DAFTAR ISI

ABSTRAK.................................................................................................. iABSTRACT................................................................................................. iiKATA PENGANTAR................................................................................ iiiDAFTAR ISI............................................................................................... vDAFTAR TABEL...................................................................................... viiDAFTAR GAMBAR.................................................................................. viiiDAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................. ixDAFTAR SINGKATAN............................................................................ x

BAB 1. PENDAHULUAN........................................................................ 11.1 Latar Belakang....................................................................... 11.2 Rumusan Masalah.................................................................. 41.3 Pertanyaan Penelitian............................................................. 51.4 Tujuan Penelitian................................................................... 5

1.4.1 Tujuan umum................................................................. 51.4.2 Tujuan khusus................................................................ 5

1.5 Manfaat Penelitian................................................................. 61.4.1 Tujuan umum................................................................. 61.4.2 Tujuan khusus................................................................ 6

BAB 2. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA............................................................... 72.1 Diabetes Melitus.................................................................... 7

2.1.1 Definisi.......................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Prevalensi dan faktor risiko........................................... 7

2.1.3 Klasifikasi..................................................................... 8 2.1.4 Patogenesis.................................................................... 9

2.1.5 Gejala klinis.................................................................. 11 2.1.6 Diagnosis ...................................................................... 13 2.1.7 Komplikasi ................................................................... 152.2 Hipertensi .............................................................................. 17

2.2.1 Definisi.......................................................................... 172.2.2 Epidemiologi................................................................. 17

2.2.3 Faktor resiko................................................................. 19 2.2.4 Klasifikasi..................................................................... 20

2.2.5 Patogenesis.................................................................... 22 2.2.6 Gejala klinis.................................................................. 22 2.2.7 Komplikasi.................................................................... 23 2.2.8 Tujuan dan strategi pengobatan ................................... 24

2.3 Gangguan Depresi ................................................................. 252.3.1 Definisi.......................................................................... 252.3.2 Epidemiologi................................................................. 25

2.3.3 Etiologi.......................................................................... 26 2.3.4 Gejala klinis.................................................................. 30

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2.3.5 Diagnosis....................................................................... 312.4 Beck Depresion Inventory (BDI) .......................................... 352.5 Hubungan Diabetes Melitus Dan Depresi ............................. 372.6 Hubungan Hipertensi Dan Depresi ....................................... 39

BAB 3. KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN .............................................................................. 44 3.1 Kerangka Konseptual Penelitian............................................ 44

3.2 Hipotesis Penelitian............................................................... 44

BAB 4. METODE PENELITIAN............................................................ 45 4.1 Jenis Penelitian....................................................................... 45 4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian................................................. 45 4.3 Populasi, Sampel, Kriteria, dan Besar Sampel....................... 45

4.3.1 Populasi......................................................................... 45 4.3.2 Sampel dan kriteria....................................................... 45

4.3.3 Besar sampel................................................................. 46 4.4 Variabel Penelitian dan Definisi Operasional........................ 46

4.4.1 Variabel Penelitian........................................................ 46 4.4.2 Definisi operasional...................................................... 47

4.5 Instrumen Penelitian.............................................................. 48 4.6 Prosedur Pengambilan dan Pengumpulan Data..................... 48 4.7 Metode Analisis Data............................................................. 49

4.7.1 Pengolahan Data........................................................... 49 4.7.2 Analisis Data................................................................. 49

BAB 5 HASIL PENELTIAN.................................................................. 515.1 Deskripsi Lokasi Penelitian................................................... 515.2 Analisa Univariat................................................................... 52

5.2.1 Karakteristik pasien Diabetes Melitus dengan hipertensi dan tanpa hipertensi..................................... 52

5.3 Analisis Bivariat.................................................................... 54

BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN.......................................................................... 566.1 Frekuensi Tingkat Depresi pasien DM dengan dan

Tanpa Hipertensi.................................................................... 566.2 Perbedaan Tingkat Depresi pasien DM dengan Hipertensi

dan Tanpa Hipertensi............................................................. 56

BAB 7 PENUTUP................................................................................... 617.1 Kesimpulan............................................................................ 617.2 Saran....................................................................................... 61

DAFTAR PUSTAKA................................................................................. 62

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1 Kriteria diagnosis DM............................................................... 14Tabel 2.2 Klasifikasi tekanan darah menurut JNC 7................................. 21Tabel 4.1 Definisi operasional.................................................................. 47Tabel 5.1 Distribusi frekuensi pasien DM berdasarkan umur................... 52Tabel 5.2 Distribusi frekuensi pasien DM berdasarkan jenis kelamin...... 52Tabel 5.3 Distribusi frekuensi DM berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan........ 53Tabel 5.4 Distribusi frekuensi DM Berdasarkan Jenis Pekerjaan............. 53Tabel 5.5 Distribusi frekuensi tingkat depresi pasien DM dengan

hipertensi dan tanpa hipertensi.................................................. 54Tabel 5.6 Perbedaan depresi pasien DM dengan hipertensi dan tanpa di

rumah sakit umum cut meutia kabupaten aceh utara tahun2013 .......................................................................................... 54

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Patogenesis resistensi insulin.................................................. 10Gambar 2.2 Langkah-langkah diagnostik DM dan gangguan toleransi glukosa....................................................................................... 13Gambar 2.3 Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi tekanan darah..................... 22Gambar 3.1 Kerangka konsep penelitian.................................................... 44

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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1 Lembar penjelasan (informed consent) .................................. 69Lampiran 2 Lembar kesediaan menjadi responden .................................... 70Lampiran 3 Lembar kuesioner ................................................................... 71Lampiran 4 Master data hasil penelitian 1 ................................................. 78Lampiran 5 Master data hasil penelitian 2 ................................................. 80Lampiran 6 Analisa univariat dan bivariat ................................................. 83

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DAFTAR SINGKATAN

11β-HSD2 : 11- Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 2

ACTH : Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Acyl-CoA : Acyl Coenzyme A

ADA : American Diabetes Association

AT : Angiotensin

BDI : Beck Depression Inventory

BMI : Body Mass Index

CO : Cardiac Output

CRH : Corticotropin Releasing Hormone

DSM : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

GDPT : Glukosa Darah Puasa Terganggu

HNK : Hiperosmolar Non Ketotik

H2O2 : Hidrogen Peroksida

HPA : Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal

IDO : Indoleamin 2,3 Dioksigenasi

IFNγ : Interferon Gamma

IL6 : Interleukin 6

IRS : Insulin Receptor Substrate

LPS : Lipopolisakarida

MDD : Mayor Depresi Disorder

MR : Mineralocorticoid Receptor

NF-kB : Nuclear Factor Kappa-Light-Chain-Enhancer Of Activated B Cells

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NO : Nitrit Oksida

O2- : Anion superoksida

PI3K : Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase

PPDGJ : Pedoman Penggolongan dan Diagnosis Gangguan Jiwa

PR : Peripheral Resistance

PVN : Nucleus Paraventrikular

Riskesdas : Riset Kesehatan Dasar

ROC : Receiver Operating Characteristics

ROS : Reactive Oxygen Spesies

SKRT : Survei Kesehatan Rumah Tangga

SOCS : Suppresor of Cytokine Signaling

SRA : Sistem Renin Angiotensin

TDO : Triptofan 2,3 Diogsigenase

TDS : Tekanan Darah Sistolik

TGT : Toleransi Glukosa Terganggu

TNFα : Tumor Necroting Factor α

TOD : Target Organ Damage

TRH : Tirotropin Releasing Hormone

TSH : Thyroid stimulating hormone

TTD : Tekanan Darah Diastolik

TTGO : Tes Toleransi Glukosa Oral

VP : Vasopressin Arginin

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