq aseTi paraleli SegviZlia davinaxoT, sokrate aris Wabuki,

Teodorosi – antinoe, ucxoeli – odisevsi, Teetetosi ki – penelope,

romelic “nadirobs” axalgazrda Wabukebze. amis Semdeg ki platoni

agrZelebs, rom filosofosebi RmerTebis msgavsad Znelad gasarCevi arian.

Tu RmerTebi amxileben mokvdavebs zviadobisa da ampartavnebis gamo, erTi

filosofosi aucileblad amxilebs meores misi araswori

argumentebisaTvis. es aris platonis mier homerosis pasaJis Sesworeba.

65

yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom Tavad sokrate gvevlineboda Tavisi

Tanamedroveebis araswori argumentebisa da mosazrebebis mamxileblad da

swored es iyo mis mimarT wayenebul braldebaTagan erT-erTi. sxvisi

mosazrebebis mamxileblebad miiCneodnen sofistebic, oRond mxolod

keTilSobili sofistikis warmomadgenelni. amdenad, sokrate mamxilebel

RmerTs uwodebs ucxoels da amiT icavs sakuTar Tavs am danaSaulisagan.

magram aq dgeba Semdegi problema: rogorc Teodorosi ambobs, is ar aris

RmerTi, aramed filosofosi, oRond RvTaebrivi (128, 47).

aq ismeba sakvanZo problema. sokrate ambobs, rom filosofosTa gvari

(gevno~) ar aris martivad gasarCevi (diakrivnein), iseve rogorc RmerTebis.

sokrate aqac sTavazobs erTmaneTisagan gamijvnas WeSmaritad

filosofosisa da cru, SeTiTxnili filosofosisa. sxva sityvebiT, garCevas

WeSmaritisa da misi msgavsisa. amas mohyveba Semdegi pasaJi:

,,yvela es adamiani, ara cru, aramed WeSmaritad filosofosni,

romelnic sxvadasxvagvarad warmoudgeniaT danarCenebs TavianTi umecrebis

gamo, “moivlian qalaqebs”, da zemodan dahyureben qvemoT myofTa cxovrebas;56

zogi miiCnevs, rom isini pativiscemas ar imsaxureben, zogi ki maT yvelaze

ufro Rirseulebad Tvlis; maT xan politikosebad warmosaxaven, xan _

sofistebad, zogi ki imasac fiqrobs, rom sruliad SeSlilni arian. amitom

Cvens ucxoels siamovnebiT gamovkiTxavdi, Tu misi survilic iqneboda, ras

fiqrobdnen da ras ambobdnen amaze mis qveyanaSi” (Soph. 216 c – 217 a)57.

es aris Zalian mniSvnelovani pasaJi, kerZod, isev citirebaa

,,odiseadan” (Hom. Od. XVII, 485-487) da moyvanilia terminebi, romlebic

ucxoelis momdevno msjelobisas ukve teqnikur mniSvnelobas SeiZens. aq,

erTi mxriv, aris gamijvna terminebisa xati (eijkovna) da moCveneba (favntasma).

sofisti aris filosofosis favntasma, xolo WeSmariti RmerTebi zemodan

uyureben da amxileben adamianebs. am kompleqsuri pasaJidan ori ZiriTadi

56 Sdr. iqve, XVII, 485-487.57 pavnu ga;r a|ndre~ ou|toi pantoi`oi fantazovmenoi dia; th;n tw`n a[llwn a[gnoian ejpistrwfw`si povlha~, oiJ mh; plastw`~ ajll j o[ntw~ filovsofoi, kaqorw`nte~ uJyovqen to;n tw`n kavtw bivon, kai; toi`~ me;n dokou`sin ei\nai tou` mhdeno;~ tivmioi, toi`~ d ja[xioi tou` pantov~, kai; tote; me;n politikoi; fantavzontai, tovte de; sofistaiv, tote; d j e[stin oi|~ dovxan paravscoint j a]n wJ~ pantavpasin e[conte~ manikw`~. tou` mevntoi xevnou hJmi`n hJdevw~ a[npunqanoivmhn, eij fivloi aujtw`/, tiv tau`q j oiJ peri; to; ejkei` tovpon hJgou`nto kai; wjnovmazon (Soph. 216 c – 217 a).

66

daskvna gamomdinareobs: 1) ara marto sofistebi dadian qalaqebSi da

esaubrebian arafilosofos sazogadoebas, aramed WeSmaritad

filosofosebic; 2) amxileben RmerTebi da ara filosofosebi. aqedan,

pirveli daskvna sakmaod misaRebi da naklebad saeWvoa (128, 78).

sadavoa meore daskvna imdenad, ramdenadac sokrate sayovelTaod

cnobilia Tavisi mxilebis meTodiT. SesaZloa, platons aq imis Tqma

undoda, rom arsebobs mxilebis araerTi saxe da, rom zogierTi maTgani

arafilosofiuria. Sesabamisad, amiT mwerals SeuZlia dasawyisSive Tavidan

aicilos ucxoelis mier sokrates mxileba. am sakiTxze pasuxis gacema arc

Tu ise advilia. Aamitom, vfiqrob, pirvelive scenidan naTeli xdeba, rom am

dialogis kvlevis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti unda iyos masSi

gamoyenebul terminTa mniSvnelobebisa da maTi gamoyenebis aspeqtebis

kvleva.

imis gamo, rom arsebobs bevri favntasma, rTulia sofistis,

filosofosisa da politikosis erTmaneTisagan garCeva. da swored aq

sokrates mier idgmeba pirveli kritikuli nabiji WeSmariti dialogis

dasawyebad. mas surs gaigos, ras fiqroben (hJgou`nto) am gvarebze ucxoelis

Tanamemamuleebi da ras uwodeben (wjnomavzwn) maT. kvlav sayuradReboa es

opozicia, romelic faqtobrivad igivea, rac WeSmaritisa da misi msgavsis

opozicia. anu erTsa da imave gvars SeiZleba hqondes gansxvavebuli

Sinaarsi da saxeldeba. cota mogvianebiT ucxoelic adasturebs am

opozicias, rodesac ambobs, rom ,,yovelTvis yvelafris Sesaxeb Tavad

saganze msjelobiT unda SeTanxmde da ara mxolod saxelze, [saganze]

msjelobis gareSe” (Soph. 218 c).58 ufro detalurad ki: erT gvarad miiCneven

am sams, Tu sam gansxvavebulad, rogorc saxelia sami? aq ukve aRar aris

“SeSlili” da sakvlevia mxolod sofisti, filosofosi da politikosi.

kerZod, garkveul unda iqnas TiToeulis raoba (tiv), buneba (gevno~) da saxeli

(o[noma). am sami maxasiaTebliT sagnis kvleva da amis Sesabamisad gansazRvra

ki sxva araferia, Tu ara WeSmariti arsis anu lovgo~–is garkveva. es sami

58 dei` de; ajei; panto;~ pevri to; pra`gma auj to; ma`llon dia; lovgwn h] tou[noma movnon sunwmologh`sqai cwri;~ lovgou

(Soph. 218 c).

67

maxasiaTebeli qmnis TiToeuli substanciis lovgo~–s. amdenad, dialogis

kvlevis mTavari mizania sofistis lovgo~–is kvleva (106, 171). ucxoelis

pasuxidan am SekiTxvaze, rom ecdeba Tqvas is, rac ,,axlaxan moismina da jer

ar daviwyebia”, ori ram xdeba naTeli: 1) ucxoels surs sokratem moisminos

misi nalaparakevi; 2) man unda gadmogvces romeliRac elisuri doqtrina.

ucxoeli warmoSobiT eliselia. cnobilia, rom eristikis meTodebs

garkveulwilad elisuri tradiciis gamgrZelebeli evklides megarelis

mimdevrebic aviTarebdnen. sainteresoa, ratom airCia platonma dramatul

personaJad eliseli, romelic elisur eristikas akritikebs. rogorc r.

blaki ambobs, SesaZloa, es imitom moxda, rom platoni eristikosebs maTive

iaraRiT gamklaveboda (82, 31).

sokrate eWvobs, rom Teodoross SeiZleba uneburad romeliRac

mamxilebeli RmerTi (qeo;~ ejlegktikov~) mohyavs. igi homerossac daimowmebs.

amrigad, rogorc j. rusoni SeniSnavs, ,,sofisti” iwyeba ara guSindeli

saubriT, aramed berZnuli saubris cocxali safuZvlebiT _ homerosiT (132,

42). aq miniSnebaa imaze, Tu rogor ver Seicnoben kiklopebi odisevss (Od.

XVII, 483-487.). ucxoelic, SesaZloa, Znelad gansaWvreti adamiani iyos.

Teodorosi uxsnis mas, rom es ucxoeli ar aris kamaTiT gatacebuli (peri;

ta; e[rida ejspoudakovtwn). aq kidev erTxelaa miniSnebuli, rom is ar aris

sofisti, magram is arc RmerTia. is aris RvTaebrivi (qei`o~), rogorc

uwodebs Teodorosi yvela filosofoss. am gvaris garCeva ki ar aris

RmerTebis gvaris garCevaze advili. aq platoni migvaniSnebs imaze, rom

filosofosTa gvari Znelad Sesacnobia. isini raRacnairad warmogvidgebian

xolme (fantavzontai), moivlian qalaqebs, ara cru (plastw`~), aramed

WeSmaritad (ojntw``~) filosofosebi. zogi maT politikosebad miiCnevs, zogi _

sofistebad, zogi ki _ sruliad SeSlilebad. aq xazgasmulia, rom,

marTalia, ucxoeli ar aris RmerTi, magram jer kidev gasarkvevia misi

WeSmariti buneba, aris is WeSmariti filosofosi, Tu _ cru. opozicia

,,WeSmariti da cru filosofosi” SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc opozicia

,,filosofosi da sofisti” (128, 92).

68

swored aq daismeba sakiTxi, Tu ra aris filosofosi (filovsofo~),

sofisti (sofisthv~) da politikosi (politikov~). am dialogSi garkveulia

sofistis sakiTxi, dialogSi ,,politikosi”, Sesabamisad, politikosis, xolo

rac Seexeba filosofoss, dRemde sadavod rCeba, hqonda Tu ara platons

ganzraxuli mesame dialogis _ ,,filosofosis” _ dawera. Tumca, aqve unda

aRiniSnos, rom filosofiisa da filosofosis Sesaxeb platonis

dialogebSi xSiradaa saubari. mag. ,,saxelmwifoSi” platoni filosofoss

ganmartavs rogorc adamians, romelsac SeuZlia arsebuli TavisTavad

ganWvritos, mudam Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivad, romelic ar icvleba

warmoSobisa da ganadgurebis ZaliT (Resp. V-VI, 480 a, 484b)59. iqve WeSmariti

filosofosi Sepirispirebulia sofistTan, romlisTvisac amosavalia

Sexeduleba da ara _ WeSmariteba.

saubris Temis garkvevis Semdeg, sokrate dgams meore da

msjelobisaTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovan nabijs – is sTavazobs

Tanamosaubres saubris meTodze SeTanxmebas. kvlevis dawyebamde sokrate

sTxovs ucxoels airCios saubris meTodi, grZeli sityvebis (lovgo~ makrov~) an

SekiTxvebis meSveobiT (di j ejrwthvsewn) kvleva. aqve xazgasmulia, rom kiTxva-

pasuxis meTodi masTanaa gamarTlebuli, vinc mSvidi (ajluvpw~) da morCilia

(eujhnivw~). sokrates rCeviT ucxoeli gadawyvets, rom erTi Tanamosaubre

airCios, kerZod, Teetetosi da msjeloba mokle sityvebis monacvleobiT

(kata; smikro;n e[po~ pro;~ e[po~) warmarTos, Tumca sakiTxis sirTule msjelobis

zogierT monakveTSi moiTxovs vrcel msjelobasac (lovgo~ sucnov~). s. rozenis

azriT, aq xazgasmulia, rom kvlevis saukeTeso gza aris dialogis meTodi

da rom WeSmariti kvleva mxolod orTa saubriT SeiZleba. Tumca,

miuxedavad imisa, rom ucxoeli irCevs kiTxva-pasuxis formats, misi

msjeloba mainc umeteswilad, SeiZleba iTqvas, monologis saxiT viTardeba,

radgan Teetetosis pasuxebi mxolod Tanxmobaa mis mier warmoTqmul

sityvebze. anu aq erTimeoris opoziciaSia dialogisa da monologis forma.

59 h] ouj mhnmoneuvomen o{ti fwnav~ te kai; crova~ kala;~ kai; ta; toiau`t j e[famen touvtou~ filei`n te kai; qea`sqai, aujto; de; to; kalo;n oujd j ajnevcesqai w{~ ti o[n, ejmoi; gou`n e[ti dokei` a]n beltiovnw~ fanh`nai eij peri; touvtou movnou e[dei rJhqh`nai, kai; mh; polla; ta; loipa; dielqei`n mevllonti katovyesqai tiv diafevrei bivo~ (Resp. V-VI, 480 a, 484b).

69

marTalia, irCeven dialogs, magram ucxoeli nawilobriv mainc monologis

gziT warmarTavs mas. WeSmariti filosofosisaTvis msjelobis erTaderT

formad, platoni dialogs miiCnevda. anu aq SeiZleba kidev erTxel eWvqveS

davayenoT eliseli ucxoelis filosofosobis sakiTxi (128, 31).

vfiqrob, swored aq unda veZioT imis mizezi, rom mecnierebi xSirad

usayvedureben platons, TiTqosda man am dialogSi dakarga weris is

cocxali kiTxva-pasuxis manera, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo misi adreuli

da Sua periodis dialogebisaTvis (128, 40). vfiqrob, es ase araa. da weris es

stilic mxolod da mxolod am konkretuli dialogis mizandasaxulobidan

gamomdinareobs.

sokrate da ucxoeli gadawyveten, Tavdapirvelad gamoikvlion sofisti,

Tu ra aris is, radganac garkveulia mxolod misi saxeli (o[noma) da ar

aris SeTanxmebuli Tavad sagani (e[rgon), rasac TiToeuli am saxels

uwodebs. nebismieri sakiTxis kvlevisas ki, rogorc es platons swams,

upirveles yovlisa, saganze unda SeTanxmde da ara mxolod saxelze (Soph.

218 c)60. aqve unda gavixsenoT sagnis wvdomis platoniseuli koncefcia,

romelic mas VII werilSi aqvs mocemuli: nebismieri sagnis gadmocemisaTvis

gvaqvs oTxi saSualeba, esenia: 1. saxeli; 2. ganmarteba; 3. saxe; 4. codna an

cneba TavisTavad. es oTxi qmnis sagnis arss (lovgo~) (101, 100).

nadiroba sofistze. nimuSi (paravdeigma) rogorc

kvlevis meTodis erT-erTi elementi

(Soph. 218 c-219 a)

pirveli scenis ZiriTadi daskvna iyo is, rom unda gairkvas gansxvaveba

adamianTa sam tips Soris: sofisti, politikosi, filosofosi. xazi unda

gaesvas, rom aq saqme gvaqvs ara ubralod formebis an mxolod maTi tevcnh-s,

aramed maTi arsis erTmaneTisagan garCevasTan. Cven, mkiTxvelni, varT

monadireebi, romlebic kvaldakval unda mivyveT adamianTa am sam tips.

60 dei` de; ajei` panto;~ pevri to; pravgma aujto; ma`llon dia; lovgwn h} tou[noma movnon sunwmologh`sqai cwri;~ lovgou

(Soph. 218 c).

70

Tanamedrove mecnierebisagan platoni bevri ramiT gansxvavdeba.

arsebiTi ki am gansxvavebaSi aris Semdegi: platonis filosofiuri

pedagogikis umTavresi momenti aris is, rom nawarmoebSi unda Candes suli.

dramis amosavali wertili da ZiriTadi mizani aris aCvenos saubrisa da

moqmedebis urTierTTamaSi. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom moqmedeba

,,sofistSi” bevrad ufro struqturirebuli da daxvewilia, vidre es

zogierT tragediaSia (am terminis klasikuri mniSvnelobiT) (99, 67).

rac Seexeba sofistze nadirobas, es safuZvelia dramisaTvis. sxva

dialogebisgan gansxvavebiT, ,,sofistSi” sofists miewereba xelovneba

(tevcnh), imisda miuxedavad, rom es sakmaod bundovani da orazrovani

xelovnebaa da mdgomareobs yalbi gamosaxulebebis SeqmnaSi. Tu ver

gavarCevT im gamosaxulebebs, romlebsac qmnis sofisti, maSin miuxedavad

diairesisis xerxisa, ver mivaRwevT sofistis teqnikur definicias. ra

funqciac ar unda hqondes sofists, diairesisi unda moicavdes sofistis

saqmianobis mTavar maxasiaTeblebs, mTavar Strixebs – mis eSmakobasa da

arapirdapirobas. am portretis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizani ki aris imis

Tavidanve gamovlena, Tu rogor iZvrens Tavs sofisti, masze nadirobisas,

Tundac mis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebul iqnas sakmaod Zlieri teqnikuri

meqanizmebi. amas garda, sofistis portretis SeswavliT, Cven viRebT

informacias misi filosofiuri bunebis Sesaxeb.

amdenad, ucxoeli da Teetetosi SeTanxmdebian imaze, rom maTi kvleva

daiwyos sofistiT. araviTari sababi ar arsebobs imisa, rom sokrates

CamonaTvalis rigiTobaSi (“sofisti”, “politikosi”, “filosofosi”) Setanil

iqnas raime cvlileba. am Tanmimdevrobasac Tavisi logikuri safuZvlebi

unda hqondes. pirvel rigSi, aq SeiZleba davinaxoT garkveuli saxis

ierarqia, anu am sam gvars Soris aris ierarqiuli damokidebuleba, uxeSad

rom vTqvaT, maTi ,,seriozulobis” da maTi adamianTaTvis ,,Rirebulebis”

TvalsazrisiT. pirveli, anu sofisti – araseriozuli gvari, bolo,

filosofosi – gvarTagan yvelaze ufro wminda da Rirebuli, rac SeiZleba

arsebobdes da saSuri iyos adamianTaTvis da politikosi – ase vTqvaT, am

ori gvaris zRvarze myofi, gardamavali saxe. Tumca, aq SeiZleba sxva

71

mizezic davinaxoT, Tu ratom viwyebT sofistiT. radgan sofisti bundovania

da ar aris advilad mosanadirebeli da gasarCevi sxvebisgan, amitom

saWiroa misi momwyvdeva da izolireba, raTa Semdeg is ar agverios

politikosSi da filosofosSi, anu ver Seiparos am or gvarSi.

amgvarad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom es Tanmimdevroba garkveulwilad aris

winaswari dazRveva imisgan, rac sofistis bunebaSi yvelaze ufro

ironiulia da rac gvibiZgebs, vikvlioT is ase Rrmad. amis mTavari mizani

ki xasiaTis naklovanebis gamovlenaa da ara cru xelovnebisa, anu

garkveulwilad aq aris opozicia xasiaTi da xelovneba da aqac

aucilebeli xdeba diairesisis meTodi (128, 96).

maSasadame, kvleva unda daviwyoT im SeTanxmebiT, rom Cven

gvainteresebs is, Tu “ras” warmoadgens sofisti da ara is, Tu ,,vin” aris

sofisti. es aris imis aucilebeli winapiroba, rom diairesisis meTodi

gamosadegi iyos. anu sofisti Sedgeba formaluri elementebis

erTianobisagan da es elementebi mravalricxovania. maT Soris nawili aris

wminda sofisturi, nawili ki – ara. Cven unda aRmovaCinoT swored es wminda

sofisturi elementebi.

aq ucxoeli Tavidanve xazs usvams winaaRmdegobriobas, romelic

SeiniSneba sofistis bunebaSi: saubari da fiqri, anu saxeli da sagani,

romelsac es saxeli ewodeba. warmodgenili pasaJi mniSvnelovania

terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT. aq ucxoeli saqmes Tavdapirvelad

gansazRvravs sityviT e[rgon, Semdeg ki sityviT pravgma (Soph. 218 c)61. es

sityvebi mniSvnelovania da isini SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc moqmedeba,

saqme, movlena. es terminebi gamoxatavs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi arsebuli

fenomenebis dinamiur monacvleobas, romelsac ar gamoxatavs sityva o[n. Cven

gvainteresebs sagani, arsi ,,Tavis TavSi” da ara yoveldRiur dinamizmsa da

monacvleobaSi an sxva fenomenebTan urTierTmimarTebaSi. anu pravgma da o[n

arsebiTad gansxvavebuli raRaceebia, isini winaaRmdegobaSia erTimeoresTan

61 nu`n ga;r dh; suv te kajgw; touvtou pevri tou[noma movnon e[comen koinh/`, to; de; e[rgon ejf j w/|/ kalou`men eJkavtero~ tavc j a]n ijdia/ par j hJmi`n aujtoi`~ e[comen, dei` de; ajei; panto;~ pevri to; pra`gma aujto; ma`llon dia; lovgwn h] tou[noma movnon sunwmologh`sqai cwri;~ lovgou (Soph. 218 c).

72

da qmnis ganmasxvavebel niSans sagnisaTvis, droSi cvalebadia is Tu

maradiuli. anu sakiTxi asec SeiZleba davayenoT: aris sofisti pravgma Tu

o[n?

Tu davubrundebiT ,,sofistis” teqsts, aq ucxoeli agrZelebs, rom Cven

gvaqvs saziaro saxelebi enis sazogado bunebis gamo. magram saxelebze

SeTanxmeba yovelTvis unda xdebodes pra`gma-s lovgo~-Tan dakavSirebis

meSveobiT da ara mxolod pra`gma -dan gamomdinare lovgo~-is gareSe. anu is,

rasac Cven yvelani vflobT, sxva araferia Tu ara pra`gma da definicia

masac unda moicavdes aucileblad, Tumca ar unda Semoifarglebodes

mxolod misiT.

davubrundeT arsebul problemas: mosanadirebeli da dasadgeni aris

sofistis buneba, radgan ar aris martivi erTad SevkriboT is, rac gonebaSi

gvaqvs. arsebobs ori problema: 1) pirveli exeba im sakiTxs, rasac Cven

yvelani kerZod da piradad vflobT da rac ar SegviZlia sxvas gadavceT

sazogado enis gareSe. Tu is, rasac Cven vflobT, ar aris lingvisturi,

maSin rogor SegviZlia masze saubari da Tu aris lingvisturi, maSin

rogor SeiZleba darCes is cariel, SiSvel formad? 2) rogor SeiZleba

kerZo gaxdes sazogado, anu ,,sagani, arsi Tavis TavSi”? magram Tu es aseTi

ar iqneba, ver mivaRwevT definiciasac, radganac definicia unda iyos

mdgradi da stabiluri, Sesabamisad aracvalebadi. anu Tu ar gveqneba gvari,

ver gveqneba definiciac. Tu sofisti ar aris gvari, maSin ris mimarT

vadgenT mis definicias? mxolod saxis? SeiZleba, magram esec saqmea (128,

101-104).

amis Semdeg ucxoeli Teetetoss sTavazobs, rom, radgan sakvlevi

sakiTxi Zalian rTulia, vidre mas Seexebode, umjobesia jer ufro mciresa

da martivSi ivarjiSo, romelzec kvlevis meTods (mevqodo~) mosinjav.

,,menonSic” sokrate menons sTavazobs, sanam siqveles gansazRvravdes, jer

figura ganixilos, rac misTvis varjiSi iqneba (Menon 75 a)62. igive meTodia

,,saxelmwifoSi”, im gansxvavebiT, rom iq savarjiSod ufro didi modelia

62 tiv ejstin ejpi; tw/` strogguvlw/ kai; eujqei` kai; ejpi; toi`~ a[lloi~, a} dh; schvmata kalei`~, taujto;n ejpi; pa`sin, peirw`

eijpei`n, i{na kai; gevnhtaiv soi melevth pro;~ th;n peri; th`~ ajreth`~ ajpovkrisin (Menon 75 a)

73

aRebuli. kerZod, vidre gaarkvevdnen samarTlianobas adamianSi, ganixilaven

samarTlianobas saxelmwifoSi (Resp. 368 e)63.

amrigad, gadawyveten, jer raime umniSvnelos mimarTon, Semdeg ki is

nimuSad (paravdeigma) daadginon ufro mniSvnelovanisaTvis. arsebiTi saxeli

paravdeigma nawarmoebia zmnur Zirze “ma” sufiqsis darTviT. paravdeigma aris

paradeivknumi-s Sedegi, rac sityvasityviT niSnavs ”erTimeoris gverdigverd

vaCveneb”. paravdeigma ormagi mniSvnelobis mqonea. erTi esaa, nimuSi,

magaliTi, xolo meore _ magaliTi im gagebiT, rom esaa standarti,

romliTac izomeba sxva rameebi. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi platoni mas

pirveli mniSvnelobiT iyenebs. saerTod, rodesac platons raimes

ganmarteba surs, mas xSirad exmareba magaliTi. nimuSi aris erT-erTi

mosaxerxebeli saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba miaRwio WeSmarit

codnas. h. g. gadameri Tvlis, rom nimuSis rols kvlevaSi igive funqcia

aqvs, rac daxatuli figuris rols maTematikaSi (101, 115).

am SemTxvevaSi nimuSad aRebulia meTevze, romelic yvelasTvis

nacnobia, magram did dafiqrebas ar moiTxovs. pirvelad ganixilaven,

ostatia (tecnivth~) is Tu ara (a[tecnon), romelsac aqvs oden raime unari

(duvnami~). amiT platoni erTimeorisagan gamijnavs, erTi mxriv, xelovnebas

(tevcnh) da, meore mxriv, raRacis keTebis unars, SesaZleblobas (duvnami~),

romelTa Sorisac principuli gansxvavebaa.

saerTod, platoni tevcnh-Si gulisxmobs ara marto xelovnebas, aramed

xelosnobasa da mecnierebasac ki. ,,sofistSi” am terminSi is gulisxmobs

adamianis uklebliv yvela saxis praqtikul saqmianobas. platonisaTvis am

SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi arsebuli sxva araferia, Tu ara xelovneba (69, 29).

samagierod, ,,gorgiasSi” is ganarCevs, erTi mxriv, WeSmarit codnaze

damyarebul saqmianobebs, romelsac uwodebs tevcnai-s, meore mxriv ki,

sxvadasxva empiriul moRvaweobas (Grg. 462 b-465 e)64, romelic warmoadgens

63 ejgwv soi, e[fhn, ejrw`. dikaiosuvnh, famevn, e[sti me;n ajndro;~ eJnov~, e[sti dev pou kai; o{lh~ povlew~ (Resp. 368 e).64 Pw`lo~ajlla; tiv soi dokei` hJ rJhtorikh; ei\nai;Swkravth~pra`gma o} fh/;~ su; poih`sai tevcnhn ejn tw`/ suggravmmati o} ejgw; e[nagco~ ajnevgnwn.

74

tevcnai-s _ mibaZvebs da iqamde ver CaiTvleba xelovnebebad, sanam ar

daemyareba racionalur principebs (113, 85). ,,gorgiasSi” sofistika aRiqmeba

empiriul saqmianobad, erTgvar gawafvad. ,,sofisti” erTaderTi dialogia,

sadac platoni sofistikas xelovnebad gansazRvravs.

diairesisis (diaivresi~) meTodi

“sofistSi” mocemulia meTevzis gansazRvreba dayofis (diaivresi~) gziT,

diqotomiuri principiT. es meTodi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ori

gansxvavebuli miznisaTvis, esenia: 1. saxeTa klasifikacia; 2. erTi calkeuli

saxis definicia (92, 171). platoni am princips orive miznisaTvis iyenebs.

rogorc vxvdebiT, nimuSi sinamdvileSi aris ara meTevze, aramed Tavad es

dayofa erTiani xelovnebisa, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu ra aris meTevze (113,

5). dayofas (diaivresi~) SemdgomSi mohyveba erTad Sekreba, gaerTianeba

(sunagwghv) meTevzisaTvis Sesabamisi dayofebisa, ris Sedegadac, viRebT mis

srul definicias.

dialogi “sofisti” mTlianad agebulia dayofis seriaze. meTevzis

magaliTs mohyveba kidev Svidi dayofa, romelic gansazRvravs sofists.

dialog “sofistis” orive TanamosaubrisaTvis kargad nacnobi diairesisis

meTodi gulisxmobs Semdegs: rodesac gvsurs raimes gansazRvra, amas

vaRwevT nabij-nabij. TiToeuli nabiji did jgufs yofs or ufro mcire

jgufad, romelTagan orives aqvs raRac maxasiaTebeli didi jgufisa, magram

aqvs kidev raRac mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli. es dayofa grZeldeba

manam, sanam ar darCeba mxolod is jgufi, romelsac ekuTvnis gansasazRvri

sagani.

Tavad es meTodi dialogSi ramdenjermea gamoyenebuli, magram arsad

ar moixsenieba da ar ganimarteba. Sekrebisa da dayofis principebis aRwera

Pw`lo~tiv tou`to levgei~Swkravth~ejmpeiriva a[ra soi dokei` hJ rJhtorikh; ei\nai (Grg. 462 b-465 e).

75

gvxvdeba sxva dialogebSic, rogoricaa “filebosi”, “fedrosi”,

“politikosi”. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom diairesisis meTodi, romelic am

dialogSi gamoiyeneba, sxva araferia, Tu ara dialeqtikis meTodis

Semadgeneli nawili, mas am dialogSi Zalian didi roli da funqcia aqvs.

imisaTvis, rom ukeT CavwvdeT diairesisis meTodis arssa da am meTodis

gamoyenebis mniSvnelobas dialog “sofistSi”, ganvixiloT diairesisi

platonis ramdenime sxva dialogSi.

platoni terminebs “Sekreba” (sunagwghv) da “dayofa” (diaivresi~) meTodis

gansazRvrisaTvis pirvelad iyenebs “fedrosSi”. am dialogSi warmodgenilia

ara mxolod terminebis teqnikuri mniSvneloba, aramed meTodis sakmaod

vrceli daxasiaTebac. “fedrosi” exeba siyvaruls, oratorul darwmunebasa

da filosofias. fedrosi ukiTxavs sokrates lisiasis Sedgenil sityvas. aq

dgeba siyvarulis (e[rw~) gansazRvris sakiTxi. siyvaruli aris miswrafebis

erT-erTi saxe (ejpiqumiva), magram arsebobs orgvari miswrafeba:

siamovnebisadmi Tandayolili miswrafeba (e[mfuto~, ejpiqumiva, hJdonh)̀ da

SeZenili survili, rom daeuflo saukeTesos (ejpivkthto~, dovxa, ejfiemevnh, tou`

ajristou)̀. Seyvarebulis sulSi mTavaria siamovnebisadmi miswrafeba. aqve

fedrosi warmoTqvams meore sityvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris Seyvarebuli

adamianis suli.

amis Semdeg sokrate iwyebs msjelobas Sekrebasa da dayofaze, riTic

surs am ori sityvis erTimeoresTan dakavSireba. is ambobs, rom arsebobs

ori saxe, romelsac SemTxveviT Seexo es ori sityva. pirveli aris Sekreba,

mravali gafantuli ramis erTi ideis qveS gaerTianeba (eij~ mivan ijdevan

sunorw`nta a[gein ta; pollach/` diesparmevna), xolo meore _ amis sapirispiro,

saxeebad dayofa (kat jei\dh duvnasqai tevmnein). da bolos ki daayolebs: “me

moyvaruli var dayofebisa da Sekrebebisa, romlebic gvexmareba saubarsa da

azrovnebaSi. Tuki SevniSnav, rom sxvasac aqvs bunebrivi unari sagnebi

ganWvritos cal-calke dayofilni da erTad Sekrebilni, fexdafex mivyvebi

mas, rogorc RmerTs. sworia Tu ara es, RmerTma icis, magram me maT

76

dialeqtikosebs vuwodeb” (Phaedr. 266 b)65. amrigad, am dialogSi Sekreba da

dayofa dakavSirebulia dialeqtikis meTodTan, es sxva araferia, Tu ara

dialeqtikis Semadgeneli nawili.

dialogi “politikosi” Tematurad mosdevs “sofists” da isic dayofis

meTodis demonstrirebiT iwyeba. magram aqac “fedrosis” msgavsad gvaqvs

msjeloba TviTon meTodsa da mis gamoyenebaze. “politikosSi” (Polit. 285-287)

am meTodis damaxasiaTebeli teqnikuri terminebic ki erTmaneTis identuria.

kerZod, aqac aRwerilia saxeebad dayofis meTodi (th;n mevqodon... tou` kat ei\dh

dunato;n ei\nai diairei`n). aqac diairesisi ivaraudeba dialeqtikis Semadgenel

nawilad.

rac Seexeba kidev erT dialogs “fileboss”, aq diairesisis meTodTan

dakavSirebiT gvaqvs wina ori nawarmoebisagan gansxvavebuli leqsika.

kerZod, arsad ar aris naxsenebi terminebi “Sekreba” (sunagwgh)̀ da “dayofa”

(diaivresi~). Tumca mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom diairesisis meTodi aqac

daxasiaTebulia rogorc yvela xelovnebis mimarT gamosayenebeli

saSualeba. am dialogSi Cndeba axali terminologia, kerZod es meTodi

dakavSirebulia erTsa (to; e{n) da mravals (ta; pollav) Soris arsebul

gansxvavebasTan.

diairesisis meTods kargad aRwers e. teilori: roca Cven gvinda

ganvmartoT raime x, viRebT ufro farTo klass _ a-s, romlis erT-erTi

qvedanayoficaa x. a klass vyofT or gansxvavebul b da c klasebad,

romlebic erTmaneTisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom b flobs, c ki _ ara raRac

damaxasiaTebel b-s, romelic gvWirdeba x-is sapovnelad. b aris marjvena

sveti, c ki _ marcxena. marcxenas vtovebT da mivyvebiT marjvena mxaris amave

principiT dayofas. roca mivadgebiT x-s, wina dayofebis daxasiaTebis

mixedviT ganvsazRvravT mis bunebas (83, 34).

65 touvtwn dh; e[gwge aujtov~ te ejrasthv~, w\ Fai`dre, tw`n diairevsewn kai; sunagwgw`n, i{na oi|o~ te w\ levgein te

kai; fronei`n, ejavn tev tin j a[llon hJghvswmai dunato;n eij~ e} kai; ejpi; polla; pefukovq j oJra`n, tou`ton diwvkw katovpisqe met j i[cnion w{ste qeoi`o. kai; mevntoi kai; tou;~ dunamevnou~ aujto; dra`n eij me;n ojrqw`~ h] mh; prosagoreuvw, qeo;~ oi\de, kalw` de; ou\n mevcri tou` de dialektikouv~ (Phaedr. 266 b).

77

g. Cernisis azriT, diairesisi mxolod ideis gaxsenebaSi ar gvexmareba.

is aris obieqtis saxelis gaxsenebis praqtikuli saSualeba (83, 39).

sofistis pirveladi definiciebi

(Soph. 219 b-231 c)

sofistis pirveli definicia mTlianad monadiris saqmianobazea

agebuli. mas ase viRebT: nebismieri xelovneba aris SemoqmedebiTi (poihtikhv)

da mopovebiTi (kthtikhv). Tevzaoba miekuTvneba mopovebiTs da ara

SemoqmedebiTs, xelSi Cagdebis xelovnebas (ceirwtikovn) da ara gadacvlis

(metablhtikovn), nadirobas (qereutikhv) da ara Sejibrebas (ajgwnistikhvn), sulier

arsebebebze nadirobas (ejmyuvcou) da ara usuloebze (ajyuvcou), wylis

cxovelebze nadirobas (ejnugroqerikovn) da ara xmeleTisaze (pezoqerikovn),

Tevzaobas (aJlieutikhvn) da ara meCitbadeobas (ojrniqeutikhv), dartymis

saSualebiT (plhghv) da ara badeebiT (kaq je[rkesin), dRisiT (meqhmerinovn) da ara

RamiT (nukterinovn), kaviT (ajgkistreutikovn), qvevidan zeviT amoTreviT rom

xorcieldeba.

amave paradigmiT iwyeba sofistis kvleva. flobs Tu ara sofisti raime

xelovnebas? ucxoeli uSvebs, rom is flobs garkveul xelovnebas, kerZod,

isic meTevzis msgavsad monadirea, mxolod xmeleTis cxovelebze

(pezoqerikovn). aq misi da meTevzis saqmianoba erTmaneTs Sordeba. amis Semdgom

gamoiyeneba diqotomiis igive principi. kerZod, sofisti miekuTvneba Sinaur

cxovelebze monadires (hJmeroqerikhv), Tuki adamians CavTvliT Sinaur

cxovelad, darwmunebiT (piqanourgikhv) da ara ZaladobiT nadirobas (bivaion

qh`ra), kerZod (ijdiva) da ara saxalxod (dhmosiva), jildos moTxovniT

(misqarnhtikovn) da ara saCuqrebis momtani xelovnebiT (dwroforikovn), mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac jildo fulia.

am dayofis Tanaxmad, viRebT sofistikis pirvel definicias: nadirobas,

romelic ganekuTvneba mopovebiT, xelSi Cagdebis xelovnebas, kerZod,

nadirobas xmeleTis, Sinaur cxovelebze, adamianebze, xelovnebas, romelic

78

jildod fuls moiTxovs, moCvenebiT aRzrdas (doxopaideutikhv), nadirobas

mdidar da Rirseul Wabukebze, ewodeba sofistika (Soph. 223 b)66.

pirveli definicia uSualod nadirobisa da misi calkeuli elementebis

simbolikis gamoyenebiTaa miRebuli. aq ukve gvxvdeba termini doxopaideutikhv,

romelic miuTiTebs imaze, rom sofistika emyareba Sexedulebas da ara

WeSmaritebas, rac gadamwyveti xdeba sofistis bolo, yvelaze mniSvnelovani

definiciisaTvis.

amrigad, pirvel definiciaSi xazgasmulia sofistisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi arsebiTi niSani: sofistebi mdidar, axalgazrda

Wabukebs moCvenebiTi aRzrdis sanacvlod fuls arTmeven.

sakiTxi TiTqos gadaWrilia, magram radganac sofistika sakmaod

mravalmxrivi da rTuli gvaria, saWiroa misi sxvagvarad ganxilvac.

mopovebiTi xelovnebis saxeebi iyo: nadiroba da gadacvlis xelovneba. axla

mivyvebiT am ukanasknels: is iyofa usasyidlod (dwrhtikovn) da savaWrod

(ajgorastikovn), savaWro xelovneba _ sakuTari saqonliT (aujtopwlikhvn) da

sxvisi saqonlis gadacvlad (metablhtikhv), es ukanaskneli iyofa

mewvrilmaneobad (kaphlikhv) da msxvil vaWrobad (ejmporikhv), msxvili vaWroba _

sulisaTvis saWiro sazrdoTi da sxeulisaTvis saWiro sagnebiT vaWrobad,

sulisaTvis saWiro sazrdoTi vaWroba (yucemporikh)̀ iyofa Cvenebis

xelovnebad (ejpideiktikhv) da codniT vaWrobad (maqhmatopwlikhv), es

ukanaskneli ki iyofa, erTi mxriv, xelovnebebis, xolo, meore mxriv,

saTnoebis codnasTan dakavSirebul vaWrobad (ajrethv pwlitikovn), romelic sxva

araferia, Tu ara sofistika.

ase viRebT sofistis meore definicias: sofistika aris mopovebis,

gadacvlis, gayidvis, vaWrobis, saTnoebasTan dakavSirebuli msjelobebiTa

da codniT vaWrobis xelovneba. sofisti aris vaWari (Soph. 224 d)67.

66 hJ tevcnh~ oijkeiwtikh`~, ceirwtikh`~, kthtikh`~, qereutikh`~, zw/oqhriva~, pezoqhriva~, cersaia~,hJmeroqhrikh~, Ajnqrwpoqhriva~, piqanoqhriva~, idioqhriva~, nomismatopwlikh`~, doxopaideutikh`~, nevwnplousivwn kai; gignomevnh q`hvra prosrhtevon, wJ~ oJ nu`n lovgo~ hjmi`n sumbaivnei, sofistikh (Soph. 223 b)v.67 th`~ kthtikh`~, metablhtikh`~, ajgorastikh`~, ejmporikh`~, yucemporikh`~ peri; lovgou~ kai; maqhvmata ajreth`~ pwlhtiko;n deuvteron ajnefavnh sofistikh (Soph. 224 d) v.

79

aqac xazgasmulia sofistikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTavari niSan-

Tviseba _ misi merkantilizmi, rac, rogorc Cans, yvelaze metad sZuls

platons.

mesame definicia Zalian moklea da isic gansazRvravs sofists rogorc

vaWars. is SemdegSi mdgomareobs: mopovebiTi xelovnebis gacvliTi da

savaWro nawilic, orive SemTxvevaSi, iqneba es sxvisi saqonliT vaWroba, Tu

_ sakuTariT, aris sofistika (Soph. 224 d-e)68. es mesame definicia SegviZlia

ganvixiloT, rogorc meoris dazusteba. aqac amosavali isaa, rom sofisti

vaWaria.

amis Semdeg ucxoeli gvTavazobs axal dayofas: mopovebiTi xelovnebis

erTi nawilia Sejibreba (ajgwnistikhv), romelic iyofa paeqrobad (aJmillhtikovn)

da sabrZolo xelovnebad (machtikovn). es ukanaskneli moicavs Zaladobasa

(biastikovn) da SewinaaRmdegebas (ajmfisbhthtikovn). am ukanasknelSi gamoiyofa

sasamarTlo saqme (dikanikovn) da SekamaTeba (ajntilogikovn). SekamaTebis erTi

saxe xelovnebas ar mimarTavs da saxelic ar gaaCnia, meore ki xelovnebas

moiTxovs da mas eristika (ejristikovn) ewodeba. misi erTi mimarTuleba fulis

mflangvelia (crhmatofqorikovn), meore ki _ fulis mSovneli (crhmatistikovn).

ase viRebT meoTxe definicias: sofisti aris fulis mSovnelTa gvari,

eristikis, SewinaaRmdegebis, SekamaTebis, sabrZolo, Sejibrebis xelovani. is

aris eristikosi (Soph. 226 a)69. sainteresoa, rom platoni aq eristikas

SekamaTebis _ antilogikis xelovnebis saxed miiCnevs da ambobs, rom es

xelovneba rogorc xelovneba swored eristikaSi vlindeba (Tumca, rogorc

zemoT aRiniSna, g. kerferds antilogika miaCnia calke xelovnebad,

romelic dgas eristikasa da dialeqtikas Soris).

aq gansazRvrulia sofistikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi

arsebiTi momenti: sofistebi fulis safasurad aswavlian kamaTs nebismier

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

68 kai; to; kthtikh`~ a[ra metablhtikovn, ajgorastikovn, kaphlikovn ei[te aujtopwlikovn, ajmfwtevrw~, o{tiper a]n h\/ peri; ta; toiau`ta maqhmatwpoliko;n gevno~, ajei; su; proserei`~, wJ~ faivnh/, sofistikovn (Soph. 224 d-e).69 h] to; crhmatistiko;n gevno~, wJ~ e[oiken, ejristikh`~ o]n tevcnh~, th`~ ajntilogikh`~, th`~ ajmfisbhthtikh`~, th`~ machtikh`~, th`~ ajgwnistikh`~, th``~ kthtikh`~ e[stin, wJ~ oJ lovgo~ au\ memhvnuke nu`n, oJ sofisthv~ (Soph. 226 a).

80

sofisti ukve meoTxe saxiT warmodga. aq isev Semodis nadirobis

simbolika, rodesac ucxoeli ambobs, rom es cxoveli (qhrivon) Wrelia

(poikivlon) da mas cali xeliT ver daiWer (ouj thv eJtevra lhptovn), aramed unda

ecado, oriT daiWiro. mas kvaldakval unda mihyve (metaqeovnta~ i\cno~).

diairesisis Semdgom gamoyenebamde dialogSi warmodgenilia

SinamosamsaxureTa iseTi saqmianobebi, rogorebicaa: gawurva, gacra,

ganiaveba, gamorCeva, CeCva, rTva, qsova da a. S. yvela es xelovneba aris

garCevis (diakritikhv).

aq saintereso pasaJi gvaqvs kvlevis meTodis universalurobasTan

dakavSirebiT: ,,kvlevis meTodi RrubliT dambanis xelovnebaze arc metad

zrunavs da arc naklebad, vidre wamlis damzadebis [xelovnebaze], Tundac

erTi meoreze ufro saWiro iyos Cveni ganwmendisaTvis. es meTodi cdilobs

codnis mopovebis mizniT Seicnos riTi hgavs da riTi gansxvavdeba

xelovnebani erTmaneTisgan. amis gamo yvelas Tanabrad afasebs da,

ramdenadac isini erTimeoris msgavsni arian, arc erTs ar miiCnevs meoreze

sasacilod. vinc nadirobas mxedarTmTavrobis magaliTze aCvenebs, ar

miiCnevs mas imaze aRmatebulad, vinc amas tilebze nadirobiT akeTebs,

Tumca pirvels ufro amaRlebulad Tvlis. axla ki, Seni kiTxvis pasuxad,

ra saxeli davarqvaT yvela im Zalas, romelsac usulo Tu sulier sxeulTa

ganwmenda xvda wilad. am meTodisaTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvs, romeli saxeli

iqneba ufro Sesaferisi, oRond yvela saxis ganwmenda moicvas, garda imisa,

romelic suls ukavSirdeba” (Soph. 227 a-c)70.

garCevis xelovneba iyofa or nawilad: erTi aris uaresis ukeTesisagan

gayofa, meore ki _ msgavsisa msgavsisagan. is, romelic ukeTess itovebs,

uaress ki ganagdebs, aris ganwmenda (kaqarmov~). misi nawilebia: sulTan da

sxeulTan dakavSirebuli ganwmenda. pirvels kurnavs gimnastika (gumnastikhv)

70 ajlla; ga;r th`/ tw`n lovgwn meqovdw/ spoggistikh`~ h] farmakoposiva~ oujde;n h|tton oujdev ti ma`llon tugcavneimevlon eij to; me;n smikrav, to; de; megavla hJma`~ wjfelei` kaqai`ron. tou` kthvsasqai ga;r e{neka nou`n pasw`n tecnw`nto; suggene;~ katanoei`n peirwmevnh tima`/ pro;~ tou`to ejx i[sou pavsa~, kai; qavtera tw`n eJtevrwn kata; th;noJmoiovthta oujde;n hJgei`tai geloiovtera, semnovteron dev ti to;n dia; strathgikh`~ h] fqeiristikh`~ dhlou`ntaqhreutikh;n oujde;n nenovmiken, ajll j wJ~ to; polu; caunovteron. kai; dh; kai; nu`n, o{per h[rou, tiv proserou`men o[nomasumpavsa~ dunavmei~ o{sai sw`ma ei[te e[myucon ei[te a[yucon eijlhvcasi kaqaivrein, oujde;n aujth`/ dioivsei poi`on tilecqe;n eujprepevstaton ei\nai dovxei, movnon ejcevtw cwri;~ tw`n th`~ yuch`~ kaqavrsewn pavnta sundh`san o{sa a[lloti kaqaivrei (Soph. 227 a-c).

81

da eqimoba (ijatrikhv). arsebobs sulis borotebis ori gvari: mankiereba

(ponhriva) da arcodna (a[gnoia), am ukanasknelisagan ganaSorebs aRzrda

(didaskalikhv). masSi gamoiyofa swavlebis xelovnebis ori saxe: Segoneba

(nouqetikhv) da mxileba (e[legco~). aqvea mocemuli am meTodis sakmaod vrceli

daxasiaTeba: ,,kiTxvebs usvamen adamians imasTan dakavSirebiT, razec mas

hgonia, rom raRacas ambobs, sinamdvileSi ki arafers ambobs. da raki es

adamianebi mied-moedebian, advilad arkveven maT azrebs, msjelobebSi

aerTianeben da erTmaneTs upirispireben; amgvarad ki warmoaCenen, rom erTsa

da imave sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli azrebi, mimarTebebi da saSualebebi

erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. amas rom dainaxaven, isini TavianT Tavze

brazoben, sxvebs ki Tavazianad eqcevian da am gziT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb

didi warmodgenisa da akviatebuli azrebisgan Tavisufldebian. amis mosmena

yvelaferze ufro sasiamovnoa. imisTvis ki, vinc amas ganicdis, es yvelaze

saimedo ganTavisuflebaa. isini, vinc [am adamianebs] ganwmends, Svilo Cemo,

fiqroben eqimebis msgavsad, romelnic Tvlian, rom sxeuli manam ver

Seirgebs SeTavazebul saWmels, sanam imas ar gandevnis, rac mas xels

uSlis. asevea sxeulTan dakavSirebiTac: manam ar miiRebs sargebels

SeTavazebuli codnidan, sanam mamxilebeli mxilebuls ar Searcxvens,

codnis Semaferxebel azrebs ar ganudevnis, ar ganwmends da ar

afiqrebinebs, rom icis mxolod is, rac icis, meti ki _ ara” (Soph. 230 b-d)71.

rac ar unda sakvirveli iyos es, sofisti am xelovnebiTac aris dakavebuli.

amrigad, viRebT sofistis mexuTe definicias: sofisti aris fuWi

sibrZnis mamxilebeli gvari da amas platoni keTilSobil sofistikas

(gennai`a sofistikhv) uwodebs.

71 dierwtw`sin w|n a]n oi[htaiv tiv~ ti pevri levgein levgwn mhdevn, ei\q j a{te planwmevnwn ta;~ dovxa~ rJa/div/w~ ejxetavzousi, kai; sunavgonte~ dh; toi`~ lovgoi~ eij~ taujto;n ti qevasi par j ajllhvla~, tiqevnte~ de; ejpideiknuvousinaujta;~ aujtai`~ a{ma peri; tw`n aujtw`n pro;~ ta; aujta; kata; taujta; ejnantiva~. oiJ d j oJrw`nte~ eJautoi`~ me;ncalepaivnousi, pro;~ de; tou;~ a[llou~ aJmerou`ntai, kai; toutw`/ dh; tw` trovpw/ tw`n peri; aujtou;~ megavlwn kai; sklhrw`n doxw`n ajpallavttontai pasw`n te ajpallagw`n ajkouvein te hJdivsthn kai; tw`/ pavsconti bebaiovtatagignomevnhn. nomivzonte~ gavr, w\ pai` fivle, oiJkaqaivronte~ aujtouv~, w{sper oiJ peri; ta; swvmata ijatroi; nenomivkasi mh; provteron a]n th`~ prosferomevnh~ trofh`~ ajpolauvein duvnasqai sw`ma, pri;n a]n ta; ejmpodivzontaejntov~ ti~ ejkbavlh/, taujto;n kai; peri; yuch`~ dienohvqhsan ejkei`noi, mh; provteron aujth;n e{xein tw`nprosferomevnwn maqhmavtwn o[nhsin, pri;n a]n ejlevgcwn ti~ to;n ejlegcovmenon eij~ aijscuvnhn katasthvsa~, ta;~ toi`~ maqhvmasin ejmpodivou~ dovxa~ ejxelwvn, kaqaro;n ajpofhvnh/ kai; tau`ta hJgouvmenon a{per oi\den eijdevnai movna, pleivw de; mhv (Soph. 230 b-d).

82

amis Semdeg Tavmoyrilia sofistis miRebuli definiciebi da erTadaa

CamoTvlili eqvsi gansxvavebuli ganmarteba: 1. axalgazrdebsa da mdidrebze

sazRauris fasad monadire; 2. sulTan dakavSirebuli codniT movaWre; 3.

wvrilvaWari; 4. Tavisi saqonliT movaWre; 5. eristikosi da aTleti sityvier

SejibrebebSi; 6. sulTan dakavSirebuli swavlis Semaferxebel azrTagan

ganmwmendi.

ismis kiTxva: es definiciebi sofistikis sxvadasxva aspeqts warmoadgens

Tu sxvadasxva tipis sofistebs? zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom es ar

aris imdenad mniSvnelovani, radgan Tu Cven sofistikis aspeqtebs vexebiT,

unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom isini zogi sofistisaTvis SeiZleba yofiliyo

damaxasiaTebeli, zogisTvis ki _ ara (83, 52).

mainc ratom dasWirda platons sofistis amdeni definicia? pirveli

oTxi gansazRvravs orator sofistebs, rogorebic iyvnen protagorasi,

gorgiasi, hipiasi. mexuTe ganmarteba axasiaTebs eristikos adamians,

romelic ibrZvis gamarjvebisaTvis da ara WeSmaritebisaTvis. am gvars

Tavisi profesionali warmomadgenlebi hyavda, msgavsad evTidemosisa, Tumca,

f. kornfordis TqmiT, eristika aseve damaxasiaTebeli iyo eliselTa da

megarelTa dialeqtikisaTvis. yvelaze sadavo mainc meeqvse ganmartebaa.

mkvlevarTa erTi nawili fiqrobs, rom aq ganxiluli e[legco~-is meTodi ise

aravis Seefereba, rogorc sokrates. am sakiTxSi Tavad dialogis

monawileebic ar arian kargad garkveulni. ucxoeli ambobs, rom es

xelovneba da sofistika ise gvanan erTmaneTs, rogorc ZaRli _ mgels. Tuki

aq sokrates meTodzea saubari, maSin gaugebaria misi funqcia am konteqstSi.

ratom miviReT sofistis gansazRvrisas sokrates meTodis ganmarteba? (92,

183) aq albaT mainc sofistebze unda iyos saubari, radgan isinic iyenebdnen

am meTods da swored es iyo is sacduri, romlis gamoc maT sokrates

amsgavsebdnen. Tumca, platoni aqve dasZens, rom es aris ,,keTilSobili

sofistika” (gennai`a sofistikh)̀, rac albaT imaze unda mianiSnebdes, rom is ar

hgavs sofistikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sxva niSnebs. platoni, rogorc Cans,

mainc cnobda sofistikaSi erT dadebiT aspeqts, rac aqarwylebda adamianis

83

usafuZvlo Tavdajerebulobas. Tumca, im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

sofisturi mxilebis meTods aRar mosdevda ,,ganwmendilisaTvis” WeSmariti

codnis miwodeba, sofistikas, igi, cxadia, arsebiTad uaryofiT movlenad

ganixilavda (128, 134).

j. klainis azriT, Tuki dialogis dasawyisSi sokratem sityvaTa

TamaSiT ucxoeli mamxilebel RmerTs Seadara, meeqvse definiciiT

ucxoelma imave sityvaTa TamaSiT sokrate Seadara mamxilebel sofists

(114, 126).

sofisti rogorc antilogikosi (ajntilogikov~)

(Soph. 231 d - 235 c)

maSin, rodesac miviReT sofistis amdennairi ganmarteba, unda avirCioT

erT-erTi, romelic yvelaze metad migvaniSnebs masze. platonis azriT, es

aris is, rom sofisti SekamaTebis xelovania (ajntilogikov~). rodesac

garkveulia misi buneba, saWiroa davadginoT, rasTan dakavSirebuli

SekamaTebis xelovania is. aq gamoyofilia xuTi punqti, romlis

maswavlebladac iTvlebodnen platonis Tanamedrove eristikosi sofistebi.

es aris SewinaaRmdegeba:

1. im RvTaebrivis Sesaxeb, rac umravlesobisaTvis dafarulia.

2. miwieri da ciuri movlenebis Sesaxeb (es gamijvna uxilavisa da

xilulisa, mogvianebiT Camoyalibdeba metafizikad da fizikad).

3. kerZo saubarSi warmoSobasa da arsebobaze.

4. kanonebsa da saxelmwifo sakiTxebze.

5. yvela danarCen xelovnebasTan dakavSirebiT, rasac sofistebi

werilobiTi gziT avrcelebdnen.

swored es qmnis gaugebrobas, Tu rogor SeiZleba, romelime adamianma

yvelaferi icodes da rogor moaxerxebs, Tavad ucodinari, mcodnes

SeewinaaRmdegos. es sakiTxi ,,gorgiasSic” aris ganxiluli, sadac naTqvamia,

rom ritors ar sWirdeba codna, sakmarisia mxolod saubris codna, ris

84

Sedegadac armcodneTa winaSe ucodinari ufro damajerebeli iqneba, vidre

eqimi, romelmac icis (Grg. 459 a-c)72. sofistikis Zalis sakvirveleba ki

swored imaSia, rom es aris raRac moCvenebiTi codna (doxastikhv ejpisthvmh) da

ara WeSmariti (oujk alhvqeia). radgan es asea, vxvdebiT, rom sofisti qmnis

arsebulis mibaZvebsa (mimhvmata) da msgavsebebs (oJmwnumiva) da amiT atyuebs

umecar axalgazrdebs. mas aqvs raRac iseTi xelovneba, rom SeuZlia

saubarSi Seqmnas gamosaxulebebi (ei[dwla), romlebsac WeSmaritebis saxe aqvT,

magram ar arian WeSmaritni. is aris jadoqari (govh~), mimbaZveli (mimhhv~) da

misi xelovneba miekuTvneba TamaSobaTa (paideiva) nawils.

aq isev Semodis nadirobis metafora, rodesac ucxoeli ambobs, rom

axla mTavaria ar gauSvan cxoveli (qh`ra), romelic Sepyrobilia

msjelobaTa iaraRiT. unda gayon gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis xelovneba

(eijdwlopoiikhv) da Tu sofisti maT winaSe aRmoCndeba, Seipyron is mefis

sityviT (basiliko;~ lovgo~) da nanadirevad (a[gra) gamoacxadon. am metaforis

garkveul axsnas vxvdebiT ,kanonebSi”, sadac saubaria imaze, Tu rogor

iyvandnen tyved eretrielebs, sparseTis mefis _ dariosis brZanebiT. mtrebi

ambobdnen, TiTqos sparsma jariskacebma mTeli eretria badiT SemosazRvres.

a. dies azriT, aq SeiZleba vivaraudoT sityvaTa TamaSi: basiliko;~ lovgo~,

mefis ediqti anu suverenuli goneba. aq ukve erTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli,

erTi mxriv, omisa da nadirobis saxeebi, meore mxriv ki, logikuri

terminebi. Tuki sofisti moaxerxebs baZvis xelovnebis (mimhtikhv) nawilSi

damalvas, unda mihyve mas (xunakoluqei`n) da miRebuli nawilebi iqamde unda

daanawilo, sanam ar daiWer. verc erTi gvari ver SeZlebs, gaeqces imas, vinc

flobs, erTi mxriv, mTlianobis, meore mxriv ki, calkeuli Semadgeneli

nawilebis miyolis meTods. aqac, rogorc vxedavT, saubaria diairesisis

Sesaxeb.

72 kai; peri; tou` uJgieinou` tou` ijatrou` piqanwvtero~ e[stai oJ rJhvtwr. aujta; me;n ta; pravgmata oujde;n dei` aujth;neijdevnai o{pw~ e[cei, mhcanh;n dev tina peiqou`~ huJrhkevnai w{ste faivnesqai toi`~ oujk eijdovsi ma`llon eijdevnai tw`neijdovtwn (Grg. 459 a-c).

85

arsebuli da ararsebuli

(Soph. 235 d-242 c)

arsebobs baZvis ori saxe: 1. xatebis Seqmnis xelovneba (eijkastikhv),

romlis Sedegic, Sesabamisad, aris xati (eijkwvn) da 2. moCvenebaTa Seqmnis

xelovneba (fantastikhv), romelic qmnis moCvenebebs (favntasma). rogorc

vxedavT, aq kvlav dayofis meTodi gamoiyeneba.

amis Semdeg ki Zalian Znelia imis ganWvreta, Tu romel saxes ekuTvnis

sofisti, radganac Tuki vinme gabedavs imis gancxadebas, rom saWiroa

tyuilis Tqma da fiqri, is imasac dauSvebs, rom ararsebuli (to; mh; o[n)

arsebobs (ei\nai), rasac mudam uaryofda parmenidesi (Peri physeos, B 7 D).

amis Semdeg platons sofistis gansaWvretad da misi arsis sawvdomad

sWirdeba arsebulisa da ararsebulis dialeqtikisa da gvarTa

urTierTziarebis moSvelieba. amas platoni isev da isev dialogis ZiriTadi

miznisaTvis mimarTavs. amasTan, vidre esoden rTuli sakiTxis ganxilvas

Seudgebodes, is gvafrTxilebs, goneba movikriboT da Segnebulad mivyveT

msjelobas (ucxoeli afrTxilebs Teetetoss). dialogis moTxovnaa,

Tanamosaubre ar modundes da mudmivad inarCunebdes kritikulobas (Soph.

236 d)73, miT ufro, rodesac msjeloba mihyavs erTs, meore ki mas mihyveba.

arsebulisa da ararsebulis dialeqtika ki SeiZleba amgvarad

gadmovceT: ararsebulze vinc saubrobs, is arafers ambobs. magram, rodesac

Cven ararsebuls mxolobiT ricxvs vuwyobT, mainc vambobT masze raRacas

da amiT mas arsebulTan, kerZod, ricxvTan vakavSirebT. es mcdeloba ki, rom

ararsebuls arsebuli davukavSiroT, usamarTlo da arasworia. amrigad,

ararsebuli aris miuwvdomeli (ajdianovhton), aRuwereli (a[rrhton), gamouTqmeli

(a[fqegkton) da mouazrebeli (a[logon). magram Tu ararsebuli amgvaria, maSin

ar SeiZleba misi uaryofa, radganac ar SeiZleba uaryofa azrovnebisa da

saubris gareSe. mis mamxilebels ki ararsebuli iseT dabneulobamde mihyavs,

rom vinc ki xels mihyofs mis uaryofas, iZulebuli xdeba amasTan

73 ejpei; kai; nu`n mavla eu\ kai; komyw`~ eij~ a[poron ei\do~ diereunhvsasqai katapevfeugen (Soph. 236 d).

86

dakavSirebiT sakuTar Tavs SeewinaaRmdegos. radgan ucxoeli ver poulobs

simarTles ararsebulTan dakavSirebiT, is sTavazobs Teetetoss, axla man

ganixilos igive, radgan masze axalgazrdaa. Teetetosic aRiarebs am

sirTules da isini SeTanxmdebian, rom sofistma metad miudgomel adgilas

ostaturad CayvinTa.

Tuki sofists etyvi, rom gamosaxulebebis Seqmnis xelovnebas flobs,

gkiTxavs: ra aris gamosaxuleba? Tu upasuxeb, rom esaa wyalsa da sarkeebSi

arsebuli gamosaxulebebi, naxatebi da qandakebebi, is Tavs mogaCvenebs

brmad da gkiTxavs imas, rac Senive sityvebidan gamomdinareobs: ra aqvs am

yvelafers erTmaneTTan saerTo? ra aris gamosaxuleba? is aris WeSmaritis

msgavsi iseTive sxva (e{teron toiou`ton). is namdvilad ar arsebobs, magram

namdvilad arsebobs is, rasac xats vuwodebT. amdenad, arsebuli da

ararsebuli Zalian uCveulod aris erTimeoreSi gadaxlarTuli. am

TvalsazrisiT ararsebuli rogorRac arsebobs.

roca vambobT, rom sofisti moCvenebebiT gvatyuebs da misi xelovnebac

aris motyuebis (ajpathtikhv), Cveni sulic am xelovnebis meSveobiT tyuilze

(yeudhv) fiqrobs. mcdari azri ki aris azri ararsebulis Sesaxeb. es

formula: ,,tyuilis Tqma an fiqri niSnavs imis Tqmasa da fiqrs, rac ar

arsebobs”, sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo, magram sofistebi, romlebic

Secdomis SesaZleblobas uaryofdnen, uaryofdnen ararsebulis Tqmasa da

fiqrsac. Tuki vinme mcired mainc moityueba, e. i. ararsebuli rogorRac

arsebobs.

amdenad, roca sofists mefokuseobisa da jadoqrobis xelovnebaSi

veZebT, warmoiSoba mravali Sepirispireba (ajntivlhyi~) da dabneuloba (ajporiva),

magram Tu mihyvebi, SeZleb mis daWeras. amisaTvis ki saWiroa, parmenidesis

sawinaaRmdegod imis damtkiceba, rom ,,ararsebuli rogorRac arsebobs da

arsebuli ar arsebobs.”

87

arsis Teoriebis kritika

(Soph. 242 c- 249 a)

vinaidan arsebulis raobac sakmaod problemuria, aq platoni irCevs

arapirdapir gzas. esaa arsis Teoriebis kritika da, amave dros, es aris

maTi gadmocemis meTodis kritika _ isini saerTod ar zrunaven imaze, esmiT

Tu ara sxvebs maTi naTqvami (Soph. 243 b)74. amitom, Tavdapirvelad, saWiroa

ucxoeli da Teetetosi kidev erTxel darwmundnen imaSi, rom sworad esmiT

is, rasac uwindelebi amboben, raTa ar moxdes swori gzidan gadaxveva (Soph.

242 b)75: Zvelma filosofosebma scades ganesazRvraT, Tu rogori da ramdeni

aris arsebuli. zogi ambobda, rom is ori sapirispiro stiqiisagan Sedgeba,

zogs is samad miaCnda, parmenidess ki _ erTad. zogi ki mixvda, rom jobia

gaaerTiano da Tqva, rom arsebuli erTic aris da mravalic. arsebulis

Teoriebis am kritikis mizania, aCvenos, rom arsebuli aranakleb aris

dabneulobiT moculi, vidre ararsebuli. a. die Tvlis, rom es aris zogadi

mizani, ufro konkretuli amocana ki aris im principis dafuZneba,

romelzec gvarTa urTierTziarebis dasabuTeba unda iqnas agebuli:

rogoric ar unda iyos dualizmi, romliTac cdiloben arsebulis bunebis

gansazRvras, is arasodes daiyvaneba am dualobaze, radgan is yovelTvis

aris e{terovn ti da trivton ti. aq sakiTxis kvlevisas ucxoeli iyenebs

elenxosisa da hipoTesisis meTodebs. is ise ekiTxeba unitarebsa da

pluralistebs, TiTqos isinic iq imyofebian da maT nacvlad jer uSvebs

garkveul debulebebs, Semdeg ki amxels maT. unitarebi da pluralistebi

cdiloben Tqvan, rogori da ramdeni aris arsebuli, magram pluralistebi

ver gansazRvraven mas mxolod ori terminiT, radgan am orSi ver Tavsdeba

Tavad arsebuli da gamodis am dualizmidan, is ukve mesame terminia.

unitarebi ki, piriqiT, uZlurni arian daicvan arsebulis rogorc mTelis

74 tou`tov te to; nu`n ajporouvmenon oJpovte ti~ ei[poi, to; mh; o[n, ajkribw`~ w[/mhn sunievnai. nu`n de; oJra`/~ i{n j ejsme;naujtou` pevri th`~ ajporiva~ (Soph. 243 b). 75 ta; dokou`nta nu`n ejnargw`~ e[cein ejpiskevyasqai prw`ton mhv ph/ tetaragmevnoi me;n w\men peri; tau`ta, rJa/divw~ d j ajllhvloi~ oJmologw`men wJ~ eujkrinw`~ e[conte~ (Soph. 242 b).

88

absoluturi erTianoba. parmenidesic ki, romelic arsebuls sferos

adarebs, cdeba, radgan sfero, iseve, rogorc mTeli, dayofadia.

aris kidev ori jgufi, romelic yuradRebiT ikvlevs arsebulsa da

ararsebuls. maTi mosazrebebis ganxilvac elenxosisa da hipoTesisis

meTodebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. erTi jgufi yvela arsebuls

sxeulebriviT SemosazRvravs da ar aRiarebs arafers arasxeulebrivs.

meore ki _ Sedgeba ideaTa megobrebisgan, romlebic, piriqiT, arsebobas

goniT sawvdom, uxilav ideebad aRiareben. pirvelni iZulebulni gaxdebian

dauSvan, rom samarTlianoba, goniereba da sxva siqveleebi, aseve Tavad

suli, arasxeulebrivia, radgan ar aRiqmeba SegrZnebebiT.

ar aris sabolood dadgenili, Tu vin igulisxmeba miwis SvilebSi,

materialistebSi. mkvlevarni yovelTvis cdilobdnen, gaeigivebinaT isini

romelime konkretuli filosofiuri skolis warmomadgenlebTan. met-

naklebad gavrcelebuli mosazrebebia, rom aq igulisxmebian atomistebi (l.

gomperci), antisTenesi (p. natorpi, e. celeri, m. maieri), antisTenesi da

atomistebi erTad (l. kempbeli), atomistebi da aristiposi (f. Slaiermaxeri)

(128, 213). Tumca, f. kornfordis azriT, aq ufro zogadi suraTi unda iyos.

materialistebSi yvela is filosofosi igulisxmeba, romelic realobad

mxolod xilul da SegrZnebad samyaros miiCnevs (92, 231).

materialistebs sTavazoben da isinic miiReben arsebulis saerTo

definicias sxeulebrivisa da arasxeulebrivisaTvis: rasac ki bunebiT aqvs

SesaZlebloba (duvnami~) imoqmedos sxva rameze an Tavad ganicados umciresi

ram, sruliad umniSvnelosganac ki da mxolod erTxel, WeSmaritad

arsebobs, anu arseboba aris SesaZlebloba.

arsis definicia duvnami~-ad kritikosebis azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs.

l. kempbelma aRniSna, rom es definicia aq warmodgenilia rogorc

droebiTi, erTi mxriv, materialistebisaTvis, radgan maT am etapze ukeTesi

ar aqvT da, meore mxriv, ucxoelisaTvis, romelic aRniSnavs, rom

mogvianebiT maT es sakiTxi SeiZleba sxvagvarad moeCvenoT. a. apelti ar

kmayofildeba imiT, rom es droebiTi definiciaa da acxadebs, rom am

89

materialistur Tezas araviTari kavSiri ar SeiZleba hqonoda platonTan

(92, 231). s. rozenis azriT ki, es droebiTi definicia ,,sofistSi”

dialeqtikur saSualebad aris gamoyenebuli. is ar SeiZleba iyos mocemuli,

rogorc arsis problemis gadaWra. arsis gansazRvra duvnami~-ad miznad imis

damtkicebas isaxavs, rom arsi ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros sxva romelime

terminiT, garda sakuTari Tavisa (128, 218).

rac Seexeba ideaTa megobrebs, isini warmoSobasa (gevnesi~) da

arsebobaze (oujsiva) gancalkevebulad saubroben. isini Tvlian, rom gancdisa

da moqmedebis Zala warmoSobas ekuTvnis, arsebobas ki _ ara. magram

cnobierebis (gnw`si~) mier Semecnebuli arseba imdenad Seimecneba,

ramdenadac gancdis gamo moZraobs, radgan gancda ver iqneba uZravi. suls

arsebulTan aqvs kavSiri, ramdenadac is mas Seimecnebs; arsebuls ki

imdenad aqvs maTTan kavSiri, ramdenadac is Semecnebulia sulis mier. iq,

sadac araferi ar moZraobs, ar arsebobs aranairi Semecneba. arsebuls unda

eziarebodes moZraoba da dgoma, magram is amaTgan gansxvavebulia. arsi

imdenad, ramdenadac Semecnebulia, moZravia, rogorc ganmcdeli, radgan

gancda ar SeiZleba ise ganxorcieldes, rom ar iyos moZraoba. Tuki

sayovelTaod arsebulidan (to; pantelw`~ o[n) ar gvinda, rom gavaZevoT goneba

(nou`~), masSi unda davuSvaT sicocxle (zwhv), suli (yuchv), anu moZraoba

(kivnhsi~). iq, sadac araferi ar moZraobs, ar arsebobs aranairi Semecneba da,

Sesabamisad, ar arsebobs fiqri (skevyi~), gonebis moqmedeba.

mecniereba arc ideaTa megobrebis vinaobasTan dakavSirebiTaa

erTsulovani. arsebobs aseTi mosazrebebi, rom aq igulisxmebian: 1. platoni,

romelic gakritikebulia ucnobi avtoris mier da es nawili araavTenturia

(s. vindelbandi) an Tavad platoni akritikebs sakuTar Tavs (l. gomperci, v.

lutoslavski); 2. platonikosebi, romlebic CamorCnen platons (p. natorpi,

l. kempbeli); 3. megarelebi (f. Slaiermaxeri, e. celeri, a. apelti); 4.

piTagorelebi (i. barneti); 5. eliselebi (J. diuseni). f. kornfordis azriT,

aqac zogadad unda igulisxmebodes yvela is idealisti, romelsac swams

uxilavi, noeturi samyaros arsebobisa (92, 242-243).

90

arsebuli, moZraoba da uZraoba

(Soph. 249 a-252 e)

Tuki yvelaferi moZraobaSia, igiveobrivi gamoiricxeba arsebulidan,

Sesabamisad, ar aris gonebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba. Tu ar gvinda, rom

erTmaneTs davaSoroT codna (ejpisthvmh), goniereba (frovnhsi~) da goneba (nou``~),

unda uarvyoT isic, rom yvelaferi uZravia da isic, rom yvelaferi

moZraobs da daveTanxmoT, rom arsebulic da sxva yvelaferic uZravicaa da

moZravic. amis aRiareba ki sxva problemas warmoSobs. arsebuli gadis

moZraobisa da uZraobis miRma. is orivesagan gansxvavebulia bunebiT, radgan

arc moZravia da _ arc uZravi. Sedegad ki, arsebuli iseTive damabneveli

aRmoCndeba, rogorc ararsebuli.

amis Semdeg ucxoeli Teetetoss kvlevis aseT meTods sTavazobs, rom

radgan arsebuli da ararsebuli erTnairad damabnevelia, orive erTad

gamoikvlion, radgan ramdenadac gasagebi aRmoCndeba erT-erTi maTgani,

meorec aseTi iqneba.

arsebulTan dakavSirebiT ki am sami hipoTezidan erT-erTi unda iqnas

arCeuli: 1. an arsebuli ar ukavSirdeba moZraobasa da uZraobas da isini,

Seurevlebi, ar eziareba erTmaneTs; 2. an yvelafers SeuZlia yvelaferTan

ziareba; 3. an zogs SeuZlia, zogs ki _ ara.

pirveli hipoTeza swrafad SeiZleba ukugdebul iqnas, radganac imis

Tqma, rom yvelaferi moZravia, an yvelaferi uZravi, an, rom mravali idea

mudam igiveobrivia, niSnavs arsebulis sxva terminTan dakavSirebas _ an

moZraobasTan, an dgomasTan. imis Tqma ki, rom araferi ar ukavSirdeba

erTmaneTs da arsebuli yvelafrisagan gancalkevebulia, mainc arsebulis

sxva terminTan dakavSirebas niSnavs.

meore mosazreba srul aRrevas iwvevs, radgan Tuki yvelafers aqvs

yvelaferTan urTierTobis Zala, moZraoba gaigivdeba dgomasTan da dgoma _

moZraobasTan, rac SeuZlebelia (92, 126-128).

91

dialeqtikis xelovneba sofistikasTan SepirispirebiT

(Soph. 252 e-254 b)

mesame SemTxveva ki, romlis mixedviTac zogierT elements SeuZlia

erTmaneTTan Sereva, zogs ki _ ara, hgavs asoebis Sewyobas. asoebisa da

bgerebis Sewyoba-arSewyobas awesrigebs gramatikosi da musikosi, gvarebisas

ki _ dialeqtikis xelovnebis mflobeli. amrigad, platoni sofistis

kvlevisas pirvelad filosofoss aRmoaCens. aqve is gvaZlevs dialeqtikis

xelovnebis ganmartebas: dialeqtikis codna aris gvarebis mixedviT dayofa

da erTi da imave gvaris sxvad ar daSveba da sxvisa _ imaved. vinc amis

gakeTebas SeZlebs, is kargad ganasxvavebs mravlisagan erT ideas,

yovelmxriv ganfenils, romelSic TiToeuli [idea] cal-calke imyofeba,

aseve _ mraval erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul ideas, romlebic erTis mieraa

moculi. agreTve, roca erTi idea erTianad mravalTanaa SeerTebuli, da

mravali idea erTmaneTisagan sruliad gancalkevebuli. is, Tu rogor

SeuZlia TiToeuls erTimeoresTan urTierToba da rogor _ ara, aris

gvarebad dayofis codna (diakrivnein kata; gevno~ ejpivstasqai) (Soph. 253 c-e).

f. kornfordis azriT, dialeqtikis am ganmartebaSi aris ori

Semadgeneli nawili: pirveli SegviZlia ganvmartoT rogorc Sekrebisa da

dayofis meTodebis aRwera (erTi ideis meorisagan gansxvaveba da erTi

ideis mier moculi mravalis ganWvreta), meore nawilSi ki saubaria

Sekrebisa da dayofis proceduraTa Sedegebze (erTi idea mravalTan

SeerTebuli da mravali erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebuli) (92, 266-267). sxva

mecnierebic saubroben dialeqtikosis saqmianobis aq aRweril or

safexurze (83, 129).

swored es xelovneba aris, platonis azriT, dialeqtika, romelsac is

mudam upirispirebs sofistis saqmianobas. is ambobs, rom es xelovneba

miekuTvneba imas, vinc wmindad (kaqarw`~) da samarTlianad (dikaivw~)

filosofosobs (filosofei`n). platonis azriT, filosofosis cxadad

Secnobac rTulia, magram sofistTan dakavSirebuli sirTule sul sxva

92

saxisaa. sofisti arsebulis wyvdiadSi garbis, Seereva mas da rTuli

Sesacnobia. filosofosi ki, romelic arsebulis ideas mudam gansjiT

udgeba, rTuli dasanaxia am adgilis brwyinvalebis gamo, radgan

umravlesobis (polloiv) sulis Tvalebs ar SeuZlia RvTaebrivis (qei`o~)

Semecneba. aq filosofosi kidev erTxel moixsenieba RvTaebrivad da

gansazRvrulia umravlesobasTan opoziciaSi (saerTod, platoni

umravlesobas ucodinrad miiCnevs).

iTvleba, rom dialogSi platonma azris ganviTareba specialurad

miiyvana dialeqtikis xelovnebis gansazRvramde, raTa kidev erTxel

daenaxvebina mkiTxvelisaTvis WeSmariti filosofosisa da sofistis

saqmianobis ZiriTadi gansxvavebis arsi.

umaRles gvarTa ziareba

(Soph. 254 b-259 d)

platoni warmogvidgens, Tu romel gvarebs aqvT erTmaneTTan ziareba

da rogor. dgoma da moZraoba arsebobs. orive eziareba arsebobas, maSin

roca erTimeoresTan ar aqvT urTierToba. am samidan TiToeuli maTgani

danarCeni orisagan gansxvavebulia da Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivi. amgvarad,

samis nacvlad gvaqvs xuTi gvari, romlebic erTmaneTis mimarT

igiveobrivicaa da gansxvavebulic. arsebuli TavisTavad arsebobs sxvasTan

kavSiris gareSe. ararsebuli arsebobs, radganac yvelaferTan mimarTebaSi

myofi gansxvavebulobis buneba yovelives arsebulisagan gansxvavebulad

aqcevs da ararsebulad xdis. arsebuli ki ar arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac

is ar aris arc erTi sxva gvarTagani. amdenad, rodesac vambobT

ararsebuls, arsebulis sapirispiro raRacas ki ar vgulisxmobT, aramed

mxolod misgan gansxvavebuls. amdenad aqvs ararsebuls Tavisi buneba da

amdenad arsebobs. parmenidesis swavleba amasTan dakavSirebiT arasworia,

radganac aRmoCnda, rom ararsebuli rogorRac mainc arsebobs.

rodesac raRacaze vambobT, rom is ,,aris” da Tan ,,ar aris”, aq, albaT,

aseTi gansxvaveba unda davinaxoT:

93

moZraoba aris (anu arsebobs).

moZraoba ar aris (igive, rac dgoma).

moZraoba aris igiveobrivi (sakuTari Tavis mimarT).

moZraoba ar aris igiveobrivi (igive, rac igiveobrivi).

moZraoba aris gansxvavebuli (dgomis mimarT).

moZraoba ar aris gansxvavebuli (igive, rac gansxvavebuli).

asevea yvela sxva gvarTan dakavSirebiT (83, 151-152).

f. kornfordi miiCnevs, rom yvelanairi gaurkvevloba am gansxvavebas

efuZneba. Tuki davadgenT ,,ris mimarT” vsaubrobT ,,raRacaze”, aRar iqneba

aranairi gaugebroba (92, 285).

SegviZlia SevkriboT ,,aris” da ,,ar aris” formaTa mniSvnelobebi:

1. ,,aris” niSnavs ,,arsebobs”; ,,ar aris” _ ,,ar arsebobs”.

2. ,,aris” niSnavs ,,igive aris”; ,,ar aris” _ ,,gansxvavebuli aris”.

amdenad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom platonma gamijna ,,yofna” zmnis ori

gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba, rac msjelobaSi did dabneulobas iwvevda.

Tumca, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mecnierebaSi azrTa didi sxvadasxvaobaa.

j. akrilma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom am dialogSi platonma scada meSveli

zmnis mniSvnelobaTa garCeva. v. krombic eTanxmeba amas, Tumca Tvlis, rom

platonma es Seugneblad, gaucnobiereblad gaakeTa. mecnierebi ise Sorsac

midian, rom xSirad iviwyeben dialogis mTavar Temas. sruliad sapirispiro

azri aqvs m. fredes. misi azriT, platoni saerTod ar cdilobs ,,yofna”

zmnis mniSvnelobaTa garCevas. arsebobs iseTi mosazrebac (s. ouveni),

TiTqos platoni Tavad ver arCevda erTmaneTisagan am zmnis gansxvavebul

mniSvnelobebs (83, 9-17).

filosofosisa da sofistis gamijvnis kidev erTi cda

(Soph. 259 e-260 a)

platoni saubrobs imaze, rom msjelobisas marad winaaRmdegobebis

aRmoCenis sixaruli ar aris WeSmariti mxileba (e[legco~ oujk ajlhqinov~). es isev

94

da isev sofistikisagan gamijvnis mcdelobaa. albaT, Tavad platonsac

kargad esmoda, rom sofistebTan yvelaze did msgavsebas mxilebis meTodi

qmnida da erTmaneTs daupirispira WeSmariti da ara WeSmariti mxileba.

amasTanave, filosofosi dasZens, rom ,,yvelafris yvelafrisagan gamoyofa”,

anu calkeuli cnebebiT operireba, romelic sofistebisaTvis iyo

damaxasiaTebeli, gaunaTlebeli (a[mouso~) da arafilosofosi (ajfilovsofo~)

adamianisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. es aris nebismieri diskursis

saboloo ganadgureba. WeSmariti filosofosebis msjeloba ki ideebis

erTmaneTTan gadaxlarTviT warmoiSoba. xolo Tu mas moakldebi, moakldebi

filosofiasac. aq kidev erTxel aris gansazRvruli msjeloba, saubris

forma, WeSmariti filosofosisaTvis damaxasiaTebel arsebiT niSnad.

ararsebuli da tyuili azrovnebasa da msjelobaSi

(Soph. 260 b-264 e)

mas Semdeg, rac aRmoCnda, rom ararsebuli arsebulis erT-erTi gvaria,

gansaxilvelia, Seereva Tu ara is azrsa da msjelobas. Tuki ararsebuli

maT Seereva, maSin msjelobac mcdari iqneba da azric. tyuili xom sxva

araferia, Tu ara ararsebulze saubari da azrovneba. sofisti amtkicebs,

rom SeuZlebelia tyuilis arseboba. axla amis sawinaaRmdegod,

damtkicebul unda iqnas, rom tyuili realurad arsebobs, radgan is, rom

ararsebuls gamoTqvamen an warmoidgenen, ukve aris tyuili azrovnebasa da

msjelobaSi.

amis dasamtkiceblad platoni kvlevis aseT gzas gvTavazobs: jer

garkveuli unda iqnas, ra aris azri (dovxa) da warmodgena (fantasiva) da ra

kavSiri aqvT maT ararsebulTan. aqedan gamomdinare, unda dasabuTdes

tyuilis arseboba da Semdeg is daukavSirdes sofists. aqve, kidev erTxel

aris xazgasmuli, rom sofisti metad rTulad mosanadirebeli gvaria

(dusqevreuton gevno~). is barierebiTaa (provblhma) savse da roca romelimes win

wamowevs, jer is unda gadalaxo, sanam Tavad masTan mixval.

95

amis Semdeg platoni saWirod Tvlis, ganmartos kvlevisaTvis

aucilebeli terminebi. msjeloba unda Sedgebodes saxelisa (o[noma) da

zmnisagan (rJh`ma). mogvianebiT amas aristotelec imeorebs (Rh. 1404 b).

gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom aq saxeli da zmna aris ara gramatikuli,

aramed filosofiur-dialeqtikuri dayofa moqmed pirad da moqmedebad.

mxolod am ori komponentis Serwyma qmnis msjelobas (128, 320), romelic

aucileblad raRacas unda exebodes da raRac Tvisebis mqone iyos. is

SeiZleba iyos mcdari da WeSmariti. azrovneba ki sxva araferia, Tu ara

sulis saubari sakuTar TavTan, azri ki _ azrovnebis Sedegi. Tuki

msjeloba SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti da mcdari, azrTaganac zogierTi mcdari

iqneba. raki arsebobs mcdari msjeloba da azri, arsebobs arsebulis

mibaZvebic (mimhvmata) da aqedan ki warmoiSoba motyuebis xelovneba

(a{pathtikhv).

sofistis saboloo definicia

(Soph. 264 e-268 d)

radgan sofisti romeliRac zemoT ganxilul gvars ekuTvnis, kvlav

gamoyenebul unda iqnas diqotomiis meTodi da ase gamoaSkaravdes sofistis

WeSmariti buneba. dialogSi mocemulia adre praqtikulad ukve araerTgzis

gamoyenebuli diairesisis meTodis daxasiaTeba: “sofistis definiciisaTvis

gansaxilvelad SerCeul romelime gvars orad gavyofT da mis marjvena

ganayofs mivyvebiT, romelic sofistTan iqneba kavSirSi, sanam ar

CamovaSorebT yvelafer saerTos sxvasTan, mas sakuTar bunebas ar

davutovebT da jer CvenTvis ar gamovaaSkaravebT mas, xolo Semdeg maTTvis,

vinc bunebiT axlosaa aseT meTodTan” (Soph. 264 d-e)76.

sofisti aris mopovebiT xelovnebaSi, sanadiro, SejibrebiT, savaWro

nawilSi. axla ki, radgan is garemoculia mibaZvis xelovnebiT (mimhtikh)̀,

76 pavlin toivnun ejpiceirw`men, scivzonte~ dich`/ to; proteqe;n gevno~, poreuvesqai kata; toujpi; dexia; ajei; mevro~ tou` tmhqevnto~, ejcovmenoi th`~ tou` sofistou` koinwniva~, e{w~ a[n aujtou` ta; koina; pavnta perielovnte~, th;noijkeivan lipovnte~ fuvsin ejpideivxwmen mavlista me;n hJmi`n aujtoi`~, e[peita kai; toi`~ ejggutavtw gevnei th`~ toiauvth~ meqovdou pefukovsin (Soph. 264 d-e).

96

jer SemoqmedebiTi xelovneba unda gavyoT or nawilad, esenia: RvTaebrivi

da adamianuri. adamianuri Semoqmedeba iyofa sakuTriv sagnebis da

gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis xelovnebebad. gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis xelovnebis

erTi nawilia xatebis Seqmna, meore ki _ moCvenebebis. am ukanasknelis

nawilia baZva. is baZavs moCvenebebiT, rasac hqvia sakuTriv baZva. man ar

icis, ras baZavs da amitom aris SexedulebiT mimbaZveli (doxomimhtikhv). is

aris ironiuli mimbaZveli (eijroniko;~ mimhthvn). is aris saxalxo oratori,

romelic kerZo saubarSi Tanamosaubres aiZulebs, sakuTar Tavs

SeewinaaRmdegos. vinaidan is ucodinaria, ar SeiZleba brZenad (sofov~)

iwodebodes, magram radgan brZens baZavs, misi Sesabamisi saxeli _ sofisti

(sofisthv~) unda ewodos.

Sedegad viRebT amgvar definicias: ,,[sofistika] aris mowinaaRmdegis

damabneveli xelovneba, romelic ganekuTvneba SexedulebiT baZvis ironiul

nawils, es ki _ rogorc moCvenebaTa Seqmnis xelovneba _ gamosaxulebaTa

Seqmnis xelovnebis [nawilia], romelic ara RvTaebrivi, aramed adamianuria,

ganisazRvreba msjelobebiT da mefokuseobis nawilia. da ai, vinc ityvis,

rom ,,am modgmisa da sisxlisaa” namdvili sofisti, rogorc Cans, is

savsebiT marTali iqneba” (Soph. 268 c-d)77.

ase mTavrdeba es dialogi. amrigad, mas Semdeg, rac gavarkvieT, rom

ararsebuli arsebobs da, amdenad, arsebobs tyuilic azrovnebasa da

saubarSi da Semdeg es davukavSireT sofists, miviReT saboloo definicia,

romelic realurad gadmogvcems saqmis arss. es gansazRvreba punqtobrivad

CamoTvlis im saqmianobebs, riTic aris dakavebuli sofisti. es definicia

exeba ara sofistTa romelime jgufs an calkeul warmomadgenels, aramed

maTi azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zogad tendencias, sofistikis arss.

es ukanaskneli gansazRvreba emyareba Sexedulebis gansxvavebas

WeSmaritebisagan. sofistika aris filosofiisa da politikis cru SeniRbva,

77 to; dh; th`~ ejnantiopoiologikh`~ eijrwnikou` mevrou~ th`~ doxastikh`~ mimhtikovn, tou` fantastikou` gevnou~ ajpo; th`~ eijdwlopoiikh`~ ouj qei`on ajll j ajnqrwpiko;n th`~ poihvsew~ ajforismevnon ejn lovgoi~ to; qaumatopoiiko;nmovrion, tauvth~ th`~ genea`~ te kai; ai{mato~, o}~ a]n fh`/ to;n o[ntw~ sofisth;n ei\nai, tajlhqevstata, wJ~ e[oiken, ejrei` (Soph. 268 c-d).

97

romelsac adgili mxolod da mxolod gamosaxulebaTa, anu ei[dwla-Ta

samyaroSi aqvs (128, 236).

dialog ”sofistis” struqtura

dialogi „sofisti” aris drama, romelSic pirobiTad SegviZlia

gamovyoT eqspozicia, sami moqmedeba da dasasruli. TiToeuli moqmedeba

Tavis mxriv iyofa scenebad da sabolood gvaqvs aseTi suraTi:

prologi (eqspozicia), romelic warmoadgens dramis monawile

personaJebs da dasawyisSive arkvevs kvlevis meTods, romelic mTeli

dialogis manZilze iqneba gamoyenebuli (Soph. 216 a – 218 b).

I moqmedeba – meTevzis definicia, romelic gvacnobs kvlevis kidev

erT meTods – paradigmis meTods (Soph. 218 c – 221 c).

II moqmedeba – sofistis pirveladi definiciebi, romelSic gamoiyofa

5 scena, romlebic TavisTavad sofistis xuT gansxvavebul definicias

warmoadgens (Soph. 221 c – 231 c).

intermedia, romelic aqamde miRebuli Sedegebis Sejamebaa (Soph. 231 c

– 231 e).

III moqmedeba – umaRles gvarTa ziareba da arsebulisa da

ararsebulis dialeqtika, romelSic Tavis mxriv gamoiyofa 5 scena

(arsebuli da ararsebuli, arsis Teoriebis kritika, dialeqtikis xelovneba

da sofistika, umaRles gvarTa ziareba, arsebuli da tyuili azrovnebasa

da msjelobaSi) (Soph. 232 a - 264 d).

dasasruli, romelic warmoadgens sofistis saboloo Semajamebel

definicias (Soph. 264 e - 268 d).

dialog ”sofistTan” dakavSirebuli ramdenime mniSvnelovani sakiTxi

dialog “sofistSi” pirobiTad Semdegi ZiriTadi sakiTxebi SegviZlia

gamovyoT, romlebic ufro xSirad xdeba mecnierTa Tu mkvlevarTa

98

interesis sagani: 1. sofistikis arsis gansazRvra da sofistis gmiris

xasiaTi, buneba; 2. dialeqtikis meTodi (dayofebi da Sekrebebi); 3.

arsebulisa da ararsebulis dialeqtika (ararsebulTan dakavSirebuli

bundovaneba); 4. filosofosTa brZola da sxv.

dialog “sofistis” mTavari moqmedi piri – sofisti – aris motyuebis

xelovnebis ostati, ucxoeli, piri, romelic adamianebisgan fuls iRebs,

magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris maswavlebeli. piriqiT, aris imis

antipodi, rasac WeSmariti maswavlebeli warmoadgens. mokled rom vTqvaT,

is aerTianebs yvela im Tvisebas da avlens yvela im moralur Tu

inteleqtualur tendencias, romelic ase Zlier sZulda platons da

romelic misi idealis – sokrates – Rirebulebebis sruliad sawinaaRmdego

iyo.

amdenad, unda iTqvas, rom es konkretuli personaJi ar aris romelime

sofisti an sofistikis romelime mimarTulebis warmomadgeneli, aramed es

aris platonis mier personificirebuli idea. CvenTvis cnobilia, rom Zvel

berZnul filosofias, iseve rogorc miTologias, axasiaTebda ideebis

ganzogadeba da personificireba da, vfiqrob, swored erT-erT amgvar

SemTxvevas aqvs adgili am dialogSic. dialogis ZiriTadi Tema – sofisti –

ar aris is adamiani, romelic ubralod aswavlis davas nebismier sakiTxze

fulis fasad, aramed esaa platonis mier Seqmnili zogadi saxe im

adamianisa, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs absoluturad yvelanair

siyalbes.

Tu gadavxedavT platonis Semoqmedebas, vnaxavT, rom zogierT

dialogSi platonis toni sofistebis mimarT ufro mkacria, zogan ufro

rbili. Tumca, unda aRvniSnoT, rom am nawarmoebSi sofistebTan

dakavSirebiT ar aris araferi radikalurad gansxvavebuli sxva

dialogebisagan. ubralod aq platonma gaaerTiana da Tavi mouyara yvela im

saqmianobas da maxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebas, rac sofistTa klass

axasiaTebda da es yvelaferi dramis msvlelobis dinamizmiT SeniRba.

99

zemoT (ix. Tavi I) detalurad gadmoveci termin “sofistis”

mniSvnelobis ganviTarebisa da transformaciis istoria. kidev erTxel

mivubrundebi am sakiTxs gansxvavebuli aspeqtiT.

cnobilia, rom arsebobs mravali iseTi termini, romelsac aqvs

zogadi da specifikuri mniSvneloba da es ori mniSvneloba xSirad

erTimeorisagan mkafiod ar aris gamijnuli. zog SemTxvevaSi terminis

zogadi mniSvneloba viwrovdeba da xdeba ufro konkretuli, specifikuri.

zogjer ki, piriqiT, terminis viwro mniSvneloba farTovdeba da adis zogad

mniSvnelobamde. garda amisa, gvaqvs rigi SemTxvevebi, rodesac terminis

mniSvneloba erTdroulad viwrovdeba da farTovdeba kidec. xSir

SemTxvevebSi termini, romelmac mniSvnelobaTa evoluciis xangrZlivi gza

ganvlo, erTmaneTis paralelurad gamoiyeneba dadebiTi, uaryofiTi da

neitraluri mniSvnelobiTac ki. swored aseTi termini aris “sofisti”,

romlis mniSvnelobac erTdroulad Seviwrovda da gafarTovda. amis

dasadastureblad zeviT moviyvaneT magaliTebi herodotosidan da Zveli

berZeni tragikosebidan.

am konkretul SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis sayuradReboa sakiTxi, namdvilad

hqonda Tu ara specifikuri uaryofiTi mniSvneloba termin “sofists”

sokrates TanamedroveTaTvis. varaudobda Tu ara Zv. w. aR.-is V saukunis

aTeneli sokratesa da platons imave jgufSi, romelSic misTvis gorgiasi

da protagorasi Sediodnen. am SekiTxvaze pasuxi, vfiqrob, uaryofiTi unda

iyos da Tu odesme is mainc termin “sofistiT” platonsa da sokrates

varaudobda, maSin es iqneboda mxolod da mxolod am terminis neitraluri

mniSvneloba.

swored termin “sofistis” mniSvnelobis es mravalgvari

interpretacia unda iyos asaxuli amave saxelwodebis dialogSi, sadac

sofisti sxvadasxva saxiT warmodgeba. swored Tavisi didi mxatvruli da

mwerluri ostatobiT axerxebs platoni mkiTxvelSi im efeqtis miRwevas,

rom sofisti misTvis xan dadebiTi, xan uaryofiTi, xan ki absoluturad

neitraluri mniSvnelobiT aris warmoCenili.

100

dialogTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi aris

dialeqtikis gamoyeneba ”sofistSi”, ufro zustad ki is uamravi dayofisa

da Sekrebis magaliTi, romelsac es konkretuli dialogi gvTavazobs. aris

ki dayofebisa da Sekrebebis es magaliTebi platoniseuli WeSmaritebis

wvdomis utyuari gza? nuTu ase fiqrobda Tavad platoni? unda aRiniSnos,

rom es ase namdvilad araa. esaa mxolod da mxolod logikuri

savarjiSoebi, romlebic xels uwyobs gonebis, azrovnebisa da msjelobis

ganviTarebas da dayofis is meTodi da diqotomiis is nimuSebi, romliTac

sofistis amdeni definicia aris miRebuli, ufro metad satiruli da

ironiulia, vidre platonis WeSmariti kvlevis meTodis amsaxveli.

kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelsac es dialogi warmogvidgens, arsebulisa

da ararsebulis dialeqtika, ararsebulTan dakavSirebuli problema da

”dabneulobaa”, rac zemoT detalurada ganvixileT. sakiTxi ase dgas: ra

aris bolosdabolos ararsebuli da Tu is mainc arsebobs, maS rogorRa

aris is ararsebuli? platonis pasuxi am sakiTxze dialog “sofistSi”

calsaxaa: es dabneuloba da aRreva gamowveulia mxolod da mxolod

adamianis enobrivi SesaZleblobebis defeqtebiT. platonis azriT,

ararsebuli aris arsebulisagan gansxvavebuli ram, romelsac arsebulis

msgavsad mravali saxe gaaCnia. saboloo daskvna ki aseTia, rom ararsebulic

sxva araferi gamodis Tu ara arsebulis erT-erTi saxe, romelic

Tanaarsebobs arsebulTan, magram masTan winaaRmdegobaSia.

da bolos, Cemi azriT, erT-erTi sayuradRebo sakiTxi am dialogSi

aris sxvadasxva filosofiuri mimdinareobebis, skolebisa da

filosofosebis erTmaneTis opoziciaSi warmodgena, iqneba es megarelebi,

eliselebi, cinikosebi, atomistebi Tu materialistebi. aq TiTqos iqmneba

suraTi, rom platoni erT adgilas uyris Tavs mis epoqamde arsebul da mis

Tanamedrove Zvel berZnul filosofiur Sexedulebebs ama Tu im sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT, Semdeg ki mihyveba da saTiTaod akritikebs maT. es ise ar unda

gavigoT, TiTqos aq platonis mier Zvel berZen filosofosTa naazrevis

raime sistemaa mocemuli. piriqiT, platoni am dialogSi arsad axsenebs, Tu

101

vis ekuTvnis esa Tu is doqtrina an mosazreba. es mxolod da mxolod

mecnierTa kvlevisa da dakvirvebis sagania.

amdenad, vfiqrob, filosofosTa Soris arsebuli davis warmoCena

platons imis demonstrirebisaTvis sWirdeboda, Tu raoden aRreuli iyo im

drois warmodgenebi samyarosa da mis Semadgenel sxvadasxva nawilTan

dakavSirebiT da rom im periodSic ki ar arsebobda erTiani azri am

sakiTxze.

“sofistis” dramatuli buneba

ra TvalsazrisiT aris platonis “sofisti” drama? ra aqcevs mas

dramad? ra aris am dialogis dramatizmis mTavari sazomi?

dialogis struqturisa da siuJetis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis

gamovlenis Semdeg, ganvixiloT “sofistis” dramatuli buneba. xazgasmiT

unda aRiniSnos, rom am dialogSi warmmarTvelia opoziciaTa dapirispireba,

romelic sxvadasxva doneze iCens Tavs da swored es aspeqti aqcevs am

nawarmoebs dramad.

dialog ,,sofistis” prologSive Tavs iCens “WeSmaritisa” da “msgavsis”

dapirispireba, romelic mTel am dialogs laitmotivad gasdevs. ,,WeSmariti”

da ,,msgavsi” aris opozicia, romelic qmnis dialogis ZiriTad fabulas da

mTeli nawarmoebi am opoziciis calkeuli variaciebis gamomJRavnebisa da

maTi erTimeorisagan gamijvnis mcdelobaa. es opozicia TavisTavad aris

umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti platonis mTliani msoflmxedvelobis gasagebad;

es ar aris ubralod ori ramis erTimeorisagan gansxvaveba, aramed ,,kargis”

,,cudisgan” gamorCevis unari.

meore mniSvnelovani opoziciuri wyvili, romelic prologSive

gvxvdeba, aris sokrate da eliseli ucxoeli, kerZod, da filosofosi da

arafilosofosi, sazogadod. es “dapirispirebac” eyrdnoba dialogis

ZiriTad opozicias _ ,,WeSmariti” da ,,msgavsi”. platoni qmnis

dapirispirebas: erTi mxriv, ,,filosofosi” – ,,WeSmariti”, meore mxriv,

,,arafilosofosi” _ ,,msgavsi”. aqve, WeSmaritad filosofosi (ojntw`~)

102

Sepirispirebulia cru, SeTiTxnil filosofosTan (plastw`~), anu

,,WeSmariti’’ _ ,,msgavsTan”.

prologSive kidev erTxel dgeba ,,WeSmaritisa” da ,,msgavsis”

erTmaneTisagan gamijvnis, garCevis sakiTxi. kerZod, sokrate erTimeorisagan

gaarCevs, ras fiqroben (hJgou`nto) da ras uwodeben (wjnomavzon) sofistebs. esec

igivea, rac ,,WeSmaritisa” da misi ,,msgavsis opozicia”. anu erTi da imave

gvars SeiZleba hqondes gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi da saxeldeba. WeSmariti

aris gvaris Sinaarsi da raoba, xolo misi saxeldeba mxolod da mxolod

WeSmaritis msgavsia.

ucxoeli Tavidanve xazs usvams winaaRmdegobriobas, romelic

SeiniSneba sofistis bunebaSi: ,,saubari” da ,,fiqri”, anu ,,saxeli” (o[noma) da

,,sagani” (pra`gma), romelsac es saxeli ewodeba.

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba, romelic gvxvdeba uSualod

dialogis ZiriTadi nawilis dasawyisSi, meTevzis gansazRvrisas, aris

opozicia tecnivth~ _ a[tecnwn. pirveli aris gvari, romelic flobs raime

xelovnebas, anu aris xelovani, meore ki, romelic ar flobs xelovnebas,

magram aRWurvilia raime sxva ZaliT (a[llhn de; duvnamin). es opozicia

umniSvnelovanesia platonisaTvis, romelic, rogorc cnobilia, sofistikas

ar miawers raime xelovnebas, magram mas miawers did Zalas, romelic

zemoqmedebs adamianebze. anu meore opozicia aris tevcnh da duvnami~. es ori

ram ki principulad gansxvavdeba erTimeoresagan. diairesisi SeiZleba

gavrceldes da gamoyenebul iqnas mxolod da mxolod xelovnebaze da

araviTar SemTxvevaSi Zalaze. anu es opoziciac ganzogadebiT adis

,,WeSmaritisa’’ da ,,msgavsis’’ dapirispirebamde. xelovneba aris WeSmariti –

raRacis WeSmaritad codna, xolo Zala – msgavsi, moCveneba, rom raRac ici.

da bolos, ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT kidev erT mniSvnelovani

opozicia, romelzec mTeli dialeqtikuri msjeloba aris agebuli, esaa

arsebulisa (to; o[n) da ararasebulis (to; mh; o[n) dialeqtika, rac TavisTavad

sxva araferia Tu ara ,,WeSmaritisa” da ,,msgavsis” opozicia.

vfiqrob, zemoTqmuli cxadyofs, raoden mniSvnelovania am dialogis

ganviTarebaSi opoziciur wyvilTa erTmaneTTan dapirispireba. swored es

103

opoziciebi gviqmnis warmodgenas platonis msoflmxedvelobaze, imaze, Tu

ras miiCnevs igi WeSmaritad, anu filosofosad da ra aris arsebiTi mis

dapirispirebaSi msgavsTan, anu sofistTan.

da bolos, rac yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania, swored amgvar

opoziciur wyvilTa dinamiuri TamaSiTa da urTierTmonacvleobiT aRwevs

platoni im efeqts, rom dialogi ,,sofisti” WeSmarit dramad gvevlineba,

romelsac, albaT, yvelaze metad Seefereba saxeli – WeSmaritisa da

msgavsis Widilis drama.

104

Tavi V

“sofistis” kompoziciuri organizaciisaTvis

mecnierebaSi fundamenturia azri imis Sesaxeb, rom platonma Zvel

saberZneTSi gadadga pirveli nabiji literaturulobisaken da moaxdina

erTgvari revolucia komunikaciis teqnologiaSi. j. havelokma Seadara

homerosis, platonisa da aristoteles stili da daaskvna, rom stilTa

Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi naTels xdis, rom zepiri metyvelebidan

fonetikur anbanze gadasvlisas adamianis mentalitetSi didi cvlilebebi

xdeboda. man daaskvna, rom homerosis “iliada” da “odisea” aris zepiri

Semoqmedebis pirveli nimuSebi, aristoteles prozauli traqtatebi wminda

literatura da platonis dialogebi _ kritikuli gardamavali wertili

zepiridan werilobiT tradiciamde. am mosazrebaze mecniereba SeTanxmda da

dRes homerosi miiCneva zepir tradiciad, platonis dialogebi ki -

avtorizebul teqstebad (80, 149).

aris ki platonis filosofiuri dialogebi mxolod literatura, Tu

isini raRac doneze mainc avlens zepiri tradiciisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

stilur formebs, romlebic ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia homerosis epikuri

tradiciisaTvis?

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, platoni warmoadgens erTgvar gardamaval etaps

berZnul kulturaSi momxdari didi revoluciis – zepiridan werilobiT

tradiciaze gadasvlisa. ufro zusti ki iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom platonis

dialogebi aris garkveuli saxis hibriduli mediumi, romelSic

informaciis Senaxvis tradiciuli, zepiri formebi Serwymulia werilobiT

literaturul stilTan (180, 163).

platonis nebismieri dialogis wakiTxvisas gvrCeba STabeWdileba, rom

es ubralod zepiri dialogebis Caweraa arsebuli informaciis gadarCenis

mizniT. eWvs kidev ufro aRrmavebs platonis cnobili msjeloba VII

werilSi, rom mas Tavisi filosofia arasodes ar gadmoucia werilobiTi

gziT.

105

ra SeiZleba miviCnioT sazomad, romlis mixedviTac davadgenT zepir

tradicias miekuTvneba nawarmoebi Tu werilobiTs? berZnul tradiciaTa

Soris uZvelesi zepiri tradicia aris homerosi, romlis ZiriTadi

argumentic, rom esaa erTi avtoris mier Seqmnili zepiri nawarmoebi, aris

misi struqturuli da kompoziciuri organizacia, kerZod ki, wriuli da

paraleluri dayofis principebi. am tipis struqturuli organizacia

SeiniSneba sam doneze: 1. sityvebisa da frazebis; 2. calkeuli Temebisa da

epizodebis; 3. mTeli nawarmoebis. Tu romelime teqstis kompozicia avlens

amgvar struqturas erT doneze mainc, amboben, rom es teqsti aris zepiri

anu tradiciuli nawarmoebi. amas sxvanairad “mexsierebis teqnikasac”

uwodeben.

imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv platonTan, misi

nawarmoebebis struqturis analizs mivmarToT. unda iTqvas, rom am

TvalsazrisiT platonis memkvidreoba _ kerZod ki, misi nawarmoebebis

kompoziciuri organizaciis sakiTxi _ saTanadod Seswavlili ar aris.

arada nebismieri nawarmoebis Seswavlisas udidesi mniSvneloba unda

eniWebodes mis arqiteqtonikasa da struqturas, rac mniSvnelovanwilad

gansazRvravs nawarmoebis individualobasa da mxatvrul Rirsebas (26, 52).

platonis dialogebs formaluri TvalsazrisiT or jgufad hyofen,

imisda mixedviT, nawarmoebs dialogis pirdapiri reprezentaciis saxe aqvs,

Tu igi calkeuli personaJis mier moTxrobil dialogs warmoadgens. maT

aRmniSvnelad Semdegi terminebi gamoiyeneba: arapirdapiri, iribi,

moTxrobili (reported, narrated, ,,dihegmatic”) dialogi (masSi mocemulia

warmosaxviTi avtoris mier gadmocemuli saubari) da pirdapiri, uSualo,

dramatuli (dramatic) dialogi (masSi warmosaxviTi mTxrobelis gareSe,

uSualod aris gadmocemuli saubari) (136, 54).

platonis dialogTa struqturis amgvari klasifikacia, ra Tqma unda,

misaRebia, magram igi miznad isaxavs nawarmoebTa dajgufebas formaluri

TvalsazrisiT da ara kompoziciaTa siRrmiseul gaazrebas (26, 53).

106

Sevecdebi `sofistis~ kompoziciis TaviseburebaTa gamovlenas misi

struqturis analizis safuZvelze.7879

iTvleba, rom “sofisti” platonis adreuli da Sua periodis

dialogebisagan gansxvavebiT naklebad mxatvrulia da igi e. w. dramatul

dialogTa ricxvs miekuTvneba. masSi TiTqmis ar gvaqvs moqmedeba, aq aris

wminda msjeloba da amdenad Cven unda ganvixiloT msjelobis kompozicia,

is, Tu rogor nawildeba dialogSi filosofiuri problematika. ZiriTad

struqturul erTeulebad gamovyofT sofistis definiciebs, romlebic

erTianobaSi qmnis dialogis simetriul struqturas, Tavis mxriv ki

TiToeul definiciaSi SeiniSneba garkveuli simetria.

“sofistSi” ganviTarebuli msjeloba, rac qmnis dialogis fabulas,

calkeul monakveTebad SegviZlia davyoT:

1. prologi (eqspozicia) (216 a – 218 b). sokratesa da Teodorosis

Sexvedra da saubris Temis gansazRvra. es aris dialogis Sesavali

nawili, romelic pirvel struqturul erTeulad gamoiyofa.

imavdroulad is SeiZleba iyos erT-erTi mniSvnelovani struqturuli

nawili trilogiisaTvis: “sofisti”, “politikosi”, “filosofosi”. aqve

xdeba Tanamosaubreebis gacnoba da saubris meTodis – dialogis

SerCevac.

2. meTevzis definicia (218 c – 221 c). es aris erTgvari sacdeli definicia,

martivi sakiTxis (meTevze) kvleva, romelic gaxdeba nimuSi ufro

rTuli sakiTxis (sofisti) sakvlevad.

3. sofistis pirveli definicia (221 c – 223 b). pirveli definicia mihyveba

meTevzis paradigmas da mTlianad monadiris saqmianobazea agebuli.

4. sofistis meore definicia (223 c – 224 d). meore definicia warmoadgens

sofists rogorc vaWars da Zalian mcire moculobisaa.

78 aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTul mecnierebaSi ukve ganxorcielda platonis sxva dialogebis

struqturis analizic, kerZod, es nawarmoebebia “fedoni” da “kratilosi” (dawvrilebiTix.: 26; 27).

79 gansakuTrebul madlobas movaxseneb baton rismag gordezians naSromis mocemul TavTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli mosazrebebisa da rekomendaciebisTvis.

107

5. sofistis mesame definicia (224 d). mesame definiciac, sofisti – vaWari

Zalian moklea da is garkveulwilad meore definiciis dazustebaa.

6. sofistis meoTxe definicia (224 e – 225 d). aq sofisti gansazRvrulia,

rogorc eristikis xelovani.

7. sofistis mexuTe definicia (226 a – 231 c). sofistis es definicia wina

orTan SedarebiT vrcelia da aq sofisti fuWi sibrZnis mamxilebelia.

8. intermedia (231 c – 231 e). aq gvaqvs mcire Sesveneba, romlis drosac

xdeba saubris pirveli nawilis reziumireba, kerZod ki erTadaa

Tavmoyrili sofistis aqamde miRebuli definiciebi.

9. umaRles gvarTa ziareba da dialeqtika (232 a – 264 d). aq ukve sofistis

kidev erTi definiciis gansazRvrisas saWiro xdeba arsebulisa da

ararsebulis dialeqtika, arsis gvarebis kritika. es struqturuli

erTeuli yvelaze vrcelia da mas uWiravs dialogis TiTqmis naxevari.

10. sofistis meeqvse definicia _ daskvna (264 e - 268 d). es aris yvelaze

amomwuravi definicia, romelSic faqtobrivad punqtobrivadaa

CamoTvlili yvela is saqmianoba, riTic aris dakavebuli sofisti. es

Semajamebeli definicia imavdroulad am dialogis daskvnacaa.

amrigad, saxezea dialogis 10 ZiriTadi monakveTi, romelTagan

TiToeuls, Tavis mxriv, aqvs eqspozicia, romelic gulisxmobs sakiTxis

dasmas. TiToeuli es nawili ki garkveul struqturul-simetriul

mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan da qmnis dialogis erTian arqiteqtonikas.

Tavdapirvelad gvaqvs Sesavali nawili, romelic gansazRvravs dialogis

ZiriTad misaRwev mizans. Semdeg modis definiciebis seria, romelsac

sakmaod vrceli adgili ukavia. amas mohyveba intermedia da Sejameba wina

msjelobis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebisa, rac Tavis mxriv, aris gza

martividan ufro rTul sakiTxze gadasasvlelad, Semdeg ki iwyeba yvelaze

vrceli da rTuli nawili – arsebulisa da ararsebulis dialeqtika da

umaRles gvarTa ziareba, rasac bolos kvlav mohyveba sofistis ukanaskneli

definicia, romelic imavdroulad am dialogis daskvnacaa. struqturulad

es yvelaferi Semdegnairad SegviZlia gamovsaxoT:

108

A - prologi (eqspozicia)

B - sakiTxis dasma

C - meTevzis definicia

B1 - sakiTxis dasma

C1 - sofistis pirveli definicia

B2 - sakiTxis dasma

C2 - sofistis meore definicia

B3 - sakiTxis dasma

C3 - sofistis mesame definicia

B4 - sakiTxis dasma

C4 - sofistis meoTxe definicia

B5 - sakiTxis dasma

C5 - sofistis mexuTe definicia

B6 - sakiTxis dasma

C6 - arsebulisa da ararsebulis dialeqtika

B7 - sakiTxis dasma

A1 - sofistis meeqvse definicia = daskvna

amrigad, dialogSi pirobiTad SegviZlia gamovyoT sami ZiriTadi - A, B

da C elementi, romelTa ritmuli monacvleoba qmnis harmonias. am

elementTagan A gvxvdeba mxolod orjer, Tavsa da boloSi da gvevlineba

dialogis sayrdenad da gamaerTianeblad. A elementis, anu prologis

(eqspoziciis) da daskvnis, Tavsa da boloSi arseboba aris zogadad

nebismieri nawarmoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba. rac Seexeba B da C

elementebs, maT Soris aris mimarTebiTi kavSiri, anu es aris ara identuri,

aramed erTmaneTis msgavsi nawilebi, romelTa Soris aris struqturuli da

kompoziciuri urTierTmimarTebebi. B elementi gvxvdeba rvajer, es aris

yvelaze mokle, magram TavisTavad umniSvnelovanesi erTeuli, radganac

warmoadgens dialogis Tavisebur saxsars, sxvadasxva nawilebis

SemaerTebels. rac Seexeba C elements, es aris sakuTriv dialogis

filosofiuri msjelobis gaSla da is gvxvdeba Svidjer, eqvs SemTxvevaSi

109

esaa definiciebi, xolo meSvideSi - arsebulisa da ararsebulis

dialeqtika.

Sesabamisad, viRebT saintereso da originalur struqturas, romelSic

elementebi isea ganawilebuli, rom organizaciis mxriv warmoadgens

”wyvilTa” gameorebebs. A elementis Tavsa da boloSi yofna ganapirobebs

dialogis wriul simetrias, xolo B da C elementebis ritmuli

monacvleoba, B C B1 C1 B2 C2 B3 C3 B4 C4 B5 C5 B6 C6 B7 – dialogis wyvilTa

gameorebis organizaciul princips.

SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT, rom mTeli nawarmoebis doneze gvaqvs

mkacrad sistematizebuli struqturuli organizacia. originaluri

struqturuli organizebis principi SeiniSneba calkeuli pasaJebis da

epizodebis donezec, rac struqturulad ase SeiZleba gamoixatos:

meTevzis definicia:

A - meTevze

B - mopovebiTi xelovneba

C - xelSi Cagdebis xelovneba

D - nadiroba

E - sulier arsebebze nadiroba

F - TevzWera

G - dartymiT nadiroba

H - kaviT nadiroba

I - amoqaCva qvemodan zemoT

B - mopovebiTi xelovneba

C - xelSi Cagdebis xelovneba

D - nadiroba

E - wylis cxovelebze nadiroba

F - TevzWera

G - dartymiT nadiroba

H - kaviT nadiroba

110

I - amoqaCva qvemodan zemoT

A - meTevze

analizis Sedegad vaskvniT, rom pirvelive epizodi – meTevzis

definicia _ warmoadgens saintereso struqturas. kerZod, aqac dialogis

msgavsad gvaqvs A elementi Tavsa da boloSi, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom A

elementi am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens absoluturad identur erTeulebs da

kravs am epizods, aerTianebs mas. am elementis Tavsa da boloSi arseboba

ganapirobebs wriuli kompoziciurobisaken swrafvas, magram amas xels

uSlis sakuTriv or A elements Soris moqceuli danarCeni elementebi,

romlebic amJRavnebs paraleluri dayofisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

struqturas, kerZod ki: B C D E F G H I B C D E F G H I. es elementebic identuri

erTeulebia da TiToeuli or-orjer meordeba teqstSi. SegviZlia vTqvaT,

rom aq gvaqvs wriuli simetriisa da paraleluri dayofis nazavi.

sofistis pirveli definicia:

A - sofisti

B - monadire

C - xmeleTis cxovelebze nadiroba

D - Sinaur cxovelebze nadiroba

E - Segonebis xelovneba

F - gasamrjelos momTxovni

G - kerZo nadiroba

H - maameblobis xelovneba

B - nadiroba

C - xmeleTis cxovelebze nadiroba

D - Sinaur cxovelebze nadiroba

E - ______________

F - gasamrjelos momTxovni

G - ______________

111

H - ______________

A - sofistika

meore epizodi – sofistis pirveli definicia – mTeli dialogisa da

misi pirveli epizodis msgavsad imeorebs A elements Tavsa da boloSi,

sadac A elementi absoluturad identur erTeulebs warmoadgens da kravs

da aerTianebs aRniSnul epizods. am elementis Tavsa da boloSi arsebobac

ganapirobebs wriuli kompoziciurobisaken swrafvas, magram amas xels

uSlis sakuTriv or A elements Soris moqceuli danarCeni elementebi,

romlebic amJRavnebs paraleluri dayofisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

struqturas, kerZod ki: B C D E F G H B C D E F G H. es elementebic identuri

erTeulebia da TiToeuli or-orjer meordeba teqstSi. Tumca aq sam

SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs iseTi elementi, romelic aklia, amovardnilia, rac

garkveulwilad angrevs am epizodisa da mTeli dialogisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel harmoniul struqturas, Tumca miuxedavad amisa, SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom am SemTxvevaSic gvaqvs wriuli da paraleluri dayofis nazavi.

sofistis meore definicia:

A - mopovebiTi xelovneba

B - gadacvlis xelovneba

C - savaWro

D - gadacvlis xelovneba

E - msxvili vaWroba

F - codniT vaWroba

G - sofisti

A - mopovebiTi xelovneba

B - gadacvlis xelovneba

C - savaWro

D - ______________

E - ______________

112

F - codniT vaWroba

mesame epizodi – sofistis meore definicia – wina orTan SedarebiT

moklea da struqturulad met Taviseburebas avlens. daviwyoT imiT, rom aq

aRar gvaqvs Tavsa da boloSi arsebuli gamaerTianebeli A elementi. igi aq

jdeba paralelur dayofaSi. kerZod ki viRebT amgvar struqturas: A B C D E

F G A B C D E F. anu A-dan moyolebuli F elementebis CaTvliT gvaqvs

paraleluri dayofis principi, Tumca aqac aklia ori, D da E elementi. G

elementi warmoadgens am struqturis centrs. unda aRiniSnos, rom

TiToeuli es elementi aris erTmaneTis identuri da TiToeuli or-orjer

meordeba teqstSi. aqac garkveulwilad wriuli da paraleluri dayofis

niSnebi gvaqvs.

sofistis meoTxe definicia:

A - mopovebiTi xelovneba

B - Sejibreba

C - sabrZolo xelovneba

D - paeqroba

E - SewinaaRmdegeba

F - eristika

G - sofisti

F - eristika

E - SewinaaRmdegeba

D - paeqroba

C - sabrZolo xelovneba

B - Sejibreba

A - mopovebiTi xelovneba

mesame epizodi – sofistis meoTxe definicia – kargad organizebulia

da amJRavnebs wriuli dayofis principebs, rac struqturulad ase SeiZleba

113

gamovsaxoT: A B C D E F G F E D C B A. anu TiToeuli erTmaneTis identuri

erTeuli or-orjer meordeba. ar aris gamotovebuli elementebi da

mTlianobaSi warmodgenilia wriuli simetria.

sofistis mexuTe definicia:

A - sofisti

B - garCevis xelovneba

C - ganwmenda

D - sulis ganwmenda

E - swavlebis xelovneba

F - aRzrda

G - mxileba

B - garCevis xelovneba

C - ganwmenda

D - sulis ganwmenda

E - swavlebis xelovneba

F - aRzrda

G - mxileba

A - sofistika

rac Seexeba meoTxe epizods – sofistis mexuTe definicias – aqac

pirveli epizodis msgavsad A elementi Tavsa da boloSia, warmoadgens

identur erTeulebs da kravs am epizods, aerTianebs mas. am elementis Tavsa

da boloSi arseboba ganapirobebs wriuli kompoziciurobisaken swrafvas,

magram amas xels uSlis sakuTriv or A elements Soris moqceuli

danarCeni elementebi, romlebic amJRavnebs paraleluri dayofisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel struqturas, kerZod ki: B C D E F G B C D E F G . es

elementebic identuri erTeulebia da TiToeuli or-orjer meordeba

teqstSi. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom aqac gvaqvs wriuli simetriisa da

paraleluri dayofis nazavi.

114

sofistis meeqvse definicia:

A - SemoqmedebiTi xelovneba

B - adamianuri Semoqmedeba

C - gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis xelovneba

D - moCvenebaTa Seqmnis xelovneba

E - baZvis xelovneba

F - SexedulebiT baZva

G - ironiuli baZva

H - oratori

I - sofisti

H - ___________

G - ironiuli nawili

F - SexedulebiT baZva

E - ___________

D - moCvenebebi

C - gamosaxulebebi

B - adamianuri Semoqmedeba

A - __________

Dda bolos, mexuTe epizodi – sofistis meeqvse definicia – aseve

amJRavnebs wriuli dayofis principebs, rac struqturulad ase SeiZleba

gamovsaxoT: A B C D E F G H I H G F E D C B A. anu TiToeuli erTmaneTis

identuri erTeuli or-orjer meordeba. gamotovebulia sami erTeuli.

aRsaniSnavia, rom aq aris is erTaderTi SemTxveva, rodesac A elementi

aklia. mTlianobaSi SeiniSneba wriuli dayofis struqturuli organizacia.

amrigad, kvlevam cxadyo, rom platonis ”sofistSi” warmodgenilia

simetria calkeuli pasaJebisa da sityvebis doneze. eqvs SemTxvevaSi

calkeul epizods aRmoaCnda struqturuli organizaciis erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavebuli da TviTmyofadi, originaluri saxe. kerZod, oTx SemTxvevaSi

gvaqvs wriuli da paraleluri dayofis originaluri nazavi, xolo or

SemTxvevaSi _ wminda saxis wriuli simetria. unda aRiniSnos, rom mxolod

115

ramdenime SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs mcire saxis ”amovardnebi”, anu ”elementi unda

iyos, magram aklia”. mTlianobaSi ki struqturuli erTeulebi sakmaod

kargad jdeba erTian sistemaSi da qmnis mowesrigebul, organizebul

struqturas.

ibadeba SekiTxva: ra ganapirobebs calkeuli elementebis ”amovardnas”?

nuTu amas platoni Segnebulad akeTebda? iqneb es elementebi odesRac iyo

teqstSi da Cvenamde ver moaRwia? am kiTxvebze pasuxi ar aris martivi.

dabejiTebiT ver vityviT, rom Sinaarsobrivad, konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT

platonma aRar moindoma garkveuli struqturuli erTeulebis ganmeoreba

da rom es Segnebulad moxda. verc imas vityodiT, rom platonisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli stilis avtors gasWirveboda konteqstSi ramdenime

elementis Casma, raTa struqturuli kompozicia ar darRveuliyo. SesaZloa,

aq garkveuli teqsti dakargulia, magram esec sadavoa.

mimarTavda Tu ara platoni dialogis struqturuli organizaciis

amgvar stils gacnobierebulad? vfiqrob, amas ganapirobebda TviTon

filosofiuri dialogis specifika. platons surda, rom mis msmenels

masTan erTad ekvlia. imisaTvis ki, rom auditoria kargad ahyoloda

saubris dinamikas da miRebuli daskvnebi ar daviwyeboda, mas sWirdeboda

erTi da imaves Sexseneba, xazgasma. SesaZloa, amitomac xdeba ise, rom

epizodebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel struqturul organizebaSi TiToeuli

elementi orjer meordeba. erTxel mis warmosaCenad da meored _

xazgasasmelad, mkiTxvelisaTvis Sesaxseneblad. anu struqturuli da

kompoziciuri organizaciis is forma, romelic am dialogSi iCens Tavs, ar

unda yofiliyo platonis TviTmizani. amas albaT ufro filosofiuri

dialogis logika da specifika ganapirobebda.

samwuxarod, arsebobs platonis dialogebis struqturis kvlevis

mxolod ramdenime cda da Cven saSualeba ar gvaqvs ganvixiloT platonis

”sofistis” kompoziciuri Taviseburebebi sxva dialogebis struqturuli

organizebis principebTan mimarTebaSi. kargi iqneba Tu es mdgomareoba

momavalSi Seicvleba da saSualeba mogvecema platonis dialogebis

dajgufebisa maTi struqturul-kompoziciuri agebis principebis

116

Sesabamisad. Tu platonis dialogebs struqturuli analizis meTodiT

gamovikvlevT, es saSualebas mogvcems ufro Rrmad da axleburad

gaviazroT misi Semoqmedeba.

117

Tavi VI

platonis “sofistis” terminologia

platonis Semoqmedebis Targmnisa da interpretirebisas mravali

problema iCens Tavs, romelTagan erT-erTi ZiriTadi terminologiasTan

aris dakavSirebuli. rogor unda movuZebnoT zusti qarTuli Sesatyvisebi

berZnul cnebebs? miT umetes, roca saqme exeba filosofias da teqnikur

terminebs, romelTa odnav gansxvavebuli niuansuri interpretirebac ki

filosofiuri problemisa da masTan dakavSirebuli mecnieruli naazrevis

mcdar gaazrebas gamoiwvevs.

terminTa qarTuli Sesatyvisebis moZiebisas Semdeg meTodologias

mivmarTe: 1. Tavdapirvelad ganvixile terminis mniSvnelobebi Tavad Zvel

berZnul enaSi; 2. am terminis gamoyenebis specifika platonis dialogebSi; 3.

terminis mniSvneloba konkretulad “sofistSi”; 4. warmovadgine am terminis

qarTuli Sesatyvisi.

”sofistSi” gamoyenebuli terminebi Sinaarsobrivad pirobiTad Semdeg

ZiriTad jgufebad SeiZleba daiyos: 1. ontologiuri terminebi; 2.

gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis xelovnebasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi; 3.

azrovnebasTan, msjelobasa da saubarTan dakavSirebuli terminebi; 4.

adamianis sxadasxva saqmianobisa da moRvaweobis aRmniSvneli terminebi; 5.

nadirobasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi; 6. sulis daavadebebTan

dakavSirebuli terminebi.

ontologiuri terminologia

zemoT gamoyofil pirvelive Sinaarsobriv jgufSi gvaqvs terminTa

Semdegi qvejgufi: to; o[n, to; mh; o[n, ta; o[nta, to; ei\nai, oujsiva, o[ntw~. Ei[mi zmnas Zvel

berZnulSi Semdegi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebi aqvs: 1. egzistencialuri

arseboba a) adamianebis, b) realuri samyarosi, g) movlenebis; 2. raime

faqtis an SemTxvevis arseboba; 3. SemaerTebeli, makavSirebeli zmna,

romelic akavSirebs a) predikativs subieqtTan, b) mimReobas zmnasTan; 3.

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raRacis maradiulad arseboba a[ra nawilakTan erTad xmarebisas (16, 487-489).

danarCeni terminebi swored am sawyisidan aris nawarmoebi da xSirad maTi

zusti ekvivalentebis moZieba qarTulSi sakmaod rTulia. Tavad platoni am

zmnas sxvadasxva dialogSi iyenebs uklebliv yvela am mniSvnelobiT, magram

rodesac saqme dialog “sofists” da masSi ganviTarebuli ontologiuri

struqturis Teorias exeba, aq platoni to; ei\nai-s iyenebs realuri samyaros

arsebobis, egzistenciis mniSvnelobiT. mis Sesatyvisad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT

“arseboba”.

rac Seexeba terminebs to; o[n da to; mh; o[n, aq saqme SedarebiT garkveulia,

orive aris to; ei\nai-dan nawarmoebi mimReoba: erTi _ dadebiTi da meore _

uaryofiTi mniSvnelobebiT da qmnis opoziciur (antinomiur) wyvils –

arsebuli-ararsebuli. unda aRiniSnos, rom Zveli berZenisTvisac ki es

termini ar iyo erTi da imave mniSvnelobis mqone da martivad gasagebi. [On,

ufro sworad ki to; o[n niSnavda: 1. abstraqtulad arsebuls, 2. arsebul

saganTa krebuls, erTobliobas, 3. ubralod raRac sagans, romelic

arsebobs (16, 488). zustad igive mniSvnelobebi meordeboda am formis

mravlobiTi ricxvisTvisac _ ta; o[nta. garda amisa, platonTan es termini

xSirad iRebs oujsiva-s mniSvnelobasac da gvevlineba mis sinonimadac ki.

saerTod platonTan mkacrad ar aris erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli terminebis

to; o[n, ta; o[nta da hJ oujsiva mniSvnelobebi. gansxvavebuli niuansuri

mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba isini sxvadasxva dialogis sxvadasxva konteqstSi,

Tumca TiToeuli maTgani aucileblad upirispirdeba da qmnis opoziciur

wyvils terminTan gevnesi~ _ “gaxdoma”, “warmoSoba”.

“sofistSi” ganviTarebuli moqmedeba Tavad migvaniSnebs “ararsebulis”

mniSvnelobaze. sofisti aris matyuara, romelic qmnis ararsebul

gamosaxulebebs. is qmnis iseT raRaceebs, rac miekuTvneba “gamoCenis”

(faivnesqai), “miCnevis” (dokei`n) sferos, magram ara “arsebobisas” (to; ei\nai).

Tavis mxriv faivnesqai ukavSirdeba termins favntasma, anu is, rac Cans ar aris

WeSmariti, is mxolod moCvenebiTia. amrigad, gamosaxuleba TavisTavad

gamodis ararsebulis epiTeti, rac damatebiT problemebs warmoSobs –

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arsebobs ki ararsebuli? Tu Cven am terminiT raRacas avRniSnavT da

raRacas vgulisxmobT, ese igi es ukve “arsebulia”. amgvarad, araferze ar

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom is “ararsebulia”.

rac Seexeba termins ta; o[nta, Zvel berZnulSi amgvari tipis, anu

saSualo sqesis mravlobiTi ricxvis saxeli krebiT arsebiT saxels

Seesabameba, risi pirdapiri gadmotanac qarTulSi Znelia. amitom am termins

vTargmni sityviT “arsebulni” da masSi vgulisxmob “yvelafers, rac ki

arsebobs”.

specifikuri mniSvneloba aqvs termins oujsiva. Cveulebriv, Zvel

berZnulSi es termini Semdegi mniSvnelobebiT gamoiyeneba: 1. materialuri

qoneba; 2. substancia; 3. arsebuli; 4. realuri buneba (16, 1274). platonis

dialogebSi da gansakuTrebiT ki “sofistSi”, mas arsebiTad gansxvavebuli

semantikuri datvirTva aqvs da qmnis opoziciur wyvils terminTan gevnesi~,

anu mas isev da isev arsebobis mniSvneloba eniWeba mcire niuansuri

gansxvavebiT. varCie es termini gadmometana rogorc “arseboba”, radgan

dialogis konteqsti am termins upirispirebs “qmnadobas”, “warmoSobas”.

termini oujsiva dialog sofistSi upirispirdeba gevnesi~-s, anu esaa “arsi”,

romelic ar eqvemdebareba JamTa da garemoebaTa cvlas.

sirTulesTanaa dakavSirebuli termin o[ntw~-is Targmnac.

gramatikulad es aris zmnizeduri forma zmnidan to; ei\nai da qarTuladac

varCie imave gramatikuli kategoriiT gadmometana, esaa “WeSmaritad”. mag:

fraza oJ o[ntw~ filovsofo~ qarTulad yvelaze ukeT SeiZleba gadmoices ase:

“WeSmaritad filosofosi”, anu “filosofosi “Tavisi yvelaze ufro

realuri bunebiT”.

JH gevnesi~ Zvel berZnulSi erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli

mniSvnelobebiT gamoiyeneboda, kerZod ki: 1. warmoSoba, sawyisi, wyaro; 2.

warmomavloba, erovneba; 3. produqcia, warmoeba; 4. konkretuli Semoqmedeba;

5. Taoba; 6. qmnadoba, sisruleSi moyvana (16, 343). “sofistSi” es termini

swored am ukanaskneli mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba da qmnis opoziciur

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wyvils terminTan to; o[n, anu is, rac marad arsebobs, upirispirdeba imas, rac

qmnadia, rasac sWirdeba warmoSoba, sisruleSi moyvana.

To; o[n-is erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba aris is, rom flobs raRac

Zalas (kekthmevnon duvnamin), xolo is, rac flobs Zalas, WeSmaritad arsebobs

(ojntw`~ ei\nai). amrigad, sagani, romelic arsebobs sxva araferia, Tu ara Zala

(ta; o[nta, w|~ e[stin oujk a[llo ti plh`n duvnami~) (Soph. 247d-e). Zalas ki orgvari

gavlena SeiZleba hqondes arsebulze, is an moqmedebs masze (poiei`n), an

Tavad daiTmens misgan moqmedebas (paqei`n). amis msgavsi msjeloba gvxvdeba

“TeetetosSic” (duvnamin de; to; me;n poiei`n e\con, to; de; pavscein) (Tht. 156a).

amrigad, “sofistSi” Semodis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani termini,

romelsac Zvel berZnulSi hqonda Zalis mniSvneloba oRond erTmaneTisagan

radikalurad gansxvavebuli niuansebiT, kerZod ki: 1. fizikuri Zala,

SesaZlebloba; 2. gavlena, avtoriteti; 3. saomari Zala; 4. saSualeba,

saxsrebi, qoneba; 5. RvTiuri, zeciuri Zala; 6. energia (16, 343). platoni am

dialogSi Zalas (duvnami~) yvelafris mamoZraveblad da Semqmnelad, anu

arsebulis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad da TiTqmis mis sinonimad warmogvidgens,

rac SegviZlia vTargmnoT, erTi mxriv, rogorc energia, da, meore mxriv,

rogorc Zala, SesaZlebloba. dialogis konteqstidan gamomdinare, varCie am

terminis Targmna “Zalad” an “SesaZleblobad”.

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi ontologiuri terminia koinwniva (ziareba,

kavSiri). “sofistSi” mis sinonimebad gamoiyeneba agreTve terminebi: Sereva

(summeivgnumi), Serwyma (sunarmwvttw), miReba (devcomai), monawileoba (metevcw) da

wvlilis Setana (metalambavnw). TiToeuli es termini erTmaneTis

paralelurad gamoiyeneba da gansazRvravs umaRles gvarTa ziarebas.

ar aris mkveTrad gamijnuli terminebis “gvari” (gevno~) da “saxe”

(ei\do~) mniSvneloba. dialogis ZiriTad nawilSi es ori terminic erTimeoris

paralelurad gamoiyeneba sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT. asea es platonis gviani

periodis sxva dialogebSic. gansxvavebas is qmnis, rom rodesac saubaria

umaRles gvarebze (megivsta gevnh) aq versad vxdebiT termins ei\do~. anu gvari

aris ufro msxvili da zogadi kategoria, romelic iyofa saxeebad (ei\do~).

121

qarTulad gadmotanisas varCie am terminTa erTmaneTisagan gamijvna,

rogorc “gvari” (gevno~) da “saxe” (ei\do~).

mokled SevCerdebi kidev or mniSvnelovan frazaze, romelic gvarTa

ziarebis Teoriis gadmocemisas gvxvdeba. nebismieri ram, sagani iqneba es,

gvari Tu sxva, SeiZleba ganvixiloT ori saxiT, esenia kaq j aujtov (Tavis

TavSi) da pro;~ a[lla (sxvebis mimarT). pirveli maTgani gamoxatavs raRacis

absolutur arsebobas, imas, rasac es raRac warmoadgens WeSmaritad, xolo

meore – am raRacis sxvadasxvagvar gamovlinebebs, rac Cans sxvisTvis,

magram rac ver asaxavs realobas, WeSmaritebas. amitom, rodesac raimes

gageba gsurs, is unda ganWvrito da ganixilo pirveli variantiT _ kaq j aujtov

(Tavis TavSi).

gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis xelovnebasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi

dialogis ganviTareba sofistis erT-erTi definiciis gansazRvrisas

gvaZlevs kidev erT saintereso leqsikur–terminologiur jgufs. kerZod ki,

dialogSi naTqvamia, rom sofisti aris gamosaxulebebis (ei[dwla) Semqmneli,

romelic moRvaweobs gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis xelovnebaSi (eijdwlopoiikh)̀. am

xelovnebis dayofis pirveli nabiji ki aseTia: gamosaxulebebi iyofa

xatebad (ei[kona) da moCvenebebad (fantavsmata). aRsaniSnavia, romAam dialogis

garda es sami termini arsad ar gvxvdeba erT jgufad (42, 67).

Ei[dwlon “sofistSi” Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba gamosaxulebis, anu imis

aRsaniSnavad, rac aris gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis xelovnebis produqti.

Ei[dwlon-is Tavdapirveli berZnuli mniSvneloba aris “moCveneba”, “landi”. es

aris erTaderTi mniSvneloba, romelic gvxvdeba homerosTan. platonic

axdens homerosis citirebas da xSirad iyenebs am termins amave

mniSvnelobiT (Resp. III, 386d; Ion 593 a; Phd. 81 d; Leg. 959 b) (20, 609). Tumca ufro

xSirad platonTan koncentrireba xdeba filosofiuri datvirTvis mqone

mniSvnelobebze, romlebsac raRac kavSiri aqvT “xilvis” semantikasTan, anu

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iseTi subieqtebis arsebobasTan, rac aris xiluli, magram arsebobis

ararealuri nawili.

xSirad termini ei[dwlon gamoiyeneba xiluli gamosaxulebis an

originalis aslis mniSvnelobiT. asea “sofistSi”, sadac mxatvrebis

namuSevrebi moxseniebulia ei[dwla–d, iseve rogorc “saxelmwifoSi” (Resp. X,

596 a). es termini gamoiyeneba agreTve wyalsa da sarkeSi arsebul

gamosaxulebaTa aRsaniSnad (Ti. 46 a; Resp. III, 402 b; Resp. VII, 516 a) (20, 609).

mogvianebiT ei[dwlon ganmartebulia rogorc uxilav arsebaTa

aRmniSvneli raRac xiluli gamosaxuleba. “politikosSi” (Polit. 286 a)

saubaria imaze, rom ar arsebobs umaRles da ukeTilSobiles arsebaTa

(megivstoi~ ou[si kai; timwtavtoi~) Sesabamisi raime xiluli gamosaxuleba (ei[dwlon).

“fedrosSic” (Phdr. 250 a) saubaria imaze, rom ar arsebobs gonierebis

(frovnhsi~) TvaliT xiluli gamosaxuleba (ei[dwlon), arsebobs mxolod

silamazis gamosaxulebebi. sul mcire am or ukanasknel monakveTSi

saubaria uxilavis aRmniSvnel xilul gamosaxulebaze, rac Zalian bevr

arsebuls saerTod ar gaaCnia. anu aq saubaria xilul da uxilav samyaros

Soris arsebul winaaRmdegobaze.

sxva monakveTebSi ei[dwlon ganmartebulia rogorc WeSmaritis arasruli

xati, romelic iseve upirispirdeba pirvelwyaros, rogorc cru _ WeSmarits

da Sexeduleba _ codnas. “gorgiasSi” (Grg. 463 b) sokrate ritorikas

uwodebs politikis nawilis gamosaxulebas (politikh`~ morivou ei[dwlon).

amgvarad, aSkaraa, Tu raoden gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebi aqvs TviT

platonTan erT termins _ ei[dwlon. dasasrul, moviyvan gamoqvabulis

alegorias “saxelmwifodan” (Resp. VII, 516), sadac saubaria imaze, rom

WeSmaritidan baZvamde Tanmimdevroba aseTia: Crdilebi (skiva~),

gamosaxulebebi (ei[dwla) da Tavad sagnebi (aujtav). xolo VII werili Seicavs

sxva saxis progresias: saxeli (o[noma), mniSvneloba (lovgo~), gamosaxuleba

(ei[dwlon), codna (ejpisthmhv) da Tavad sagani, sadac ierarqia ar aris zusti da

Tanmimdevruli (141, 97).

123

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

miuxedavad termin ei[dwlon-is amdeni gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisa, TiToeul

maTgans aqvs erTi saerTo maxasiaTebeli, kerZod is, rom es aris raRac, rac

gansxvavdeba WeSmaritisagan.

platonTan xSir SemTxvevaSi terminebi ei[dwlon da favntasma erTi da

imave mniSvnelobis matarebelia. ei[dwlon–is yvela mniSvneloba, romelic

zemoT warmovadgine, SeiZleba daiZebnos favntasma–sTvisac. xSirad es ori

termini erTimeoris sinonimebs warmoadgens. magaliTad, “saxelmwifoSi”

(Resp. X, 596 a) orive es termini gamoiyeneba “gamosaxulebis”, “xilvis”

mniSvnelobiT (Parm. 165 a; Phaed. 81 d; Phil. 40 a; Ti. 71 a; Resp. VII, 532 b) (22, 470).

Tuki favntasma iZens mniSvnelobis raime gansxvavebul niuanss, es

aucileblad ukavSirdeba warmosaxvis, gonebrivi Semoqmedebis produqts,

rac damaxasiaTebelia aristotelesaTvis da iSviaT SemTxvevaSi

platonisTvisac (Cra. 386e). erT SemTxvevaSi, kerZod ki “timeosSi” (Ti. 46 a)

gamoiyeneba sizmris, gamocxadebis mniSvneloba. Tumca metwilad es

semantikuri niuansic ukavSirdeba WeSmaritebas, realobidan daSorebas.

arsebobs kidev erTi termini, romelic gvxvdeba “sofistSi” da

gamoiyeneba gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobiT. esaa eijkwvn (xati). maSin rodesac

ei[dwlon da favntasma xSirad gamoiyeneba erTi da imave mniSnelobiT, eijkwvn

iSviaTad Tu asocirdeba romelime maTganTan. “sofistSic” ki es termini ar

gvxvdeba gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis xelovnebis pirvelad diqotomiaSi.

mogvianebiT is Cndeba or Semdgom dayofaSi (Soph. 240 b – 241 c, 260 c), Tumca

arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar aqvs principulad gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba.

eijkw`n gvxvdeba gansxvavebul konteqstebSi, romelTac kavSiri aqvT

“msgavsebis” sawyis semantikasTan. xSirad eijkw`n ubralod niSnavs

“analogias” an “Sedarebas” (Phd. 87 d; Grg. 517 d; Menon, 80 c; Resp. VI, 487 b; Phil. 39

c; Ti. 29 b; Cra. 431 c; Tht. 162 e) (20, 616-617). es termini aseve gamoiyeneba

ritorikuli figuris aRsaniSnad (Phdr. 267c). im konteqstebSi, romlebic

ukavSirdeba eijkwvn-is, rogorc gamosaxulebis, naxatis semantikas, am terminis

gamoyeneba faravs im mniSvnelobas, rac terminebs ei[dwlon da favntasma gaaCnia.

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amave terminma SeiZleba aRniSnos moqandakis an mxatvris Semoqmedebis

nayofi an gamosaxulebebi wyalSi da Crdilebi (Phd. 99 e; Resp. VI, 509 d) (20,

616-617).

eijkwvn wina ori terminisagan gansxvavdeba imdenad, ramdenadac is Tavis

TavSi moicavs Sesabamisobis, Sesaferisobis semantikas. amave niuansis

matarebelia am terminidan nawarmoebi derivativi e[oika _ “Sehfers”,

“Seesabameba”. Tumca xSir SemTxvevaSi am terminsac gamosaxulebis, xatis

mniSvneloba aqvs.

“saxelmwifos” centralur nawilSi gamosaxuleba moqceulia

arsebulsa da ararsebuls Soris. ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gamosaxuleba

realurad arsebobs, magram arc imis mtkicebaa SesaZlebeli, rom is

namdvilad gamosaxulebaa. nebismieri gamosaxuleba aris msgavsic da

aramsgavsic im originalisa, romelsac is gamoxatavs. is erTdroulad aris

originalis igiveobrivic da misgan gansxvavebulic.

amrigad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom gamosaxuleba aris farTod

gavrcelebuli metafora, romelic ukavSirdeba monawileobis, ziarebis

Teorias, yovel SemTxvevaSi es danamdvilebiT asea “saxelmwifosa” da

“timeosSi”.

“sofistSi” gamosaxuleba aris metafora, raRac gardamavali,

Sualeduri forma arsebulsa da ararsebuls Soris da am orivesTan mas

simetriuli mimarTeba aqvs. “sofistSi” gamosaxuleba ukavSirdeba baZvis

cnebas, Tumca msgavsi ram xSirad sxva dialogebSic gvxvdeba. mag:

“saxelmwifoSi” baZvis analizisas aRniSnulia, rom sofisti aris

mimbaZvelis erT-erTi saxe, romelic hgavs mxatvars, anu Tavisi baZviT qmnis

raRac gamosaxulebebs. es xelovneba ki Tavis mxriv kidev iyofa or

nawilad: erTi, rodesac iqmneba xati, romelic WeSmaritis msgavsia

(eijkastikhv) da meore, rodesac warmoqmnili gamosaxuleba gansxvavebulia

WeSmaritisagan (fantastikhv). Tumca es orive mainc mxolod da mxolod

baZvaa, romelsac Sedegad mxolod gamosaxuleba mohyveba, im gansxvavebiT,

rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi viRebT WeSmaritis msgavs produqts (eijkwvn), xolo

meoreSi – misgan gansxvavebuls (favntasma) (142, 112).

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saubarTan, msjelobasa da azrovnebasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi

dialogis kidev erT saintereso da mniSvnelovan terminologiur Sres

qmnis is terminebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba saubars, msjelobasa da

azrovnebas. aq platonis gza aseTia: is iRebs ukve arsebul da Zvel

berZnulSi farTod gavrcelebul leqsikur erTeulebs da maT teqnikur

terminebad aqcevs. aseTi terminebi uxvad gvxvdeba am konkretul

dialogSic.

pirveli da umniSvnelovanesi termini, romelic gvxvdeba platonTan,

aris dialogi. naSromis dasawyisSi ukve aRvniSne, rom diavlogo~ _ berZnuli

sityvaa da niSnavs ,,saubars”, ,,dialogs”, ,,msjelobas”. igi nawarmoebia

zmnidan dialevgomai, romelic Zvel berZnul leqsikonebSi ganmartebulia

rogorc ,,vsaubrob”, ,,vesaubrebi” (vinmes), ,,vmsjelob”, ,,vinmesTan erTad

ganvixilav sakiTxs”, ,,msjelobis Sedegad vaskvni”, ,,vkamaTob”, ,,vdaob” (16,

402). platoni am termins aniWebs teqnikur mniSvnelobas da mas saubris

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli da gansakuTrebuli maneris aRsaniSnad iyenebs, rac

filosofiur msjelobas, saubars ukavSirdeba.

am jgufSi Sedis meore mniSvnelovani termini – dialeqtika (dialektikhv).

sityvebi ,,dialogi” da ,,dialeqtika” erTmaneTis monaTesavea etimologiurad

da Sinaarsobrivad. orivesaTvis amosavalia ,,saubari”, ,,metyveleba”,

,,msjeloba” anu dialogi (diavlogo~). diogene laertelis ganmartebiT,

dialeqtika aris azrovnebis xelovneba, romelic kiTxvebisa da pasuxebis

meSveobiT Tanamosaubres arwmunebs an amxels (56, 19).

ra aris dialeqtika Tavad platonisaTvis? gadavxedoT platonis sxva

dialogebsac. dialeqtika aris gansakuTrebuli meTodi, romelsac igi aseve

uwodebs _ hJ dialektikhv mevqodo~ (Resp. 533 c), an saubrebTan dakavSirebuli

xelovneba _ hJ peri; tou` logou` tevcnh (Phdr. 90 b), an saubris meTodi _ hJ mevqodo~

tw`n lovgwn (Soph. 227 a). platonisaTvis dialeqtika aris saukeTeso yvela

126

SesaZlo meTods Soris. is aris erTaderTi WeSmariti mecniereba da

xelovneba (Resp. 533 b-c)80.

platonis azriT, es meTodi saWiroa lingvistikaSi (Cra. 390)81,

maTematikaSi (Resp. 510-511)82, ritorikasa da fsiqologiaSi (Phdr. 269-273)83. Tuki

raime aRmoCenila mecnierebaSi, yvelaferi am meTodis wyalobiT.

ra aris am meTodis arsi? ,,kratilosSi” platoni dialeqtikosad

ganmartavs imas, visac SeuZlia SekiTxvebis dasma da pasuxebis gacema (Cra.

390 c)84, ,,fedrosSi” ki igi dialeqtikas gansazRvravs rogorc cocxali

metyvelebis codnas samarTlianobis, mSvenierebisa da siqvelis Sesaxeb

(Phdr. 265 d)85. ,,sofistSi” dialeqtikis amgvari definicia gvxvdeba: gvarebis

mixedviT dayofa da erTi da imave gvaris ar daSveba sxvad, xolo sxvisa _

erTi da imaved, aris dialeqtikis codna (Soph. 253 d)86.

platonisaTvis dialeqtika ganuyrelia filosofiisagan. is ar aris arc

filosofiis propedevtika, arc misi xerxi an iaraRi. dialeqtika Tavad

filosofiaa, magram is amave dros Zalian saSiSi meTodia. saSiSia imdenad,

ramdenadac is Seicavs ejlevgco~-s da amitom SeiZleba gadavides eristikaSi.

eristika ki dialeqtikis sapirispiro gamocdilebaa. misi mizania sakuTari

argumentaciis gamarjveba, dialeqtikisa ki _ WeSmaritebis aRmoCena.

80 ajll j aiJ me;n a[llai pa`sai tevcnai h] pro;~ dovxa~ ajnqrwvpwn kai; ejpiqumiva~ eijsin h] pro;~ genevsei~ te kai; sunqevsei~, h] pro;~ qerapeivan tw`n fuomevnwn te kai; suntiqemevnwn a{pasai tetravfatai, aiJ de; loipaiv, a}~ tou` o[nto~ ti e[famen ejpilambavnesqai, gewmetriva~ te kai; ta;~ tauvth/ eJpomevna~, oJrw`men wJ~ ojneirwvttousi me;nperi; to; o[n, u{par de; ajduvnaton aujtai`~ ijdei`n, e{w~ a]n uJpoqevsesi crwvmenai tauvta~ ajkinhvtou~ ejw`si, mh; dunavmenai lovgon didovnai aujtw`n. w\ ga;r ajrch; me;n o} mh; oi|de, teleuth; de; kai; ta; metaxu; ejx ou| mh; oi|densumpevplektai, tiv~ mhcanh; th;n toiauvthn oJmologivan pote; ejpisthvmhn genevsqai; oujdemiva, h| d j o{~. oujkou`n, h|nd j ejgwv, hJ dialektikh; mevqodo~ movnh tauvth poreuvetai, ta;~ uJpoqevsei~ ajnairou`sa (Resp. 533 b-c).81 kinduneuvei a[ra, w\ Ejrmovgene~, ei=nai ouj fau`lon, wJ~ su; oi[ei, hJ tou` ojnovmato~ qevsi~, oujde; fauvlwn ajndrw`noujde; tw`n epitucovntwn. kai; Kratuvlo~ ajlhqh` levgei levgwn fuvsei ta; ojnovmata ei\nai toi`~ pravgmasi, kai; oujpavnta dhmiourgo;n ojnomavtwn ei\nai, ajlla; movnon ejkei`non to;n ajpoblevponta eij~ to; th` fuvsei o[noma o]n eJkavstw/ kai; dunavmenon aujtou` to; ei\do~ tiqevnai ei[~ te ta; gravmmata kai; ta; sullabav~ (Cra. 390).82 manqavnw, e[fh, o{ti to; uJpo; tai`~ gewmetrivai~ te kai; tai`~ tauvth~ ajdelfai`~ tevcnai~ levgei~ (Resp. 510-511).83 eij mevn soi uJpavrcei fuvsei rJhtorikw`/ ei\nai, e[sh/ rJhvtwr ejllovgimo~, proslabw;n ejpisthvmhn te kai; melevthn, o{pou d j a[n ejlleivph/~ touvtwn, tauvth/ ajtelhv~ e[sh/. o{son de; aujtou` tevcnh, oujc h| Lusiva~ te kai; Qrasuvmaco~ poreuvetai dokei` moi faivnesqai hJ mevqodo~ (Phdr. 269-273). 84 to;n de; ejrwta`n kai; ajpokrivnesqai ejpistavmenon a[llo tis u; kalei`` h] dialektikovn (Cra. 390 c).85 ta; de; nu`n para; sou` te kai; Lusivou maqovnta~ eijpe; tiv crh; kalei`n, h] tou`to ejkei`nov ejstin hJ lovgwn tevcnh, h|/ Qrasuvmaco~ te kai; oiJ a[lloi crwvmenoi sofoi; me;n aujtoi; levgein gegovnasin, a[llou~ te poiou`sin, oi} a]n dwroforei`n aujtoi`~ wJ~ basileu`sin ejqevlwsin (Phdr. 265 d).86 to; kata; gevnh diairei`sqai kai; mh; te taujto;n ei\do~ e{teron hJghvsasqai mhv te e{teron o] taujto;n mw`n ouj th`~ dialektikh`~ fhvsomen ejpisthvmh~ ei\nai (Soph. 253 d).

127

platoni xSirad esxmis Tavs eristikosebs. ,,menonSi” teqnikuri termini

,,dialeqtikuri” Sepirispirebulia ,,eristikulTan” (Men. 75 c-d)87.

platonis dialogebSi warmodgenilia dialeqtikis ramdenime meTodic:

elenxosi (ejlevgco~), epagoge (ejpagwghv) da hipoTesisi (uJpovqesi~), romelTac

zemoT dawvrilebiT SevexeT (ix. Tavi III).

mogvianebiT platoni hipoTesisis meTods upirispirebs termins

ajnupoqevteon, romelsac ufro xSirad mivyavarT WeSmaritebamde. jAnupoqevteon

platonis mier nawarmoebi teqnikuri terminia zmna uJpotivqemai-dan uaryofiTi

semantikis prefiqs an–is da zedsarTavuli sufiqsis –tevo~ darTviT. es

termini SegviZlia vTargmnoT rogorc „dauSvebeli“, „mouazrebeli“.

“mouazrebelis” mniSvnelobiT SegviZlia gadmovitanoT kidev erTi

termini, romelic am dialogSi gvxvdeba, esaa a[logo~. am termins Zveli

berZnebi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT iyenebdnen, kerZod: 1. usityvo; 2.

gamouTqmeli, ganusazRvreli; 3. gaugebari, miuwvdomeli; 4. uazro; 5.

gauTvaliswinebeli, mouazrebeli; 6. gonierebas moklebuli. sxvadasxva

dialogSi am termins platoni TiTqmis yvela am mniSvnelobiT iyenebs,

Tumca dialog „sofistis“ SemTxvevaSi mis zust qarTul ekvivalentad,

vfiqrob, swored „mouazrebeli“ unda miviCnioT.

“sofistSi” saubarTan, msjelobasa da azrovnebasTan dakavSirebuli

terminebi gansakuTrebiT mravalferovania, rasac am dialogSi

dadasturebuli da qvemoT warmodgenili terminTa katalogic mowmobs:

a[logo~ _ mouazrebeli.

ajmfisbhvthsh, hJ _ SewinaaRmdegeba.

ajmfignoevw _ vcdebi, vmeryeob, veWvob.

ajnapunqavnomai _ gamovkiTxav.

ajnepivfqono~ _ udavo.

87 kai; ei; mevn get w`n sofw`n ti~ ei[h kai; eijristikw`n te kai; ajgwnistikw`n oJ ejrovmeno~, ei[poim j a]n aujtw`/ o{ti, ejmoi; me;n ei[rhtai, eij de; mh; ojrqw`~ levgw, so;n e[rgon lambavnein lovgon kai; ejlevgcein. eij de; w{sper ejgwv te kai; su; nuvi; fivloi o[nte~ bouvlointo ajllhvloi~ dialevgesqai, dei` dh; pra/ovterovn pw~ kai; dialektikwvteron ajpokrivnesqai. e[sti de; i[sw~ to; dialektikwvteron mh; movnon tajlhqh` ajpokrivnesqai, ajlla; kai; di j ejkeivnwn w|n a]n prosomologh`/ eijdevnai oJ ejrwtwvmeno~ (Men. 75 c-d).

128

ajntivqesi~, hJ _ dapirispireba.

ajntilevgw _ vekamaTebi.

ajntivlhyi~, hJ _ SewinaaRmdegeba.

ajnarmovttw _ ar vewyobi.

ajnalambavnw _ viReb.

ajpokrivnomai _ vpasuxob.

ajpodevcomai _ viReb, veTanxmebi.

ajpovdeixi~, hJ _ mtkiceba.

ajpovfasi~, hJ _ uaryofa.

ajporevw _ dabneuli var.

ajpocorivzw _ gamovyof.

ajpoknevw _ ver vwyvet.

ajponevmw _ gamovyof.

aJrmovttw _ vewyobi, vukavSirdebi.

a[fqegkto~ _ gamouTqmeli.

ajforivzw _ ganvsazRvrav.

ajfermeneuvw _ ganvmartav.

basanivzw _ viZieb.

gignwvskw _ Sevimecneb.

gnwvrhsh, hJ _ codna.

dhvlwma, to; _ aRmniSvneli.

diairevw _ gamovyof, vacalkeveb.

diaivresi~, hJ _ dayofa.

diakrivnw _ gavarCev.

dialevgw _ virCev.

dialevgomai _ vesaubrebi (vinmes), vmsjelob, ganvixilav (vinmesTan erTad).

dialhktikh`, hJ _ dialeqtika.

dianoevw _ ganvizraxav, Cavifiqreb.

distavzw _ vmeryeob.

dianoi`a, hJ _ azrovneba.

dialogivzomai _ ganvsji, ganvixilav, vmsjelob.

129

diateivnw _ vamtkiceb.

diavkrisi~, hJ _ gayofa, gamorCeva, gansxvaveba.

diakribologevomai _ yuradRebiT vikvlev, ganvixilav.

dierwtavw _ gamovkiTxav.

diexeivmi _ gadmovcem, vuambob.

diexevrcomai _ dawvrilebiT gadmovcem.

dievrcomai _ aRvwer, gadmovcem.

diereunavw _ vikvlev.

diiscurivzomai _ vamtkiceb.

diorivzw _ ganvsazRvrav.

diomologevw _ SevuTanxmdebi.

do`gma, to; _ mtkiceba.

dovxa, hJ _ azri.

doxavzw _ vfiqrob, vazrovneb.

ejxairevw _ gamovricxav.

ejxamartavnw _ vcdebi, vcodav, danaSauls Caviden.

ejxelevgcw _ vamxel.

ejxetavzw _ gamovikvlev, gamovikiTxav.

eijrwneuvomai _ Tavs vaCveneb.

ejklevgcw _ virCev.

ejlevgcw _ vamxel.

e[legco~, to; _ mxileba.

ejlegktikov~ _ mamxilebeli.

ejmfanivzw _ aRmovaCen, gamovarkvev.

ejnantiologevw _ vewinaaRmdegebi.

ejndeivknumi _ vaCveneb, warmovadgen, davamtkiceb.

ejnnoevw _ vxvdebi, vgulisxmob.

ejpideivknumi _ gamovavlen, vaCveneb.

ejpideivxi~, hJ _ Cveneba, sabuTi, mtkiceba.

ejpifevrw _ mivakuTvneb.

ejperwtavw _ SekiTxvebs vsvam.

130

ejponomavzw _ vuwodeb.

e\ri~, to; _ kamaTi.

ejrwvthsi~, hJ _ SekiTxva, sakiTxi.

euJrivskw _ vpoulob, aRmovaCen.

zhthvw _ vikvlev, veZeb.

zhvthma, to; _ sakiTxi, ganxilvis sagani, kvleva.

ijdeva, hJ _ idea.

ijscurivzomai _ vamtkiceb.

kaqoravw _ Tvalyurs vadevneb, vimecneb.

katanoevw _ vxvdebi, vigeb.

katamanqavnw _ vigeb, vxvdebi.

katafronevw _ ugulebelvyof, eWviT vuyureb.

katariqmevw _ vTvli, miviCnev.

logismov~, oJ _ gansja.

mevqodo~, hJ _ kvlevis gza, meTodi.

metadoxavzw _ azrebs vicvli, vurev.

mimnhvskw _ vixseneb.

nomivzw _ miviCnev, vTvli.

oJmologiva, hJ _ SeTanxmeba, aRiareba.

oJnomavzw _ vuwodeb, vasaxeleb.

ojrivzw _ ganvsazRvrav.

o{ro~, oJ _ sazRvari, termini.

paravdeigma, to; _ nimuSi, magaliTi.

paramuqevomai _ varwmuneb.

parafrosunh`, hJ _ gadacdoma.

planavw _ vcdebi, vibnebi.

prosagoreuvw _ mivmarTav, vuwodeb.

prosdialevgomai _ saubarSi verTvebi.

prosomilevw _ vesaubrebi.

prosomologevw _ veTanxmebi.

punqavnomai _ gamovikiTxav, gavigeb.

131

skevyi~, hJ _ ganxilva, kvleva.

skh`ptw _ veyrdnobi, Tavs vimarTleb.

spoudavzw _ dakavebuli var.

sumfh`mi _ veTanxmebi.

sunarmovttw _ vewyobi.

sunousiva, hJ _ saubari, swavleba, urTierToba.

sunnoevw _ vfiqrob.

sunomologevw _ SevuTanxmdebi (vinmes).

suskevptomai _ ganvixilav (vinmesTan erTad).

sugcwrw` _ davuSveb, daveTanxmebi.

sfa`llw _ vcdebi.

scivzw _ vyof.

tevmnw _ gamovyof.

uJpotivqemai _ davuSveb, davadgen.

uJpovqesi~, hJ _ debuleba.

uJpiscnevomai _ vpirdebi.

fantavzomai _ warmovsaxav.

fa`si~, hJ _ mtkiceba.

fqevggomai _ gamovTqvam.

filosofevw _ filosofiiT var dakavebuli.

fravzw _ mivuTiTeb, avuxsni.

fronevw _ vazrovneb.

yeu`do~, to; _ tyuili.

am jgufSi Semodis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani termini, esaa ajlhqei`a.

berZnebs “WeSmaritebis” gamoxatvisaTvis gansakuTrebuli forma aqvT. es

aris TavsarTi a romelsac aqvs uaryofiTi mniSvneloba. es uaryofiTi

mniSvneloba niSnavs imis arqonas, rac raRacas unda hqondes, unda SeeZlos,

saWiroa rom hqondes. amgvari uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebia:

“brma”, “utyvi” da a. S. “WeSmaritebac”, romelic CvenTvis dadebiTia,

berZnebisaTvis aris uaryofiTi. amis nacvlad maTTvis dadebiTia “tyuli” –

132

yeu`do~, romelic CvenTvis aSkarad uaryofiTia. ajlhvqeia niSnavs “raRacis

damalulad aRar yofnas”, “gaxsnas”, “aRmoCenas”. anu berZnebisaTvis

arsebuli unda iyos, rogorc wesi damaluli, dafaruli. amgvarad,

arsebuli gvxvdeba ori saxiT: erTi _ dafaruli da meore, aranakleb saSiSi

– gacxadebuli, aRmoCenili, gaxsnili. mTeli berZnuli filosofia

arsebulis am pirveli formidan meoreze gadasvlis gzis kvlevaa da sxva

araferi, anu kvleva imisa, ra aris is, rac Cans da ra aris is sinamdvileSi.

amrigad, ajlhvqeia ar aris TavisTavad arsebuli, aramed is aris arsebulis

Tviseba. berZnebis mTeli saqmianoba aris ajlhqeuei`n, romelic ar iTargmneba

sityvasityviT, magram niSnavs “raRacis gaxsnas, aRmoCenas, fardis axdas”,

rac pirvel rigSi saubris – levgein _ gziT miiRweva (138, 243).

ajlhqeuei`n TavisTavs amJRavnebs levgein-is procesSi. levgein ki aris is,

rac ZiriTadad ganapirobebs adamianTa arsebobas. saubarSi arseboba

amJRavnebs sakuTar Tavs, es saubari ki imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo

berZnebisTvis, rom maT adamianis gansazRvreba am fenomenis mimarT da am

fenomenis safuZvelze daadgines da amgvarad adamiani gansazRvres rogorc

zwvon lovgon e[con. am gansazRvrebasTanaa dakavSirebuli isic, rom adamiani

aris arseba, romelsac SeuZlia Tvla (ajriqmei`n).

aristotelem gansazRvra lovgo~ misi ZiriTadi funqciis mimarT,

rogorc ajpofaivnesqai, dhlou`n. saxe, romliTac is SeiZleba gamoixatos, aris

katavfasi~ da ajpovfasi~, mtkiceba da uaryofa, rac mogvianebiT ganisazRvra

rogorc pozitiuri da negatiuri msjeloba (142, 98).

jAlhvqeia Cveulebriv codnisa da wvdomis sferos miekuTvneba da es gza

dakavSirebulia arsebulTa aRmoCenasa da imasTan, Tu ra gamoaSkaravdeba am

gziT. codna, romelic aRmoaCens arsebulebs, aris WeSmariteba. esaa codna,

romelic xels Caavlebs arsebulebs, gamoxatavs sakuTar Tavsac da Tavs

imkvidrebs msjelobaSi. amgvar mtkicebas ki WeSmaritebas vuwodebT.

WeSmaritebis koncefcia, anu WeSmaritebis fenomeni, rogorc es berZnebma

gansazRvres, warmoadgens informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris codna da

ra aris is “arsebulTa mimarT”. berZnebma WeSmaritebis koncefcia

133

gaaanalizes, rogorc codnis damaxasiaTebeli “Tviseba”. amgvarma berZnulma

logikam ki Tavis kulminacias mogvianebiT aristotelesTan miaRwia.

pirvelma swored platonma miaqcia yuradReba im faqts, rom “WeSmariteba”

aris msjeloba da rom arsebobs WeSmariti da mcdari msjeloba, razec

“sofistSic” aris saubari (142, 100).

adamianis saqmianobasa da moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi

dialog “sofistSi” vxvdebiT mraval termins, romelic aRniSnavs

adamianis ama Tu im saqmianobas, moRvaweobas, mecnierebasa Tu xelovnebas.

maTi umravlesoba zogjer imdenad dawvrilmanebulia, rom erTgvari

ironiulobis SegrZnebasac ki badebs. amgvari terminebis umravlesoba

platonis Seqmnili, xolo garkveuli nawili ukve arsebuli teqnikuri

terminia.

platonis “sofistSi” 78 amgvari leqsikuri formativi gvxvdeba.

Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs am dialogSi termins

“tevcnh’’. mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom platoni sofistis saqmianobas

aRniSnavs rogorc xelovnebas (tevcnh) da ara, rogorc gawafulobas (tribhv)

an gamocdilebas (ejmpeiriva). tevcnh-sa da tribhv-s Soris ki zustad igive

gansxvavebaa, rac WeSmaritebas (ajlhvqeia) da azrs (dovxa) Soris. anu

xelovnebis SemTxvevaSi misma mflobelma icis am saqmianobasTan

dakavSirebuli WeSmariteba da am codnis Sesabamisad aris dakavebuli am

saqmianobiT, xolo gawafulobis dros, rogorc amas Tavad termini

gviCvenebs, ama Tu im saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamiani mxolod da mxolod

raRac Sexedulebebs flobs da am SexedulebebiT aris gawafuli ama Tu im

saqmianobaSi. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, tribhv aris efeqtebis Seqmna

sistemuri meTodis arsebobis gareSe da imis gaucnobiereblad, Tu rogor

iqmneba esa Tu is efeqti. kavSiri sofistikasTan aq aSkara da cxadia.

sofistebis xelovneba sworedac rom arasistemur codnas warmoadgens da

Sexedulebebs efuZneba (142, 132). maS, ratom ar gamoiyena am dialogSi

134

platonma es termini sofistikis aRsaniSnad da ratom mimarTa termins

“xelovneba” (tevcnh)?

platonis dialogebSi termini “tevcnh’’ xSir SemTxvevaSi xelovnebas

aRniSnavs, xolo “sofistSi” misi mniSvneloba SedarebiT dakninebulia. aq

termini “tevcnh’’ gamoxatavs nebismier unars, SesaZleblobas, rac ki ama Tu

im adamians SeiZleba gaaCndes. Sesabamisad, terminebi tecnivth~ da a[tecno~

xelovnebasTan ki ar aris dakavSirebuli, aramed unarsa da saqmianobasTan,

anu isini qarTulad SegveZlo gadmogvetana rogorc “unaris mqone, SemZle”

da, Sesabamisad _ “uunaro”. magram, vfiqrob, platons surda yvela am

umniSvnelo da zogjer kuriozuli saqmianobisaTvis ironiulad swored

xelovneba ewodebina. amitomac termini “tevcnh’’ gadmomaqvs tradiciulad,

rogorc xelovneba da terminebi tecnivth~ da a[tecno~, Sesabamisad, rogorc

xelovani, ostati, gamocdili da araxelovani, gamoucdeli.

tevcnh-s erT-erT cnobil opozicias warmoadgens ejpisthmhv-c. am

dialogSi sofists ejpisthmhv-c gaaCnia, oRond mniSvnelovania, rom es ar

aris ejpisthmhv am sityvis klasikuri gagebiT. is, rasac sofisti flobs, aris

ara WeSmariti codna, aramed Sexedulebebze dafuZnebuli codna (doxastikhv

ejpisthmhv). aq platonis mier Zalian ostaturad xdeba opoziciuri wyvilis

erTmaneTTan dakavSireba da am gziT iseTi terminis miReba, romelic

sofistis saqmianobas uwodebs codnas. es ukanaskneli ki realurad ar aris

codna, radgan is moklebulia WeSmaritebas (ajlhvqeia) da efuZneba mxolod da

mxolod Sexedulebebs (dovxa).

amis Semdeg gansaxilvelia, Tu ra gziT awarmoebs platoni sxvadasxva

xelovnebisa da saqmianobis aRmniSvnel teqnikur terminebs:

1. abstraqtul saxelTa warmoebis Zvel berZnul enaSi cnobili tipi,

arsebiT saxelze –ikhv sufiqsis darTva; amgvarad nawarmoebi saxelebi

yvelaze ufro metia am dialogSi. maTgan zogierTi ukve arsebuli da Zvel

berZnulSi farTod gamoyenebuli terminia, zogi ki _ platonis

sityvaTwarmoebis produqti. esenia: ajgwnistikhv _ Sejibrebis xelovneba,

aJlieutikhv _ Tevzaoba, ajndrapodistikhv _ damorCilebis xelovneba, ajpathtikhv _

135

motyuebis xelovneba, aujtopwlikhv _ sakuTari saqonliT vaWroba, balaneutikhv _

meqisis xelovneba, gnafeutikhv _ Telvis xelovneba, grafikhv _ mxatvroba,

gumnastikhv _ gimnastikis xelovneba, dhmhgorikhv _ oratorobis xelovneba,

diairhtikhv _ dayofis xelovneba, diakritikhv _ garCevis xelovneba, didaskalikhv _

swavlebis xelovneba, dikanikhv _ sasamarTlo xelovneba, doxomimhtikhv _

SexedulebiT baZvis xelovneba, doxopaideutikhv _ moCvenebiTi swavlebis

xelovneba, eijdwlopoiikhv _ gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis xelovneba, eijkastikhv _

xatebis Seqmnis xelovneba, ejmporikhv _ msxvili vaWroba, ejnugroqerikhv _ wylis

cxovelebze nadiroba, ejpideiktikhv _ Cvenebis xelovneba, ejrkoqerikhv _ badiT

nadiroba, ejrwtikhv _ siyvarulis xelovneba, zwoqerikhv _ cxovelebze nadiroba,

hJduntikhv _ maameblobis xelovneba, hJmeroqerikhv _ Sinaur cxovelebze

nadiroba, qaumatikhv _ mefokuseoba, qhreutikhv _ nadirobis xelovneba, ijatrikhv

_ eqimoba, ijdiwqereutikhv _ kerZod nadiroba, iJstorikhv _ mecniereba, kaphlikhv _

mewvrilmaneoba, kolumbhtkhv _ curvis xelovneba, kolakikhv _ mliqvnelobis

xelovneba, kosmhtikhv _ morTvis xelovneba, kthtikhv _ mopovebiTi xelovneba,

lhstikhv _ yaCaRobis xelovneba, maqhmatopwlikhv _ codniT vaWroba, mimhtikhv _

baZvis xelovneba, mousikhv _ musiuri xelovneba, nomismatopwlikhv _ fulze

gadacvlis xelovneba, nouqethtikhv _ Segonebis xelovneba, oijkhtikhv _

moSinaurebis xelovneba, ojrniqeutikhv _ meCitbadeoba, paideutikhv _ aRzrdis

xelovneba, piqanourgikhv _ darwmunebis xelovneba, plhktikhv _ dartymiT

nadirobis xelovneba, poihtikhv _ SemoqmedebiTi xelovneba, prosomilhtikhv _

urTierTobis xelovneba, pureutikhv _ cecxliT nadiroba, spoggistikhv _

RrubliT dabanis xelovneba, strathgikhv _ mxedarTmTavris xelovneba,

tecnopwlikhv _ xelovnebebiT vaWroba, turanikhv _ tiraniis xelovneba,

fantastikhv _ moCvenebaTa Seqmnis xelovneba, fqeiristikhv _ tilebis

ganadgurebis xelovneba, yucemporikhv _ sulTan dakavSirebuli codniT

vaWroba.

2. arsebiT saxelebze –ikov~ sufiqsis darTviT miRebuli kuTvnilebis

gamomxatveli zedsarTavi saxelebis warmoeba. amgvarad nawarmoebi

zedsarTavi saxelebis saSualo sqesi xSirad abstraqtul saxelebad

136

ixmareba da semantikurad gamoxatavs raRacis codnas, raRac xelovnebis an

xelobis flobas. es jgufi pirvelTan SedarebiT mcirea. amgvari saxelebia:

ajgkistreutikovn _ kaviT nadiroba, ajgorastikovn _ savaWro xelovneba, ajllaktikovn _

gacvlis xelovneba, aJmillhtikovn _ Sejibrebis xelovneba, ajmfisbhthtikovn _

SewinaaRmdegebis xelovneba, ajntilogikovn _ SekamaTebis xelovneba,

aujtopoihtikovn _ SemoqmedebiTi xelovneba, biastikovn _ Zaladobis xelovneba,

dwrhtikovn _ Cuqebis xelovneba, dwroforikovn _ saCuqris momtanixelovneba,

ejristikovn _ eristika, kaqartikovn _ ganwmendis xelovneba, maqhmatikovn _ codnis

xelovneba, machtikovn _ sabrZolo xelovneba, metablhtikovn _ gadacvlis

xelovneba, misqarnhtikovn _ jildos moTxovnis xelovneba, pezoqerikovn _

xmeleTis cxovelebze nadiroba, ceirwtikovn _ xelSi Cagdebis xelovneba,

crhmatistikovn _ fulis mSovneli xelovneba, crhmatofqorikovn _ fulis

mflangveli xelovneba.

3. mxolod erTi abstraqtuli saxeli iwarmoeba zmnis fuZeze -iva

sufiqsis darTviT (-evw bolokiduriani zmnebis SemTxvevaSi). amgvari

SemTxvevaa farmakoposiva, romelic gadmogvaqvs sityvasityviT “wamlis

damzadebis xelovneba”.

nadirobasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi

nadirobis metaforebi platonTan Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba, adreuli

dialogebidan dawyebuli yvelaze ufro gviandeli nawarmoebebiT

damTavrebuli. masTan vxvdebiT sityvebze nadirobas (Grg. 490 a), saxelebze

nadirobas (Tht. 166 c), sityvebiT nadirobas (Euthd. 295 d), sityvebis devnasa da

imis nadavlad CaTvlas, Tuki vinme msjelobisas daibneva (Grg. 489 b),

pasuxisagan dasxltomas (Euthd. 297 b) da a. S. nadirobis terminologia

specialuradac gamoiyeneba mecnieruli kvlevis, logikuri meTodis

aRsaniSnad.

oriode sityva unda iTqvas Tavad sityva mevqodo~-zec, romlis fuZec

aris oJdov~ _ gza an mogzauroba. a. losevis azriT, es sityva nadirobis

137

leqsikidan unda yofiliyo aRebuli da mevqodo~-sa da zmna metievnai-s Soris

iseTive kavSiri unda iyos, rogoric oJdov~-sa da ijevnai-s Soris arsebobs (60,

281). magram arsad aris saubari jer oJdov~-ze da Semdeg aqedan mevqodo~-is

warmoebaze. r. robinsonis azriT, mevqodo~-s Tavidanve meTodis mniSvneloba

hqonda da ar Cans teqnikuri terminis warmoebis procesi. is Tavidanve

teqnikuri terminia. i. barneti miiCnevda, rom meTodi aris nadirobis

metafora (127, 67).

unda aRiniSnos, rom arc erT sxva dialogSi ar aris ase detalurad

gatarebuli nadirobis simbolika adamianis sulieri moRvaweobis

aRsaniSnad, rogorc es ,,sofistSia”. meTodis mizani ki aris im adamianis

bunebis gansazRvra, romelic rTuli da Znelad mosanadirebelia (calepo;n

kai; dusqhvreuton).

sulis mankierebebTan dakavSirebuli terminebi

mniSvnelovan terminologiur masalas gvawvdis sofistis meeqvse

definicia (Soph. 226a-231c), sadac saubaria ganwmendaze, romelic gulisxmobs

borotebisagan (kakiva) ganSorebas. boroteba ki arsebobs ornairi: sxeulTan

da sulTan dakavSirebuli. sulTan dakavSirebul borotebaSi Tavis mxriv

kidev ori saxe gamoiyofa: sneuleba (novso~) da usaxuroba (ai\sco~). pirveli

igivea, rac uTanxmoeba (stavsi~), romelic warmoiSoba bunebiT monaTesavis

ganadgurebis Sedegad (diafora` tou` fuvsei suggenou`~). usaxuroba ki igivea, rac

araTanazomiereba (ajmetriva). uTanxmoeba da sulis daavadeba igivea, rac

sulis mankiereba (ponhriva), meore ki igivea, rac arcodna (a[gnoia), romelic

sxva araferia, Tu ara is SemTxveva, rodesac suli WeSmaritebas eswrafis

da gagebas ascdeba, anu gadacdoma (paraforav). aq gvaqvs sityvebis erTgvari

TamaSi (paraforav da diaforav). es orive termini imgvaradaa nawarmoebi, rom

raRac mimarTulebas gulisxmobs. parav- aris “gverdiT” da diva- “gavliT”,

maTi mniSvnelobebic swored am semantikidan gamomdinareobs (141, 57).

138

amasTanave, platoni simxdales (deiliva), aRviraxsnilobas (ajkolasiva) da

usamarTlobas (ajdikiva) sulis mankierebad miiCnevs da ara adamianis nebad,

iyos boroti. arcodna mankiereba ki ar aris, aramed _ usaxuroba.

mankierebas kurnaven dasjis xelovnebiT (kolastikhv), arcodnas ki _

swavlebiT (didaskalikhv). magram arsebobs arcodnis meore saxec, roca

arafris mcodnes hgonia, rom icis. esaa uswavleloba (ajmaqiva) da mas

kurnavs aRzrda (paideiva). es ukanasknelic ori saxisaa: Segoneba (nouqetikhv)

da mxileba (e[legco~).

amrigad, platons aqvs Camoyalibebuli da erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli

teqnikuri terminebi sulis ama Tu im mankierebisa Tu usaxurobis

aRsaniSnad. masTan gamijnulia erTi SexedviT msgavsi mniSvnelobis mqone

terminebi: arcodna (a[gnoia) da uswavleloba (ajmaqiva) da maTi ganmkurnavi

saSualebebi: swavleba (didaskalikhv) da aRzrda (paideiva).

“sofistSi” gamoyenebuli mravalferovani da mravalfunqciuri

terminologia aris umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti, erTi mxriv, am dialogis

filosofiuri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad, xolo, meore mxriv, am

nawarmoebis enobrivi Sris sakvlevad, rac “sofistis” TviTmyofad

mxatvrul samyaros ganapirobebs misi struqturisa da kompoziciis,

siuJetis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebisa da dramatizmis paralelurad. rac

Seexeba am dialogis sxva mxatvrul Rirsebebs, maT warmoCenas naSromis

Semdgom TavSi Sevecdebi.

139

Tavi VII

“sofisti” rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebi

epiTetebi, Sedarebebi, metaforebi

Tanamedrove SefasebiT, `sofisti~ platonis sxva dialogebTan

SedarebiT naklebad mxatvrul nawarmoebs warmoadgens. naSromis mocemul

TavSi Sevecdebi, literaturuli nawarmoebis raobis ganmsazRvreli

ramdenime komponenti SeZlebisdagvarad sistemurad Seviswavlo da,

Sesabamisad, warmovaCino am dialogis mxatvruli mxare da platonis

stilis Taviseburebebi88.

iTvleba, rom platonis weris manera zedmiwevniT sada da daxvewilia,

xolo _ metyveleba mkafio da lakonuri. v. asmusis SefasebiT, platonis ena

`moqnilia, gamomsaxveli, gamWvirvale, amasTan zusti da xatovani~ (35, 9),

rac mxatvruli xerxebis zomieri gamoyenebiT miiRweva.

platonis mier `sofistSi~ gamoyenebul mxatvrul saSualebaTa (xerxTa)

analiziT Sevecdebi warmovaCino, Tu ramdenad mJRavndeba am dialogSi

platonis enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.

`sofistis~ epiTetebi originalobiT ar gamoirCeva. sxvadasxva sagnebisa

da movlenebis gansazRvrisas platoni, Cveulebriv, tradiciul zedsarTav

saxelebs mimarTavs, Tanac sakmaod TavSekavebulad da zomierad, rac sxva

faqtorebTan erTad `sofistis~ stilis sisadaves ganapirobebs (am xriv

“sofisti” platonis sxva dialogebis msgavsia).

unda iTqvas, rom platoni `sofistSi~ upiratesobas aniWebs Sedarebebsa

da metaforebs, romlebsac, Cveulebriv, mimarTavs filosofiuri diskursis

gasaZliereblad.

`sofistSi~ mwerali yvelaze xSirad Sedarebebs iyenebs, romelTa

saSualebiTac filosofiur kategoriebze gvesaubreba. platonis “sofistis”

mxatvrulobis mTavari maxasiaTebeli isaa, rom mis mier gamoyenebuli

88 “sofistis” mxatvruli aspeqtebis kvlevisas visargeble i. darCias mier “fedonis”

kvlevisas gamoyenebuli meTodologiiT (detalurad ix.: 26).

140

TiToeuli metafora da Sedareba emsaxureba filosofiuri miznebis

ganxorcielebas. am dialogSi platoni filosofiur cnebebze msjelobs

mxatvruli saxeebis saSualebebiT. anu, platonis sxva dialogebis

kvalobaze, aqac “literatura eqvemdebareba filosofias, magram filosofia

Tavis mizans aRwevs mxolod da mxolod literaturuli saSualebebiT”.

“sofistis” prologSive vxvdebiT dialogis moqmedi pirebis Sedarebas

miTologiur personaJebTan. platonis mier citirebulia homerosi (,,odisea”,

IX, 271 da XVII, 483-487): “Teodoros, homerosis Tqmisa ar iyos, iqneb

ucxoeli ki ara, romelime RmerTi mogyavs ise, rom Tavadac ar uwyi?

rogorc is ambobs, sxva RmerTebic da, gansakuTrebiT ucxoelTa mfarveli

RvTaeba, im adamianTa Tanamgzavrebi xdebian, romlebic saTanado ridiT

gamoirCevian, raTa Tvalyuri adevnon adamianTa zviadobasa Tu kanonierebas.

SesaZloa, Senc RvTaebaTagan erT-erTi uZlieresi gaxlavs, raTa Cven _

msjelobebSi uZlurT _ dagvakvirdes da gvamxilos, rogorc mamxilebelma

RmerTma (Soph. 216 a - b)89”.

aq aseTi paraleli SegviZlia davinaxoT, sokrate aris Wabuki,

Teodorosi – antinoe, ucxoeli – odisevsi, Teetetosi ki – penelope,

romelic “nadirobs” axalgazrda Wabukebze.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, “nadirobis” Sedarebebi da metaforebi uxvadaa

gabneuli mTel dialogSi. saerTod, nadirobis metaforebi platonTan

Zalian xSiria, adreuli dialogebidan dawyebuli da yvelaze ufro

gviandeli nawarmoebebiT damTavrebuli. masTan vxvdebiT sityvebze

nadirobas (rJhvmati qereuvw) (Grg. 490 a), saxelebze nadirobas (eij dh; ojnomavtwn ge

dehvsei qereuvsei~) (Tht. 166 c), sityvebiT nadirobas (qhreu`sai ta; ojnovmata) (Euthd.

295 d), pasuxisagan dasxltomas (feuvgei~ kai; oujk ejqevlei~ ajpokrivnesqai) (Euthd. 297 b)

da a. S. nadirobis terminologia specialuradac gamoiyeneba mecnieruli

kvlevis, logikuri meTodis aRsaniSnad.

89 a\r j ou\n, w\ Qeovdwre, ouj xevnon ajllav tina qeo;n a[gwn kata; to;n JOmhvrou lovgon levlhqa~, o{~ fhsin a[llou~ te qeou;~ toi`~ ajnqrwvpoi~ oJpovsoi metevcousin aijdou`~ dikaiva~, kai; dh; kai; to;n xevnion oujc h{kista qeo;n sunopavdon gignovmenon u{brei~ te kai; eujnomiva~ tw`n ajnqrwvpwn kaqora`n. tavc j ou\n an] kai; soiv ti~ ou|to~ tw`n kreittovnwn sunevpoito, fauvlou~ hJma`~ o[nta~ ejn toi`~ lovgoi~ ejpoyovmenov~ te kai; ejlevgx`n, qeo;~ w[n ti~ ejlegktikov~ (Soph. 216 a - b).

141

dialogis ganviTarebisas TandaTan ufro da ufro cxadi xdeba, Tu ra

damokidebulebaSia kvlevis meTodi nadirobis simbolikasTan.

Tavdapirvelad nimuSad aRebulia Tevzaoba, romelzec unda moisinjos

kvlevis meTodi. Tavad Tevzaobac nadirobis erT-erTi saxea. garda amisa

Tevzaoba da nadiroba Zlier hgavs sofistikas.

“sofisti ararsebulis wyvdiadSi garbis, gamocdileba aqvs Seerios mas

da rTuli Sesacnobia” (Soph. 254 a)90.

sofistis gansazRvris mcdelobisas ucxoeli ambobs: “metad miudgomel

adgilas ostaturad CayvinTa sofistma” (Soph. 239 c)91.

dialogSi metaforuladaa moyvanili sofistikis xelovnebasTan

Sesadareblad Sinamosamsaxuris iseTi saqmianobebi, rogoricaa: ,,gawurva”,

,,gacra”, ,,ganiaveba”, ,,gamorCeva”, ,,CeCva”, ,,rTva”, ,,qsova”, “meqisis xelovneba”

(Soph. 226 b, 227 a).

eristikisa da sofistikis mxatvruli Sedarebis brwyinvale magaliTs

vxvdebiT im definiciaSi, sadac sofisti gansazRvrulia eristikosad:

“ZaRlic xom hgavs mgels, yvelaze gareuli _ yvelaze Sinaurs” (Soph. 231 a)92.

sofistis daxasiaTebisas mxatvruli miniSneba gvaqvs miTologiur

asTavian hidraze, romelic heraklem daamarcxa. ucxoeli ambobs: “rogor

araa uCveulo? xedav, rom axla am gadawvnis gamo mravalTavianma sofistma

gvaiZula survilis sawinaaRmdegod davTanxmebodiT, rom ararsebuli

rogorRac arsebobs?” (Soph. 240 c)93

mxatvruli metaforis nimuSia is monakveTic, sadac ucxoeli ambobs:

“roca dabneulebi viyaviT, ufro didi wyvdiadi Camowva” (Soph. 264 c)94. aq

“wyvdiadi” aRniSnavs filosofiur msjelobaSi arsebul bundovanebas.

mxatvruli azrovnebis SesaniSnav nimuSad unda CaiTvalos

sokratemdeli filosofiuri skolebis da maTi warmomadgenlebis

90 oJ me;n ajpodidravskwn eij~ th;n tou` mh; o[nto~ skoteivnothta, tribh`/ prosaptovmeno~ auhth`~, dia; to; skoteino;n

tou` tovpou katanoh`sai calepov~ (Soph. 254 a). 91 panourgw``~ eij~ a[poron oJ sofisth`~ tovpon katadevduken (Soph. 239 c).92 kai; ga;r kuni; luvko~, ajgriwvtaton hJmerwtavtw/ (Soph. 231 a).93 pw~ ga;r oujk a[topon, oJra`/~ gou`n o{ti kai; nu`n dia; th`~ ejpallavxew~ tauvth~ oJ polukevfalo~ sofisth;~

hjnavgkaken hJma`~ to; mh; o[n ohjc eJkovnta~ oJmologei`n ei\nai pw~ (Soph. 240 c). 94 kai; tou`q j hmw`n ajporoumevnwn e[ti meivzwn katecuvqh skotodiniva (Soph. 264 c).

142

daxasiaTeba miTologiuri personaJebisa da movlenebis daxmarebiT. platoni

ambobs, rom am filosofosebs “Cans, arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT kamaTisas

erTmaneTSi raRac gigantomaqiis msgavsi aqvT” (Soph. 246 a)95. aq ironiulad

aris warmoCenili filosofiuri skolebis kamaTi, rogorc olimpieli

RmerTebisa da titanebis brZola hesiodes ,,TeogoniaSi” (674-719).

filosofosTa erT jgufze saubrisas ucxoeli ambobs: “CvenTvis

naTelia, Teetetos, rom es adamianebi ukeTesebi gaxdnen, radgan maTgan,

romlebic Sva da aRzarda miwam, arc erTs ar Sercxveboda arafris, aramed

yvelanairad daamtkicebdnen, rom is, rasac xeliT ver Seexebi, saerTod

araferi ar aris” (Soph. 247 c)96. aq aris ironiuli Sedareba miTologiur

,,spartelebTan”, romlebic miwidan iSvnen, kadmosis mier drakonis kbilebis

daTesvis Sedegad. ,,romlebic Sva miwam” _ es aTenelebia, romelTa pirveli

mefe kekropsi iyo ,,avtoxToni” (Tavad Sobili miwidan), romelsac hqonda

naxevrad _ adamianis, naxevrad _ gvelis tani.

warmovadgen “sofistSi” moZiebuli Sedarebebisa da metaforebisa

analizis Sedegad miRebul zogad daskvnebs:97

1. `sofisti~ Sedarebebisa da metaforebis mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba.

2. am nawarmoebSi vxvdebiT rogorc mokle, ise gavrcobil Sedarebebs.

mokle Sedarebebs xSirad martivi formulis saxe aqvT da gansakuTrebuli

originalobiT ar gamoirCevian.

3. platonis Sedarebebi sakmaod sada da upretenzioa. mwerali ar

cdilobs sxvadasxva obieqtebsa Tu movlenebs Soris Sexebis moulodneli

wertilis gamonaxvas an Sesadarebeli elementis mravalferovnebis

warmoCenas.

95 kai; mh;n e[oikev ge ejn aujtoi~ oi|on gigantomaciva ti~ ei\nai dia; th;n ajmfisbhvthsin peri; th~ oujsiva~ pro;~

ajllhvlou~ (SOph. 246 a). 96 safw``~ ga;r hJmi`n, w\ Qeaivthte, beltivou~ gegovnasin a|ndre~: ejpei; touvtwn oujd j a]n e}n ejpaiscunqei`en oi{ ge

aujtw`n spartoiv te kai; aujtovcqone~, ajlla; diateivnoint j a]n pa`n o} mh; dunatoi; tai``~ cersi; sumpievzein eijsivn, wJ~ a[ra tou`to oujde;n to; paravpan ejstivn (Soph. 247 c).

97 aRsaniSnavia, rom analogiuri daskvnebi keTdeba platonis sxva dialogebis filologiuri analizis drosac, rac kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom “sofistis” mxatvruli mxare arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba sxva dialogebis mxatvruli samyarosgan. magaliTad, Sdr.: 26, 32-33.

143

4. zogjer Znelia zRvaris gavleba `sofistis~ Sedarebebsa da

metaforebs Soris. maTi sinTeziT platoni Tavisebur metaforul

Sedarebebs gvTavazobs.

5. platoni Zunwi, magram mkveTri da STambeWdavi saSualebebiT qmnis

sxvadasxva mxatvrul saxeebs. amasTan metaforebSi ukeT warmoCndeba

platonis azrovnebis masStaburoba da originaluri mwerluri xedva (26, 32-

33).

platonis bgerweris Taviseburebani

bgerweras gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba nebismieri mniSvnelovani

mwerlis da maT Soris platonis SemoqmedebaSic. veTanxebi mosazrebas, rom

misi dialogebis srulyofili filologiuri analizi am sakiTxis

gaTvaliswinebasac moiTxovs.

Tanamedrove mkiTxvelma, romelic striqonebs TvaliT aRiqvams, SeiZleba

verc ki SeamCnios sityvaTa Tanxmieroba, magram platons Tavisi dialogebi

gankuTvnili hqonda mkiTxvelisaTvis, romelic `dawerils warmoTqvamda

mJReri xorxiT da warmoTqmuls aRiqvamda navarjiSebi smeniT~ (30, 56).

Sesabamisad, igi SedarebiT advilad afiqsirebda da `SeigrZnobda~ sityvebis

TamaSs.

mkvlevari, romelic platonis prozas bgerweris TvalsazrisiT

ganixilavs, ori problemis winaSe dgas: jer erTi, rogor SeamCnios

mwerlis enis akustikuri Taviseburebani da meorec, rogor aRweros da

ganmartos isini.98

platonis `sofisti~ aris originaluri mxatvruli nawarmoebi, romlis

bevri mxatvruli Rirseba, Cveulebriv, TargmanebSi naklebad warmoCndeba da

ZiriTadad originalTan ziarebiT xdeba naTeli. gansakuTrebiT SeumCneveli

rCeba mkiTxvels “sofistis” akustikuri mxare.

magaliTad, ganvixiloT winadadeba:

98 am sakiTxis Sesaxeb detalurad ix.: 26.

144

sumbaivnei d j ou[n, w[ Qeaivthte, ajkinhvtwn te o[ntwn nou`n mhdeni; peri; mhdeno;~ ei\nai

mhdamou` _ amrigad, Teetetos, gamodis, rom Tu arsebuli uZravia, aravin

arsad arafers ar iazrebs (Soph. 249 b).

ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom mTels frazaSi figurirebs mhden�- fuZisgan

nawarmoebi sityvebi (mhdeniv, mhdenov~, mhdamou)̀. platoni, Cemi azriT, aq

sagangebod imeorebs uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelis fuZes, romelic, TavisTavad

`ararsebuls~ ukavSirdeba da “arsebulTan” opoziciaSia. erTi da igive

bgeris ramdenjerme, ritmuli ganmeorebiT mwerali akustikur efeqts qmnis

da mkiTxvels (ufro sworad msmenels) mocemul winadadebaze umaxvilebs

yuradRebas. imavdroulad, mhden- fuZis ganmeorebiT xdeba misi mniSvnelobis

aqcentireba. amdenad, akustikur efeqts mwerali iyenebs “ararsebulis”

cnebis xazgasasmelad.

analogiuri datvirTvisaa Semdeg frazebic:

prw`ton mhdeni; mhde;n mhdemivan duvnamin e[cein koinwniva~ eij~ mhdevn _ arafers

araferTan urTierTobis aranairi Zala ara aqvs (Soph. 251 e).

eij sunecwrhvsamen mhdemivan ei\nai mei`xin mhdeni; pro;~ mhdevn _ wagverTmeva im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu daveTanxmebiT, rom araferi arafers aranairad ar Seereva

(Soph. 260 a).

mocemul SemTxvevebSi qarTuli sruliad Zaldautaneblad da savsebiT

bunebrivad gadmogvcems berZnuli frazis akustikur efeqts.

mocemuli mxatvruli xerxis swori interpretaciisaTvisac amosavali

unda gaxdes is konteqsti, romelSic igi gamoiyeneba. mhden- fuZis samgzis

an oTxgzis ganmeoreba ar aris arc SemTxveviTi da arc mxolod garegnuli

samkauli. igi, rogorc uaryofis mniSvnelobis mqone, frazas simkacres da

kategoriulobas aniWebs da misi saSualebiT aqcentirebulia zogadad

platonis da, kerZod, mocemuli nawarmoebis umniSvnelovanesi debuleba

arsebulis maradiuli arsebobis Sesaxeb.

sityvaTa TamaSis brwynvale magaliTia am dialogSi fuZeebis paideiva da

paidiav gamoyeneba. paideiva _ ganaTleba, aRzrda aris filosofosisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli da misgan ganuyofeli Tviseba, romelic upirispirdeba

sofists da piriqiT, msgavsi fuZis mqone sityva paidiav – xumroba, TamaSi

145

sofistis Tviseba, romelic upirispirdeba filosofoss. aRsaniSnavia, rom

sityvaTa TamaSi aq “sofistis” laitmotivs – opoziciaTa Widils

ukavSirdeba.

mokle pasuxebi

dasasrul, yuradReba unda SevaCeroT zogadad platonis Semoqmedebis

da konkretulad am dialogisaTvis damaxasiaTebel iseT niuansze,

rogoricaa mokle pasuxebi, romlebic uxvadaa gabneuli am dialogSi da

SeiZleba vinmem saWirod arc ki CaTvalos maTze sagangebod yuradRebis

gamaxvileba.

dialogSi erT-erT saintereso leqsikur Sres qmnis Teetetosis mza,

mokle pasuxebi, romlebic ZiriTadad gamoxatavs Sefarul eWvs, pasiur

Tanxmobas, pozitiur SeTanxmebas an Txovnas ufro meti sicxade moefinos

sakvlev sakiTxs. aseTebia: naiv, pw`~, pw`~ d jouj, pw`~ gavr ouj, tiv de, ti; mhvn, ou{tw~, pavnu

ge, pavnu mevn ouj, pantavpasi me;n ou[n, e[stw, oujkou;n crh`, mavla ge, oujdamw`~ da sxva

msgavsi, romlebic uaRresad mniSvnelovania teqstis dramatuli konteqstis

gasaazreblad.

Naiv – Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba da misi qarTulad Targmna damokidebulia

im SekiTxvaze, romlis pasuxsac es forma warmoadgens, kerZod gvaqvs aseTi

SemTxvevebi: “diax”, “ki”, “asea”, “aris”.

Pw`~; – gvxvdeba or SemTxvevaSi: 1. rodesac raRacis gansamartad

Tanamosaubre, xSir SemTxvevaSi Teetetosi, svams SekiTxvas; 2. rodesac

Teetetosi dabneulia dasmuli SekiTxviT da mas kiTxviTve pasuxobs. orive

SemTxvevaSi iTargmneba rogorc “rogor?”.

Pw`~ d jouj; – orive SekiTxvis formaa, magram Sinaarsobrivad Tanxmobas

warmoadgens. qarTulad gadmogvaqvs rogorc “rogor ara?” “ratomac ara?”

Tiv de; ti; mhvn; – qarTulad gadmodis sxvadasxvanairad, konteqstis

mixedviT, kerZod: “rogor ara?” “maS ra?” “maS rogor ara?” “raRa?” anu es

formebic Sinaarsobrivad Tanxmobas warmoadgens.

146

Ou{tw~ – iTargmneba rogorc “asea”. pasuxis zemoT moyvanil formebTan

SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba da gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac erTi

Tanamosaubre darwmunebulia meoris mier ganviTarebuli azris sisworeSi

da aRar aqvs Sinagani eWvi amasTan dakavSirebiT.

Pavnu ge, pavnu mevn ouj – qarTulad gadmodis rogorc “ra Tqma unda”, “raRa

Tqma unda”, “rasakvirvelia”. es aris is SemTxveva, rodesac Tanamosaubre

darwmunebulia da aqamdec darwmunebuli iyo meore Tanamosaubris Tezis

WeSmaritebaSi.

Pantavpasi mh;n ou[n – gadmogvaqvs rogorc “ra Tqma unda”, “namdvilad

asea”, “ra Tqma unda, asea”, “yvelanairad asea”.

[Estw – es formac SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba da gamoiyeneba im

SemTxvevebSi, rodesac Tanamosaubre ar aris darwmunebuli ganviTarebuli

Tezis sisworeSi, arc eTanxmeba mas, magram uSvebs raRacas momavali

kvlevis mizniT, uSvebs, rom es raRac aris WeSmariteba. qarTulad

Seesabameba “iyos ase”.

Oujkou`n crh` – gadmogvaqvs rogorc “asea saWiro”.

Mavla ge – gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac Tanamosaubre ara marto Tanxmobas

gamoxatavs, aramed aRtacebas da aRfrTovanebas, rac ganviTarebuli Tezis

sisworiT aris gamowveuli. iTargmneba rogorc “Zalianac”, “sworedac”.

Oujdamw`~ – gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac Tanamosaubre

kategoriulad winaaRmdegia daeTanxmos Tanamosaubris mier ganviTarebul

mosazrebas. iTargmneba rogorc “aranairad” an “araviTar SemTxvevaSi”.

Sevecade warmomeCina, Tu mokle pasuxis ramdeni sxvadasxva varianti

aris gamoyenebuli platonis mxolod am erT konkretul dialogSi. maTi

qarTulad gadmotanisas ramdenime principiT vxelmZRvanelobdi. kerZod,

vecade: 1. gadmometana qarTulSi yoveldRiuri leqsikiT, rac dialogs ar

daukargavda sicxoveles da dinamiurobas; 2. gadmotanisas SemenarCunebina

gramatikuli forma da sityvawarmoebis principi; 3. rac SeiZleboda ufro

zustad amesaxa semantikuri niuansebi.

147

sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom platonis dialogebis da maT Soris

`sofistis~ stilis silaRes, sisadavesa da simsubuqes bevrwilad swored

aseTi mokle pasuxebis ostaturi gamoyeneba ganapirobebs.

“sofistis” mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT ganxilvam cxadyo, rom es

dialogi xorcSesxmulia sxvadasxva mxatvruli xerxis daxvewili da

originaluri gamoyenebiT, rac namdvilad ar Seesabameba gavrcelebul

mosazrebas, rom es nawarmoebi platonis sxva dialogebTan SedarebiT

nakleb maRalmxatvrulia.

148

daskvna

“sofisti” mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT naklebadaa Seswavlili, TiTqosda

im mizeziT, rom is nakleb mxatvrulia platonis sxva nawarmoebebTan

SedarebiT.KCemi naSromiT swored “sofistis” sistemuri filologiuri

kvleva davisaxe miznad da zemoT aRniSnuli mosazrebis marTebulobis

dadgenas Sevecade.

aRniSnuli dialogis kvlevis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis

gaTvaliswinebiT, Zveli berZnuli originalis SeZlebisdagvarad

siRrmiseuli analizis safuZvelze da sakuTar dakvirvebebze dayrdnobiT,

warmovadgine es dialogi rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebi. sagangebod

gavamaxvile yuradReba im aspeqtebze, romlebic dReisaTvis saTanadod

Seswavlili ar aris. bunebrivia, filologiuri aspeqtebis kvleva warimarTa

filosofiur problematikasTan mWidro kavSirSi.

naSromis dasasrul warmovadgen kvlevis Sedegad miRebul ZiriTad

daskvnebs:

platonis “sofistis” kvleva, ZiriTadad, mimdinareobs filosofiuri

kuTxiT da sxva dialogebTan SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eTmoba am

nawarmoebis filologiuri aspeqtebis analizs, Tumca viTareba

garkveulwilad icvleba XX saukunis miwuruls da “sofistis” mxatvruli

samyaros kvleva SedarebiT ufro aqtualuri xdeba. miuxedavad amisa, am

dialogis sistemuri filologiuri analizi dRemde ar momxdara.

,,sofistSi” platoni dialeqtikur meTods da dialogis literaturul

formas iyenebs sofistikis arsis analizisa da gansazRvrisaTvis. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom es dialogi aris sofistikis mecnierul-Teoriuli analizi. aq

Tavmoyrilia da mecnieruli definiciis saxe aqvs micemuli sofistikis

yvela im maxasiaTebels, rasac sxva, adreul dialogebSi, platoni calkeul

sofistTa saxeebis daxatviTa da saubris dramatizebiT warmoaCenda:

monadire mdidar ymawvilebze, moCvenebiTi codniT vaWari, eristikosi,

moCvenebaTa Seqmnis ostati.

149

“sofisti” aris kvleviTi xasiaTis dialogi, romelic dRes

literaturaTmcodneobaSi miRebuli filosofiuri dialogis eqvsi tipidan

xuTis maxasiaTeblebis mqonea, esenia: darwmuneba, kvleva, molaparakeba,

ganxilva da informaciis Zieba. dialogis Semadgeneli ZiriTadi

struqturuli elementi aris kiTxva-pasuxebis cikli, xolo filosofiuri

dialogis enobrivi formebidan “sofistSi” gvxvdeba reducireba,

multifunqcioba da funqciuri elementebis sesxeba. nawarmoebSi

gamoyenebulia dialeqtikis samive meTodi: elenxosic, epagogec da

hipoTesisic.B

dialogs laitmotivad gasdevs “WeSmaritisa” da “msgavsis”

dapirispireba, romelic sxvadasxva konteqstSi sxvadasxva opoziciur

wyvilTa warmoCeniT mJRavndeba da am nawarmoebis dramatul bunebas

ganapirobebs. amgvar opoziciur wyvilTa dinamiuri TamaSiTa da

urTierTmonacvleobiT ,,sofisti” namdvil dramas emsgavseba da mas SeiZleba

ewodos “WeSmaritisa” da “msgavsis” Widilis drama.

dialogi „sofisti” SeiZleba pirobiTad warmovidginoT rogorc drama,

romelSic gamoiyofa prologi (eqspozicia), sami moqmedeba da dasasruli.

TiToeuli moqmedeba Tavis mxriv iyofa scenebad.

“sofisti” xasiaTdeba originaluri kompoziciuri organizaciiT.

nawarmoebis siuJetis _ filosofiuri msjelobis _ msvlelobaSi

SeiniSneba sxvadasxva struqturul erTeulTa gameorebis organizaciuli

principi, romelic sakmaod mkacrad aris daculi. garkveuli simetria iCens

Tavs calkeuli pasaJebisa da sityvebis donezec. kerZod, calkeul

epizodebs gaaCnia struqturuli organizaciis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli

da TviTmyofadi saxe. zog SemTxvevaSi esaa wriuli da paraleluri

dayofebis originaluri nazavi, xolo zogan _ wminda saxis wriuli dayofa.

”sofistSi” gamoyenebuli terminebi Sinaarsobrivad ramdenime ZiriTad

jgufad iyofa: 1. ontologiuri terminebi; 2. gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis

xelovnebasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi; 3. azrovnebasTan, msjelobasa da

saubarTan dakavSirebuli terminebi; 4. adamianis sxadasxva saqmianobisa da

moRvaweobis aRmniSvneli terminebi; 5. nadirobasTan dakavSirebuli

150

terminebi; 6. sulis daavadebebTan dakavSirebuli terminebi. platoni Zvel

berZnulSi arsebul zogad terminebs viwro teqnikuri mniSvnelobebiT

aRWurvavs da amave semantikiT amkvidrebs.

“sofistSi” gamoyenebuli mravalferovani da mravalfunqciuri

terminologia aris umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti, erTi mxriv, am dialogis

filosofiuri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad, xolo, meore mxriv, am

nawarmoebis enobrivi Sris sakvlevad.

platoni `sofistSi~ upiratesobas aniWebs Sedarebebsa da metaforebs,

romlebsac, Cveulebriv, mimarTavs filosofiuri diskursis gasaZliereblad

da romelTa Soris zRvaris gavlebac zogjer rTulia, radgan maTi

sinTeziT filosofosi Tavisebur metaforul Sedarebebs gvTavazobs.

“sofistSi” warmodgenilia originaluri bgerweris nimuSebic,

romlebic, sxva mxatvruli saxeebis msgavsad, filosofiuri msjelobis

mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis xazgasasmelad gamoiyeneba. G

“sofistSi” platoni, Cveulebisamebr, mimarTavs e.w. mokle pasuxebs. sxva

dialogebis kvalobaze, `sofistis~ stilis silaRes, sisadavesa da

simsubuqes bevrwilad swored aseTi mokle pasuxebis ostaturi gamoyeneba

ganapirobebs.

“sofistis” filologiuri analizi cxadyofs, rom es dialogi

xorcSesxmulia sxvadasxva mxatvruli xerxis daxvewili da originaluri

gamoyenebiT, rac ewinaaRmdegeba gavrcelebul mosazrebas, rom “sofisti”

platonis sxva dialogebTan SedarebiT nakleb mxatvrulia.

“sofistis” TviTmyofad mxatvrul samyaros ganapirobebs filosofiuri

problematikis analizi da xorcSesxma filosofiuri dialogis moqnili da

tevadi formiT, sofistikis arsis metaforuli gadmocema, arsebulisa da

ararsebulis dialeqtikis analizi filosofiuri dialogis Janrobrivi

maxasiaTeblebis ostaturi gamoyenebiT, opoziciaTa Widili da siuJetis –

filosofiuri msjelobis – dramatuli ganviTareba, nawarmoebis

originaluri kompoziciuri organizacia, mxatvruli xerxebis, tropuli

metyvelebisa da bgerweris originaluri sinTezi.

151

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83. Bluck R. S., False Statement in the "Sophist", Journal of Hellenic Studies 77: 181-186,

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84. Bluck R. S., Plato’s Sophist, Manchester 1975.

85. Bohm D., On Dialogue, New York 2003.

86. Bolton R., Plato's Distinction Between Being and Becoming, Review of Metaphysics 29:

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87. Bondeson W., Some Problems about Being and Predication in Plato's “Sophist” 242-249,

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88. Bostock D., "Plato on 'is not' (Sophist, 254-9)," Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 2:

89-119, 1984.

89. Brouwer M., The Limits of Philosophy: Plato’s “Sophist” and “Statesman”, UMI

Dissertation Services, 2005.

90. Brown L., The verb 'to be' in Greek Philosophy: Some Remarks. In Language. Edited by

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93. Cornford F. M., Plato’s Theory of Knowledge, London 1967.

94. Cuningham M., Dramatic Device or Didactic Tool? Rhetoric in Byzantium, London 2001.

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Review of Metaphysics 54: 65-97, 2000.

158

danarTi

platoni

“sofisti”

(Targmani Zveli berZnulidan)

159

sofisti

[an arsebulis Sesaxeb. logikuri xasiaTis dialogi]

Teodorosi, sokrate, eliseli stumari, Teetetosi

T e o d o r o s i. rogorc guSin SevTanxmdiT1, sokrate, Cven

Tavad movediT da ai, es ucxoelic Tan mogvyavs, warmoSobiT eleadan,

parmenidesisa2 da zenonis3 mimdevarTa megobari, namdvili filosofosi.

s o k r a t e. Teodoros, homerosis Tqmisa ar iyos, iqneb ucxoeli

ki ara, romelime RmerTi mogyavs ise, rom Tavadac ar uwyi?4 rogorc is

ambobs, sxva RmerTebic, da gansakuTrebiT ucxoelTa mfarveli RvTaeba,

im adamianTa Tanamgzavrebi xdebian, romlebic saTanado ridiT

gamoirCevian, raTa Tvalyuri adevnon adamianTa zviadobasa Tu

kanonierebas. SesaZloa, Senc RvTaebaTagan erT-erTi uZlieresi

gaxlavs, raTa Cven _ msjelobebSi uZlurT _ dagvakvirdes da

gvamxilos, rogorc mamxilebelma RmerTma.

T e o d o r o s i. aseTi rodia, sokrate, es ucxoeli, aramed

imaTze ufro Tavmdabalia, romlebic kamaTiT arian gatacebulni. Cemi

azriT, es adamiani sulac ar aris RmerTi, aramed _ RvTaebrivi, radgan

me yvela filosofoss ase vuwodeb.

s o k r a t e. da samarTlianadac, megobaro. rogorc Cans, am

gvaris garCeva ar aris ufro advili, vidre RmerTebis gvarisa. yvela

es adamiani, ara cru, aramed WeSmaritad filosofosni, romelnic

sxvadasxvagvarad warmoudgeniaT danarCenebs TavianTi umecrebis gamo,

“moivlian qalaqebs”, da zemodan dahyureben qvemoT myofTa cxovrebas;5

zogi miiCnevs, rom isini pativiscemas ar imsaxureben, zogi ki maT

yvelaze ufro Rirseulebad Tvlis; maT xan politikosebad

160

warmosaxaven, xan _ sofistebad, zogi ki imasac fiqrobs, rom sruliad

SeSlilni arian. amitom Cvens ucxoels siamovnebiT gamovkiTxavdi, Tu

misi survilic iqneboda, ras fiqrobdnen da ras ambobdnen amaze mis

qveyanaSi.

T e o d o r o s i. kerZod, raze?

s o k r a t e. sofistze, politikosze, filosofosze.6

T e o d o r o s i. gansakuTrebiT ra gafiqrebs da ra SekiTxvis

dasma gadawyvite amasTan dakavSirebiT?

s o k r a t e. ai amis: yovelive amas erT ramed miiCnevdnen, orad

Tu, rogorc saxelia sami, sam calkeul gvarad ganarCevdnen da

TiToeul saxels TiTo gvars miakuTvnebdnen?

T e o d o r o s i. me vfiqrob, amis ganxilvaze is uars ar ityvis.

ase araa, ucxoelo?

u c x o e l i. asea, Teodoros, siamovnebiT gipasuxebT, miT ufro,

rom ar aris rTuli saTqmeli: samad miiCnevdnen. magram rac Seexeba

TiToeulis zustad gansazRvras _ Tu romeli ra aris _ es ar aris

patara da ioli saqme.

T e o d o r o s i. sokrate, sruliad SemTxveviT, daaxloebiT im

sakiTxebs Seexe, romelTa Sesaxeb Cvenc vekiTxebodiT, sanam aq

movidodiT. da rasac axla Sen geubneba, Cvenc imaves gveubneboda, rom

sakmarisad aqvs amis Sesaxeb mosmenili da ar daviwyebia.

s o k r a t e. maS, ucxoelo, nu gvetyvi uars pirvel saTxovarze

da es gviTxari: rogor gCvevia _ grZeli sityviT gadmosce is, risi

damtkicebac ginda, Tu SekiTxvebis saSualebiT, rogorc amas odesRac

parmenidesi akeTebda Tavisi mSvenieri msjelobebis gadmocemisas7,

rasac mec moveswari, rodesac axalgazrda viyavi, is ki _ metad

moxucebuli.8

u c x o e l i. sokrate, mas, vinc mSvidad da morCilad gesaubreba,

ufro advilia SekiTxvebiT mimarTo, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki umjobesia

Tavad isaubro.9

161

s o k r a t e. maS, SegiZlia damswreTagan vinc ginda, is airCio,

yvelani mSvidad dagemorCilebian. Tu Cems rCevas mihyvebi, romelime

axalgazrda airCie. ai, es, Teetetosi, an sxva, romelic ginda.

u c x o e l i. sokrate, radgan TqvenTan pirvelad var, merideba,

nacvlad imisa, rom saubari mokle sityva-pasuxiT warvmarTo, grZlad

gavWimo da gabmuli msjelobiT mivmarTo Cems Tavs an vinme sxvas,

TiTqos amas Tavis warmosaCenad vakeTebde. magram sinamdvileSi

dasmuli sakiTxi iseTi araa, rogoric vinmes SeiZleba egonos, aramed

sakmaod vrcel msjelobas saWiroebs. meore mxriv ki, Sen da amaT rom

ar gaamoT, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac Sen Tqvi, araTavazianad da

xeprulad meCveneba. Tanaxma var, rom Cemi Tanamosaubre Teetetosi iyos,

radgan masTan adrec misaubria da axla Senc momiwodeb.

T e e t e t o s i. maS, ucxoelo, ise moiqeci, rom, rogorc

sokratem Tqva, yvelas eamos.

u c x o e l i. rogorc Cans, amaze saTqmelic aRaraferia,

Teetetos. amis Semdeg saubrisas ukve Sen mogmarTav da Tu xangrZlivi

Sroma dagamZimebs, me ki nu damadanaSauleb, aramed am Sens megobrebs

[mohkiTxe].

T e e t e t o s i. vfiqrob, ukan ar davixev da Tu aseTi ram mainc

moxda, maSin moviSveliebT am sokrates,10 sokrates sexnias, romelic

Cemi tolia da CemTan erTad varjiSobs. is miCveulia CemTan erTad

Sromas.

u c x o e l i. kargi naTqvamia, magram amas Tavad mixvdebi

saubrisas. Tavdapirvelad, rogorc me mgonia, CemTan erTad kvleva

sofistidan unda daiwyo, gamoiZio da gamoamJRavno, Tu ra aris is.

axla xom me da Sen mxolod saxelTan dakavSirebiT varT

SeTanxmebulni, im saganze ki, rasac TiToeuli maTgani am saxels

vuwodebT, SesaZloa, sakuTari azri gvaqvs. yovelTvis yvelafris

Sesaxeb Tavad saganze msjelobiT unda SeTanxmde da ara mxolod

saxelze, [saganze] msjelobis gareSe. im gvaris wvdoma ki, romlis

162

kvlevac axla gadavwyviteT _ Tu ra aris sofisti _ srulebiT ar aris

advili. meore mxriv, rodesac mniSvnelovani sakiTxia saTanadod

dasamuSavebeli, amasTan dakavSirebiT yvelani, maT Soris Zvelebic,

fiqrobdnen, rom sanam yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxs Seexebi, jer ufro

mciresa da martivSi unda ivarjiSo.11 axla ki, Teetetos, Cveni

TavisTvis me es rCeva meqneba: radgan rTuli da Znelad

mosanadirebelia sofistis gvari, pirvelad raRac sxva, ufro martivze

movsinjoT misi kvlevis meTodi, Tu, ra Tqma unda, Sen ufro martivi

gza ar gaqvs.

T e e t e t o s i. ara.

u c x o e l i. maS, gsurs, jer raime umniSvnelos mivmarToT,

Semdeg ki vcadoT, gamoviyenoT is nimuSad ufro mniSvnelovanisTvis?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. amrigad, ra wamovwioT win iseTi, romelic kargad

cnobili, magram umniSvneloa da, amasTan, ufro mniSvnelovanze naklebi

[msjeloba] ar sWirdeba? aseTi meTevzea _ is xom yvelasaTvis nacnobia

da [misi kvleva] did Zalisxmevas ar moiTxovs?

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. vimedovneb, rom misi [kvlevisaTvis] gamosadegi

meTodi da msjeloba ar iqneba usargeblo Cven mier dasaxuli

miznisaTvis.

T e e t e t o s i. kargi iqneboda.

u c x o l i. maS, modi, amiT daviwyoT. miTxari: ra davuSvaT _ rom

[meTevze] ostatia, Tu is, rom ostati ar aris, magram raRac sxva unari

ki aqvs?

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda, ostatia.

163

u c x o e l i. TiTqmis yvela xelovneba or gvarad iyofa.12

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. miwaTmoqmedebasa da yvelafer imas, rac mokvdavis

sxeulis movlas Seexeba, aseve rac Sedgenilsa da gakeTebuls

ukavSirdeba, rasac ki sxvadasxva saWiroebisTvis movixmarT da agreTve

mimetikasac _ am yvelafers samarTlianad SeiZleba erTi saxeli

vuwodoT.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor da ra saxeli?

u c x o e l i. imaze, rac uwin ar iyo, mogvianebiT ki viRacam

arsebobaSi moiyvana13, Cven vambobT, rom is, vinc moiyvana Semqmnelia,

xolo rac moiyvana _ Seqmnili.14

T e e t e t o s i. marTalia.

u c x o e l i. yvelaferi, rac axla ganvixileT, amave Zalas

ganekuTvneba.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. yovelive amas mTlianobaSi vuwodoT SemoqmedebiTi

xelovneba.

T e e t e t o s i. iyos ase.

u c x o l i. swavla da codnis yvela saxeoba, aseve savaWro,

Sejibrebisa da nadirobis xelovneba, romelTagan arc erTi arafers ar

qmnis, aramed, erTi mxriv, sityvebiTa Tu qmedebiT xelSi Caigdebs imas,

rac arsebobs da rac warmoiSoba, meore mxriv ki, sxvebs xelSi

Cagdebis saSualebas ar aZlevs _ yvelaze Sesaferisi iqneba, yvela es

[saqmianoba] movixsenioT rogorc mopovebiTi xelovneba.

T e e t e t o s i. diax, Sesaferisi iqneboda.

164

u c x o e l i. Tu yvelanairi xelovneba an mopovebiTia, an

SemoqmedebiTi, romel maTgans mivakuTvnebdiT Tevzaobas, Teetetos?

T e e t e t o s i. cxadia, mopovebiTs.

u c x o e l i. gana mopovebiTi xelovnebac ori saxis araa? erTi _

nebayoflobiT gacvlis xelovneba, romelic CuqebiT, qiraobiT an yidva-

gayidviT xorcieldeba, meore ki _ yvelafris xelSi Cagdeba saqmiT an

sityvebiT _ gana xelSi Cagdebis xelovneba ar iqneba?

T e e t e t o s i. naTqvamidan ase Cans.

u c x o e l i. maS, xelSi Cagdebis xelovnebac orad ar unda

gavyoT?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. yvelaferi, rac Riad xdeba, mivakuTvnoT

Sejibrebis, xolo is, rac dafarulia _ nadirobis xelovnebas.

T e e t e t o s i. keTili.

u c x o e l i. uazro iqneboda, nadirobac orad rom ar gagveyo.

T e e t e t o s i. Tqvi, rogor!

u c x o e l i. gamovyoT, erTi mxriv, usulo, xolo, meore mxriv,

sulier gvarze nadiroba.

T e e t e t o s i. ratomac ara, Tu orive arsebobs?

u c x o e l i. rogor ar arsebobs? usuloebze nadirobas, garda

zogierTi wyalqveSa saxeobisa, romelTa raodenobac mcirea da

romelsac [raime] saxeli ar gaaCnia, amjerad Tavi davaneboT, sulier

arsebebze nadirobas ki cxovelebze nadiroba vuwodoT.

T e e t e t o s i. ase iyos.

165

u c x o e l i. xom samarTliani iqneba cxovelebze nadirobac or

saxed gavyoT: erTi iqneba xmeleTis gvari, romelSic sxvadasxva saxe da

saxeli gamoiyofa _ xmeleTis cxovelebze nadiroba, meore ki _ yvela

mcurav arsebaze, wylis cxovelebze nadiroba.

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. xom vxedavT, rom mcurav arsebaTa erTi gvari

frTosania, meore ki _ wyalqveSa?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. frTosan gvarze yvela saxis nadirobas CvenTan

meCitbadeoba ewodeba.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. wyalqveSa [cxovelebze] nadirobis TiTqmis yvela

saxes ki _ Tevzaoba.

T e e t e t o s i. diax.

u c x o e l i. da ra? es nadirobac or Zalian mniSvnelovan

nawilad xom ar gagveyo?

T e e t e t o s i. romlebad?

u c x o e l i. erTi adgilzeve nadirobs badeebiT, meore ki _

dartymiT.

T e e t e t o s i. ras uwodeb [Tevzaobis] am TiToeul [saxes] da

rogor ganasxvaveb maT erTmaneTisgan?

u c x o e l i. erTs, romelic yvelafers SemosazRvravs, raTa

moimwyvdios, badis msgavsi unda ewodos.

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

166

u c x o e l i. godoryurebs, kokozebs, Tokebs, kakanaTebsa da

msgavs rameebs sxva ra vuwodoT, Tu ara bade?

T e e t e t o s i. araferi.

u c x o e l i. maS, nadirobis am saxes badiT Tevzaoba an raime

aseTi vuwodoT.

T e e t e t o s i. vuwodoT.

u c x o e l i. xolo [nadirobis] meore saxeobas, romelic kavebisa

da samkapebis dartymiT xorcieldeba, erTi saxeli _ dartymiT

Tevzaoba unda vuwodoT. an iqneb, vinmem ukeTesi saxelic ki daarqvas,

Teetetos?

T e e t e t o s i. nuRar vizrunebT saxelze, radgan esec

sakmarisia.

u c x o e l i. RamiT, cecxlis Suqze dartymiT Tevzaobas,

vfiqrob, Tavad monadireni cecxliT nadirobas uwodeben.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. dRisiT, kavebiTa da samkapebiT [nadirobas] ki _

kaviT nadirobas.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. kaviT Tevzaobis [saxeobas]15, romelic ZiriTadad

samkapebiT zemodan qvemoT dartymiT xorcieldeba, vfiqrob, samkapiT

Tevzaoba unda ewodos.

T e e t e t o s i. zogi asec uwodebs.

u c x o e l i. darCa kidev erTi da, ase vTqvaT, erTaderTi saxe.

T e e t e t o s i. romeli?

167

u c x o e l i. ra saxeli unda vuwodoT, Teetetos, im dartymis

sawinaaRmdegos, romelic kaviT xorcieldeba, magram ise ki ara, Tevzis

sxeulis nebismier nawilze rom moxvdes _ rogorc samkapebiT

Tevzaobisas, aramed mudam TavSi an pirSi rom urtyamen da Semdeg

sapirispirod, qvemodan zemoT wkeplebiTa da joxebiT rom amoaTreven?

T e e t e t o s i. vfiqrob, axla ki mivadeqiT swored imas, risi

kvlevac miznad davisaxeT.

u c x o e l i. axla me da Sen ara marto TevzWeris [xelovnebis]

saxelze SevTanxmdiT, aramed Tavad sagnis arssac16 CavwvdiT.17 yoveli

xelovnebis naxevari aris mopovebiTi xelovneba, mopovebiTi xelovnebis

naxevaria xelSi Cagdebis xelovneba, xelSi Cagdebis xelovnebis

naxevari _ nadirobaa, nadirobisa _ cxovelebze nadiroba, cxovelebze

nadirobisa _ wylis cxovelebze nadiroba, wylis cxovelebze

nadirobis is saxeoba, romelic qvemodan xorcieldeba, mTlianad

Tevzaobaa, Tevzaobis naxevaria dartymiT Tevzaoba, dartymiT Tevzaobis

naxevari ki _ kaviT Tevzaoba. Am [ukanasknelis] naxevars ki, roca

dartymiT qvemodan zemoT amoqaCaven Tevzs, sagnis msgavsi saxeli hqvia

_ TevzWera, rac axlaxan msjelobis Sedegad vuwodeT.18

T e e t e t o s i. es yvelaferi savsebiT gasagebia.

u c x o e l i. modi, amave nimuSis mixedviT SevecadoT,

gamovikvlioT, ra aris sofisti.19

T e e t e t o s i. Zalian kargi.

u c x o e l i. pirveli kiTxva xom es iyo: Cveulebriv adamianad

unda CavTvaloT meTevze Tu raime xelovnebis mcodned?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. ase rom, Cveulebriv adamianad miviCnioT sofisti,

Teetetos, Tu yvelafris WeSmarit mcodned?

168

T e e t e t o s i. Cveulebriv [adamianad] _ araviTar SemTxvevaSi

[ar unda CavTvaloT]. vxvdebi, Sen ambob, rom yvelaferi imis Sesabamisi

unda iyos, ra saxelic hqvia.

u c x o e l i. maS, rogorc Cans, unda davuSvaT, rom is raime

xelovnebis mcodnea.

T e e t e t o s i. romeli [xelovnebis]?

u c x o e l i. RvTis gulisaTvis, gana ar viciT, rom es kaci imis

msgavsia?

T e e t e t o s i. romeli _ visi?

u c x o e l i. meTevze _ sofistis.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. me vfiqrob, rom orive monadirea.

T e e t e t o s i. meore raRaze nadirobs? erTze ukve vTqviT.

u c x o e l i. axlaxan xom yvela saxis nadiroba orad gavyaviT

da erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvaveT wylisa da xmeleTis cxovelebze

nadiroba?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. Semdeg ganvixileT wylis cxovelebze nadiroba.

xmeleTis cxovelebze nadiroba ki aRar dagviyvia, magram vTqviT, rom

mravalgvaria.

T e e t e t o s i. ase iyo.

u c x o e l i. amrigad, aqamde sofistica da meTevzec mopovebiTi

xelovnebiT arian dakavebulni.

T e e t e t o s i. rogorc Cans.

169

u c x o e l i. cxovelebze nadirobidan moyolebuli ki [isini]

erTmaneTs emijnebian, erTi zRvaSi, mdinareebsa da tbebSi

mobinadreebze nadirobs.

T e e t e t o s i. meore?

u c x o e l i. meore ki – miwasa da sxva saxis, simdidrisa da

siWabukis mdinareebSi [nadirobs]20, raTa iq uxv mdeloebze nazardT,

daeuflos.

T e e t e t o s i. ras ambob?

u c x o e l i. xmeleTis cxovelebze nadiroba iyofa or yvelaze

did nawilad.

T e e t e t o s i. romel [nawlebad]?

u c x o e l i. erTi – Sinaur cxovelebze nadiroba, meore –

gareul cxovelebze.

T e e t e t o s i. nuTu arsebobs Sinaur cxovelebze nadirobac?

u c x o e l i. ra Tqma unda, adamiani Sinauri cxovelia. CaTvale,

rogorc ginda: an saerTod nu dauSveb, rom arsebobs Sinauri cxoveli,

an [dauSvi] rom sxva raime Sinauri cxovelia, adamiani ki – gareuli; an,

iqneb, ambob, rom adamiani Sinauri cxovelia, magram ar uSveb [rom

arsebobs] adamianebze nadiroba? romelic girCevnia, Tavad amoirCie da

gviTxari!

T e e t e t o s i. ucxoelo, vfiqrob, rom Cven Sinauri cxovelebi

varT da vambobT, rom arsebobs adamianebze nadirobac.

u c x o e l i. Sinaur cxovelebze nadirobac orad gavyoT.

T e e t e t o s i. ris mixedviT?

170

u c x o e l i. yaCaRoba, damoneba, tirania da yvelaferi, rac

brZolas ukavSirdeba _ erTianad ganvsazRvroT rogorc ZaladobiT

nadiroba.

T e e t e t o s i. mSvenieria!

u c x o e l i. sasamarTlo, oratoruli da dialogis xelovneba,

aseve erTianad ganvsazRvroT darwmunebis xelovnebad.

T e e t e t o s i. marTalia!

u c x o e l i. davasaxeloT darwmunebis xelovnebis ori gvaric.

T e e t e t o s i. romlebi?

u c x o e l i. erTi kerZod xorcieldeba, meore – sajarod.

T e e t e t o s i. ki, arsebobs orive saxeoba.

u c x o l i. kerZo nadirobis erTi saxe gasamrjelos momTxovnia,

meore ki – saCuqrebis momtani.

T e e t e t o s i. ver vxvdebi.

u c x o e l i. rogorc Cans, SeyvarebulTa nadirobisTvis

yuradReba ar migiqcevia.

T e e t e t o s i. rasTan dakavSirebiT?

u c x o e l i. viszec nadiroben, mas saCuqrebsac uZRvnian.

T e e t e t o s i. savsebiT marTali xar.

u c x o e l i. maS, es iyos siyvarulis xelovnebis saxe.

T e e t e t o s i. kargi.

u c x o e l i. im [saxeobas] ki, romelic gasamrjelos moiTxovs,

roca urTierTobas amyareben gasamrjelos xaTriT da siamovnebas

sacdurad aqceven, xolo sazRaurad – mliqvnelobiT sazrdooben, _

rogorc me vfiqrob, maameblobis xelovneba unda vuwodoT.21

T e e t e t o s i. sworia.

171

u c x o e l i. xolo im saxeobas, roca amboben, rom siqvelis gamo

amyareben urTierTobas, gasamrjelod ki fuls iReben, samarTliani ar

iqneba, sxva saxeli vuwodoT?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. romeli? Seecade, Tqva!

T e e t e t o s i. es xom cxadia: mgonia, rom Cven sofists

mivakvlieT. vfiqrob, mas Sesaferisi saxeliT movixsenieb.

u c x o e l i. msjelobis Tanaxmad, Teetetos, rogorc Cans,

nadiroba, romelic ekuTvnis mopovebis, xelSi Cagdebis, xmeleTis

cxovelebze, Sinaur cxovelebze, adamianebze, kerZo, gasamrjelos

momTxovn, fuliT nadirobas, moCvenebiT aRzrdas, mdidar da

warCinebul Wabukebze nadirobas sofistika unda ewodos.

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. modi, asec SevxedoT: is, rasac axla vikvlevT,

ubralo xelovnebas ki ar ekuTvnis, aramed metad mravalmxrivs. Cven

adrindel naTqvamSi aseT gvarad ki ar Canda, rogorc axla [Cans],

aramed sul sxvanairad.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. mopovebiTi xelovneba ormagi saxis iyo: erTi mxriv,

nadirobis, meore mxriv ki, gacvlis [xelovneba].

T e e t e t o s i. ase iyo.

u c x o e l i. davasaxeloT gacvlis xelovnebis ori saxec, erTi

_ Cuqebis, meore _ gayidvis [xelovneba].

T e e t e t o s i. ase iyos.

u c x o e l i. Semdeg gayidvis xelovnebac orad gavyoT.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. gamovyoT sakuTari saqonlis gayidva da sxvisi

saqonlis gacvla _ gadacvlis xelovneba.

T e e t e t o s i. kargi.

u c x o e l i. da ra? gadacvlis xelovnebis TiTqmis naxevars,

romelic qalaqSi xorcieldeba, mewvrilmaneoba ar ewodeba?

172

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. xolo erTi qalaqidan meoreSi gadacvla da yidva-

gayidva msxvili vaWroba ar aris?

T e e t e t o s i. aba ra?

u c x o e l i. xom vxedavT, rom msxvili vaWrobis erTi nawili

yidis da fulze cvlis imas, riTic sazrdoobs sxeuli da rac mas

sWirdeba, meore ki imas _ rac suls sWirdeba?

T e e t e t o s i. amas ratom ambob?

u c x o e l i. is, rac sulTanaa dakavSirebuli, SesaZloa ar

viciT, meores ki rogorRac vxvdebiT.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli musikaluri

xelovneba22, romelic qalaqidan qalaqSi gadaaqvT, romelsac

yiduloben da yidian, mxatvroba, mefokuseoba23 da sxva mravali

sulisaTvis saWiro ram, romelTagan zogi gasarTobad, zogi ki

seriozuli miznebisaTvis SeaqvT da yidian, SemtanTa da

gamyidvelTaTvis saWmelsa da sasmelze naklebi araa. amitom maT

namdvilad Seefereba, rom vaWrebi vuwodoT.

T e e t e t o s i. marTals ambob.

u c x o e l i. imasac amave saxels xom ar uwodebdi, vinc codnas

yidulobs da qalaqidan qalaqSi fulze cvlis?

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. sulieri sazrdoTi vaWrobas gana samarTlianad ar

ewodeba Cvenebis xelovneba? meores ki, masze aranakleb gasarTobs,

romelic codniT vaWrobas warmoadgens, Tavad saqmis Sesaferisi

saxeli ar unda vuwodoT?

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. codniT vaWrobis im nawils, romelic sxva

xelovnebaTa codnasTanaa dakavSirebuli, erTi saxeli unda vuwodoT,

xolo siqvelesTan dakavSirebuls _ meore.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

173

u c x o e l i. erT_erTs xelovnebebiT vaWroba Seesabameba, meores

ki, ecade, Sen daarqva saxeli.

T e e t e t o s i. sxva ra saxeli vuwodo, rom ar Sevcde, axlaxan

gamokvleuli sofistikis gvaris garda?

u c x o e l i. sxva araferi. modi, axla SevajamoT da vTqvaT, rom

meore SemTxvevaSi sofistika aRmoCnda mopovebis, gadacvlis, gayidvis,

mewvrilmaneobis, sakuTari nivTebiT vaWrobis, codniT vaWrobis gvari.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

u c x o e l i. mesamec arsebobs: vfiqrob, Tu vinme qalaqSi

dasaxldeba, codnas xan yidulobs, xan ki Tavad qmnis da yidis, raTa

cxovrebis sarCo moipovos, mas sxva ra unda vuwodoT, Tu ara is, rac

ukve davarqviT.

T e e t e t o s i. ratomac ara?

u c x o e l i. mopovebiTi xelovnebis, gadacvlis, gayidvis,

mewvrilmaneobisa da sakuTari saqonliT vaWrobis saxes, ramdenadac is

am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb codniT vaWrobis gvaria, rogorc Cans, kvlav

sofistikas uwodeb.

T e e t e t o s i. aucileblad. msjelobisas Tanmimdevruli unda

iyo.

u c x o e l i. vnaxoT, kidev rames xom ar hgavs Cven mier

ganxiluli gvari?

T e e t e t o s i. ras?

u c x o e l i. mopovebiTi xelovnebis erT-erTi saxeoba Sejibreba

iyo.

T e e t e t o s i. ase iyo.

u c x o e l i. uadgilo ar iqneba, Tu mas orad gavyofT.

T e e t e t o s i. ra nawilebad?

u c x o e l i. davuSvaT, rom erTi nawili paeqrobiTia, meore ki _

sabrZolo.24

T e e t e t o s i. ase iyos.

174

u c x o e l i. sabrZolo xelovnebis im saxeobas, roca sxeuli

sxeuls upirispirdeba, Sesaferisad unda vuwodoT iseTi saxeli,

rogoricaa Zaladobrivi.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. im [saxeobas] ki, roca sityvebi sityvebs

upirispirdeba, SewinaaRmdegebis garda sxva ra vuwodoT?

T e e t e t o s i. araferi.

u c x o e l i. isic unda davuSvaT, rom SewinaaRmdegebis

xelovnebac ori saxisaa.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. sajaro [SewinaaRmdegeba], rodesac grZeli sityvebi

grZel sityvebs upirispirdeba da samarTlianobasa da usamarTlobas

exeba, sasamarTlo xelovnebaa.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. xolo [SewinaaRmdegebas], romelic kerZo xasiaTisaa

da kiTxva-pasuxebs moicavs, Cveulebisamebr, SekamaTebis xelovnebas ar

vuwodebT?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. SekamaTebis is nawili, romelic kerZo saqmeebze

davobs araostaturad, miuxedavad imisa, rom _ rogorc msjelobisas

aRmoCnda _ saxeobad unda iTvlebodes, Zvelebmac dasaxelebis gareSe

datoves da Cvenganac ar aris saxelis Rirsi.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad. is xom umcires da mravalgvar

nawilad iyofa.

u c x o e l i. imas ki, romelic Tavis TavSi xelovnebas Seicavs

da samarTlianze, usamarTlosa da sxva yvelaferze kamaTobs, gana

Cveulebriv eristikas ar vuwodebT?25

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. eristikis erTi saxeoba fulis mflangvelia, meore

ki _ mSovneli.

T e e t e t o s i. marTlac asea.

175

u c x o e l i. vcadoT, TiToeuli maTganisTvis saxelis darqmeva.

T e e t e t o s i. vcadoT.

u c x o e l i. vfiqrob, im nawils, romelic siamovnebis gamo

dros ise flangavs, rom Tavis saqmeebze ar zrunavs da romlis

naTqvamic umravlesobisaTvis usiamovno mosasmenia, layboba unda

erqvas.

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda, ase unda erqvas.

u c x o e l i. amis sapirispiros ki, romelic fuls kerZo kamaTSi

Soulobs, scade, Tavad uwodo saxeli.

T e e t e t o s i. Secdoma iqneboda, ar gveTqva, rom ukve meoTxed

warmogvidga is sakvirveli sofisti, romelsac vikvlevT.

u c x o e l i. rogorc Cans da, rogorc msjelobamac gviCvena,

sofisti aris fulis mSovneli gvari, eristikis, SekamaTebis,

SewinaaRmdegebis, sabrZolo, Sejibrebis, mopovebiTi xelovnebisa.26

T e e t e t o s i. zustad asea.

u c x o e l i. xedav, ra marTladaa naTqvami, rom es cxoveli

Wrelia da, andazis mixedviT, iseTi ram aris, rom cali xeliT ver

daiWer?

T e e t e t o s i. maS, oriveTi unda daiWiro.

u c x o e l i. ra Tqma unda. SeZlebisamebr ise unda moviqceT, rom

kvaldakval mivyveT mas. miTxari: saojaxo saqmeebs saxelebi xom aqvT?

T e e t e t o s i. uamravi. romeli maTgani gainteresebs?

u c x o e l i. iseTebi, romlebzec vambobT: ,,gawurva”, ,,gacra”,

,,ganiaveba”, ,,gamorCeva”.

T e e t e t o s i. aba ra?

u c x o e l i. garda amisa, ,,CeCva”, ,,rTva”, ,,qsova” da kidev

uamravi msgavsi ram, rac viciT, rom xelovnebas ganekuTvneba.

T e e t e t o s i. am magaliTebiT risi Cveneba gsurs da ras

mekiTxebi?

u c x o e l i. yvelaferi is, rac CamovTvaleT, SeiZleba dayofil

iqnas.

176

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. Cemi azriT, ramdenadac es yvelaferi erT

xelovnebas ukavSirdeba da erTs miekuTvneba, mas erTi saxeli unda

vuwodoT.

T e e t e t o s i. ra?

u c x o e l i. garCevis xelovneba.

T e e t e t o s i. ase iyos.

u c x o l i. daukvirdi, am xelovnebis ori saxis Cvenebac xom ar

SegviZlia?

T e e t e t o s i. Zalian swraf azrovnebas iTxov Cemgan.

u c x o e l i. garCevis im xelovnebaTagan, romlebic CamovTvaleT,

erTi uaresis ukeTesisagan gamoyofa iyo, meore ki _ msgavsisa

msgavsisagan.

T e e t e t o s i. mec ase vfiqrob.

u c x o e l i. am xelovnebis erTi saxeobis dasaxeleba ar

SemiZlia, garCevis xelovnebis meore saxeoba ki, romelic ukeTess

itovebs, uaress ki ganagdebs _ vici, rac aris.

T e e t e t o s i. Tqvi, ra aris?

u c x o e l i. yvela aseT garCevas, ramdenadac me vici, yvela

ganwmendas uwodebs.27

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. gana yvela ver mixvdeba, rom ganwmendis xelovnebac

orgvaria?

T e e t e t o s i. SeiZleba asec iyos, Tu davfiqrdebi, magram

axla ver vxvdebi.

u c x o e l i. sxeulTan dakavSirebuli ganwmendis mravali saxe

erTi saxeliT unda movixsenioT.

T e e t e t o s i. ra saxeebi da romeli saxeliT?

u c x o e l i. cocxal arsebebTan dakavSirebuli ganwmenda imisa,

rac sxeulis SigniTaa da rac eqimobisa da gimnastikis wyalobiT

sworad gamoiyofa da ganiwmindeba; aseve gareganTan dakavSirebuli

177

ganwmenda, romlis Sesaxebac uxerxulia saubari da romelic meqisis

xelovnebiT xorcieldeba; amas garda, usulo sxeulebTan

dakavSirebuli ganwmenda, romelzec mTeli Tavisi wvrilmanebis

CaTvliT zrunavs Telvis da yvela saxis morTvis xelovneba, maT metad

sasacilo saxelebi aqvT.

T e e t e t o s i. Zalian.

u c x o e l i. namdvilad asea, Teetetos, magram kvlevis meTodi

RrubliT dambanis xelovnebaze28 arc metad zrunavs da arc naklebad,

vidre wamlis damzadebis [xelovnebaze]29, Tundac erTi meoreze ufro

saWiro iyos Cveni ganwmendisaTvis. es meTodi cdilobs codnis

mopovebis mizniT Seicnos riTi hgavs da riTi gansxvavdeba xelovnebani

erTmaneTisgan. amis gamo yvelas Tanabrad afasebs da, ramdenadac isini

erTimeoris msgavsni arian, arc erTs ar miiCnevs meoreze sasacilod.

vinc nadirobas mxedarTmTavrobis magaliTze aCvenebs, ar miiCnevs mas

imaze aRmatebulad, vinc amas tilebze nadirobiT akeTebs, Tumca

pirvels ufro amaRlebulad Tvlis. axla ki, Seni kiTxvis pasuxad, ra

saxeli davarqvaT yvela im Zalas, romelsac usulo Tu sulier

sxeulTa ganwmenda xvda wilad. am meTodisaTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvs,

romeli saxeli iqneba ufro Sesaferisi, oRond yvela saxis ganwmenda

moicvas, garda imisa, romelic suls ukavSirdeba. axla xom [am meTodma]

azrovnebasTan dakavSirebuli ganwmenda gamohyo yvela sxva saxis

[ganwmendisagan], Tu, ra Tqma unda, Cven vxvdebiT, namdvilad ra surs

mas.

T e e t e t o s i. mivxvdi da veTanxmebi, rom arsebobs ganwmendis

ori saxe, erTi _ sulTan dakavSirebuli, meore ki _ sxeulTan.

u c x o e l i. Zalian kargi! momismine da scade, rasac vityvi,

kvlav orad gayo!

T e e t e t o s i. ra mimarTulebac ar unda momce, vecdebi

gamogyve.

u c x o e l i. imas, rac sulSi saTnoebisgan gansxvavebulia,

mankierebas ar vuwodebT?

178

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. ganwmenda yvelaferi uvargisisgan ganSoreba da

danarCenis datovebaa.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. Tu sulisgan borotebis ganSorebis raime gzas

vipoviT da mas ganwmendas vuwodebT, saTanadod moviqceviT.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

u c x o e l i. isic unda vTqvaT, rom arsebobs sulTan

dakavSirebuli borotebis ori saxe.

T e e t e t o s i. romeli?

u c x o e l i. erTi [hgavs] sneulebas sxeulSi, meore ki _

usaxurobas.

T e e t e t o s i. ver gavige.

u c x o e l i. iqneb sneuleba da areuloba erTi da igive ar

ggonia?

T e e t e t o s i. arc amaze maqvs pasuxi.

u c x o e l i. areulobad sxva ra migaCnia, Tu ara ngreva,

romelic bunebiT monaTesaveTa Soris ganxeTqilebis Sedegad

warmoiSoba?30

T e e t e t o s i. araferi.

u c x o e l i. usaxuroba ki sxva ra aris, Tu ara

araTanazomierebis yovelmxriv deformirebuli gvari?

T e e t e t o s i. sxva araferi.

u c x o e l i. da ra? ver vamCnevT, rom uRirsi adamianebis sulSi

azrebi _ vnebebs, neba _ siamovnebebs, goneba _ mwuxarebebs

upirispirdeba?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor vera?

u c x o e l i. es yvelaferi xom aucileblad erTmaneTs

enaTesaveba?

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

179

u c x o e l i. maS, Tu areulobasa da sulis sneulebas

mankierebas vuwodebT, swori naTqvami iqneba.

T e e t e t o s i. usworesi.

u c x o e l i. maS, yvelaferze, rac ki moZraobas eziareba da

raime mizans isaxavs, romliskenac miiswrafvis, magram moZraobisas

scdeba [mizans] da ver aRwevs mas, ras vityviT, erTmaneTis

Tanazomierebis gamo xdeba es, Tu, piriqiT, _ araTanazomierebis?

T e e t e t o s i. cxadia, araTanazomierebis gamo.

u c x o e l i. xom viciT, rom yoveli suli Tavisdauneburad

scdeba yvelaferSi?31

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. arcodna ki is aris, roca suli WeSmaritebas

eswrafvis, magram mis gagebas ascdeba, anu sxva araferi, Tu ara

gadacdoma.32

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad asea.

u c x o e l i. ugunuri suli ki usaxurad da araTanazomierad

unda CavTvaloT.

T e e t e t o s i. rogorc Cans.

u c x o e l i. savaraudod, masSi borotebis es ori gvaria: erTi _

romelsac umravlesoba mankierebas uwodebs da, romelic, cxadia,

[sulis] sneulebaa.

T e e t e t o s i. diax.

u c x o e l i. meores ki ucodinrobas uwodeben, magram ar surT

aRiaron, rom es mxolod sulSi arsebuli borotebaa.

T e e t e t o s i. rasakvirvelia, unda daveTanxmo imas, rac

axlaxan Tqvi da raSic maSin daveWvdi, rom sulSi borotebis ori

gvari arsebobs, da rom simxdale, aRviraxsniloba da usamarTloba,

yvelaferi erTad, CvenSi arsebul sneulebad33 unda CavTvaloT, xolo

mravali da sxvadasxvagvari ucodinrobis mdgomareoba _ usaxurobad.

u c x o e l i. sxeulis am or mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebuli ori

saxis xelovnebac xom ar arsebobs?

180

T e e t e t o s i. romeli?

u c x o e l i. usaxurobasTan dakavSirebiT _ gimnastika,

sneulebasTan [dakavSirebiT] ki _ eqimoba.

T e e t e t o s i. rogorc Cans.

u c x o e l i. zviadobas, usamarTlobasa da simxdalesTan

dakavSirebiTac xom ar arsebobs Tavisi bunebiT samarTlianobisaTvis

yvelaze Sesaferisi _ dasjis xelovneba?34

T e e t e t o s i. ase Cans, yovel SemTxvevaSi

adamianTa SexedulebiT.

u c x o e l i. da yvela saxis ucodinrobasTan dakavSirebiT? gana

swavlebis xelovnebaze ufro marTebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos rame?

T e e t e t o s i. araferi.

u c x o e l i. maS, kargi. ra unda vTqvaT: rom arsebobs swavlebis

xelovnebis erTi gvari, Tu meti, romelTagan ori yvelaze

mniSvnelovania? dafiqrdi!

T e e t e t o s i. vfiqrob.

u c x o e l i. mgonia, rom ase swrafad vipoviT [gamosavals].

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. vnaxoT, ucodinrobac orad xom ar iyofa. Tu is

oria, cxadia, rom swavlebis xelovnebasac ori nawili unda hqondes _

ucodinrobis TiToeuli gvaris Sesabamisad TiTo.

T e e t e t o s i. ras ityvi? naTelia SenTvis is, rasac axla

ganvixilavT?

u c x o e l i. mgonia, rom vxedav ucodinrobis did, rTul,

gancalkevebul saxes, romelic [ucodinrobis] yvela sxva nawilis

tolfasia.

T e e t e t o s i. romels?

u c x o e l i. imas, rodesac ucodinars hgonia, rom icis. rogorc

Cans, yvelas aqedan warmoeSoba azrovnebis yvela Secdoma.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

181

u c x o e l i. vfiqrob, ucodinrobis mxolod am saxes unda

vuwodoT uswavleloba.

T e e t e t o s i. WeSmaritad.

u c x o e l i. ra unda davarqvaT swavlebis xelovnebis im nawils,

romelic [uswavlelobas] gvaSorebs?

T e e t e t o s i. vfiqrob, ucxoelo, swavlobis xelovnebis erT

nawils xelobis swavleba, xolo meores ki aq, CvenTan aRzrda

[ewodeba].

u c x o e l i. da TiTqmis yvela berZenTan, Teetetos. magram Cven

isic unda ganvixiloT, ukve erTiani da dauyofelia is, Tu aqvs raime

nawili, romelic saxelis Rirsi iqneboda.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad, unda ganvixiloT.

u c x o e l i. vfiqrob, rom es nawilic rogorRac iyofa.

T e e t e t o s i. ris mixedviT?

u c x o e l i. saubrebis saSualebiT swavlebis xelovnebaSi erTi

gza ufro uswormasworo Cans, meore ki _ swori.

T e e t e t o s i. ras vityviT TiToeul maTganze?

u c x o e l i. erTi gza uZvelesi da mamapapuria, romelsac

upiratesad SvilebTan mimarTavdnen da bevri axlac iyenebs. roca

Svilebi raRacaSi damnaSaveni arian, xan uwyrebian maT, xan ki ubralod

uyvaveben. yvelafer amas marTebulad vuwodebdiT Segonebis xelovnebas.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. rac Seexeba meore gzas, rogorc Cans, zogierTma

daaskvna, rom uswavleloba uneburia da is, visac hgonia, rom brZenia,

arasodes moisurvebs iswavlos is, raSic fiqrobs, rom Zlieria.

amdenad, aRzrdis SegonebiTi saxe, romelic did Sromas moiTxovs,

nakleb efeqturia.

T e e t e t o s i. sworadac daaskvna.

u c x o e l i. am azris ukusagdebad sxva saSualebas mimarTaven.

T e e t e t o s i. romels?

182

u c x o e l i. kiTxvebs usvamen adamians imasTan dakavSirebiT,

razec mas hgonia, rom raRacas ambobs, sinamdvileSi ki arafers ambobs.

da raki es adamianebi mied-moedebian, advilad arkveven maT azrebs,

msjelobebSi aerTianeben da erTmaneTs upirispireben; amgvarad ki

warmoaCenen, rom erTsa da imave sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli azrebi,

mimarTebebi da saSualebebi erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. amas rom

dainaxaven, isini TavianT Tavze brazoben, sxvebs ki Tavazianad eqcevian

da am gziT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb didi warmodgenisa da akviatebuli

azrebisgan Tavisufldebian. amis mosmena yvelaferze ufro sasiamovnoa.

imisTvis ki, vinc amas ganicdis, es yvelaze saimedo ganTavisuflebaa.35

isini, vinc [am adamianebs] ganwmends, Svilo Cemo, fiqroben eqimebis

msgavsad, romelnic Tvlian, rom sxeuli manam ver Seirgebs

SeTavazebul saWmels, sanam imas ar gandevnis, rac mas xels uSlis.

asevea sxeulTan dakavSirebiTac: manam ar miiRebs sargebels

SeTavazebuli codnidan, sanam mamxilebeli mxilebuls ar Searcxvens,

codnis Semaferxebel azrebs ar ganudevnis, ar ganwmends da ar

afiqrebinebs, rom icis mxolod is, rac icis, meti ki _ ara.36

T e e t e t o s i. esaa saukeTeso da yvelaze keTilgonieri gza.

u c x o e l i. am yvelafridan gamomdinare, Teetetos, mxilebaze

unda visaubroT, rogorc udides da umniSvnelovanes ganwmendaze da

unda miviCnioT, rom is, visac amgvari mxileba ar ganucdia, diadi

mefec37 rom iyos, vinaidan umniSvnelovanesSi ar aris ganwmendili,

uswavleli da usaxuria imaSi, raSic WeSmariti bednierebis msurveli

yvelaze wminda da mSvenieri unda iyos.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad asea.

u c x o e l i. maS, ra vuwodoT imas, vinc am xelovnebiTaa

dakavebuli? vSiSob, mas sofisti vuwodo.

T e e t e t o s i. ratom?

u c x o e l i. metismeti pativi rom ar mivagoT.

T e e t e t o s i. magram, rac axla vTqviT, raRac aseTs hgavs.

183

u c x o e l i. ZaRlic xom hgavs mgels, yvelaze gareuli _

yvelaze Sinaurs. windaxeduli adamiani msgavsebasTan mimarTebaSi

yovelTvis gansakuTrebiT frTxilad unda iyos, radgan es Zalian

meryevi gvaria.38 de, iyos ase, radgan vfiqrob, mcire sazRvrebis gamo

ar daoben, roca maT kargad icaven.

T e e t e t o s i. albaT, ara.

u c x o e l i. dae, garCevis xelovnebis erTi nawili iyos

ganwmendis xelovneba, ganwmendis xelovnebidan gamovyoT is nawili,

romelic sulTanaa dakavSirebuli, aqedan ki _ swavlebis xelovneba,

swavlebis xelovnebidan _ aRzrdis xelovneba, aRzrdis xelovnebidan

ki gamovyoT amao sibrZnis mxileba da, am msjelobis Tanaxmad, vuwodoT

keTilSobili sofistikis gvari.39

T e e t e t o s i. vuwodoT. me ki, imis gamo, rom [sofisti] ukve

bevri ram aRmoCnda, dabneuli var. ra unda vTqvaT, WeSmariti da

damajerebeli, imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris sinamdvileSi sofisti?

u c x o e l i. bunebrivia, dabneuli rom xar, magram

gaiTvaliswine, rom ukve isic dabneulia, sad gaeparos Cvens msjelobas.

marTalia andaza, rom yvelafers advilad ver gaeqcevi.40 axla ki droa

[sofists] Tavs davesxaT.

T e e t e t o s i. mSvenivrad ambob.

u c x o e l i. jer SevCerdeT, suli moviTqvaT, SevisvenoT da

sakuTar Tavs SevaxsenoT, ramdeni saxiT warmogviCnda sofisti.

vfiqrob, pirvel rigSi gasamrjelos fasad axalgazrdebsa da

mdidrebze monadire aRmoCnda.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. meorec _ sulTan dakavSirebuli codniT movaWrea.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. mesame: gana ar aRmoCnda, rom mwvrilmanea?

T e e t e t o s i. ki. da meoTxe: codnasTan dakavSirebuli

sakuTari saqonliT movaWre iyo.

184

u c x o e l i. sworad gagaxsenda. mexuTes ki Sevecdebi, me

gavixseno. igi sityvier SejibrebebSi aTletad mogvevlina, mas Semdeg,

rac eristikis xelovnebas daeufla.

T e e t e t o s i. ase iyo.

u c x o e l i. meeqvse sakamaToa, Tumca [sofists] davuTmeT da

SevTanxmdiT, rom igi suls ganwmends codnis damabrkolebeli

azrebisgan.

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda, asea.

u c x o e l i. nuTu yuradReba ar miaqcie, rom roca vinme

mravlis mcodne aRmoCndeba da mas erTi xelovnebis saxeliT ixsenieben,

ase swori warmodgena ar iqmneba? magram, xom cxadia, rom mas, vinc ase

aRiqvams romelime xelovnebas, ver xedavs masSi imas, riskenac

mimarTulia yvela es codna da amis gamo is erTis nacvlad mravali

saxeliT moixseniebs am codnaTa mflobels?

T e e t e t o s i. rogorc Cans, xSirad ase xdeba.

u c x o e l i. Cvenc, sizarmacis gamo, kvlevis dros es nu

dagvemarTeba, aramed imaTgan, rac sofistis Sesaxeb iTqva, aviRoT erT-

erTi, romelic, Cemi azriT, yvelaze metad migvaniSnebs masze.

T e e t e t o s i. romeli?

u c x o e l i. erTgan vTqviT, rom is SekamaTebis xelovania.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. maS, amas sxvebsac xom ar aswavlis?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. vnaxoT, ras amboben [es adamianebi], ra saxis

SekamaTebis xelovnad aqceven isini sxvebs. modi, Cveni kvleva Tavidan

amgvarad warvmarToT: im RvTaebrivis Sesaxeb xom ar aswavlian kamaTs,

romelic umravlesobisTvis uxilavia?

T e e t e t o s i. maTze ase amboben.

u c x o e l i. rac Seexeba miwier, ciur da sxva amgvar

movlenebs?41

T e e t e t o s i. maT Sesaxebac.

185

u c x o e l i. kerZo saubrebSi, roca sityva Camovardeba

warmoSobasa da arsebobaze, xom viciT, rom Tavadac Zlierni arian

kamaTSi da sxvebsac Zlierebad aqceven?

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. rac Seexeba kanonebsa da yvelafer imas, rac

politikas ukavSirdeba, xom ar pirdebian, rom amaSic Zlier

mowinaaRmdegeebad gaxdian?

T e e t e t o s i. SeiZleba iTqvas, aravin daelaparakeboda maT,

amas rom ar pirdebodnen.42

u c x o e l i. is, raSic TiToeul xelovnebasTan dakavSirebiT

unda [SeeZlos] SekamaTeba ostats, swavlis msurvelTaTvis werilobiTi

saxiTaa gamoqveynebuli.

T e e t e t o s i. vfiqrob, protagorasis nawarmoebs gulisxmob

Widaobasa da sxva xelovnebaTa Sesaxeb.43

u c x o e l i. da mraval sxvasac, dalocvilo. nuTu ar fiqrob,

rom SekamaTebis xelovneba saerTod yvela sakiTxze kamaTisTvis

Sesaferisi saSualebaa?

T e e t e t o s i. rogorc Cans, [mas] TiTqmis araferi gamorCeba.

u c x o e l i. magram, RmerTebis gulisTvis, Svilo, Sen es

SesaZleblad migaCnia? Tqven, aaxalgazrdebi, amas ufro maxvili

TvaliT uyurebT, vidre Cven.44

T e e t e t o s i. amas ratom ambob? ver gavige SekiTxva.

u c x o e l i. Tu aris SesaZlebeli, rom erTma adamianma

yvelaferi icodes.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad dalocvili iqneboda, ucxoelo, Cveni

gvari.

u c x o e l i. rogor SeZlebs Tavad ucodinari mcodnes saRad

SeekamaTos?45

T e e t e t o s i. veranairad.

u c x o e l i. maS, raRa iqneboda sofistikis Zalis sakvirveleba?

T e e t e t o s i. rasTan dakavSirebiT?

186

u c x o e l i. rogor moaxerxebdnen axalgazrdebisaTvis is azri

STaenergaT, rom yvelaferSi yvelaze ufro brZenni arian. cxadia,

sworad rom ar ekamaTebodnen, an [axalgazrdebs] rom ar eCvenebodeT,

rom [sworad ekamaTebian], an rom eCvenebodeT, rom sworad

ewinaaRmdegebian, magram am SewinaaRmdegebis gamo gonierebad ar

Tvlidnen maT, Senive TqmiT, [axalgazrdebi] ar moisurvebdnen maTTvis

fulis micemasa da maT mowafeobas.

T e e t e t o s i. albaT, ara.

u c x o e l i. axla xom surT?

T e e t e t o s i. Zalianac.

u c x o e l i. vfiqrob, isini imis mcodneebad Canan, razec

kamaToben.

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. magram, xom vambobT, rom amas yvela sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT akeTeben?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. isini moswavleebs yvela sakiTxSi brZenebad

eCvenebian.46

T e e t e t o s i. aba ra?

u c x o e l i. magram ar arian. xom gacxadda, rom es SeuZlebelia.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ar aris SeuZlebeli?

u c x o e l i. maS, sofisti aRmoCnda yvela sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT raRac moCvenebiTi codnis mqone da ara _ WeSmariti

codnisa.47

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda, da axlandeli naTqvami yvelaze

ufro marTali Cans.

u c x o e l i. aviRoT amaze ufro naTeli magaliTi.

T e e t e t o s i. romeli?

u c x o e l i. ai es. scade yuradReba moikribo da kargad upasuxo

Cem SekiTxvas.

T e e t e t o s i. romel SekiTxvas?

187

u c x o e l i. Tu vinme ityvis, rom verc laparakobs, verc

ekamaTeba, magram erTi saxis xelovnebiT yvelafris gakeTeba SeuZlia...

T e e t e t o s i. ,,yvelaferSi” ras gulisxmob?

u c x o e l i. Cemi naTqvamis amosavals ver xvdebi, radgan,

rogorc Cans am ,,yvelafers” ver igeb.

T e e t e t o s i. vera.

u c x o e l i. vgulisxmob imas, rom Senc, mec, da CvenTan erTad

sxva cxovelebi da mcenareebi “yvelaferSi” SevdivarT.

T e e t e t o s i. ras gulisxmob?

u c x o e l i. Tu vinme ityvis, rom mec Semqmnis, Senc da yvela

sxva Seqmnil [arsebasac]...

T e e t e t o s i. romel Seqmnas gulisxmob? ra Tqma unda,

romelime miwaTmoqmedze ar laparakob, raki mas cxovelebis

Semqmnelsac uwodeb.

u c x o e l i. vuwodeb da amasTan erTad, zRvis, miwis, cisa da

sxva yvelafris Semqmnelsac.48 swrafad qmnis TiToeul maTgans da

iafad yidis.

T e e t e t o s i. xumrob?

u c x o e l i. aba ra? imasac xumrobad ar CaTvli, Tu vinme

ityvis, rom yvelaferi icis da mokle xanSi sxvebsac iafad aswavlis?

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. ici, xumrobis romelime ufro ostaturi da

sasiamovno saxe, vidre baZvaa?49

T e e t e t o s i. araviTari. Sen daasaxele yovlismomcveli da

mravalferovani saxe da amiT yvelafers erTad mouyare Tavi.

u c x o e l i. amgvarad, viciT, rom is, vinc pirdeba erTi

xelovnebiT yvelafris Seqmnas, mxatvrobis xelovnebiT qmnis arsebulis

mibaZvebsa da mosaxeleebs da, radgan daxatuls Soridan warmoaCens,

mas SeuZlia moatyuos ugunuri axalgazrdebi, TiTqos xelewifeba

namdvilad aRasrulos is, rac surs.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

188

u c x o e l i. maS ra? xom ar CavTvaloT, rom sityvebTan

dakavSirebiTac arsebobs raime sxva xelovneba, romlis saSualebiTac

SesaZlebelia moajadovo axalgazrdebi da isini, vinc Sors arian

saganTa WeSmariti arsisgan, moajadovo saubrebiT, romlebic smenaze

moqmedeben, da yvelafris sityvier aCrdilTa CvenebiT? amgvarad,

naTqvams WeSmaritad miiCneven, mTqmels ki _ yvela sakiTxSi yvelaze

ufro brZenad.

T e e t e t o s i. ratomac ar unda arsebobdes raime aseTi

xelovneba?

u c x o e l i. Teetetos, gana mravali msmeneli mas Semdeg, rac

sakmao dro gava da asaks miaRwevs, dauaxlovdeba realobas da mware

gamocdilebiT iZulebuli ar gaxdeba ukeT Caswvdes arsebuls, ar

Seicvlis adre Camoyalibebul azrebs ise, rom mcire didad moeCveneba,

rTuli _ advilad da yvela mcdari warmodgena ki, romelic

msjelobebs moaqvs, gauqarwyldeba praqtikuli saqmianobis Sedegad?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara, ramdenadac Cems asakSi ganvsji,

magram, vfiqrob, rom mec maT Soris var, vinc am [mdgomareobisgan] jer

kidev Sorsaa.

u c x o e l i. amitomac, Cven SevecdebiT da axlac vcdilobT, am

gamocdilebis gareSe, rac SeiZleba axlos migiyvanoT am

[mdgomareobamde].50 sofistTan dakavSirebiT ki es miTxari: ukve cxadia,

rom is jadoqaria, romelic arsebuls hbaZavs Tu kvlav vmeryeobT, xom

ar aqvs mas WeSmaritad is codna, rasTan dakavSirebiTac Cans, rom

kamaTi SeuZlia?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor, ucxoelo? naTqvamidan ukve naTelia, rom

is garTobis nawilia.

u c x o e l i. da amitomac, is jadoqrad da mimbaZvelad unda

CavTvaloT.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

189

u c x o e l i. maS, axla xelidan ar gavuSvaT mxeci. is TiTqmis

ukve momwyvdeuli gvyavs im iaraRis badeSi, romelsac am sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebuli msjelobiT vflobT.

T e e t e t o s i. saidan?

u c x o e l i. gana mefokuseTa gvarisa ar aris?

T e e t e t o s i. mec ase mgonia.

u c x o e l i. SevTanxmdiT, rom rac SeiZleba swrafad gavyoT

gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis xelovneba51. roca masSi SeviWrebiT, Tu

sofisti Cven pirispir aRmoCndeba, SevipyrobT mas mefis sityviT,52 masve

gadavcemT da nanadirevad gamovacxadebT. Tu rogorme moaxerxebs baZvis

xelovnebis nawilSi damalvas, mivyvebiT mas bolomde da [dayofis

Sedegad] miRebul nawilebs iqamde davyofT, sanam ar daviWerT. verc es

da verc romelime sxva gvari Tavs ver moiwonebs, rom SeuZlia gaeqces53

imas, vinc flobs, erTi mxriv, mTlianis, meore mxriv ki, nawilis devnis

meTods.

T e e t e t o s i. kargad ambob! zustad ise, rogorc saWiroa.

u c x o e l i. miRebuli dayofis xerxis Tanaxmad, me meCveneba,

rom baZvis or saxes vWvret. xolo, Tu romelSia sakvlevi idea, amis

gageba, vfiqrob, axla ar SemiZlia.

T e e t e t o s i. jer Tqvi da gangvimarte, romel or saxes

gulisxmob!

u c x o e l i. erTSi vgulisxmob xatebis Seqmnis xelovnebas,

rodesac vinme qmnis originalis sigrZis, siganisa da simaRlis

Tanazomier baZviT nawarmoebs da, amasTanave, TiToeul [nawils]

Sesaferis fers aZlevs.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor? yvela mimbaZveli amas ar cdilobs?

u c x o e l i. isini ara, romlebic raime did qmnilebas Zerwaven

an xataven. mSvenier saganTa WeSmariti zomebi rom gadmoscen, Sen ici,

rom zeda nawili imaze ufro mcire aRmoCndeba, vidre saWiroa, qveda ki

_ ufro didi, imitom, rom erTs Soridan vuyurebT, meores ki _

axlodan.54

190

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. xom ar ugulebelyofen Semoqmedni WeSmaritebasa da

arsebul zomebs da qmnian mxolod im gamosaxulebebs, romlebic maT

mSvenivrad eCvenebaT?

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad asea.

u c x o e l i. gana samarTliani ar iqneba, pirvels, raki igi

msgavsia, xati vuwodoT?55

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. amasTanave, baZvis xelovnebis erT nawils xatis

Seqmnis xelovneba xom ar vuwodoT?

T e e t e t o s i. vuwodoT.

u c x o e l i. maS, ra vuwodoT imas, rac mSvenieris msgavsi Cans,

radgan saTanado adgilidan ar vuyurebT, magram Tu vinmes saSualeba

miecema saTanadod ganWvritos, mSvenieris msgavsic ki ar ar

aRmoCndeba? is, rac msgavsi Cans, magram [msgavsi] ar aris, moCveneba

araa?

T e e t e t o s i. aba ra?

u c x o e l i. es nawili xom mxatvrobaSic da yvela saxis baZvis

xelovnebaSic Zalian didia?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. moCvenebis da ara xatis Semqmnel xelovnebas

marTebulad ar vuwodebT moCvenebaTa Seqmnis xelovnebas?

T e e t e t o s i. Zalianac sworad.

u c x o e l i. amgvarad, me davasaxele gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis

ori saxe: xatis Semqmneli da moCvenebisa.

T e e t e t o s i. marTalia.

u c x o e l i. rac Seexeba imas, Tu romels mivakuTvnoT sofisti,

amasTan dakavSirebiT adrec dabneuli viyavi da axlac ver vxedav

naTlad. WeSmaritad sakvirveli da Znelad gansaWvreti kacia. axlac

Zalian moxerxebulad gagveqca im saxeobaSi, romelic rTuli

gamosakvlevia.

191

T e e t e t o s i. ase Cans.

u c x o e l i. Sen amas Segnebulad eTanxmebi Tu raRac sityvis

Zalam, Cveulebisamebr, gibiZga rom swrafad daTanxmebodi?

T e e t e t o s i. rasTan dakavSirebiT ambob amas?

u c x o e l i. namdvilad Zalian didi safiqrali gvaqvs,

dalocvilo. rodesac raime Cans da miiCneva imad, rac ar aris, aseve

raimes Tqma, rac araa WeSmariti _ yvelaferi es adrec yovelTvis

dabneulobiT aRsavse iyo da axlac asea. Zalian rTuli gasagebia,

Teetetos, Tu rogor ar unda movides winaaRmdegobaSi is, vinc ambobs,

rom namdvilad SesaZlebelia tyuilis fiqri da Tqma?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. aseTi msjeloba imasac ki dauSvebda, rom

ararsebuli arsebobs.56 sxvanairad xom tyuilic ar iarsebebda. didma

parmenidesma, Svilo, roca Cven bavSvebi viyaviT, maSin daiwyo mtkiceba

da bolomde amas ambobda xan prozad da xan leqsad:57

,,arasodes arsad ase ar aris, rom ararsebuli arsebobdes,

da, Sen, kvlevisas amgvar gzas ganaride azri”.58

maS, masTan es damowmebulia da am msjelobis saTanado gamoZieba59

yvelaze metad cxadyofda amis [siswores]. pirvelad swored es

ganvixiloT, Tu SenTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvs.

T e e t e t o s i. me Tu mkiTxav, rogorc ginda, ise iyos, xolo

rac Seexeba msjelobas, moifiqre, rogor iqneba misi warmarTva ukeTesi

da mec im gziT gamiZexi!

u c x o e l i. ase unda moviqceT. miTxari, gavbedavT, rom

warmovTqvaT ,,aranairad arsebuli”?

T e e t e t o s i. ratomac ara?

u c x o e l i. Tu saWiro iqneboda, rom romelime msmenels

kamaTis an xumrobis gamo ki ara, aramed seriozulad epasuxa, ras

ekuTvnis es saxeli _ ,,ararsebuli” _ rogor gvgonia, ras upasuxebda

kiTxvis damsmels, rasTan dakavSirebiT da rogor gamoiyenebda am

[sityvas]?

192

T e e t e t o s i. rTul da damabnevel kiTxvas misvam.

u c x o e l i. magram is ki cxadia, rom ararsebuli ar miemarTeba

raimes arsebulTa Soris.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor unda miemarTebodes?

u c x o e l i. amrigad, Tu ar miemarTeba arsebuls, maSin ar

iqneba marTali is, vinc [ararsebuls] ,,raimes” miakuTvnebs.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. CvenTvis cxadia is, rom sityvas ,,raRac” yovelTvis

arsebulze vambobT. misi warmoTqma SiSvlad, yvela arsebulisgan

gancalkevebiT SeuZlebelia. ase ar aris?

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. msjelobis Tanaxmad, imasac xom ar eTanxmebi, rom

vinc raRacaze saubrobs, es raRac aucileblad erTia?

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. ,,raRac”, Sen ityvi, rom niSnavs erTs, ,,raRac

wyvili”60 _ ors, ,,raRaceebi” ki _ mravals.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. Tu vinme raRacas ar ambobs, rogorc Cans, is

aucileblad saerTod arafers ambobs.

T e e t e t o s i. aucileblad asea.

u c x o e l i. imasac xom ar unda daveTanxmoT, rom aseTi

adamiani Tumca ki laparakobs, magram arafers ambobs?61 ,,laparakic” ki

ar unda iTqvas imaze, roca vinme cdilobs ararsebuli warmoTqvas.

T e e t e t o s i. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cvens msjelobaSi

dabneulobas bolo moeReboda.

u c x o e l i. masec nu ityvi, dalocvilo, radgan arsebobs kidev

erTi dabneuloba, upirvelesi da umniSvnelovanesi. is Tavad problemis

sawyiss ukavSirdeba.

T e e t e t o s i. ras ambob? Tqvi, nu ayovneb!

u c x o e l i. arsebuls Tu ukavSirdeba raime sxva arsebulTagan?

T e e t e t o s i. ratomac ara?

193

u c x o e l i. magram, vityviT, rom SesaZlebelia, ararsebuls

odesme raime arsebuli daukavSirdes?

T e e t e t o s i. da rogor?

u c x o e l i. ricxvebs xom arsebulTa Soris vaTavsebT?

T e e t e t o s i. Tuki saerTod rame SeiZleba CaiTvalos

arsebulad.

u c x o e l i. amgvarad, arc ki unda vecadoT, ararsebuls

simravle an erTi mivakuTvnoT.

T e e t e t o s i. msjelobidan gamomdinare, Cans, ar iqneboda

swori, es rom gvecada.

u c x o e l i. maS, rogor gamoTqvamda vinme eniT an, saerTod,

azrovnebiT rogor Cawvdeboda ararsebulebsa da ararsebuls ricxvis

gareSe?

T e e t e t o s i. Tqvi, rogor?

u c x o e l i. roca vambobT ,,ararsebulebs”, gana ar vcdilobT

mravlobiTi ricxvi SevuwyoT?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. ,,ararsebuls” ki _ mxolobiTi.

T e e t e t o s i. es cxadze ucxadesia.

u c x o e l i. magram, usamarTlod da arasworad migvaCnia

mcdeloba, arsebuls ararsebuli SevuwyoT.

T e e t e t o s i. marTlad ambob.

u c x o e l i. maS, xvdebi, rom SeuZlebelia marTebulad gamoTqma,

Tqma Tu gafiqreba ararsebulisa Tavis TavSi, aramed is aris

miuwvdomeli, aRuwereli, gamouTqmeli da mouazrebeli?

T e e t e t o s i. zustad asea.

u c x o e l i. maS, Sevcdi, roca vTqvi, rom vaxsenebdi

[ararsebulTan] dakavSirebul yvelaze did dabneulobas, radgan ufro

mniSvnelovani raRac gvaqvs saTqmeli.

T e e t e t o s i. ra?

194

u c x o e l i. Zvirfaso, naTqvamidan ver xvdebi, rom mis

mamxilebels ,,ararsebuli” ise daabnevs, rom vinc ki xels mihyofs mis

uaryofas, iZulebuli xdeba Tavisi Tavis sawinaaRmdego Tqvas amasTan

dakavSirebiT?62

T e e t e t o s i. ras ambob? ufro gasagebad Tqvi!

u c x o e l i. Cemi azriT, ar aris saWiro amis ufro naTlad Tqma.

me xom davuSvi, rom ararsebuli arc erTs SeiZleba eziarebodes da _

arc mravals. axla ki erTi vuwode mas, radgan vambob “ararsebuls”.

SeniSne es?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. ufro adre ki vTqvi, rom is gamouTqmeli,

aRuwereli da mouazrebelia. momyvebi?

T e e t e t o s i. mogyvebi, rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. magram, rodesac vcdilobdi, arsebobasTan

damekavSirebina, zemoTqmulis sawinaaRmdegos xom ar vambobdi?

T e e t e t o s i. ase Cans.

u c x o e l i. maS, [ararsebuls] rom vukavSirebdi, rogorc erTs,

ise ar movixseniebdi?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. vuwodebdi ra mouazrebels, aRuwerelsa da

gamouTqmels, rogorc erTze, ise vlaparakobdi.

T e e t e t o s i. diax.

u c x o e l i. vazusteb: marTebulad rom iTqvas, [ararsebuli] ar

unda iqnas gansazRvruli arc erTad da arc mravlad; saerTod ar unda

ewodos ,,es”, radgan dasaxelebiTac erTis gvarad iqneba gansazRvruli.

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. ras ityvian Cemze? adrec da axlac damarcxebuli

aRmovCndebi ararsebulis mxilebisas. Cem naTqvamSi, rogorc ukve vTqvi,

nu veZebT simarTles ararsebulTan dakavSirebiT, aramed, modi, axla

SensaSi veZeboT.

T e e t e t o s i. ras ambob?

195

u c x o e l i. modi, rogorc axalgazrdas Sehferis, Zal-Rone

moikribe da ecade ise, rom arc arsebuli, arc erTi, arc ricxvTa

simravle ar miakuTvno ararsebuls, raime marTebuli Tqva masTan

dakavSirebiT!

T e e t e t o s i. mZime da uazro iqneboda Cemi survili, Tuki

Seni mdgomareobis Semxedvare, ase moviqceodi.

u c x o e l i. Tu ginda, moveSvaT sakuTar Tavs da manam, sanam ar

wavawydebiT vinmes, vinc amis gakeTebas SeZlebs, vTqvaT, rom metad

miudgomel adgilas ostaturad CayvinTa sofistma.

T e e t e t o s i. asec Cans.

u c x o e l i. amitom, Tu vityviT, rom igi moCvenebaTa Seqmnis

xelovnebas flobs, am msjelobis gamoyenebiT, igi advilad Seabrunebs

Cvens naTqvams sawinaaRmdego mxares. roca mas gamosaxulebaTa

Semqmnels vuwodebT, gvkiTxavs, saerTod ra aris gamosaxuleba.

amitomac, Teetetos, unda movifiqroT, ra vupasuxoT am ymawvils

SekiTxvaze.

T e e t e t o s i. cxadia, davasaxelebT wyalsa da sarkeSi

arsebul gamosaxulebebs, aseve naxatebsa da qandakebebs da sxva aseT

rameebs.63

u c x o e l i. Teetetos, rogorc Cans, sofisti jer ar ginaxavs.

T e e t e t o s i. ratom?

u c x o l i. mogeCveneboda, rom is Tvalebs Wutavs an saerTod ar

aqvs [Tvalebi].

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. roca mas aseT pasuxs gascem, sarkeebsa Tu

qmnilebebs dausaxeleb, Sens naTqvams dascinebs, radgan Sen mas ise

daelaparakebi, rogorc mxedvels, is ki Tavs mogaCvenebs, TiTqos arc

sarkeebs, arc wyals da saerTod arc mxedvelobas ar icnobs da

mxolod imas gkiTxavs, rac Seni sityvebidan gamomdinareobs.64

T e e t e t o s i. ras?

196

u c x o e l i. ra aqvs erTmaneTTan saerTo yvelafer imas, rac

CamoTvale, erTi saxelis Rirsad miiCnie da gamosaxuleba uwode. Tqvi

da daicavi Tavi! nu dauTmob am kacs!

T e e t e t o s i. ucxoelo, ra vuwodoT gamosaxulebas imis

garda, rom is aris WeSmaritis msgavsi aseTive sxva ram?

u c x o e l i. ,,aseTive sxva” niSnavs aseTive, Tu ras miakuTvneb

,,aseTives”?

T e e t e t o s i. araviTar SemTxvevaSi [ar mivakuTvneb] WeSmarits,

aramed _ msgavss.

u c x o e l i. WeSmarits xom namdvilad arsebuls uwodeb?

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. maS, ara WeSmariti WeSmaritis sapirispiroa?

T e e t e t o s i. aba ra!

u c x o e l i. maS, msgavss WeSmaritad arsebulad ar miiCnev, Tu

ambob, rom is ar aris WeSmariti.

T e e t e t o s i. magram is rogorRac arsebobs.

u c x o l i. Sen ambob, rom ar [arsebobs] WeSmaritad.

T e e t e t o s i. ara, ra Tqma unda, Tumca is WeSmaritad aris

xati.65

u c x o e l i. amgvarad, gamodis, rom is, rasac Cven xats

vuwodebT, Tumca WeSmaritad ararsebulia, mainc WeSmaritad arsebobs.

T e t e t o s i. Cans, Zalian uCveulod aris erTmaneTSi

gadaxlarTuli arsebuli da ararsebuli.

u c x o e l i. rogor araa uCveulo? xedav, rom mosazrebaTa

monacvleobis gamo mravalTavianma sofistma66 gvaiZula Cveni survilis

sawinaaRmdegod davTanxmebodiT, rom ararsebuli rogorRac arsebobs?

T e e t e t o s i. kargadac vxedav.

u c x o e l i. maS, rogor unda ganvmartoT misi xelovneba, rom

sakuTar TavTan SeTanxmeba SevZloT?

T e e t e t o s i. ratom ambob amas an risi geSinia?

197

u c x o e l i. roca vambobT, rom is moCvenebas [qmnis da ise]

gvatyuebs da misi xelovnebac momatyuebelia, maSin imas xom ar

vgulisxmobT, rom Cven sulsac misi xelovnebis meSveobiT mcdari

azrebi uCndeba? Tu ras vityviT?

T e e t e t o s i. amas. sxvas ras vityviT?

u c x o e l i. mcdari azri iqneba imis sawinaaRmdegos fiqri, rac

arsebobs, Tu rogor?

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. maS, ambob, rom mcdari azri aris azri

ararsebulis Sesaxeb?

T e e t e t o s i. aucileblad.

u c x o e l i. es aris azri, rom ararsebuli ar arsebobs, Tu

[azri], rom saerTod ararsebuli rogorRac arsebobs?

T e e t e t o s i. ararsebuli rogorRac unda arsebobdes, Tu

odesme vinme rames mcired mainc icruebs.

u c x o e l i. rao? iseTi azric xom SesaZlebelia, rom

WeSmaritad arsebuli saerTod ar arsebobs?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. da esec tyuilia?

T e e t e t o s i. esec.

u c x o e l i. vfiqrob, is msjelobac mcdarad CaiTvleba,

romelic acxadebs, rom arsebuli ar arsebobs, ararsebuli ki _

arsebobs.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor iqneba es sxvanairad?

u c x o e l i. aranairad, magram amas sofisti ar ityvis. da gana

arsebobs raime saSualeba, romliTac saRad moazrovnes amaze

daiTanxmeb, maSin roca manamde vaRiareT, rom igi gamouTqmeli,

aRuwereli, mouazrebeli da miuwvdomelia? vxvdebiT, Teetetos, ras

ambobs [sofisti]?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ver vxvdebiT. igi ityvis, rom imis

sawinaaRmdegos vambobT, rac weRan vTqviT, radgan gavbedeT imis Tqma,

198

rom tyuili arsebobs azrebSic da sityvebSic. Cven xom xSirad

iZulebulni varT arsebuli ararsebuls SevuerToT, Tumca axlaxan

SevTanxmdiT, rom es yovlad SeuZlebelia.

u c x o e l i. marTebulad gagaxsenda, magram droa,

moviTaTbiroT, rogor moviqceT sofistTan dakavSirebiT. xedav, ra

advilad warmoiSoba mravali winaaRmdegoba da dabneuloba, roca mas

matyuarebisa da jadoqrebis xelovnebaSi mivuCenT adgils?

T e e t e t o s i. Zalian bevri.

u c x o e l i. Cven maTi mcire nawili ganvixileT, isini ki, ase

vTqvaT, uTvalavia.

T e e t e t o s i. Tuki es asea, rogorc Cans, SeuZlebelia

sofistis daWera,.

u c x o e l i. amgvarad ukve Tavi davaneboT SeSinebulebma?

T e e t e t o s i. vfiqrob, Tavi ar unda davaneboT, Tu odnav

mainc SegviZlia misi daWera.

u c x o e l i. maS, mapatieb da, rogorc axla Tqvi, Tanaxma iqnebi,

rom rogorme nel-nela davaRwioT Tavi am esoden rTul msjelobas?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. ufro metad ki erT rames gTxov.

T e e t e t o s i. ras?

u c x o e l i. ar ifiqro, rom mamismkvleli vxdebi.

T e e t e t o s i. ratom unda vifiqro?

u c x o e l i. Tavi rom davicvaT, iZulebulni varT, gamovcadoT

mamis, parmenidesis67 moZRvreba da SesaZleblobis [farglebSi]

davamtkicoT, rom ararsebuli rogorRac arsebobs da piriqiT _

arsebuli rogorRac ar arsebobs.

T e e t e t o s i. cxadia, msjelobis dros mogviwevs amgvari

[ramis] dacva.

u c x o e l i. cxadi rogor ar aris? es, rogorc amboben,

brmisTvisac ki naTelia. sanam amas ar uarvyofT an ar daveTanxmebiT,

veravin ilaparakebs mcdar sityvebsa Tu azrebze, gamosaxulebebze,

199

xatebze, mibaZvebsa Tu moCvenebebze, aseve maTTan dakavSirebul yvela

saxis xelovnebaze ise, rom dasacini ar gaxdes da sakuTar Tavs

aucileblad ar SeewinaaRmdegos.

T e e t e t o s i. WeSmaritad.

u c x o e l i. amitom axla unda gavbedoT da davupirispirdeT

mamis moZRvrebas, an saerTod mivatovoT yvelaferi, Tu raimes SiSi

Segvaferxebs.

T e e t e t o s i. araferma aranairad ar unda Segvaferxos.

u c x o e l i. da mesamec, mcire saTxovari maqvs.

T e e t e t o s i. oRondac Tqvi.

u c x o e l i. axlaxan vTqvi, rom am yvelafris mxilebisas

uimedoba mipyrobs da axlac ase [damemarTa].

T e e t e t o s i. ki, ase Tqvi.

u c x o e l i. vSiSob, am naTqvamis gamo SeSlili ar gegono,

romelic Tavdayira dgeba. magram Seni gulisTvis mainc SevudgeT am

moZRvrebis mxilebas, Tu movaxerxebT.

T e e t e t o s i. vfiqrob, araviTar Secdomas ar dauSveb, Tuki

amis mxilebas da mtkicebas Seudgebi. amitom, midi, gabedulad!

u c x o e l i. maS, riTi daviwyoT es Tamami msjeloba? vfiqrob,

aucileblad am gzas unda davadgeT.

T e e t e t o s i. romels?

u c x o e l i. Tavdapirvelad is ganvixiloT, rac migvaCnia, rom

CvenTvis ukve naTelia, raTa ar davibneT da advilad ar davijeroT,

rom sworad vmsjelobT.

T e e t e t o s i. ufro gasagebad Tqvi, ras gulisxmob!

u c x o e l i. vfiqrob, parmenidesma ioli gza monaxa CvenTan

sasaubrod da aseve yvelam, vinc ki odesme gadawyvita ganesazRvra, Tu

rogori da ramdenia arsebuli.68

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. mgonia, rom TiToeuli maTgani raRac miTs gviyveba,

rogorc bavSvebs: erTi gveubneba, rom arsebuli samia,69 da rom isini

200

xan erTmaneTs ebrZvian, xan _ umegobrdebian, qorwindebian, mravldebian

da STamomavlobas zrdian; sxva ambobs, rom oria70 _ sveli da mSrali,

Tbili da civi _ erTad cxovroben da qorwindebian; Cveni, eleelTa

modgma ki, qsenofanesidan71 moyolebuli, da ufro adridanac, Tavis

miTebSi gadmogvcems, rom is, rasac ,,yvelaferi” ewodeba, erTia.

mogvianebiT ionieli da sicilieli muzebi72 mixvdnen, rom yvelaze

usafrTxoa, orive gaaerTiano da Tqva, rom arsebuli mravalic aris da

erTic da mtrobiTa da megobrobiTaa moculi. ,,uTanxmoeba mudam

TanxmobaSi modis”, _ amboben ufro mkacri muzebi,73 ufro lmobierni ki

mudam Tmobdnen da ambobdnen, rom yovelTvis yvelaferi monacvleobiT

aris, xan _ erTiania da megobruli afrodites wyalobiT, xan _

mravali da Tavis TavTan mebrZoli raRac mtrobis gamo. amaTgan

romeli laparakobs marTebulad da romeli _ ara, rTuli saTqmelia,

da Tanac, ar Rirs, aseTi saxelovani da Zveli adamianebis gakicxva. es

ki udavod Cans...

T e e t e t o s i. ra?

u c x o e l i. isini Cven, umravlesobas, zemodan gviyurebdnen da

arad gvagdeben. saerTod ar zrunaven mivyvebiT maT naTqvams, Tu

CamovrCebiT, TiToeuli Tavisas akeTebs.

T e e t e t o s i. ras ambob?

u c x o e l i. rodesac romelime maTgani gamoTqvams azrs, rom

arsebobs, warmoiSva an warmoiSoba mravali, erTi an ori, xolo sxva

ambobs, rom Tbili Seereva civs, dauSvebs ra dayofebsa da

gaerTianebebs, RmerTebis gulisaTvis, Teetetos, yovelTvis xvdebi, ras

amboben isini? roca ufro axalgazrda viyavi da vinme ararsebulis

Sesaxeb saubrobda, rac axla mabnevs, maSin vfiqrobdi, rom zustad

vxvdebodi. axla ki, xedav, rogori dabneulebi varT [ararsebulTan]

dakavSirebiT?!

T e e t e t o s i. vxedav.

u c x o e l i. SesaZloa, arsebulTan dakavSirebiTac dabneulobis

aranaklebi gancda gvaqvs sulSi. Tumca vambobT, rom roca vinme

201

[arsebulis] Sesaxeb gamoTqvams azrs, kargad gvesmis, meoris Sesaxeb ki

_ ara. ise ki, orivesTan dakavSirebiT erTnairad varT.

T e e t e t o s i. SesaZloa.

u c x o e l i. da im yvelafris Sesaxeb, razec adre vilaparakeT,

ase unda vTqvaT.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

u c x o e l i. bevr rames Semdegac ganvixilavT, Tu saWiro iqneba,

udidesi da upirvelesi ki axla pirvel rigSi unda gamovikvlioT.

T e e t e t o s i. raze ambob? cxadia, Tvli, rom, Tavdapirvelad,

arsebuli unda gamovikvlioT _ ras warmoadgens is maTTvis, vinc mis

Sesaxeb msjelobs?

u c x o e l i. fexdafex momyvebi, Teetetos. vfiqrob, Cven aseTi

meTodi unda SevimuSavoT: maT kiTxvebi davusvaT ise, TiTqos isinic aq

imyofebian: ,,aba, yvela, vinc ambobT, rom Tbili da civi da aseTi

rameebi, yvelaferi oria, ras gulisxmobT ,,orSi”, roca ambobT, rom

orive erTad da TiToeuli cal-calke arsebobs? rogor gavigoT es

Tqveni ,,arseboba”? Tqveni msjelobis mixedviT, davuSvaT am orTan

raRac mesame da yvelaferi samad miviCnioT da ara orad? Tuki oridan

erTs arsebuls vuwodebT, ver ityviT, rom orive erTnairad arsebobs,

radgan, rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi, arsebuli erTi iqneboda

da ara ori.”

T e e t e t o s i. marTals ambob.

u c x o e l i. ,,xom ar gindaT orives arsebuli uwodoT?”

T e e t e t o s i. SeiZleba.

u c x o e l i. Cven vityviT: ,,megobrebo, ase xom, ors erTs

uwodebdiT”.

T e e t e t o s i. marTali Tqvi.

u c x o e l i. ,,radgan Cven axla dabneulebi varT, Tqven amaSi

gagvarkvieT: risi aRniSvna gsurT, roca warmoTqvamT ,,arsebuls”?

cxadia, Tqven es adrec icodiT, Cven ki aqamde gvegona, rom vicodiT,

axla ki dabneulebi varT. jer es gvaswavleT, raTa ar gvegonos, rom

202

vxvdebiT Tqvens naTqvams, sinamdvileSi ki yvelaferi amis

sapirispirodaa”. ase Tu visaubrebT da amasve moviTxovT maTgan da

sxvebisgan, romlebic amboben, rom yvelaferi erTze metia, nuTu rameSi

SevcdebiT, Svilo?

T e e t e t o s i. yvelaze naklebad.

u c x o e l i. maS, xom ar gamovikvlioT, SeZlebisamebr, ras

Tvlian ,,arsebulad” isini, romlebic amboben, rom yvelaferi erTia?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara.

u c x o e l i. ai, am [kiTxvas] upasuxon: ,,ambobT, rom arsebobs

mxolod erTi?” ,,ase vambobT” _ ityvian isini, ara?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. ,,da raimes arsebuls uwodebT?”

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. ,,erTi da imave [ramisaTvis] iyenebT or saxels Tu

rogor [iqceviT]?”

T e e t e t o s i. amis Semdeg ras gvipasuxeben, ucxoelo?

u c x o e l i. Teetetos, cxadia, rom imisTvis, vinc aseT varauds

uSvebs, arc ise advilia, upasuxos am SekiTxvas an nabismier sxvas.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. sasaciloa ori saxelis aRiareba da imis daSveba,

rom araferi ar arsebobs erTis garda.

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. da saerTod azri ar aqvs, daeTanxmo imas, vinc

ambobs, rom saxeli aris raRac.

T e e t e t o s i. ratom?

u c x o e l i. vinc uSvebs sagnisgan gansxvavebul saxels,

gulisxmobs or rames.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. Tu Tvlis, rom saxeli sagnis igiveobrivia, maSin an

iZulebuli gaxdeba, rom Tqvas arafris saxeli, xolo Tu ityvis, rom

203

is raRacis [saxelia], gamova, rom saxeli mxolod saxelis saxelia da

sxva arafris.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. da erTi iqneb ara erTis saxeli, imavdroulad

iqneba saxelis erTi.

T e e t e t o s i. aucileblad.

u c x o e l i. da mTliani gansxvavdeba arsebuli erTisagan, Tu

ityvian, rom misi igiveobrivia?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ar ityvian, roca axlac amboben?

u c x o e l i. da Tu mTliani arsebobs, maSin, rogorc

parmenidesi ambobs, aris

,,yovelmxriv mrgvali sferos masis msgavsi,

Suagulidan yovel mxares Tanabari, arc ufro didi,

arc ufro patara, dadis, rogorc saWiroa, aqeT-iqiT”.74

_ Tuki arsebuli aseTia, aqvs Suaguli da kideebi, [maSin] mas

aucileblad unda gaaCndes nawilebic. Tu ara?

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. magram araferi uSlis xels, rom yvela dayofili

nawilis mimarT erTi Tvisebis iyos da aris ra ,,yvela” da ,,mTeli”,

[imavdroulad] iyos erTi.75

T e e t e t o s i. sulac ara.

u c x o e l i. magram gana SeuZlebeli ar aris, es ganicados da

Tavad erTi iyos?

T e e t e t o s i. ratom?

u c x o e l i. swori msjelobiT, WeSmaritad erTi unda vuwodoT

imas, rac aris sruliad daunawevrebeli.

T e e t e t o s i. ase unda iyos.

u c x o e l i. es ki, anu arsebuli rogorc mravali nawilisgan

Semdgari, ar Seesabameba [mTelis ganmartebas].76

T e e t e t o s i. mesmis.

204

u c x o e l i. maS, iqneba arsebuli, erTis Tvisebis mqone, erTi da

mTeli, Tu saerTod ar unda vTqvaT, rom arsebuli mTelia?

T e e t e t o s i. rTuli arCevani SemomTavaze.

u c x o e l i. srul WeSmaritebas ambob. Tu arsebulis Tvisebaa

rogorRac erTi iyos, is veRar iqneba erTis igiveobrivi, da yvelaferi

erTze meti iqneba.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. Tuki arsebuli imitom ki ar aris mTeli, rom es

Tviseba erTisagan miiRo, aramed is aris mTeli Tavis TavSi, maSin

gamodis, rom arsebuls Tavisi Tavi aklia.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

u c x o e l i. am msjelobis Tanaxmad, arsebuls rom Tavisi Tavi

aklia, ararsebulia.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. da yvelaferi erTze meti xdeba, Tuki arsebulmac

da mTelmac _ TiToeulma sakuTari buneba miiRo.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. Tu mTeli saerTod ar arsebobs, maSin zustad

igive mouva arsebulsac da is garda imisa, rom ar iarsebebs, verc

verasodes gaxdeba arsebuli.

T e e t e t o s i. ratom?

u c x o e l i. warmoSobili mudam mTelia. amgvarad, arc

arsebobaze, arc warmoSobaze, rogorc arsebulze ar unda

vilaparakoT, Tu arsebulSi erTs an mTels ar davuSvebT.

T e e t e t o s i. Cans, es namdvilad asea.

u c x o e l i. da ramxelac ar unda iyos raime, is ar iqneba ara

mTeli. ramxelac da rogoric ar unda iyos raime, is aucileblad

mTelis Sesabamisi unda iyos.

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

205

u c x o e l i. da aTasi ram, TiToeuli maTgani, usazRvro

dabneulobas gamoiwvevs, rogorc Cans, imisTvis, vinc ambobs, rom

arsebuli an raRac oria, an _ mxolod erTi.

T e e t e t o s i. aRmoCndeba is, rac axla ukve TiTqmis

gamJRavnebulia. erTs meore mosdevs, romelic kidev ufro metad

gvabnevs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rac uwin iTqva.

u c x o e l i. Cven mainc ar gvimsjelia yvelaze, vinc yuradRebiT

ikvlevs arsebulsa da ararsebuls, Tumca esec sakmarisia. axla ki

imaTac mivxedoT, vinc sxvagvarad fiqrobs, raTa am yvelafridan

gamomdinare davinaxoT, rom imis Tqma, Tu ra aris arsebuli,

ararsebulze advili raRac ar aris.

T e e t e t o s i.LsaWiroa maT winaaRmdegac gavilaSqroT.

u c x o e l i. Cans, arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT kamaTisas maT

erTmaneTSi raRac gigantomaqiis msgavsi aqvT.77

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. erTni zecidan da uxilavidan78 yvelafers miwaze

moaTreven, xelebiT exvevian kldeebsa da muxebs, yvelafer amas

CaWidebulni ki amtkiceben, rom mxolod is arsebobs, rac eqvemdebareba

Sexebasa da SegrZnebas, sxeulsa da arsebobas ki igiveobrivad

gansazRvraven.79 xolo Tu vinme sxva ityvis, rom raRac usxeulo

arsebobs, mas eWviT uyureben da sxva ramis mosmena aRarc surT.

T e e t e t o s i. saSineli xalxi daasaxele. aseTebs mec

Sevxvedrivar.

u c x o e l i. amitom vinc maT ekamaTeba, isini didi sifrTxiliT

saidanRac zevidan, uxilavi adgilidan, icaven Tavs. isini amtkiceben,

rom WeSmariti arseboba aris raRac goniT sawvdomi da usxeulo

ideebi, im sxeulebs ki, romlebzec eseni saubroben da rasac

WeSmaritebas uwodeben, mcire nawilebad yofen TavianT msjelobebSi da

arsebobis nacvlad moZrav qmnadobas uwodeben. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

Teetetos, orive mxares Soris mudam daZabuli brZolaa.

T e e t e t o s i. WeSmaritad.

206

u c x o e l i. maS, orive gvarisgan Tanmimdevrulad miviRoT

ganmarteba, Tu ras Tvlian isini arsebobad.

T e e t e t o s i. magram rogor miviRebT?

u c x o e l i. imaTgan, vinc [arsebobas] ideebSi uSvebs _ es

advilia, radgan ufro Tvinierni arian; xolo imaTgan, vinc ZaliT

yvelafers sxeulisken miaTrevs _ ufro rTuli da, albaT, TiTqmis

SeuZlebelic. magram vfiqrob, maT amgvarad unda moveqceT.80

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. SesaZlebeli rom iyos, yvelaze kargi iqneboda maTi

saqmiT gamosworeba. xolo Tu ase ar gamodis, sityviT vcadoT:

davuSvaT, rom maT surT ufro wesierad gvipasuxon, vidre aqamde. is,

razec saukeTesoni SeTanxmdnen, ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre is, razec

_ uaresni. Tumca Cven maTze ki ar vzrunavT, aramed WeSmaritebas

veZebT.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

u c x o e l i. sTxove maT, vinc ukeTesebi gaxdnen, gipasuxon da

Sen ki maTi naTqvami gangvimarte.

T e e t e t o s i. ase iyos.

u c x o e l i. dae, giTxran, amboben Tu ara, rom [saerTod]

arsebobs raime mokvdavi arseba.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. sulier sxeulad xom ar miiCneven mas?

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o l i. suls arsebulad Tvlian?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. rao? xom ar amboben, rom erTi suli samarTliania,

meore _ usamarTlo, erTi _ gonieri, meore _ ugunuri?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. samarTlianobis Tanaarseboba TiToeul suls

aseTad aqcevs, sapirispiro ki _ sapirispirod, ara?

T e e t e t o s i. ki, amasac eTanxmebian.

207

u c x o e l i. magram, rasac SeuZlia, raimeSi Tanaarsebobdes an

ar arsebobdes, yvela SemTxvevaSi raRac unda iyos, ityvian isini.

T e e t e t o s i. asec amboben.

u c x o e l i. rodesac arsebobs samarTlianoba, goniereba, sxva

saTnoebebi da maTi sapirispiro [Tvisebebi], aseve suli, romelSic isini

arseboben, maTgan raimes xilulad da xelSesaxebad miiCneven, Tu

yvelafers uxilavad [Tvlian]?

T e e t e t o s i. TiTqmis arafers ar miiCneven xilulad.

u c x o e l i. magram nuTu amboben, rom maT sxeuli aqvT?

T e e t e t o s i. aq yvelaferze erTnairad ar pasuxoben. isini

miiCneven, rom Tavad suli flobs raRac sxeuls, xolo rac Seexeba

gonierebasa da im yvelafers, rac ikiTxe, rcxveniaT da ver bedaven,

rom an saerTod ararsebulebad aRiaron an amtkicon, rom yvela es

sxeulia.

u c x o e l i. CvenTvis naTelia, Teetetos, rom es adamianebi

ukeTesebi gaxdnen, radgan maTgan, romlebic Sva da aRzarda miwam,81 arc

erTs ar Sercxveboda arafris, aramed yvela xerxiT daamtkicebdnen,

rom is, rasac xeliT ver Seexebi, saerTod araferi ar aris.

T e e t e t o s i. TiTqmis amgvarad fiqroben, rogorc ambob.

u c x o e l i. kvlav gamovkiTxoT isini: Tu moisurveben, rom

raime, arsebulTagan sul mcirec ki, usxeulod CaTvalon, es sakmarisi

iqneba. maSin maT unda Tqvan, ra aris bunebrivi amaTTvisac da

imaTTvisac, romlebsac sxeuli aqvT da ris mixedviT uwodeben orives

arsebuls. ase, albaT, swrafad daibnevian da, Tu es moxdeba, ifiqre,

moisurveben Tu ara, dagveTanxmon da aRiaron, rom arsebuli swored

amgvaria.

T e e t e t o s i. rogori? Tqvi da male gavigebT!

u c x o e l i. vambob, rom rasac ki bunebiT aqvs SesaZlebloba,

imoqmedos sxva rameze an Tavad ganicados Tundac umciresi

[zemoqmedeba], Tundac sruliad umniSvnelosgan da Tundac mxolod

erTxel, _ es yvelaferi WeSmaritad arsebobs. me arsebulis aseT

208

gansazRvrebas gTavazobT, rom is sxva araferia, Tu ara

SesaZlebloba.82

T e e t e t o s i. isini gaiziareben am [mosazrebas], radgan amJamad

ukeTesi araferi aqvT saTqmeli.

u c x o e l i. mSvenieria. mogvianebiT, SesaZloa, Cvenc da maTac

sxvagvarad mogveCvenos. magram axla maTTan jer-jerobiT aseTi

SeTanxmeba davtovoT.

T e e t e t o s i. davtovoT.

u c x o e l i. maS, gadavideT sxvebTan, ideebis megobrebTan.83 Sen

ki maTi [naTqvamic] gangvimarte!

T e e t e t o s i. ase iyos!

u c x o e l i. qmnadobasa da arsebobas xom erTmaneTisagan

gamoyofT da maTze cal-calke saubrobT?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. sxeuliT, SegrZnebebiT veziarebiT qmnadobas;

suliT, gansjiT ki _ WeSmarit arsebobas, romelzec ambobT, rom igi

yovelTvis igiveobrivia, qmnadoba ki sxvadasxva dros _ sxvadasxvagvari.

T e e t e t o s i. ase vambobT.

u c x o e l i. magram ziarebis Sesaxeb ra vTqvaT, ras

gulisxmobT, Tqven, warCinebulno, TiToeul SemTxvevaSi? imas xom ara,

rac axlaxan vTqviT?

T e e t e t o s i. ra vTqviT?

u c x o e l i. gancda an moqmedeba, romelic erTmaneTTan

Sexvedris Sedegad warmoqmnili Zalisagan warmoiSoba. Teetetos,

SesaZloa, Sen ar gesmis maTi pasuxi, me ki mesmis, radgan maT miCveuli

var.84

T e e t e t o s i. ras amboben?

u c x o e l i. imaSi ar gveTanxmebian, rac axlaxan vuTxariT

dedamiwis mkvidrTa arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT.

T e e t e t o s i. ra?

209

u c x o e l i. Cven xom arsebulis damakmayofilebel ganmartebad

davadgineT is, rom raimes aqvs gancdis an moqmedebis Tundac umciresi

Zala (SesaZlebloba).

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. amis sawinaaRmdegod amboben, rom gancdis da

moqmedebis Zala qmnadobas ekuTvnis, arsebobas ki arc erTi Zala ar

ukavSirdeba.

T e e t e t o s i. nuTu aseT rames amboben?

u c x o e l i. Cven unda vTqvaT, rom ufro naTlad gagvagebinon,

eTanxmebian Tu ara imas, rom suli Seimecnebs, arsebobas ki Seimecneben?

T e e t e t o s i. swored amas amboben.

u c x o e l i. maS, ras ityviT, Seimecno da Semecnebul iyo,

moqmedebaa, gancda, Tu orive erTad? Tu erTi gancdaa, meore ki _

moqmedeba? Tu saerTod arc erTi arc erTs ar eziareba?

T e e t e t o s i. cxadia, rom arc erTi ar eziareba arc erTs. ase

xom adre naTqvamis sawinaaRmdegos ityodnen.

u c x o e l i. gasagebia. Semecneba rom raime qmedeba iyos,

Semecnebuloba aucileblad gancda gamovidoda. am msjelobis mixedviT,

cnobierebis mier Semecnebuli arseba imdenad Seimecneba, ramdenadac

gancdis gamo moZraobs, gancda ki, rogorc vambobT, ver iqneboda

uZravTan.85

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

u c x o e l i. zevsis gulisaTvis, ase advilad xom ar

davrwmundebiT, rom sinamdvileSi moZraoba, sicocxle, suli da goneba

ar eziarebian WeSmaritad arsebuls da is arc cocxlobs, arc

azrovnebs, aramed aris wminda, amaRlebuli, ar aqvs goneba da uZravia?

T e e t e t o s i. saSinel msjelobas daveTanxmebodiT, ucxoelo.

u c x o e l i. maS, vTqvaT, rom mas goneba aqvs, sicocxle ki -

ara?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

210

u c x o e l i. da Tumca vambobT, rom es orive masSi arsebobs,

uarvyofT, rom isini [anu goneba da sicocxle] mas sulSi aqvs?

T e e t e t o s i. sxvagvarad rogor eqneboda?

u c x o e l i. maS, goneba, sicocxle da suli aqvs da Tumca

sulieria, mainc uZravia?86

T e e t e t o s i. me es yvelaferi uazrod meCveneba.

u c x o e l i. unda davuSvaT, rom moZravi da moZraoba arsebulia.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. amrigad, Teetetos, gamodis, rom Tu arsebuli

uZravia, aravin arsad arafers ar iazrebs.87

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda, asea.

u c x o e l i. xolo, meore mxriv, Tu davuSvebT, rom yvelaferi

gadaadgildeba da moZraobs, am msjelobiT igiveobrivs arsebulidan

gamovricxavT.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. Sen ggonia, rom uZraobis gareSe odesme iarsebebda

igiveobrivi, Tavisive msgavsi da imave mimarTebaSi myofi?

T e e t e t o s i. aranairad.

u c x o e l i. maS ra? xvdebi, amaT gareSe rogor iarsebebda an

warmoiSoboda sadme goneba?

T e e t e t o s i. yvelaze naklebad.

u c x o e l i. marTlac rom yvelanairi msjelobiT unda ebrZolo

imas, vinc aqrobs codnas, gonierebasa da gonebas da raimesTan

dakavSirebiT raimes amtkicebs!

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. filosofosisaTvis, romelic am yvelafers metad

afasebs, rogorc Cans, aucilebelia, swored amitom ar daeTanxmos imas,

vinc ambobs, rom arsebobs erTi an Tundac mravali idea da yvelaferi

uZravia, xolo, meore mxriv, saerTod ar mousminos imas, vinc ambobs,

rom arsebuli yovelmxriv moZravia; aramed rogorc bavSvebi natroben,

211

rom yvelaferi uZravi moZraobdes, Tqvas, rom arsebulic da yovelic

uZravicaa da moZravic.88

T e e t e t o s i. WeSmaritad.

u c x o e l i. ra, nuTu ar Cans, rom msjelobiT ukve SevipyariT

arsebuli?

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. ehe, Teetetos! vfiqrob, axla ki zustad vxvdebiT,

Tu ra rTulia [arsebulis] kvleva.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor? ra Tqvi?

u c x o e l i. dalocvilo, ver xvdebi, rom mis Sesaxeb ukve

araferi viciT, Tumca ki gvgonia, rom raRacas vambobT.

T e e t e t o s i. asea. magram ver vxvdebi, rogor gamogvepara, rom

aseT mdgomareobaSi aRmovCndiT.

u c x o e l i. daukvirdi ufro kargad: Tuki axla amaze

SevTanxmdiT, albaT, samarTlianad SegvekiTxebodnen imaves, rac Cven

vkiTxeT maT, vinc ambobda, rom yvelaferi civi da Tbilia.

T e e t e t o s i. romel SekiTxvebs ambob? Semaxsene!

u c x o e l i. ra Tqma unda. vecdebi es Seni gamokiTxviT gavakeTo,

rogorc maSin imaT vekiTxebodi, raTa rogorme win wavideT.

T e e t e t o s i. marTalia.

u c x o e l i. Sen xom ambob, rom moZraoba da dgoma erTimeoris

sapiripiroa?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. da isini erTadac arseboben da cal-calkec?

T e e t e t o s i. ase vambob.

u c x o e l i. xom ar fiqrob, rom orive erTadac moZraobs da

cal-calkec, radgan eTanxmebi, rom [isini] arseboben?

T e e t e t o s i. aranairad.

u c x o e l i. maS, rodesac ambob, rom orive arsebobs,

gulisxmob, rom isini uZravni arian?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

212

u c x o e l i. radgan maTTan erTad sulSi raRac mesames _

arsebuls uSveb, romliTac arian garemoculni moZraobac da dgomac

da vinaidan dainaxav da Cawvdebi maT kavSirs (ziarebas) arsebobasTan,

fiqrob, rom orive arsebobs?

T e e t e t o s i. Cans, rom namdvilad vwinaswarmetyvelebT raRac

mesames _ arsebuls, roca vambobT, rom moZraoba da dgoma arsebobs.

u c x o e l i. amgvarad, erTad aRebuli moZraoba da dgoma ki ar

aris arsebuli, aramed is amaTgan gansxvavebuli ramaa.

T e e t e t o s i. rogorc Cans.

u c x o e l i. aqedan gamomdinare, arsebuli Tavisi bunebiT arc

uZravia da arc moZravi.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. kidev ras unda miaqcios yuradReba iman, visac

surs, rom am [sakiTxSi] ufro naTlad gaerkves?

T e e t e t o s i. raRas?

u c x o e l i. vfiqrob, aRaraferia martivi. radgan Tuki raRac ar

moZraobs, uZravi ar iqneba? da piriqiT, is, rac saerTod araa uZravi,

rogor ar imoZravebs? arsebuli ki am orives miRma aRmoCnda. gana es

SesaZlebelia?

T e e t e t o s i. SeuZlebelia.

u c x o e l i. amasTan dakavSirebiT upriania erTi ram gavixsenoT.

T e e t e t o s i. ra?

u c x o e l i. roca gvkiTxes, ras unda mivakuTvnoT saxeli

“ararsebuli”, sruliad davibeniT. gaxsovs?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. gana axla nakleb dabneulebi varT arsebulTan

dakavSirebiT?

T e e t e t o s i. vfiqrob, SeiZleba iTqvas, ufro metadac ki,

ucxoelo.

u c x o e l i. dae, es aseve darCes aq gaurkvevlad. radgan

arsebuli da ararsebuli erTnairad ukavSirdeba dabneulobas, imedi

213

viqonioT, rom ramdenadac erTi maTgani met-naklebad gasagebi

aRmoCndeba, [imdenad] meorec [gairkveva]. da Tu cal-calke verc erTs

ver davadgenT, Cveni SesaZleblobebisamebr, yvelaze Sesaferisi gziT,

oriveze erTad ganvagrZobT msjelobas.

T e e t e t o s i. mSvenieria.

u c x o e l i. modi, vTqvaT, rogor vuwodebT erTsa da imave

rames yovelTvis mraval saxels!89

T e e t e t o s i. ras? damisaxele magaliTi!

u c x o e l i. roca adamianze vlaparakobT, mas bevr rames

vuwodebT,90 [masve] mivakuTvnebT ferebs, formebs, zomebs, mankierebebs,

siqveleebsa da kidev aTas sxva rames. vambobT, rom mxolod adamiani ki

ar aris, aramed keTilia da a. S. dausruleblad. sxva rameebzec aseve

vmsjelobT. TiToeul maTgans erTeuladac miviCnevT, simravledac da

mraval saxelsac vuwodebT.

T e e t e t o s i. marTals ambob.

u c x o e l i. amiT, vfiqrob, axalgazrdebsa da swavlaSi

CamorCenil moxucebs nadimi movumzadeT. dauyovnebliv yvelas mzad

eqneba pasuxi, rom SeuZlebelia mravali erTi iyos da erTi _ mravali.

uxariaT, rom ar rTaven nebas, adamians keTili uwodon, aramed keTils

keTils uwodeben da adamians _ adamians. Teetetos, rogorc vici,

aseTebTan xSirad gixdeba urTierToba, zogjer ufros adamianebTanac,

romlebic am saqmiT arian dakavebulni da, romelTac gonebis

naklebobis gamo ukvirT aseTi rameebi da hgoniaT, rom raRac Zalian

brZnuli aRmoaCines.91

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. Cveni msjeloba yvelas unda exebodes, visac ki

odesme arsebulis Sesaxeb raime uTqvams. axla SekiTxvebiT mivmarToT

amaTac da sxvebsac, visTanac ki adre gvisaubria.

T e e t e t o s i. romeli SekiTxvebiT?

u c x o e l i. ar vakavSirebT arsebobas moZraobasa da dgomasTan,

arc sxva rames _ raimesTan? aramed, radgan Seurevlebi arian da

214

erTmaneTs ar eziarebian, aseTebad viRebT Cvens msjelobebSi? Tu

yvelafers erTnairad SevurevT erTmaneTSi, radgan erTmaneTTan

ziareba SeuZliaT? Tu zogs SevurevT, zogs _ ara? ras vityviT,

Teetetos, amaTgan romels arCeven?

T e e t e t o s i. amaze maT nacvlad araferi maqvs sapasuxo.

u c x o e l i. ratom ar scem pasuxs TiToeul SekiTxvas cal-

calke da ar aanalizeb Sedegebs?

T e e t e t o s i. marTals ambob.

u c x o e l i. Tu ginda, davuSvaT, rom isini amboben, [TiTqos]

arafers araferTan urTierTobis aranairi Zala ara aqvs.92 ase xom

moZraoba da dgoma veranairad ver eziareba arsebobas?

T e e t e t o s i. vera.

u c x o e l i. maS, amaTgan raime iarsebebs arsebobasTan kavSiris

gareSe?

T e e t e t o s i. ver iarsebebs.

u c x o e l i. amas rom daveTanxmeT, maSinve yvelaferi Tavdayira

dadga, rogorc Cans, imaTTvisac, vinc yvelafers moZravad Tvlis da

imaTTvisac, vinc yvelafers, rogorc erTians, uZravad miiCnevs;

imaTTvisac ki, vinc ambobs, rom arsebulebi ideebis Sesabamisad

arseboben da yovelTvis Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivni arian. radgan yvela

maTgani arsebobas ukavSirebs: erTni rodesac amboben, rom yvelaferi

WeSmaritad moZraobs, sxvebi ki, rom WeSmaritad mdgomia.

T e e t e t o s i. swored asea.

u c x o e l i. isinic, vinc xan yvelafers aerTebs, xan ki _ yofs,

iqneba es erTSi SeerTeba da Semdgom erTis usazRvrod dayofa Tu

gansazRvrul elementebad dayofa da Semdeg maTi erTad Sekreba, _ sul

erTia, dauSveben, rom es monacvleobiT xdeba Tu yovelTvis, _ am

yvelafriT mainc verafers ityvian, Tuki ar arsebobs aranairi Sereva.93

T e e t e t o s i. marTalia.

215

u c x o e l i. xolo yvelaze sasaciloni isini iqnebodnen,

romlebic saerTod ar uSveben, rom sagani gansxvavebulTan ziarebis

Sedegad gansxvavebulad iwodebodes.94

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. iZulebuli arian yvelaferTan mimarTebaSi

gamoiyenon sityvebi: ,,arseboba”, ,,calke”, ,,sxvebi”, ,,Tavis TavSi” da

aTasi sxva. da raki Zala ar SeswevT, Tavi Seikavon da TavianT

msjelobebSi ar warmoTqvan es sityvebi, ar sWirdebaT sxva

mamxilebeli, aramed, rogorc amboben, maT hyavT Sinauri mteri da

mowinaaRmdege, romelsac xetialisas Tan daatareben da romelic

Signidan gamoscems xmas, rogorc ucnauri evriklesi95.

T e e t e t o s i. zustad da marTebulad laparakob.

u c x o e l i. magram rogor iqneba saqme, Tuki davuSvebT, rom

yvelafers aqvs erTmaneTTan urTierTobis Zala?

T e e t e t o s i. magis uaryofa mec ki SemiZlia.

u c x o e l i. rogor?

T e e t e t o s i. erTmaneTTan urTierToba rom hqonodaT,

moZraoba sruliad gaCerdeboda da, piriqiT, dgoma amoZravdeboda.96

u c x o e l i. magram didi aucileblobiT xom SeuZlebelia

moZraobis gaCereba da dgomis amoZraveba?

T e e t e t o s i. aba ra?

u c x o e l i. rCeba mxolod mesame [SesaZlebloba].

T e e t e t o s i. diax.

u c x o e l i. aucilebelia, amaTgan romeliRac erTi iyos: an

yvelafers unda surdes Sereva, an _ arafers, an _ zogs surdes, zogs

ki _ara.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. aRmoCnda, rom aqedan ori SeuZlebelia.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. visac surs, sworad upasuxos, darCenil mesames

dauSvebs.

216

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. roca zogs surs Sereva, zogs ki _ ara, TiTqmis ise

xdeba, rogorc asoebs mosdis, zogi erTmaneTs Seewyoba, zogi ki _

ara.97

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. xmovnebi sxva asoebisagan gamoirCevian imiT, rom,

rogorc SemakavSirebelni, yvelafers msWvalaven. SeuZlebelia,

romelime maTganis gareSe erTi aso meores Seewyos.98

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

u c x o e l i. yvelam icis, romel asos romelTan SeuZlia

dakavSireba Tu xelovneba sWirdeba mas, vinc apirebs amis saTanadod

gakeTebas?

T e e t e t o s i. xelovneba sWirdeba.

u c x o e l i. romeli?

T e e t e t o s i. gramatikis.

u c x o e l i. maS, ra? maRal da dabal bgerebTan dakavSirebiTac

ase araa? vinc imis Secnobis xelovnebas flobs, romeli bgerebi

erwymian erTmaneTs da romlebi _ ara, musikosia, vinc [amas] ver

Seicnobs, is ar aris musikosi.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. sxva xelovnebebsa da imasTan dakavSirebiT, rac

xelovnebas moklebulia, amgvar [gansxvavebas] aRmovaCenT.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. maS, radgan SevTanxmdiT, rom gvarebic99 zustad ase

ereva erTmaneTs, xom aucilebelia, rom raRac codnis gamoyenebiT

msjelobdes is, vinc apirebs aRmoaCinos, romeli gvari romels

eTanxmeba da romeli romels ar iRebs? aseve, yovelTvis aqvT Tu ara

[gvarebs] erTmaneTSi raRac kavSiri ise, rom Sereva SeZlon da, piriqiT,

dayofisas Tu aris maTSi dayofis mizezebi?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ar sWirdeba codna da, albaT, udidesi

[codnac sWirdeba].

217

u c x o e l i. ra vuwodoT, Teetetos, axla mas? zevsis

gulisaTvis, CvenTvis SeumCnevlad Tavisufal [moqalaqeTa] codnas xom

ar wavawydiT da sofistis Ziebisas jer filosofosi xom ar

aRmovaCineT?100

T e e t e t o s i. ras ambob?

u c x o e l i. rodesac gvarebis mixedviT vyofT, aseve, rodesac

igiveobrivi saxe gansxvavebulad ar migvaCnia, xolo gansxvavebuli saxe

ki _ igiveobrivad, gana ar vityviT, rom es dialeqtikis codnaa?

T e e t e t o s i. vityviT.

u c x o e l i. vinc amis gakeTebas SeZlebs, is kargad ganasxvavebs

mravlisagan erT ideas, yovelmxriv ganfenils, romelSic TiToeuli

[idea] cal-calke imyofeba, aseve _ mraval erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul

ideas, romlebic erTis mieraa moculi. agreTve, roca erTi idea

erTianad mravalTanaa SeerTebuli, da mravali idea erTmaneTisagan

sruliad gancalkevebuli. is, Tu rogor SeuZlia TiToeuls

erTimeoresTan urTierToba da rogor _ ara, aris gvarebad dayofis

codna.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad asea.

u c x o e l i. dileqtikas, vfiqrob, mxolod imas miakuTvneb, vinc

wmindad101 da samarTlianad filosofosobs.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor SeiZleba sxvas miakuTvno?

u c x o e l i. filosofoss aseT adgilas aRmovaCenT axlac da

Semdegac, Tuki mis Ziebas SevudgebiT.102 da Tumca, misi bolomde

Secnoba rTulia, sofistTan dakavSirebuli sirTule sul sxva saxisaa,

vidre es.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. [sofisti] ararsebulis wyvdiadSi garbis,

gamocdilebiT Seereva mas da am adgilis sibnelis gamo rTuli

Sesacnobia. xom asea?

T e e t e t o s i. ase Cans.

218

u c x o e l i. filosofoss ki, romelic arsebulis ideas mudam

gansjiT udgeba, piriqiT, advilad ver ixilav am adgilis

brwyinvalebis gamo. umravlesobis sulis Tvalebs xom ar SeuZlia

RvTaebrivis Semecneba.

T e e t e t o s i. esec winaze aranakleb damajereblad

gamoiyureba.

u c x o e l i. maS, Tu survili geqneba, [filosofoss] male ufro

naTlad ganvixilavT.103 rac Seexeba sofists, cxadia, mas Tavi ar unda

davaneboT, sanam saTanadod ar gamovikvlevT.

T e e t e t o s i. mSvenivrad Tqvi.

u c x o e l i. Cven SevTanxmdiT, rom zogierT gvars surs

erTmaneTTan urTierToba, zogs ki _ ara; zogs _ cotasTan, zogs _

bevrTan, zogs ki yovelTvis yovelgvari Seferxebis gareSe yvelasTan

aqvs urTierToba. amis Semdeg erTad wavwioT win msjeloba ise, rom

yvela saxe ki ar gamovikvlioT da simravlis gamo davibneT, aramed is

[saxeebi] amovirCioT, romlebic ufro mniSvnelovnad iTvleba.

Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT, rogoria TiToeuli maTgani, Semdeg _

erTmaneTTan urTierTobis ra Zala aqvT da Tu mTeli sizustiT ver

CavwvdebiT arsebulsa da ararsebuls, ise mainc ar davrCeT, rom misi

raime ganmarteba ar davadginoT, Tuki kvleva amis saSualebas mogvcems.

iqneb uvnebelni gadavurCeT Cvensave gancxadebas, rom ararsebuli

WeSmaritad arsebulia.

T e e t e t o s i. asea saWiro.

u c x o e l i. gvarebidan udidesni, romlebsac axla ganvixilavT

aris: Tavad arsebuli, dgoma da moZraoba.

T e e t e t o s i. swored asea.

u c x o e l i. amaTgan orze vambobT, rom erTmaneTs ar ereva.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

u c x o e l i. arsebuli ki orives ereva. orive xom rogorRac

arsebobs.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

219

u c x o e l i. eseni samia.

T e e t e t o s i. aba ra?

u c x o e l i. TiToeuli sxva orisgan gansxvavebuli da Tavisi

Tavis igiveobrivia.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. ra vuwodeT amgvarad axla igiveobasa da sxvaobas?

es raRac ori gvaria, im samisagan gansxvavebuli, romelic

aucileblobiT mudam maT Seereva? maS, unda vikvlioT xuTi gvari, da

ara sami. iqneb, ver vamCnevT da igiveobasa da sxvaobas romelime

maTgans vuwodebT?

T e e t e t o s i. SesaZloa.

u c x o e l i. moZraoba da dgoma xom arc igiveobaa da arc

sxvaoba?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. is, rasac moZraobasa da dgomaze saerTos

vityodiT, amaTgan arc erTi araa.104

T e e t e t o s i. ratom?

u c x o e l i. ase moZraoba gaCerdeba da dgoma amoZravdeba. am

oridan, romelic ar unda iyos, oriveSi rom iqneba, gansxvavebuls

aiZulebs Tavisi bunebis sapirispirod gadaiqces, radgan sapirispiros

eziareba.

T e e t e t o s i. zustad asea.

u c x o e l i. orive eziareba igiveobasac da sxvaobasac.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. arc moZraobaze ar unda vTqvaT, rom igiveobaa an

sxvaoba da arc _ dgomaze.

T e e t e t o s i. ara.

u c x o e l i. xom ar unda vifiqroT, rom arsebuli da

igiveobrivi erTi ramea?

T e e t e t o s i. SesaZloa.

220

u c x o e l i. magram Tu arsebuli da igiveobrivi gansxvavebuls

arafers aRniSnavs, maSin, roca vambobT, rom moZraoba da dgoma _

orive arsebobs, ase orives movixseniebT rogorc arsebuls,

igiveobrivs.

T e e t e t o s i. magram es SeuZlebelia.

u c x o e l i. amgvarad, SeuZlebelia, rom arsebuli da

igiveobrivi erTi iyos.

T e e t e t o s i. TiTqmis.

u c x o e l i. sam saxesTan erTad meoTxec xom ar davuSvaT _

igiveoba?

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. maS, sxvaoba mexuTe [saxed] unda CavTvaloT, ara? an,

iqneb, is da arsebuli erTi gvaris or saxelad miviCnioT?

T e e t e t o s i. SesaZloa.

u c x o e l i. vfiqrob, dameTanxmebi, Tu arsebulTagan zogi Tavis

TavSi arsebuls gulisxmobs, zogi ki _ mudam sxvasTan mimarTebaSi

arsebuls.

T e e t e t o s i. ratomac ara?

u c x o e l i. gansxvavebuli ki mudam sxvis mimarT aris aseTi,

xom asea?

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. ase ar iqneboda, arsebuli da gansxvavebuli

saerTod rom ar gansxvavdebodnen; magram gansxvavebuli orive saxes

rom eziarebodes, rogorc arsebuli, maSin gansxvavebulTagan erTi ram

ar iqneboda gansxvavebulis mimarT gansxvavebuli. axla ki martivad

gamogvivida, rom is, rac gansxvavebulia, aucileblad gansxvavebulis

mimarTaa gansxvavebuli.

T e e t e t o s i. rogorc aris, ise ambob.

u c x o e l i. im saxeebSi, romlebic avirCieT, mexuTed

gansxvavebulis buneba unda CavTvaloT.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

221

u c x o e l i. imasac vityviT, rom [gansxvavebuli] yvela sxva

gvars gaivlis. radgan TiToeuli gvari Tavisi bunebiT ki ar aris

sxvebisagan gansxvavebuli, aramed imitom, rom gansxvavebulis ideas

eziareba.

T e e t e t o s i. zustad asea.

u c x o e l i. saTiTaod Tu aviRebdiT, am xuT gvarTan

dakavSirebiT, ase vityodiT.105

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. pirveli, rom moZraoba sruliad gansxvavebulia

dgomisagan. Tu rogor vTqvaT?

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. maSasadame, is ar aris dgoma.

T e e t e t o s i. aranairad.

u c x o e l i. magram arsebobs arsebulTan ziarebis gamo.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. aseve moZraoba igiveobrivisagan gansxvavebulia.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. maS, ar aris igiveobrivi.

T e e t e t o s i. marTlac.

u c x o l i. magram is igiveobrivi imitom iyo, rom yvelaferi

eziareboda igiveobrivs.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

u c x o e l i. unda daeTanxmo, rom moZraoba aris igiveobrivic da

araigiveobrivic da ar unda daibne. roca vTqviT, rom is igiveobrivicaa

da araigiveobrivic, ar gviTqvams [rom aris] erTnairi, aramed roca

igiveobrivs vuwodebT, amas vambobT igiveobrivTan ziarebis gamo, anu

sakuTari Tavis mimarT, xolo araigiveobrivs vambobT, piriqiT, _

gansxvavebulTan kavSiris gamo, risi meSveobiTac, igiveobrividan

gamoyofisas [moZraoba] igiveobrivi ki ar iqneba, aramed gansxvavebuli

da, amdenad, WeSmaritad kvlav araigiveobrivad CaiTvleba.

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

222

u c x o e l i. Tavad moZraoba ramenairad uZraobas rom

eziarebodes, araferi iqneboda imaSi uCveulo, rom misTvis uZravi

gvewodebina.

T e e t e t o s i. yvelaze swori iqneba, Tu SevTanxmdebiT, rom

zog gvars surs erTmaneTTan ziareba, zogs ki _ ara.

u c x o e l i. ai, amis mtkicebamde Cven ufro adre mivediT, roca

vasabuTebdiT, rom es bunebiTaa ase.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. kidev erTxel vTqvaT: moZraoba gansxvavebulisagan

gansxvavebulia, iseve, rogorc igiveobrivisa da dgomisagan?

T e e t e t o s i. aucileblad.

u c x o e l i. am msjelobis mixedviT, is rogorRac

gansxvavebulic aris da [imavdroulad] arc aris.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

u c x o e l i. amis Semdeg ra? imas vityviT, rom [moZraoba] sami

gvarisagan gansxvavebulia, meoTxesgan ki _ ara, maSin, roca

SevTanxmdiT, rom is gvarebi, romelTa kvlevac miznad davisaxeT,

xuTia?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor? SeuZlebelia, ukve aRmoCenil

raodenobaze naklebi vaRiaroT.

u c x o e l i. maS, uSiSrad unda vibrZoloT da vTqvaT, rom

moZraoba arsebulisagan gansxvavebulia?

T e e t e t o s i. rac SeiZleba uSiSrad.

u c x o e l i. gana naTeli araa, rom moZraoba, WeSmaritad,

ararsebulicaa da arsebulic, radgan arsebobas eziareba?

T e e t e t o s i. sruliad naTelia.

u c x o e l i. maS, ararsebuli aucileblobiT moZraobasac

ukavSirdeba da yvela sxva gvarsac. yvelaferSi myofi gansxvavebulis

buneba, romelic yovelives arsebulisgan gansxvavebulad aqcevs,

amgvarad maT ararsebulebad xdis. [zemoTqmulis] Tanaxmad, yvelaferi

223

SeiZleba miviCnioT ararsebulad da, piriqiT, arsebulad, radgan

arsebobas eziareba.

T e e t e t o s i. rogorc Cans, asea.

u c x o e l i. TiToeul saxes arsebulisa da ararsebulis

usazRvro simravle ukavSirdeba.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. amgvarad, unda iTqvas, rom Tavad arsebulic sxva

saxeebisagan gansxvavebulia.

T e e t e t o s i. aucileblad.

u c x o e l i. ese igi, ramdenadac arseboben sxva rameebi,

imdenadve ar arsebobs arsebuli. radgan is ar aris sxva rameebi, Tavad

igi aris erTi da sxva rameebi ar aris usazRvro raodenobis.

T e e t e t o s i. TiTqmis asea.

u c x o e l i. ase rom, es ar unda iyos samwuxaro, raki gvarebs

bunebiT mosdgamT erTmaneTTan urTierToba. Tu vinme amas ar eTanxmeba,

jer wina sityvebSi gadagvarwmunos, Semdeg ki _ momdevnoSi.

T e e t e t o s i. samarTlianad ambob.

u c x o e l i. axla esec vnaxoT.

T e e t e t o s i. ra?

u c x o l i. roca vambobT ararsebuls, rogorc Cans, arsebulis

sapirispiro rames ki ar vgulisxmobT, aramed mxolod misgan

gansxvavebuls.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. roca raimes vuwodebT ,,ara dids”, maSin am

gamoTqmiT, fiqrob, rom raRac pataras ufro vgulisxmobT, vidre

tols?

T e e t e t o s i. da ratom?

u c x o e l i. nu daveTanxmebiT, roca ityvian, rom uaryofa

sawinaaRmdegos niSnavs; mxolod imas daveTanxmoT, rom ,,ara”106 niSnavs

raRac gansxvavebuls im saxelTagan, romlebic mas mosdevs an, ufro

224

sworad, gansxvavebuls im saganTagan, romelTac miemarTeba saxelebi,

romlebsac gamoTqvamen uaryofis Semdeg.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad asea.

u c x o e l i. Tu Senc ase fiqrob, amazec davfiqrdeT.

T e e t e t o s i. raze?

u c x o e l i. gansxvavebulis buneba me danawevrebulad meCveneba

iseve, rogorc codna.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. isic rogorRac erTia, magram misi TiToeuli

nawili, romelic raRacas ukavSirdeba, gamoyofilia da raRac

sakuTari saxeli aqvs. amitomac saubroben mraval xelovnebasa da

codnaze.

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. gansxvavebulis bunebac erTia da mis nawilebsac

aseTi Tviseba aqvT.

T e e t e t o s i. SesaZloa, magram rogor ganvsazRvroT?

u c x o e l i. gansxvavebulis romelime nawili mSveniers xom ar

upirispirdeba?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. ras vityviT, usaxeloa igi, Tu aqvs raime saxeli?

T e e t e t o s i. aqvs. is, rasac yovelTvis ,,ara mSveniers”

vuwodebT, sxva arafrisgan araa gansxvavebuli, Tu ara mSvenieris

bunebisa.

u c x o e l i. modi, axla es miTxari!

T e e t e t o s i. ra?

u c x o e l i. gamodis, rom ,,ara mSvenieri” aris arsebulTa

romeliRac erTi gvarisgan gamoyofili da kvlav arsebulTagan

romeliRac gvarisadmi dapirispirebuli ram?

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. rogorc Cans, ise gamovida, rom “ara mSvenieri”

aris arsebulTan dapirispirebuli arsebuli.

225

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

u c x o e l i. da ra? Cveni am msjelobis Tanaxmad, mSvenieri

metad miekuTvneba arsebuls, “ara mSvenieri” ki _ naklebad?

T e e t e t o s i. aranairad.

u c x o e l i. unda vTqvaT, rom “ara didi” da “didi” erTnairad

arsebobs?

T e e t e t o s i. erTnairad.

u c x o e l i. usamarTloc xom samarTlianis igiveobrivad unda

davadginoT im TvalsazrisiT, rom arc erTi ar arsebobs meoreze

naklebad?

T e e t e t o s i. aba ra?

u c x o e l i. sxvebzec ase vityviT, radgan aRmoCnda, rom

gansxvavebuli Tavisi bunebiT arsebulTa Sorisaa. Tuki is arsebobs,

aucilebelia, rom misi nawilebic aranakleb arsebulebad miviCnioT.

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. rogorc Cans, dapirispireba gansxvavebulis nawilis

bunebisa da arsebulis bunebisa, rodesac isini erTmaneTs

upirispirdebian, aranaklebi arsebobaa, vidre Tavad arsebuli, Tu

SeiZleba ase iTqvas, radgan igi arsebulis sawinaaRmdegos ki ar

niSnavs, aramed mxolod misgan gansxvavebuls.

T e e t e t o s i. sruliad naTelia.

u c x o e l i. ra vuwodoT mas?

T e e t e t o s i. cxadia, swored is aris ararsebuli, rasac

sofistis gamo vikvlevdiT.

u c x o e l i. rogorc aRniSne, is, albaT, sxva rameze metad ar

aris moklebuli arsebobas; da ukve gabedulad unda iTqvas, rom

ararsebuls aucileblobiT aqvs Tavisi buneba, da rogorc didi iyo

didi, mSvenieri _ mSvenieri, ara didi _ ara didi, ara mSvenieri _ ara

mSvenieri, amgvaradve, ararsebuli aris ararsebuli, romelic mravali

arsebulis erT-erTi saxea. an, iqneb, masTan dakavSirebiT mainc raime

eWvi gvaqvs, Teetetos?

226

T e e t e t o s i. araviTari.

u c x o e l i. ici, rom saerTod ar davujereT parmenidesiseul

akrZalvas?

T e e t e t o s i. ratom?

u c x o e l i. kvlevisas ise win wavediT, rom mas imaze meti

davumtkiceT, vidre neba dagvrTo.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. man xom sadRac Tqva:

,,es arsad arasodes ase ar aris, rom ararsebuli arsebobdes,

amitom, Sen, kvlevisas amgvar gzas aaride goneba.”

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad ase Tqva.

u c x o e l i. Cven ki ara marto aRmovaCineT, rom ararsebuli

arsebobs, aramed is saxec gamovikvlieT, romelsac igi ekuTvnis.

aRmovaCineT, rom gansxvavebulis buneba arsebobs da igi

danawevrebulia yvela arsebulSi, romelTac erTimeoresTan aqvT

urTierToba da imis Tqma gavbedeT, rom swored arsebulTan

dapirispirebuli gansxvavebulis bunebis TiToeuli nawili aris

WeSmaritad ararsebuli.

T e e t e t o s i. ucxoelo, vfiqrob, rom Zalianac sworad

vTqviT.

u c x o e l i. nuravin ityvis Cvenze, rom arsebulis sapirispirod

ararsebulis warmoCeniT, imis Tqmas vbedavT, rom is arsebobs. didi

xania davanebeT Tavi imas, rac arsebulis sapirispiroa _ arsebobs is

Tu ara, aqvs sazrisi Tu sruliad uazroa. imaSi ki, rac axla vTqviT,

Tu ra aris ararsebuli, gvamxilos vinmem da dagvarwmunos, rom kargad

ar vTqviT, Tu ara da, sanam amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia, igive unda Tqvas,

rasac Cven vambobT:107 Mrom gvarebi erTmaneTs erevian, rom arsebuli da

gansxvavebuli aRwevs yvelaferSi da erTimeoreSic; gansxvavebuli,

romelic arsebuls eziareba, am ziarebis gamo arsebobs, Tumca is ar

aris, rasac eziareba, aramed _ gansxvavebuli. da raki arsebulisagan

gansxvavebulia, cxadia, aucileblad ararsebulia. meore mxriv,

227

arsebuli, romelic gansxvavebulTan aris naziarebi, sxva gvarebisagan

gansxvavebuli iqneba da, rogorc yvela maTganisgan gansxvavebuli, arc

TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke da arc yvela erTad aRebuli, sakuTari

Tavis garda. ase rom, aTasobiT SemTxvevaSi arsebuli udavod ar

arsebobs da sxva yvelaferic cal-calke an erTianad, xan arsebobs, xan

ki _ ara.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

u c x o e l i. Tu vinmes ar sjera am winaaRmdegobebis, Tavad

ganixilos da imaze ukeTesad Tqvas, vidre axla iTqva. Tu raRac

rTuls Caifiqrebs da uxaria, rom msjelobas xan erT mxares

gadaisvris, xan _ meore mxares, is didad Rirebul saqmes ar akeTebs,

rasac axlandeli msjelobac adasturebs. amis aRmoCena arc

gonebamaxviluria da arc rTuli, is ki rTulic aris da imavdroulad

mSvenieric.

T e e t e t o s i. ra?

u c x o e l i. rac uwin iTqva: rom daanebo Tavi aseT rameebs,

rogorc iolad dasaZlevs da SegeZlos, mihyve naTqvams da saTiTaod

amxilo, roca vinme imaze, rac gansxvavebulia, ityvis, rom is rogorRac

igiveobrivia da imaze ki, rac igiveobrivia _ gansxvavebuliao. imis

gancxadeba, rom igiveobrivi rogorRac gansxvavebulia, xolo

gansxvavebuli _ igiveobrivi, didi _ mcire, msgavsi _ ara msgavsi, da

amgvarad msjelobebSi mudmivad winaaRmdegobebis aRmoCenisagan

sixaruli, ar aris WeSmariti mxileba.108 cxadia, aseTi vinme axalbedaa,

romelic es-esaa Seexo arsebuls.

T e e t e t o s i. zustad asea.

u c x o e l i. Zvirfaso, yvelafris yvelafrisagan gamoyofis

mcdeloba gaumarTlebeli da Tan sruliad gaunaTlebeli da

arafilosofosi kacis maxasiaTebelia.109

T e e t e t o s i. aba ra?

228

u c x o e l i. yvelafris yvelafrisagan gamoyofa nebismieri

msjelobis saboloo ganadgurebaa.110 Cveni msjeloba xom ideebis

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebiT warmoiSoba.

T e e t e t o s i. WeSmaritad.

u c x o e l i. daakvirdi, rogor droulad SevebrZoleT axla

aseT xalxs da vaiZuleT daeSvaT, rom erTi [idea] meores Seereva.

T e e t e t o s i. rasTan dakavSirebiT?

u c x o e l i. msjeloba CvenTvis raRac erTi gvaria

arsebulTagan. [msjelobas] Tu movakldebodiT, rac mTavaria,

filosofiasac davSordebodiT. axla imazec unda SevTanxmdeT, Tu ra

aris msjeloba. is Tu wagverTmeva, an saerTod ar iarsebebs, Cven

verafers vityviT. wagverTmeva im SemTxvevaSi, Tu daveTanxmebiT, rom

araferi arafers aranairad ar Seereva.111

T e e t e t o s i. marTlac asea. magram ver gamigia, ratom unda

SevTanxmdeT axla msjelobasTan dakavSirebiT.

u c x o e l i. iqneb, ase rom mihyve, ufro advilad gaigo.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. ararsebuli Cven erT-erT gvarad mogvevlina,

romelic yvela arsebulSia ganTesili.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. amis Semdeg unda ganvixiloT, Seereva Tu ara igi

azrsa da saubars.

T e e t e t o s i. ratom?

u c x o e l i. Tu is amaT ar Seereva, aucileblad yvelaferi

WeSmariti iqneba, xolo Tu Seereva _ azric mcdari gaxdeba da

msjelobac. ifiqro da ilaparako ararsebulze _ swored esaa tyuili,

romelic azrovnebasa da saubarSi Cndeba.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. Tu tyuili arsebobs, arsebobs motyuebac.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

229

u c x o e l i. Tu arsebobs motyueba, yvelaferi aucileblad

gamosaxulebebiT, xatebiTa da moCvenebebiT iqneba savse.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. sofistis Sesaxeb vTqviT, rom igi rogorRac am

adgilas daimala, Tumca saerTod uaryofda tyuilis arsebobas: rom

TiTqos ararsebulis Sesaxeb arc aravin fiqrobs, arc laparakobs da

rom igi arsebuls aranairad ar eziareba.

T e e t e t o s i. ase iyo.

u c x o e l i. axla ki aRmoCnda, rom ararsebuli arsebuls

eziareba. ase rom, albaT, amasTan dakavSirebiT aRar ikamaTebs. Tumca,

savaraudod, ityvis, rom zogi saxe eziareba ararsebuls, zogi ki _ ara,

xolo saubari da azri im [saxeebs] miekuTvneba, romlebic ar

eziarebian. amitom, kvlav ikamaTebs, rom ar arsebobs gamosaxulebebisa

da moCvenebebis Seqmnis xelovneba, romelSic is, Cveni azriT, imyofeba,

radganac azrs da msjelobas ar aqvs kavSiri ararsebulTan. xolo,

ramdenadac ar arsebobs amgvari kavSiri, saerTod ar arsebobs

tyuilic. amitom, jer unda gamovikvlioT, ra aris saubari, azri da

warmodgena, raTa, roca gavarkvevT, davinaxoT maTi kavSiri

ararsebulTan. amas rom davinaxavT, davamtkicebT, rom tyuili

arsebobs, xolo roca davamtkicebT, mas sofists davukavSirebT, Tuki

is damnaSavea, an gavuSvebT da sxva gvarSi movZebniT.

T e e t e t o s i. ucxoelo, rogorc Cans, dasawyisSi WeSmaritad

iTqva sofistis Sesaxeb, rom rTulad mosaxelTebeli gvaria. emCneva,

uamravi barieri aqvs112 da roca romelimes win wamowevs, aucileblad

jer is unda daZlio, sanam Tavad [sofistTan] mixval. axlaxan Zlivs

gadavlaxeT is barieri, TiTqos ararsebuli ar arsebobs da sxva

SemogvTavaza. unda davumtkicoT, rom tyuili arsebobs msjelobebsa da

azrebSi. amis Semdeg, albaT, sxva [barieri] iqneba, Semdeg _ kidev sxva,

da, rogorc Cans, dasasruli arasodes gamoCndeba.

u c x o e l i. Teetetos, visac SeuZlia cotaTi mainc waiwios win,

man unda gabedos amis gakeTeba. vinc am [dros] suliT daecema, sxva

230

rames rogorRa gaakeTebs? is an verafers daZlevs am

winaaRmdegobebidan, anda sulac ukan daixevs. andazisa ar iyos, aseTi,

albaT, verasodes aiRebs qalaqs. axla ki, Zvirfaso, mas Semdeg, rac

gadavlaxeT is [barieri], razec Sen laparakob, Cven aRebuli unda

gvqondes udidesi kedeli, sxvebi ufro martivi da nakleb

mniSvnelovania.

T e e t e t o s i. kargad ambob.

u c x o e l i. Tavdapirvelad, rogorc axlaxan iTqva, saubari da

azri aviRoT, raTa ufro zustad gaverkvaT: exeba Tu ara maT

ararsebuli, Tu orive sruliad WeSmaritia da arc erTi arasodes araa

mcdari?

T e e t e t o s i. marTalia.

u c x o e l i. modi, rogorc ideebsa da asoebze visaubreT,

saxelebic ise ganvixiloT, radgan daaxloebiT aseve warmoCndeba,

rasac axla vikvlevT.

T e e t e t o s i. ras unda davukvirdeT saxelebTan dakavSirebiT?

u c x o e l i. yvela Seewyoba erTmaneTs Tu arc erTi? Tu zogs

surs es da zogs _ ara?

T e e t e t o s i. cxadia, zogs surs [saxelis Sewyoba], zogs ki _

ara.

u c x o e l i. Sen ambob, rom romlebic TanmimdevrobiT

gamoiTqmian da raRacas gamoxataven, erTmaneTs ewyobian, xolo

romelTa Tanmimdevrobac arafers niSnavs _ ar ewyobian?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor? ras gulisxmob?

u c x o e l i. imas, rac, megona, rom miiRe da daeTanxme. Cven xom

gvaqvs arsebobis xmiT gamoxatvis ori gvari?113

T e e t e t o s i. romeli?

u c x o e l i. erTs hqvia saxelebi, meores _ zmnebi.114

T e e t e t o s i. gviambe TiToeulis Sesaxeb!

u c x o e l i. moqmedebis gamomxatvels zmnas vuwodebT.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

231

u c x o e l i. xolo, imaT bgeriT aRniSvnas, romlebic

moqmedebebs axorcieleben, saxeli ewodeba.

T e e t e t o s i. zustad asea.

u c x o e l i. arc mxolod saxelebis TanmimdevrobiT CamoTvla

araa saubari da arc piriqiT _ saxelebis gareSe zmnebisa.115

T e e t e t o s i. es ver gavige.

u c x o e l i. cxadia, weRan rom dameTanxme, raRac sxva gegona. is

mindoda meTqva, rom am [sityvebis] aseTi TanmimdevrobiT gamoTqma araa

saubari.

T e e t e t o s i. ratom?

u c x o e l i. ,,midis”, ,,mirbis”, ,,sZinavs” da sxva aseTebi,

romlebic qmedebas aRniSnavs, zmnebia. Tu vinme amaT am TanmimdevrobiT

gamoTqvams, is ver Seadgens saubars.

T e e t e t o s i. marTlac da rogor Seadgens?

u c x o e l i. aseve, Tu vinme ityvis ,,lomi”, ,,iremi”, ,,cxeni”, da

agreTve [CamoTvlis] saxelebs, romlebic imas aRniSnaven, vinc

moqmedebs, am TanmimdevrobiTac ver Sedgeba saubari. amgvarad, es

naTqvami arc qmedebas, arc ara qmedebas, arc arsebulis, arc

ararsebulis arsebobas ar gamoxatavs, sanam vinme saxelebs zmnebs ar

Seuwyobs. maSin Seewyoba da pirvelive Serwyma myisve warmoSobs

saubars, romelic saubrebs Soris pirveli da yvelaze moklea.

T e e t e t o s i. amiT risi Tqma ginda?

u c x o e l i. roca vinme warmoTqvams: ,,adamiani swavlobs”, xom

ityvi, rom es pirveli da yvelaze mokle winadadebaa?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. cxadia, es arsebuls exeba raRacnairad, rac an

awmyoSi xdeba, an warsulSi moxda, an momavalSi moxdeba, da ara marto

saxels arqmevs, aramed raRac sxvasac aRwevs, roca zmnebs saxelebs

uxamebs. amitomac vambobT, rom is ara marto saxels arqmevs, aramed

laparakobs da saxelebis amgvar wyobas vuwodeT metyveleba.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

232

u c x o e l i. iseve, rogorc zogierTi sagani ewyoba erTmaneTs,

zogi ki _ ara, aseve bgeriT aRniSvnaSic zogi ar ewyoba, zogi ki _

ewyoba da qmnis metyvelebas.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad asea.

u c x o e l i. erTi detalic aris.

T e e t e t o s i. romeli?

u c x o e l i. roca arsebobs metyveleba, is aucileblad raRacis

Sesaxebaa, sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia.116

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. Tavadac xom raRac Tvisebis mqone unda iyos?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor ara?

u c x o e l i. sakuTar Tavsac mivaqcioT yuradReba.

T e e t e t o s i. es namdvilad saWiroa.

u c x o e l i. me Sens [gasagonad] warmovTqvam winadadebas,

romelic sagansa da qmedebas daakavSirebs saxelisa da zmnis meSveobiT,

Sen ki miTxari, raze iqneba saubari!

T e e t e t o s i. ase moviqcevi SeZlebisdagvarad.

u c x o e l i. ,,Teetetosi zis.” grZeli winadadeba xom ar aris?

T e e t e t o s i. ara, zomieria.

u c x o e l i. Sen unda Tqva, vis Sesaxebaa da rasTanaa

dakavSirebuli.

T e e t e t o s i. cxadia, rom Cemzea da me mexeba.

u c x o e l i. amaze raRas ityvi?

T e e t e t o s i. raze?

u c x o e l i. ,,Teetetosi, romelsac me vesaubrebi, dafrinavs.”

T e e t e t o s i. amazec, sxvas verafers ityvi garda imisa, rom

Cemzea da me mexeba.

u c x o e l i. imasac vambobT, rom yoveli winadadeba aucileblad

raime Tvisebis mqone unda iyos.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

233

u c x o e l i. unda vTqvaT, am [ori winadadebidan] romeli

rogoria.

T e e t e t o s i. erTi _ mcdari, meore _ WeSmariti.

u c x o e l i. amaTgan erTi _ WeSmariti _ Senze arsebuls ise

gadmogvcems, rogorc aris.

T e e t e t o s i. aba ra?

u c x o e l i. tyuili ki _ arsebulisgan gansxvavebuls.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. ararsebulze ise laparakobs, rogorc arsebulze.

T e e t e t o s i. TiTqmis.

u c x o e l i. yovel SemTxvevaSi saubrobs Sen Sesaxeb [SenTan

dakavSirebuli] arsebulisagan gansxvavebul arsebulze. yvelaferTan

dakavSirebiT xom vambobdiT, rom mravali ram arsebulia, mravali ki _

ararsebuli.

T e e t e t o s i. zustad asea.

u c x o e l i. meore winadadeba, romelic Sen gexeba, metyvelebis

Cveneuli ganmartebidan gamomdinare, aucileblad erT-erTi yvelaze

mokle unda iyos.

T e e t e t o s i. amaze xom axlaxan SevTanxmdiT.

u c x o e l i. agreTve, is raRacis Sesaxeb unda iyos.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. Tu es Sen Sesaxeb araa, maSin arc sxva vinmeze

iqneba.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. arafris Sesaxeb rom yofiliyo, saerTod ar

iqneboda winadadeba. Cven xom warmovaCineT, rom SeuZlebelia

winadadeba arafris Sesaxeb winadadeba iyos.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

u c x o e l i. roca Sen Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli isea naTqvami,

rogorc igiveobrivi, xolo ararsebuli _ rogorc arsebuli, Cans, rom

234

saxelebisa da zmnebisagan warmoqmnili amgvari kombinacia WeSmaritad

mcdari metyvelebaa117.

T e e t e t o s i. sruli WeSmaritebaa.

u c x o e l i. maS ra? nuTu ukve cxadi araa, rom rogorc mcdari,

ise WeSmariti fiqri, mosazreba da warmodgena _ TiToeuli maTgani

Cvens sulebSi warmoiSoba?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. ufro advilad gaigeb, Tuki jer imas mixvdebi, ras

warmoadgens TiToeuli maTgani da ra ganasxvavebs maT erTmaneTisgan.

T e e t e t o s i. Sen oRondac miTxari!

u c x o e l i. fiqri da metyveleba gana erTi da igive ar aris?

oRond Cven xom fiqrs vuwodebT sulSi sakuTar TavTan dialogs,

romelic uxmod mimdinareobs?118

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. piridan amosul bgeraTa nakads ki metyveleba hqvia.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

u c x o e l i. isic viciT, rom metyvelebaSi arsebobs...

T e e t e t o s i. ra?

u c x o e l i. mtkiceba da uaryofa.

T e e t e t o s i. viciT.

u c x o e l i. roca [mtkiceba da uaryofa] sulSi uxmod, fiqriT

xdeba, nuTu gaqvs raime sxva saxeli amisaTvis, Tu ara mosazreba?

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. roca ase xdeba ara TavisTavad, aramed SegrZnebebis

saSualebiT, aseT gancdas marTlac sxva ra vuwodoT, Tu ara

warmodgena?

T e e t e t o s i. araferi.

u c x o e l i. amgvarad, Tu arsebobs WeSmariti da mcdari

metyveleba, xolo fiqri sulis sakuTar TavTan dialogi aRmoCnda,

mosazreba _ fiqris gasruleba, is ki, razec vambobT ,,Cans” _

SegrZnebebisa da mosazrebis narevi, maSin, ramdenadac es yvelaferi

235

metyvelebis monaTesavea, aucilebelia maTgan zogierTi zogjer

mcdaric iyos.

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. xvdebi, rom mcdari mosazreba da metyveleba ufro

adre aRmovaCineT, vidre velodiT? Cven ki, amas rom vikvlevdiT,

gveSinoda, saerTod dausrulebel saqmes ar mivdgomodiT.

T e e t e t o s i. vxvdebi.

u c x o e l i. danarCen [sakiTxebTan] dakavSirebiTac nu davecemiT

suliT. mas Semdeg, rac es gavarkvieT, gavixsenoT wina dayofa saxeebis

mixedviT.

T e e t e t o s i. romeli?

u c x o e l i. Cven xom gamovyaviT gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis ori

[saxis] xelovneba _ xatebisa da moCvenebebis Semqmneli?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. isic vTqviT, rom ar vicodiT, romlisTvis

migvekuTvnebina sofisti.

T e e t e t o s i. ase iyo.

u c x o e l i. roca aseTi dabneulebi viyaviT, ufro didi

wyvdiadi Camowva _ Tavi iCina metyvelebam, romelmac yvelaferi uaryo,

TiTqos saerTod ar arsebobs arc xati, arc gamosaxuleba, arc

moCveneba da, amdenad, arsad arasodes aranairi tyuili ar arsebobs.119

T e e t e t o s i. marTals ambob.

u c x o e l i. axla ki, roca aRmoCnda, rom arsebobs mcdari

metyveleba da, Sesabamisad, mcdari mosazreba, imis daSvebac SeiZleba,

rom arsebobs arsebulis mibaZvebic, da rom amgvari ganwyobidan

warmoiSoba motyuebis xelovneba.

T e e t e t o s i. SeiZleba.

u c x o e l i. xolo is, rom sofisti am oridan erT-erTs

ekuTvnis, amaze ki ukve SevTanxmdiT.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

236

u c x o e l i. axla vcadoT winamdebare gvari orad gavyoT da mis

marjvena ganayofs mivyveT, romelic sofistTan iqneba kavSirSi, sanam

ar CamovaSorebT yvelafer saerTos sxvasTan, mas sakuTar bunebas ar

davutovebT da jer CvenTvis ar gamovaaSkaravebT mas, xolo Semdeg

maTTvis, vinc bunebiT axlosaa aseT meTodTan.

T e e t e t o s i. marTalia.

u c x o e l i. xom imiT daviwyeT, rom gamovyaviT SemoqmedebiTi da

mopovebiTi xelovneba?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. [sofisti] xom mopovebiTi xelovnebis, nadirobis,

Sejibrebis, vaWrobis da sxva aseT saxeebSi warmogviCnda?

T e e t e t o s i. zustad asea.

u c x o el i. axla ki, radgan baZvis xelovnebaSia moqceuli, jer

SemoqmedebiTi xelovneba unda gavyoT orad. mibaZvac xom erTgvari

Semoqmedebaa, gamosaxulebebis mibaZvas vgulisxmobT da ara Tavad

sagnebs. xom asea?

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad asea.

u c x o e l i. jer gamovyoT SemoqmedebiTi xelovnebis ori

nawili.

T e e t e t o s i. romlebi?

u c x o e l i. RvTaebrivi da adamianuri.

T e e t e t o s i. jer ver gavige.

u c x o e l i. Tuki gavixsenebT, rac dasawyisSi iTqva,

SemoqmedebiTi xelovneba aris yvela is SesaZlebloba, romelic imis

warmoSobis mizezia, rac adre ar arsebobda.

T e e t e t o s i. gvaxsovs.

u c x o e l i. nuTu vityviT, rom yoveli mokvdavi, cxoveli da

mcenare, romelic miwaze TesliT an fesviT aRmocendeba, aseve miwaSi

arsebuli usulo, galRobili da gaulRobeli sxeulebi, romlebic

adre ar iyo, mogvianebiT warmoiSva vinme sxvisgan da ara Semoqmedi

RmerTisgan? Tu umravlesobis mtkicebebsa da sityvebs daveyrdnoT?

237

T e e t e t o s i. romlebs?

u c x o e l i. rom aseTebs buneba raRac TavisTavadi mizeziT

Sobs da gonebis gareSe aRmoacenebs. Tu gonebiTa da RvTaebrivi

codniT RmerTisgan warmoiSoba?

T e e t e t o s i. me, SesaZloa, asakis gamo azrs vicvli, magram

axla, roca giyureb, vxvdebi, rom Sen amaT RmerTisgan warmoSobilad

Tvli da mec ase mimaCnia.

u c x o e l i. mSvenieria, Teetetos! rom gvefiqra, rom Sen cota

xnis Semdeg sxvagvarad moazrovneTa Soris aRmoCndebodi, axlave

aucileblad vecdebodiT damajerebeli msjelobiT dagverwmunebine.

magram, ramdenadac Seni buneba vici, is Cveni sityvebis gareSec

miubrundeba imas, rac, rogorc axla ambob, mas izidavs. amdenad, Tavs

daganebeb, radgan es drois zedmetad xarjva iqneba. rac bunebis

Seqmnilad iTvleba, RvTaebrivi xelovnebiT iqmneba, rac adamianebis

mier _ adamianuriT. am msjelobis Tanaxmad ki ori SemoqmedebiTi gvari

arsebobs: adamianuri da RvTaebrivi.

T e e t e t o s i. marTalia.

u c x o e l i. axla TiToeuli maTgani kidev orad dayavi.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. rogorc maSin yofdi SemoqmedebiTi xelovnebis

TiToeul nawils siganeze, axla sigrZeze dayavi.

T e e t e t o s i. dae, ase daiyos.

u c x o e l i. amgvarad, oTxi nawili warmoiSoba: ori CvenTan

dakavSirebuli _ adamianuri da oric RmerTTan _ RvTaebrivi.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. sxvanairadac arian dayofilni: TiToeuli naxevris

erTi nawili Tavad SemoqmedebiTia, darCenil ors ki yvelaze ukeT

gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis [xelovneba] SeiZleba vuwodoT. amis Tanaxmad,

SemoqmedebiTi xelovneba kidev orad iyofa.

T e e t e t o s i. Tqvi, TiToeuli maTgani rogor iyofa.

238

u c x o e l i. viciT, rom Cvenc, sxva suliernic da isic, risganac

yvelaferi bunebrivi warmoiSva, rogoricaa cecxli, wyali da

yvelaferi maTi monaTesave, RmerTis warmoSobilia da TiToeuli

maTgani manve Seqmna. ase ar aris?

T e e t e t o s i. asea.

u c x o e l i. xolo TiToeul maTgans Tan gamosaxulebebi

dahyveba da ara Tavad sagnebi, romlebic aseve RvTaebrivi saSualebiT

aris Seqmnili.

T e e t e t o s i. romlebi?

u c x o e l i. isini, romlebic sizmrebSia da isinic, romlebic

dRisiT TavisTavad warmoqmnil moCvenebebadaa cnobili: Crdilebi,

roca cecxlTan sibnele Cndeba, ormagi moCvenebebi, rodesac Suqi _

sakuTari da sxvisi _ brwyinvale da gluv saganze erTmaneTs xvdeba da

qmnis saxes, romelic winandeli, Cveuli iersaxis sapirispiro

SegrZnebas warmoSobs.

T e e t e t o s i. es aris RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis ori qmnileba:

Tavad is da misi Tanamdevi gamosaxuleba.

u c x o e l i. rac Seexeba Cvens xelovnebas, ar vityviT, rom is

mSeneblobis xelovnebiT qmnis erT saxls, mxatvrobiT ki _ raRac sxva

[saxls], adamianis sizmris msgavss, romelic iqmneba maTTvis, vinc

fxizlobs?

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. asevea sxvebTan dakavSirebiTac: Cveni SemoqmedebiTi

xelovnebac ormagia da orad iyofa: namdvili sagnis Semqmnel da

gamosaxulebaTa Semqmnel xelovnebad.

T e e t e t o s i. axla ukeT gavige da vuSveb, rom arsebobs

SemoqmedebiTi xelovnebis ori ormagi saxe: erTi adamianurad da

RvTaebrivad iyofa, meore ki, imis mixedviT, Tavad arsebuls qmnis Tu

mis msgavs rames.

u c x o e l i. gavixsenoT, rom gamosaxulebaTa Seqmnis xelovnebis

erTi nawili xatebis, meore ki _ moCvenebaTa Seqmnis xelovneba unda

239

yofiliyo, Tuki aRmoCndeboda, rom tyuili namdvilad tyuilia da

bunebiT igi arsebulTagania.

T e e t e t o s i. ase iyo.

u c x o e l i. gana ase ar aRmoCnda? amis gamo axla eWvgareSe

unda CaiTvalos, rom arsebobs am xelovnebis ori saxe?

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. moCvenebaTa Seqmnis xelovnebac orad gavyoT.

T e e t e t o s i. rogor?

u c x o e l i. erTi sxvadasxva iaraRis daxmarebiT iqmneba, meore

ki maSin, roca is, vinc qmnis moCvenebebs, Tavad iyenebs sakuTar Tavs

iaraRad.

T e e t e t o s i.L ras ambob?

u c x o e l i. vgulisxmob imas, rom moCvenebaTa Seqmnis

xelovnebis im nawils baZva ewodeba, roca vinme cdilobs Tavisi

sxeuliT Sens sxeulTan, an xmiT _ Sens xmasTan msgavseba aCvenos120.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. gamovyoT igi da mas vuwodoT baZvis xelovneba

(mimetika). sxva yvelafers ki, Tavi davaneboT, raki daviRaleT; sxvam

mouyaros Tavi da Sesaferisi saxelic daarqvas.

T e e t e t o s i. dae, erTi gamovyoT da meore ki sxvas

gadavabaroT.

u c x o e l i. esec ormagad unda miviCnioT, Teetetos. daukvirdi,

ratom?

T e e t e t o s i. Tqvi.

u c x o e l i. mimbaZvelTagan zogierTma icis, ras baZavs, rodesac

amas akeTebs, zogma ki _ ara. codnasa da ucodinrobas Soris arsebul

gansxvavebaze ufro did gansxvavebad sxva ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos?

T e e t e t o s i. araferi.

u c x o e l i. maS, axlaxan rac iTqva, mcodneTa baZva ar iyo?

radgan, mxolod is mogbaZavs, vinc icis Seni saxe da gicnobs Sen.

T e e t e t o s i. aba rogor?

240

u c x o e l i. rac Seexeba samarTlianobis da, mTlianobaSi,

saTnoebis saxes, gana yvela, vinc ar icnobs, magram raRac warmodgena

mainc aqvs masze, ar ecdeba, gamoavlinos is, rac hgonia, rom masSia, da

rac SeiZleba ukeT mibaZos mas saqmiTac da sityviTac?

T e e t e t o s i. bevri moiqceva ase.

u c x o e l i. magram, gana yvela damarcxdeba sakuTari Tavis

samarTlianad warmoCenisas, rodesac aseTi srulebiT ar aris? Tu

mTlianad amis sapirispiro ram xdeba?

T e e t e t o s i. sruliad [sapirispiro].

u c x o e l i. aseTi ucodinari mimbaZveli, vfiqrob, rom mcodne

[mimbaZvelis] sapirispirod unda CavTvaloT.

T e e t e t o s i. ki.

u c x o e l i. maS, saidan moitans vinme TiToeuli maTganisaTvis

Sesaferis saxels? cxadia, es rTulia da amitom Cvens winamorbedebs,

rogorc Cans, gvarebis saxeebad dayofa raRac mocaleobad da

uazrobad eCvenebodaT da aravin arafris dayofas ar cdilobda. amis

gamo saxelebis siuxvis aucileblobac ar iyo. Tumca, ufro

gabeduladac rom vTqvaT, SexedulebasTan dakavSirebul baZvas,

garCevis mizniT, SexedulebiT baZva vuwodoT, codnasTan

dakavSirebuls ki _ mecnieruli baZva.

T e e t e t o s i. iyos ase.

u c x o e l i. cxadia, pirveli unda gamoviyenoT, radgan sofisti

mimbaZvelebs miekuTvneba da ara mcodneebs.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad.

u c x o e l i. SexedulebiT mimbaZveli ise ganvixiloT, rogorc

rkinas sinjaven, mTelia Tu raime [bzari] aqvs.

T e e t e t o s i. vnaxoT.

u c x o e l i. aqvs da Zalian bevric, radgan am mimbaZvelTagan

erTi moyeyeCoa, romelic fiqrobs, rom icis is, ris Sesaxebac mxolod

warmodgena gaaCnia. meoris ieri ki, Tumca msjelobisas bevr rames mied-

241

moedeba, eWvsa da imis SiSs iwvevs, rom ar icis is, razec sxvasTan

mcodnis saxes iRebs.

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda, Sens mier dasaxelebuli orive

gvari arsebobs.

u c x o e l i. xom ar davuSvaT, rom erTi martivi mimbaZvelia,

meore ki _ faruli, ironiuli?

T e e t e t o s i. Cans, asea.

u c x o e l i. misi gvari erTad miviCnioT Tu orad?

T e e t e t o s i. Sen TviTon naxe.

u c x o e l i. vxedav da me orad meCveneba: erTs SeuZlia sajarod,

xalxis winaSe grZeli sityvebiT TvalTmaqcoba, meore ki mokle

sityvebiT kerZo saubarSi Tanamosaubres aiZulebs, sakuTar Tavs

SeewinaaRmdegos.

T e e t e t o s i. savsebiT marTals ambob.

u c x o e l i. rad CavTvaloT es uxvsityviani? politikosad Tu

saxalxo oratorad?

T e e t e t o s i. saxalxo oratorad.

u c x o e l i. meores ra vuwodoT? brZeni Tu sofisti?

T e e t e t o s i. SeuZlebelia, brZeni vuwodoT, raki ucodinrad

CavTvaleT. radgan brZens baZavs, cxadia, rom misi misgavsebuli saxeli

unda ewodos da ukve TiTqmis mivxvdi, rom mas yvela TvalsazrisiT

WeSmaritad sofisti unda davarqvaT.

u c x o e l i. rogorc adre, xom ar SevadginoT misi saxeli, misi

Semadgeneli nawilebis gaerTianebiT bolodan dasawyisamde?

T e e t e t o s i. ra Tqma unda.

u c x o e l i. [sofistika] aris mowinaaRmdegis damabneveli

xelovneba, romelic ganekuTvneba SexedulebiT baZvis ironiul nawils,

es ki _ rogorc moCvenebaTa Seqmnis xelovneba _ gamosaxulebaTa

Seqmnis xelovnebis [nawilia], romelic ara RvTaebrivi, aramed

adamianuria, ganisazRvreba msjelobebiT da mefokuseobis nawilia. da

242

ai, vinc ityvis, rom ,,am modgmisa da sisxlisaa” namdvili sofisti,

rogorc Cans, is savsebiT marTali iqneba.

T e e t e t o s i. namdvilad asea.

1 saubaria dialog “TeetetosSi” gadmocemul Sexvedraze, romelSic

monawileobdnen Teodorosi, Teetetosi da sokrate.

2 parmenidesi (daaxloebiT Zv. w. 500 wlis farglebSi) – Zveli berZeni

filosofosi, romelic moRvaweobda eleaSi. igi aris e. w. eleaturi skolis

fuZemdebeli. parmenidesi iTvleboda logikuri azrovnebis simbolod. misi

logika efuZneboda Semdeg debulebas: Tuki WeSmaritia mtkiceba, rom arsi

aris, SeuZlebelia aseve WeSmariti iyos mtkiceba: arsi ar aris.

3 zenoni – eleaturi skolis warmomadgeneli. parmenidesis moswavle da

megobari.

4 Sdr. ,,odisea”, IX, 271 da XVII, 483-487.

5 Sdr. iqve, XVII, 485-487.

6 dialog “timeosSic” sokrate saubrobs sofistebis filosofosebisa da

politikosebisagan gamijvnis aucileblobis Sesaxeb, radgan sofistebic

mogzauroben qalaqidan qalaqSi, gamocdilni arian mWevrmetyvelebaSi (Ti. 19

e – 20 b). amrigad, sakvlevi aris sami ram: sofisti, politikosi, filosofosi.

sofisti ganxilulia am dialogSi, politikosi – nawarmoebSi „politikosi“.

filosofosi, iTvleba, rom unda ganxiluliyo calke dialogSi

„filosofosi“, Tumca platons ar dauweria aseTi nawarmoebi.

7 berZeni mTargmneli mocemul konteqstSi xmarobs termin „monovlogo~“

(monologi) da amiT TiTqos xazs usvams monologisa da dialogis

meTodebis antonimiurobas. analogiuria ingliseli mTargmnelis midgomac.

igi mimarTavs terminebs „continuous speech“ (gangrZobiTi msjeloba) da „method

of dialogue“ (dialogis meTodi). originalSi ki arc erTi es termini ar aris

gamoyenebuli.

243

8 rodesac stumari saubrobs, imperfeqtumSi igulisxmebian parmenidesi,

zenoni da maTi mimdevrebi. msjeloba saubris meTods gulisxmobs.

9 aq laparakia Tanamosaubris xasiaTis mixedviT saubris agebaze.

10 aq es utyvi personaJi, Teetetosis megobari, saubarSi ar ereva. mas

vxvdebiT „TeetetosSic“ (Tht. 147 d) da ,,politikosSic” (Plt. 257 d).

11 saubaria kvlevis meTodze. ,,menonSi” (75 a) sokrate menons sTavazobs jer

figura gansazRvros, sanam gansazRvravdes siqveles, rac misTvis varjiSi

iqneba. igive meTodia ,,saxelmwifoSi” (368 d), im gansxvavebiT, rom iq

savarjiSod ufro didi modelia aRebuli.

12 amis Semdeg gamoyenebulia diqotomiuri principi. diqotomia (Sdr.

,,saxelmwifo”, 302 e) miznad isaxavs ufro metad klasifikacias, vidre

definicias. is aris Tanamimdevruli gamoricxvis meTodi.

13 mogvyavs Zveli berZnulis zusti, pwkareduli Targmani: ei[~ oujsivan a[gein _

arsebobaSi moyvana.

14 am definiciisaTvis Sdr. ,,nadimi” (205 b - c).15 Zvel berZnul termins mevro~ vTargmniT rogorc „saxeobas“.

16 Zvel berZnul termins lovgo~ vTargmniT rogorc „arss“.

17 Sdr. aqve, 218 c da yuradsaRebi msjeloba VII werilSi (342 b - 343 d).

18 “sofistSi“ gamoiyeneba ori, erTmaneTTan semantikurad axlos mdgomi

termini: aJlieutikhv da aJspalieutikhv. orive terminis safuZvelia Zveli

berZnuli sityva a{l~ _ zRva, wyali. ajspaleutikhv _ zusti etimologia

daudgenelia. platoni mas xumrobiT ukavSirebs ,,zemoT aqaCvas” ukavSirebs

(ajnaspa`n), xolo hesioxiosis Tanaxmad, es termini SeiZleba daukavSirdes

sityvas a[spalo~, rac „Tevzs“ niSnavs. platonis mier warmodgenili

nadirobis klasifikaciis Targmnisas aJlieutikhv gadmogvaqvs rogorc

„Tevzaoba“, xolo aJspalieutikhv rogorc „TevzWera“ (Sdr. inglisuri: fishing -

angling, axali berZnuli: alieutikhv - elkoalieutikhv (terminis SerCevis dros

berZeni mTargmneli eyrdnoba platonis mier SemoTavazebul etimologias).

19 aq SeiniSneba platonis erTgvari sarkazmi da ironia. diqotomiis meTodi,

romelic misaRebia iseTi martivi terminis gansasazRvrad, rogoricaa

244

„meTevze“, sinamdvileSi gamousadegaria iseTi rTuli teqnikuri terminis

gansasazRvrad, rogoricaa „sofisti“. platoni seriozulad ar gamoiyenebda

„meTevzis“ kvlevis paradigmas „sofistis“ sakvlevad. swored am ironiis

gamo, moxvda omi da tirania nadirobis kategoriaSi, xolo codna da

xelovneba – vaWrobaSi. Tumca platonis am sarkazmsa da iumors miRma

ifareba misi „mecnieruli suli“. platoni ikvlevs, Tu rogoria ganxilul

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT umravlesobis azri da ra aris miRebuli

„sazogado WeSmaritebad“. aq SeiniSneba satirisa da mecnieruli kvlevis

erTgvari nazavi.

20 aq metaforulad aris miniSneba sofistebze, romlebic mdidari Wabukebis

swavlebiT irCenen Tavs.

21 „sofistSi“ moxseniebuli maamebloba, romelic “mzareulis gawafulobis”

msgavsia (Sdr. “Teetetosi” 173 e), mxolod nawilia gorgiasis oTxgvari

maameblobisa (Grg. 464 b – 466 a, 501 a – 503 a, 517 b – 522 e): mzareuloba,

parfiumeria, ritorika da sofistika. sofistika gamoyofilia

maameblobisagan, radganac is aswavlis fulis fasad. yvelaze metad

platons sofistikaSi swored misi oportunizmi sZuls (493 a - c).

22 sityva mousikhv aq gamoxatavs „Tavisufal mecnierebebs“ farTo gagebiT.

amgvari musiuri xelovnebis maswavleblebi bevrni iyvnen aTenSi, magram

isini metwilad ucxoelebi gaxldnen.

23 ix. ,,kanonebi” (Leg. 658 b-d), sadac xalxis gamrTobTa Soris dasaxelebulia

sakvirvelebaTa maCveneblebi (to;n ta; qauvmata ejpideiknuvntakomikosi, tragikosi,

rafsodi. qau`maxSirad aris Tojina an marioneti. ,,kanonebSi” (Leg. 644 e da

Smdg.) naTqvamia, rom Cven varT marionetebi, romlebsac RmerTebi ZafebiT

aTamaSeben. sakvirvelmoqmedTa xelobam STaagona platons gamoqvabulis

cnobili alegoria (Resp. 514 b).

24 es azri gavrcobilia “kanonebSi” (Nom. 731 a).

25 aRsaniSnavia, rom eristikas platoni xelovnebad miiCnevs.

245

26 ejristikh`~ o]n tevcnh~ - iseTi ”zedmeti” sityvebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa am

SemTxvevaSi o]n, aris platonisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuli

stilis gamovlineba.

27 mosazreba, rom flosofia aris sulis ganwmenda, ukavSirdeba piTagorul

swavlebas da gvxvdeba “fedonSic” (Phd. 238 c - e), igive idea kavSirSia

mmarTvelobis codnasTan “politikosSi” (Pol. 239 d).

28 mocemul konteqstSi platoni iyenebs terminebs: balaneutikhv (meqisis

xelovneba), giatrikhv (eqimoba), spoggistikhv (RrubliT dabanis xelovneba),

farmakoposiva (wamlis damzadebis xelovneba). mniSvnelovania, rom TargmanSic

terminebi gadmotanil iqnas maqsimaluri sizustiT, raTa mkiTxvelisaTvis

mkafio gaxdes platonis mier SemoTavazebuli klasifikaciis principebi.

29 wamlis damzadebaze platoni msjelobs agreTve “saxelmwifoSi” (Resp. 407)

da “timeosSi” (Ti. 89 c-d).

30 e[k tino~ diafora`~ diafqoravn _ ase ikiTxeba es adgili yvela xelnawerSi,

garda galenosisa, sadac aris: diafqora`~ diaforavn.

31 ix. “kanonebi” (Nom. 860 d).

32 aq aris erTgvari sityvaTa TamaSi – parafrosuvnh miRebulia thn paravforon

suvnesin-dan. Sdr. ,,kratilosis” etimologiebs Soris sunievnai-s gagebas. esaa

sulis moZraoba, romelic saganTa moZraobas Seesabameba (411 e).

33 ix. “timeosi” (Ti. 86 d – 87 b). aRviraxsniloba anu “ajkolasiva” unda CavTvaloT

avadmyofobad da ara imad, rom adamians nebiT surs iyos boroti. siave,

erTi mxriv, aris memkvidreobiTi mis xasiaTTan erTad, meore mxriv ki, is

damZimebulia cudi aRzrdiT. amaze ufro metad pasuxismgebelni arian

mSoblebi da aRmzrdelebi. nacvlad imisa, rom vlanZRoT, aseTi adamiani

unda SevicodoT da gamovasworoT sxeulisa da gonebis swori

gajansaRebiT.

34 vinaidan dasja gulisxmobs raime mankierebis, naklis gamosworebas,

poinikh; tevcnh SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc gamosworebis xelovneba (Sdr.

inglisuri Targmani: corrective art).

35 Sdr. ,,Teetetosi” (Tht. 168 a, 210 c), ,,sokrates apologia” (Ap. 23 c).

246

36 saubaria mxilebis meTodze.

37 ase moixseniebdnen spars mefeebs, romelTa cxovreba da simdidre

iTvleboda adamianuri bednierebis simbolod.

38 amave sakiTxs exeba “saxelmwifo”, sadac xazgasmulia, rom msgavsebac

aranakleb damabnevelia, vidre gansxvaveba da es safrTxes mxolod imaTTvis

ar warmoadgens, vinc icis Sekreba (sunavgein) da dayofa (diairei`sqai) (Resp. 454

b).

39 keTilSobili sofistika anu mxilebis xelovneba garegnulad hgavs

Cveulebriv sofistikas, magram misgan gansxvavebiT, is WeSmariti sibrZnea.

termini doxosofiva gvxvdeba “filebosSic” (Phil. 49 a), xolo termini doxovsofo~

_ “fedonSi” (Phdr. 275 b).

40 amgvari andazebi platonTan xSirad gvxvdeba. kamaTsac brZolisa da

Sejibrebis xasiaTi aqvs (Resp. VIII 544 b; Leg. III 682 e).

41 Sdr. “timeosi” (Ti. 41 a), aristoteles “nikomaqosis eTika” (Eth. Nic. H, 7).

42 sofistTa dapirebebis Sesaxeb Sdr. ,,gorgiasi” (Grg. 456 b – c).

43 diogene laertelis cnobiT (IX, 55), protagorasi iTvleba avtorad

nawarmoebisa ,,Widaobis Sesaxeb”. mis ritorikul naSromebze migviTiTebs

platoni “fedrosSic” (Phdr. 267 c).

44 aq SeiniSneba erTgvari ironia. marTalia, axalgazrdebs bevrad ukeTesi

mxedveloba aqvT, vidre moxucebs, magram es saerTod ar niSnavs imas, rom

maT ukeT SeuZliaT rTul SekiTxvebze pasuxi.

45 Sdr. ,,gorgiasi” (Grg. 459 a - c), sadac naTqvamia, rom orators ar sWirdeba

codna, sakmarisia mxolod saubris codna. maT winaSe, romelTac ar ician,

is, ucodinari, ufro damajerebeli iqneba, vidre eqimi, romelmac icis.

46 Sdr. ,,saxelmwifo” (Resp. 596 a - 605 b), mimetikasTan dakavSirebiT.

47 aq moCvenebiTi codna dapirispirebulia WeSmaritebasTan, Tumca

imavdroulad termini gnwvmh dapirispirebulia terminTan ejpisthvmh, iseve

rogorc termini ajlhvqeia miemarTeba protagorasis ajlhvqeia-s.

48 Sdr. ,,saxelmwifo” 596 c.

247

49 platoni sofistebs iseT adamianebs uwodebs, romlebic floben baZvaze

dafuZnebul cru codnas. baZvaSi ki SeuZlebelia iyos raime saxis

WeSmariteba. am sakiTxze platoni detalurad msjelobs “saxelmwifoSi”,

sadac is ambobs, rom baZvis xelovneba Sorsaa WeSmaritebisgan (Resp. X 598 b).

mimbaZvels ar aqvs realuri codna, ratomaa raRac kargi an cudi, mas

SeuZlia mxolod imgvari saxiT mibaZva, rom kargad gamoCndes ucodinar

brboSi (Resp. X 602 b).

50 asakTan erTad mosazrebebis cvlilebaze Sdr. ,,kanonebi” (Leg. 888 a – b),

sadac naTqvamia, rom aRmzrdels surs axalgazrda kacs aaridos

imedgacrueba.

51 termini eijdwlopoiikhv aq aris sinonimi terminisa mimhtikhv.

52 Sdr. ,,kanonebi” (Leg. 698 c – d), sadac saubaria imaze, Tu rogor

atyvevebdnen eretrielebs, sparseTis mefis, dariosis, brZanebiT. mtrebi

ambobdnen, TiTqos sparsma jariskacebma mTeli eretria badiT SemosazRvres.

aseve Sdr. ,,meneqsene” (Men. 240 a – c). es ambavi ar ewinaaRmdegeba sxvagvar

axsnasac, romlis mixedviTac, aq SeiZleba sityvaTa TamaSi vivaraudoT:

basiliko;~ lovgo~, mefis ediqti, anu suverenuli goneba. omis, nadirobis saxeebi

da logikuri terminebi mTels dialogSi erTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli.

53 igive fraza meordeba sofokles tragediaSi “oidiposi kolonosSi” (1024).

54 Sdr. ,,filebosi” (Phil. 41 c - 42 a), gansakuTrebiT ki ,,saxelmwifo” (Resp. 602 b

– d). xelovnebiT imitaciasa da WeSmaritebas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis

saCveneblad aq CamoTvlilia mxedvelobis iluziebi. Cveni bunebis sisuste

aZlevs mefokuseebs TavianTi xelovnebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas. aseve

Sdr. ,,fedoni” (Phd. 69 b), ,,saxelmwifo” (Resp. 523 b), ,,parmenidesi” (Parm. 165 c),

,,Teetetosi” (Tht. 208 e), kritiasi” (Cri. 107 c), ,,kanonebi” (Leg. 663 c).

55 berZnul teqstSi aris eijkov~ da eijkwvn.

56 aristotele “metafizikaSi” (N, 1089 a) ambobs, rom platonisaTvis to; mh; o[n

niSnavs tyuils _ yeu`do~ da tyuilis bunebas.

57 aq igulisxmeba saubrebi da poema.

248

58 parmenidesis ,,bunebis Sesaxeb” B 7 D. Sdr. aristoteles ,,metafizika” (1089

a 2).59 es Teza warmodgenilia, rogorc braldebuli, romlis winaaRmdegac

mowmed gamodis parmenidesi. magram, rogorc sokrate ,,gorgiasSi” (Grg. 471 e -

472 d) warmoaCens, rac ar unda STambeWdavni iyvnen mowmeebi da avtoritetebi,

isini dasabuTebisaTvis ar gamodgebian.

60 platoni aq ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelis orobiTi ricxvis formas

iyenebs _ tinev.

61 analogiuri msjeloba aris ,,saxelmwifoSi” (Resp. 478 b) da ,,TeetetosSi”

(Tht. 188 e - 189 a).

62 es aris dialogis erT-erTi sakvanZo adgili, sadac ukve iwyeba imis

xazgasma, rom arsebuli erTdroulad arsebobs kidec da arc arsebobs.

63 analogiuri CamonaTvali aris ,,saxelmwifoSi”: Crdilebi da

gamosaxulebebi wyalsa da sarkeSi (Resp. 510 a), qandakebebi qvasa da xeSi

(Resp. 515 a), naxatebi (Resp. 598 a). Teetetosis Secdoma imaSia, rom is

definiciis nacvlad yvelafer amas CamoTvlis. aseve Sdr. ,,Teetetosi” (Tht.

146 e, Menon 172 a).

64 Sdr. “Teetetosi” (Tht. 165 a - e).

65 Zveli berZnulis termini eijkwvn niSnavs xats da msgavss. vinaidan

qarTulSi “xatis” erT-erTi mniSvneloba “msgavsia”, Targmnisas viyenebT

swored “xats”, romelic imavdroulad SeiZleba gaazrebul iqnas rogorc

“msgavsi” (Sdr. “sofistis” inglisuri Targmani, sadac eijkwvn iTargmneba

rogorc likeness).

66 miniSneba miTologiur asTavian hidraze, romelic heraklem daamarcxa.

,,evTidemosSi” sokrate sofists hidras uwodebs (Euthd. 297 c).

67 parmenidesi aqac da Semdgomac ,,mamad” moixsenieba, radgan is eleelTa

skolis winamZRoli iyo.

68 aq platoni, msgavsad aristotelesi (Metaph. A, 6, 987 b), xazs usvams imas,

rom uwindel filosofiaSi dialeqtikas adgili ar hqonda.

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69 rogorc fiqroben, aq igulisxmebian ionieli filosofosebi, romlebic

Tvlidnen, rom bunebaSi moqmedebs sami kosmogoniuri Zala: zevsi, qronosi

(cronov~) da miwa (cqoniva).

70 aq unda igulisxmebodnen naturfilosofosebi, romlebic yvelafris

sawyisad ”civisa” da ”cxelis” urTierTqmedebas miiCnevdnen.

71 qsenofanes kolofoneli (VI – V ss.) _ eleelTa skolis fuZemdebeli. misi

azriT, arsebuli erTiani, ucvleli, uZravi da SemosazRvrulia.

72 siciliel muzebSi igulisxmeba empedoklesi, romelsac ekuTvnis swavleba

siyvarulsa da borotebaze da romelic siyvaruls miiCnevda yvelafris

gamaerTianebel Zalad.

73 mkacr muzebSi igulisxmeba heraklitesi, romelic mamoZravebel Zalad

miiCnevda antinomiur wyvilebs, rogorebicaa ”mTeli” da ”aramTeli”,

”msgavsi” da ”aramsgavsi” d. a. S.

74 ix. parmenidesis ,,bunebis Sesaxeb” (28 B 8).

75 ix. ,,parmenidesis” meore hipoTeza (Parm. 145 a).

76 dasabuTeba midis via negationis meTodiT, rogorc ,,parmenidesis” pirveli

hipoTezisa (Parm. 137 c).

77 aq ironiulad aris gamoxatuli filosofiuri skolebis kamaTi, rogorc

olimpieli RmerTebisa da titanebis brZola hesiodes ,,TeogoniaSi” (674-719).

kinikosTa sensualizmi Sepirispirebulia megarelTa ukidures idealizmTan.

78 aq miwa da zeca erTmaneTTan dapirispirebulia da zeca moiazreba

uxilavad. “saxelmwifoSi” platoni zecas xilulis kategoriaSi aTavsebs

(Resp. 509 d).

79 Sdr. hesiodes “Teogonia” (675-715).

80 Sdr. “kanonebi” (Leg. 663 c).

81 ironiuli Sedareba miTologiur ,,spartebTan”, romlebic miwidan iSvnen,

kadmosis mier drakonis kbilebis daTesvis Sedegad. ,,romlebic Sva miwam” _

es aTenelebia, romelTa pirveli mefe kekropsi iyo ,,avtoxToni” (Tavad

Sobili miwidan), romelsac hqonda naxevrad _ adamianis, naxevrad _ gvelis

tani.

250

82 Sdr. is, rac ar SeiZleba iyos azrovnebis obieqti, ar arsebobs (Soph. 248

e) da, rac sruliad arsebulia, is mTlianad obieqtia (Resp. 477 a).

83 sityva ei\do~ am konteqstSi imis gamomxatvelia, rom aq xsenebuli

adamianebi sokratesTan axlos myofebad moiazrebian. eseni ar unda iyvnen

arc kinikosebi, arc kirenelebi. iTvleba, rom aq unda igulisxmebodnen

sokratelebi, romlebsac aqvT eleaturi da piTagoruli skolebis

zegavlena. imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu vin igulisxmebian “ideaTa megobrebSi”,

arsebobs Semdegi mosazrebebi: 1. platoni, romelic gakritikebulia ucnobi

avtoris mier da es nawili araavTenturia (s. vindelbandi) an Tavad

platoni akritikebs sakuTar Tavs (l. gomperci, v. lutoslavski); 2.

platonikosebi, romlebic CamorCnen platons (p. natorpi, l. kempbeli); 3.

megarelebi (f. Slaiermaxeri, e. celeri, a. apelti); 4. piTagorelebi (i.

barneti); 5. eliselebi (J. diuseni). f. kornfordis azriT, aqac zogadad

unda igulisxmebodes yvela is idealisti, romelsac swams uxilavi,

noeturi samyaros arsebobisa.

84 rodesac ucxoeli gamoxatavs sakuTar Sexedulebebs, SesaZloa, isini mis

Tanamedrove eleatebs ekuTvnodes. xolo, rodesac platonis mimdevrebze

aris saubari, SesaZloa, aq ucxoeli Tavad platonis mosazrebebs

gamoTqvamdes.

85 Sdr. ,,gorgiasi” (Grg. 476 b da Smdg.). gancdisa da uZraobis opozicia

zemoTac igulisxmeba (Soph. 248 b - c) da pirdapir aris gamoTqmuli

,,TeetetosSi” (Tht. 156 a).

86 Sdr. ,,kratilosi” (Cra. 431 b - c), ,,fedrosi” (Phdr. 275 c).

87 saintereso adgilia bgerweris TvalsazrisiT: mhdeni; peri; mhdeno;~ ei\nai

mhdamou`.

88 Sdr. aristoteles ,,metafizika” (Metaph. 1012 b 23). es adgili sxvebTan

SedarebiT bundovania, gansakuTrebiT ki paraleli bavSvebTan. aq, albaT is

unda igulisxmebodes, rom rodesac filosofoss hkiTxav, arsebuli

moZravia Tu uZravi, is gipasuxebs – “orive”, rogorc amas akeTeben bavSvebi.

251

89 aq unda iyos miniSneba evklidesis gamonaTqvamze, rom “erTs sxvadasxva

saxels uwodeben”.

90 Sdr. aristoteles ,,fizika” (185 b 25).

91 aq miniSneba unda iyos antisTenesze, an Tu personalurad antisTenesze

ara, im adamianebze, romlebic ironiulad moixsenebian “evTidemosSi”.

92 saintereso adgilia bgerweris TvalsazrisiT: prw`ton mhdeni; mhde;n mhdemivan

duvnamin e[cein koinwniva~ eij~ mhdevn.

93 es adgili unda mianiSnebdes empedoklessa (ejn mevrei) da heraklitosze

(ajei;), maSin roca sityvebi ejx eJnov~ miemarTeba ufro adrindel ioniel

filosofosebs, rogoricaa anaqsimenesi.

94 aq platoni erTad krebs sam opozicias: moZraobasa da uZraobas, erTsa da

mravals, igivesa da sxvas, anu ,,Teetetoss”, ,,parmenidessa” da ,,sofists”.

95 misani, romelic Tavis Tavs TviTon uwinaswarmetyvelebda borotebas.

96 Sdr. plotinis ,,eneadebi” VI, 2, 7 .

97 asoebis analogia ix. atomistebTan, aristoteles ,,metafizikaSi” (Metaph.

985 b 15), ,,warmoSobisa da mospobis Sesaxeb” (315 b 6), ,,kratilosSi” (Cra. 393 d,

422 c – 426 d), ,,saxelmwifoSi” (Resp. 368 d), ,,filebosSi” (Phlb. 17 a – 18 e).

98 aq xmovnebi ganasaxierebs umaRles ideebs: arsebuli, igiveoba, sxva.

99 termini gevno~ xSirad gamoiyeneba termin ei\do~–is sapirispirod rogorc am

dialogSi, ise “parmenidesSi”, “filebosSi”, “kanonebsa” da “timeosSi”.

100 Sdr. “Teetetosi” (Tht. 172). miuxedavad imisa, rom ucxoeli ar

monawileobda wina dRes warmarTul dialogSi, aq miniSnebaa filosofosis

cxovrebaze, romelsac sokrate aRwers “TeetetosSi”.

101 kaqarmov~ - wminda, romelsac ar ereva arafilosofiuri ideebi. Sdr.

“fedoni” (Phd. 65 e, 67 a - b, 69 b).

102 miniSneba dialog “filosofosze”, romelsac wesiT unda Seejamebina

”sofistisa” da ”politikosis” Sedegebi. TumcaRa, fraza “Tuki mis Ziebas

SevudgebiT”, SesaZloa, migvaniSnebdes imaze, rom platoni amgvari dialogis

daweras ar apirebda.

252

103 aq Cans platonis ganzraxva daweros dialogi, romelSic warmogvidgens

filosofosis gansazRvrebas.

104 anu arc igiveobrivia, arc gansxvavebuli.

105 arsebulis es xuTi gvari mogvianebiT gadaiRo plotinosma, romelmac

Secvala umaRlesi WeSmaritebis gvarebis sistema da upiratesoba mianiWa am

5 gvars “filebosis” sammagi arsebulis gvarTan erTad. ix. plotinosis (E, b.

1, Z, b. 2)

106 Zveli berZnulis ori uaryofiTi nawilaki mhv da oujqarTulSi ,,ar”

nawilakad gadmodis.

107 amis Semdeg msjeloba warmoadgens dawyebuli diskusiis reziumes.

108 e. w. eristikosebi Tanamosaubreebs winaaRmdegobaSi agdebdnen,

amtkicebdnen ra, rom erTi da igive raRac erTdroulad arsebobs da ar

arsebobs. platonma gamoavlina amgvari winaaRmdegobebi, rac mogvianebiT

sofizmebis saxeliT gaxda cnobili.

109 ,,yvelafris yvelafrisagan gamoyofa” anu calkeuli cnebebiT operireba,

romelic saerTomde ar adis, damaxasiaTebeli iyo sofistebisaTvis,

romlebsac platoni ,,gaunaTleblebad” da ,,arafilosofosebad” miiCnevs.

110 es Sexeduleba aris mTeli dialogis gasaRebi. sofistis mTavari

maxasiaTebeli aris e. w. antilogika – uaryofis xelovneba. antilogikuri

dialeqtikis wyalobiT sofisti axerxebs Tavis daRwevas da ise damalvas,

rom ver gaarCio sad aris misi WeSmariti adgili.

111 saintereso adgilia bgerweris TvalsazrisiT: eij sunecwrhvsamen mhdemivan

ei\nai mei`xin mhdeni; pro;~ mhdevn.

112 platoni aq provblhma-s ormag mniSvnelobas iyenebs, erTi _ winaRoba,

meore _ dabrkoleba, barieri, romelic msjelobaSi Cndeba.

113 Sdr. ,,kratilosi” (Cra. 422 e - 423 e).

114 saxeli da zmna aq aris ara gramatikuli, aramed filosofiur-

dialeqtikuri dayofa moqmed pirad da moqmedebad. am ori komponentis

Serwyma qmnis metyvelebas. Sdr. ,,kratilosi” (Cra. 425 a, 431 b - c).

115 Sdr. aristoteles ,,kategoriebi” I A, 16-19, ,,hermenevtika” II, III Tavebi.

253

116 Sdr. “Teetetosi” (Tht. 160 a).

117 sityvaTa amgvari kavSirisaTvis Sdr. zemoT (Soph. 240 b, 254 d), ,,Teetetosi”

(Tht. 189 c - d).

118 azrovnebisa da azris amgvari definiciisaTvis Sdr. ,,Teetetosi” (Tht. 189 e

- 190 a).

119 saintereso adgilia bgerweris TvalsazrisiT: dia; to; mhdamw`~ mhdevpote

mhdamou` yeu`do~ ei\nai.

120 metyvelebaSi mimetikis Sesaxeb Sdr. “kratilosi” (Cra. 423 a-b).