Dampak Kegiatan Perusahaan Multinasional terhadap Keadaan Sosial dan Politik di Indonesia O l e h : A l b e r t W i d j a j a

Summary - (

Capital invesment has been, in most cases, identified as a mere economic activities whose objectives are purely economical: to produce and distribute good and services (at a profit) which would invetually (collectively) being growth to the economy. Therefore it would be wrong for one to expect investors to carry our social obligations such as those performed by the social organizations. Similarly it is not incorrect for those who pay particular inte­rest to the social problem of the society to label investors "narrow minded" toward social problem and phenomena such as; welfare, equal distribution of income, employment, interests of small group, etc.

To the contrary, investor, particularly multinational investors are likely to see social obligations being overly excessive and irrational, and argue that capital investment is an economic institution, not a social organization or philantrophic institution. Such an attitude could hinder communication and cooperation between investors and those responsible for creating amicable social environment, and further could complicate the implementation of regu­lations aimed to improve both the social and economic environment.

To analyse the impacts of capital investment on the social and politi­cal life of society, one should be able to distinguish between the "roles" and the "interests" of the parties involved. Only then one can obtain a objec­tive views on the matter.

Indonesia has been hosting foreign investors for over a decade now, and it seems that she will continue to do so for a lot more years to come. Foreign investment in Indonesia has been accepted with mixed perceptions by the society. Some recognize foreign investment to have contributed significantly to boosting the country's economic growth, and others identify them as one of the few major sources of social and political disturbance.

This paper attempts to analyse, objectively, the social and political impact of foreign investment in Indonesia in the context of searching for ways and means to minimize its negative influences and side effects.

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Finally, this paper also hopes to show that good communication is essential in order to make the regulations aimed to maximize the positive contributions of foreign investment to the country's develoment become more effective.

I . Peranan Penanaman Modal Dalam Masyarakat

K e g i a t a n p e n a n a m a n m o d a l a d a l a h s u a t u k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i y a n g m e m p u n y a i p o l a k e r j a , s a s a r a n d a n k e p e n t i n g a n y a n g b e r b e d a b a h k a n s e r i n g b e r l a w a n a n d e n g a n k e p e n t i n g a n s o s i a l p o l i t i k m a s y a r a k a t . O l e h s e b a b i t u , t i a p p e m i k i r a n y a n g m e n c o b a m e l i h a t h u b u n g a n a t a u i m p l i k a s i k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i t e r h a d a p k e b i d u p a n s o s i a l p o l i t i k m a s y a r a k a t , c e n d e r u n g b e r a k h i r d e n g a n k e s i m p u l a n y a n g n e g a t i p , b i l a t i d a k d a l a m b e n t u k p o l a r i s a s i . D a l a m k e n y a t a a n m e m a n g k i t a m e l i h a t b a h w a m e r e k a y a n g b e r k e p e n t i n g a n a t a s m a s a i a h s o s i a l p o l i t i k s e r i n g d e n g a n t e p a t m e n u n j u k k a n k e s e m p i t a n c a r a b e r p i k i r d a n p e r h a t i a n p a r a u s a h a w a n t e r h a d a p m a s a i a h k e s e j a b t e r a a n m a s y a r a k a t , p e r a t a a n p e n ­d a p a t a n , d a n m a s a i a h s o s i a l l a i n n y a . S e b a l i k n y a , p a r a p e n g u s a h a d a n t e r u t a m a p e n g u s a h a p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l m e n i l a i t u n t u t a n s o s i a l p o l i t i k d l r a s a a g a k b e r k e l e b i b a n d a n k u r a n g r a s i o n i l , k a r e n a p a r a p e n g u s a h a b e r p e n d a p a t b a h w a p e r u s a h a a n s e b a g a i l e m b a g a e k o n o m i b u k a n s u a t u o r g a n i s a s i p i l a n t r o -p i a t a u p a r t a i p o l i t i k , m e l a i n k a n l e m b a g a y a n g b e r t u g a s m e m p r o d u s i r d a n m e n d i s t r i b u s i k a n b a r a n g d a n j a s a e k o n o m i s e c a r a e f i s i e n s e h i n g g a d a p a t m e n g h a s i l k a n k e u n t u n g a n a g a r m e n i n g k a t k a n p e r t u m b u h a n e k o n o m i . S i k a p d e m i k i a n y a n g s a l i n g b e r l a w a n a n m e m u t u s k o m u n i k a s i a t a u k e r j a - s a m a y a n g k o n s t r u k t i p a n t a r a m e r e k a y a n g b e r k e p e n t i n g a n t e r h a d a p p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i ­n a s i o n a l d a n m e r e k a y a n g b e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b a t a s p e r t u m b u h a n s o s i a l p o l i t i k y a n g s e h a t , s e r t a m e m p e r s u l i t p e n g a t u r a n h u k u m y a n g d i s a t u p i h a k p e r l u u n t u k m e m p e r l a n c a r k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i d a n d i l a i n p i h a k m e m b a w a p e r -b a i k a n - p e r b a i k a n S o s i a l .

A n a l i s a t e n t a n g p e n g a r u h p e n a n a m a n m o d a l t e r h a d a p k e b i d u p a n s o s i a l p o l i t i k m a s y a r a k a t h a r u s b e r t i t i k t o l a k p a d a t u j u a n - t u j u a n a t a u f u n g s i u t a m a d a r i m a s i n g - m a s i n g p i h a k , b u k a n p a d a k e p e n t i n g a n ( " i n t e r e s t " ) m a ­s i n g - m a s i n g s e p e r t i c o n t o h d i a t a s , y a n g h a n y a m e n i m b u l k a n s i k a p y a n g b e r ­l a w a n a n . " K e p e n t i n g a n " b e r b e d a d e n g a n " t u j u a n " . K e p e n t i n g a n s u d a h m e ­r u p a k a n p i l i h a n d a r i s u a t u k e k u a t a n l e m b a g a m a s y a r a k a t d a l a m m e l a k s a n a ­k a n t u j u a n a t a u f u n g s i u t a m a y a n g d i p e r c a y a k a n o l e h m a s y a r a k a t . U m p a m a , k e p e n t i n g a n p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l u n t u k m e n g u t a m a k a n e f i s i e n s i s e c a r a g l o b a l d a r i p a d a m e m e l i h a r a k e s e i m b a n g a n d e n g a n e f i s i e n s i s e c a r a n a s i o n a l d i n e g a r a p e n e r i m a ( h o s t c o u n t r y ) s u d a h m e r u p a k a n p i l i h a n d a r i t u j u a n u n t u k

486 E K I , V o L X X V I I , N o . 4 , D e c e m b e r I»79

m e n c i p t a k a n s i s t e m e k o n o m i y a n g e f i s i e n . P e m b a h a s a n y a n g t e r t i t i k t o l a k p a d a t u j u a n u t a m a m e m b e r i k e m u n g k i n a n y a n g l e b i h b e s a r u n t u k m e n g e m ­b a n g k a n a r g u m e n y a n g o b j e k t i p s e r t a m e m b a w a p e m e c a h a n y a n g a d i l a t a s p e r t e n t a n g a n k e p e n t i n g a n - k e p e n t i n g a n .

K e g i a t a n p e n a n a m a n m o d a l m e m p u n y a i 2 m a c a m t u j u a n u m u m . ' P e r ­t a m a i a l a h m e n i n g k a t k a n i n d u s t r i a l i s a s i u n t u k m e n y e d i a k a n b a r a n g d a n j a s a b a g i m a s y a r a k a t . I n d u s t r i a l i s a s i i n i m e n y a n g k u t p e r p a d u a n t e k n o l o g i , m a n a g e ­m e n t , m o d a l , f a k t o r p r o d u k s i l a i n n y a d a l a m s u a t u p r o s e s p r o d u k s i . O l e h s e b a b i t u , p e r a n a n p o s i t i p d a r i p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l s e l a l u d i k a i t k a n d e n g a n j a s a n y a d i b i d a n g p e n y e d i a a n t e k n o l o g i , k e t r a m p i l a n m a n a g e m e n t p r o d u k s i d a n p e m a s a r a n s e r t a k e k u a t a n m o d a l n y a . T u j u a n k e d u a d a r i p e ­n a n a m a n m o d a l i a l a h p e n i n g k a t a n p e n d a p a t a n d a n k e k a y a a n m a s y a r a k a t , d a l a m b e n t u k p e n g u a s a a n a t a u p e m i l i k a n m o d a l s e r t a d a l a m b e n t u k p e m ­b a g i a n k e u n t u n g a n . P e n g u a s a a n m o d a l a d a l a h m a s a i a h k e k u a s a a n y a n g m e ­n e n t u k a n a r a h i n d u s t r i a l i s a s i b a g i k e p e n t i n g a n - k e p e n t i n g a n t e r t e n t u . O l e h s e b a b i t u , p e n g u a s a a n m o d a l s e l a l u d i a t u r d e n g a n h u k u m a t a u p e r u n d a n g -u n d a n g a n . K a r e n a p e n g u a s a a n m o d a l m e n g a n d u n g u n s u r k e k u a s a a n , m a k a m a s a l a h - m a s a l a h p o l i t i k b i a s a n y a t i m b u l d a r i k e g a g a l a n s i s t e m d a n p e l a k s a n a ­a n d a r i h u k u m y a n g m e n g a t u r p e n g u a s a a n m o d a l t e r s e b u t . |

S e l a n j u t n y a , p e m b a g i a n k e u n t u n g a n a d a l a h p r o s e s s o s i a l , d a n t i d a k b e n a r s e m a t a - m a t a p r o s e s e k o n o m i . T i n g k a t k e u n t u n g a n d i t e n t u k a n o l e h b i a y a - b i a y a y a n g b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n p r o s e s p r o d u k s i d a n d i s t r i b u s i . B i l a p e n g g u n a a n t e k n o l o g i d a l a m p r o s e s p r o d u k s i m e n i m b u l k a n p o l u s i l i n g k u n g a n , m a k a t i n g k a t k e u n t u n g a n p e r u s a h a a n d i t e n t u k a n p u l a o l e h d i k e l u a r k a n n y a a t a u t i d a k b i a y a p e n a n g g u l a n g a n p o l u s i t e r s e b u t . ' P e n g a b a i a n m a s a i a h p o ­l u s i m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u s u m b e r m a s a i a h s o s i a l ( u m p a m a k e s e h a t a n ) . B i l a s u a t u p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l d i b i d a n g p e r t a m b a n g a n , u m p a m a n y a , m e ­l a k u k a n p e n a m b a n g a n b a h a n m e n t a h d i d a e r a h t e r i s o l i r d a n m e n g g u n a k a n b a n y a k t e n a g a k e r j a y a n g d i c a r i d a r i l a i n d a e r a h ; m a k a a n a k - a n a k d a r i p e k e r j a -p e k e i j a t e r s e b u t m e m b u t u h k a n s e k o l a h . I n i b e r a r t i b i a y a s o s i a l . M a k a k e ­u n t u n g a n p e r u s a h a a n d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h d i s e d i a k a n n y a a t a u t i d a k b i a y a s a r a n a p e n d i d i k a n . B i l a s a r a n a p e n d i d i k a n b a g i a n a k - a n a k p a r a k a r y a w a n t i d a k t e r ­s e d i a , m a k a p i l i h a n b a g i p a r a k a r y a w a n i a l a h p e r t a m a m e n e r u s k a n p e k e r j a ­a n t e r s e b u t d e n g a n g a j i y a n g s e k e d a r h a n y a u n t u k m e n y a m b u n g h i d u p t e ­t a p i m e n u t u p k e m u n g k i n a n a n a k n y a m e m p e r o l e h p e n d i d i k a n , a t a u k e d u a

1 I.e. Schelling: "Command and Control" pada James W. McKie (ed.): SosialRespon-sbility and the Business Predicament. The Brookings Institution, 1974, him. 79 - 108. 2 Dapat saja biaya penanggulangan polusi tersebut dibebankan pada konsumen dengan meningkatkan barga barang produksi. Harga yang tinggi masih dapat laku, karena ada import proteksi.

E K l , V o l . X X V U , N o . 4 , D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 9 4 8 7

m e n i n g g a l k a n p e k e r j a a n t e r s e b u t d a n m e n c a r i y a n g l a i n y a n g m e m u n g k i n ­k a n p e n d i d i k a n b a g i a n a k n y a . P i l i h a n p e r t a m a m e m b a w a i m p l i k a s i s o s i a l y a n g m e m p u n y a i p e n g a r u h y a n g p a n j a n g . B i l a b a n y a k b u m h y a n g m e n g ­a i a m i k o n d i s i k e r j a y a n g d e m i k i a n , m a k a k i t a m e n g o r b a n k a n p e m b i n a a n k e c e r d a s a n b a n g s a d i g e n e r a s i y a n g a k a n d a t a n g .

D a r i c o n t o h r e o n t o h d i a t a s k i t a m e l i h a t b a h w a k e b i j a k s a n a a n t e n t a n g p e n e n t u a n d a n t i n g k a t k e u n t u n g a n p e r u s a h a a n l a n g s u n g m e m p u n y a i i m p l i ­k a s i s o s i a l d i m a s y a r a k a t . O l e h s e b a b i t u , k e g i a t a n p e n a n a m a n m o d a l m e m ­p u n y a i t a n g g u n g j a w a b s o s i a l , t a n p a m e r u b a h d i r i n y a m e n j a d i l e m b a g a p i -l a n t r o p i . D a l a m s i s t e m p o l i t i k p e r e k o n o m i a n I n d o n e s i a , h a l i t u d i t u n t u t d a n d i j a m i n s e c a r a e k s p l i s i t d a l a m U U D 1 9 4 5 , p a s a l 3 3 :

" ( 1 ) P e r e k o n o m i a n d i s u s u n s e b a g a i u s a h a b e r s a m a b e r d a s a r a t a s asas k e -k e l u a r g a a n .

( 2 ) C a b a n g - c a b a n g p r o d u k s i y a n g p e n t i n g b a g i N e g a r a d a n y a n g m e n g u a s a i h a j a t h i d u p o r a n g b a n y a k d i k u a s a i o l e h N e g a r a .

( 3 ) B u m i d a n a i r d a n k e k a y a a n a l a m y a n g t e r k a n d u n g d i d a l a m n y a d i ­k u a s a i o l e h N e g a r a d a n d i g u n a k a n u n t u k s e b e s a r - b e s a m y a k e m a k m u r a n r a k y a t . "

M e n u r u t p e n d a p a t D r . M o h a m m a d H a t t a , h a l i t u b e r a r t i b a h w a p e l a k u -p c l a k u w i r a s w a s t a y a n g b e k e r j a d i I n d o n e s i a h a r u s b e r s i f a t " i n d i v i d u a l i t a " y a n g m e n g u t a m a k a n k e m a k m u r a n b e r s a m a , b u k a n i n d i v i d u a l i s m e y a n g m e n g ­u t a m a k a n k e p e n t i n g a n d i r i s e n d i r i . '

B a g i p e n g a n u t e k o n o m i l i b e r a l y a n g t r a d i s i o n i l m u n g k i n t i d a k s e p e n -d a p a t d e n g a n a r g u m e n d i a t a s b a h w a i m p a k d a n b i a y a s o s i a l m e n j a d i t a n g g u n g j a w a b p e r u s a h a a n a t a u l e m b a g a p e n a n a m a n m o d a l . M a s a l a h - m a s a l a h s o s i a l d i a n g g a p s e m a t a - m a t a s e b a g a i t a n g g u n g j a w a b p e m e r i n t a h . P e m e r i n t a h h a ­r u s m e n y e d i a k a n d a n a b a g i p e n d i d i k a n d a n m a s a i a h p o l u s i d a n s e b a g a i n y a , b e r h u b u n g d e n g a n p a j a k y a n g t e l a h d i p u n g u t n y a . P e m i k i r a n e k o n o m i l i b e r a l t e r s e b u t t i d a k d a p a t d i t e r i m a s e l u r u b n y a b i l a k i t a m e m p e l a j a r i d e n g a n l e b i h s a k s a m a p r a k t e k m o d e m t e n t a n g t r a n s f e r p r i c i n g d a r i p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i ­n a s i o n a l , u m p a m a n y a . T r a n s f e r p r i c i n g a t a s p r o d u k a t a u k o m p o n e n y a n g d i -p i n d a h k a n a t a u d i j u a l d a r i s a t u s u b s i d i a r y d i s u a t u n e g a r a k e s u b s i d i a r y l a i n d i n e g a r a l a i n d a r i p e r u s a h a a n i n d u k y a n g s a m a ( a t a u k e r j a s a m a a n t a r a p e r -u s h a a n y a n g b e r b e d a ) p a d a a k h i r n y a m e r u p a k a n s t r a t e g i p e n e t a p a n t i n g k a t

w o + e •.

3 Dr. H. Mohammad Hatta: "Pelaksanaan Dndang-Undang Dasar 1945 Pasal 33," dalam Penjabaran Pasal 22 Undang-Undang Dasar 1 9 4 5 . Jakarta, Mutiara, 1977, him. 26 - 27.

4 8 8 E K I , V o l . X X V I I , N o . 4 , D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 9

k e u n t u n g a n y a n g o p t i m a l p e r u s a h a a n i n d u k d a n t i n g k a t k e u n t u n g a n / k e -r u g i a n p e r u s a h a a n s u b s i d i a r y y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n . M e l a l u i t r a n s f e r p r i c i n g , p e r u s a h a a n s u b s i d i a r y d a p a t s e n g a j a d i j a d i k a n r u g i , a n t a r a l a i n b i l a t i n g k a t p a j a k p e n d a p a t a n p e r u s a h a a n d i n e g a r a y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n t e r l a l u t i n g g i a t a u b i l a p e r i o d e p e m b e b a s a n p a j a k s u d a h l a m p a u . A k i b a t n y a p a j a k p e m e r i n t a h t i d a k m a s u k d a r i p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n , s e h i n g g a d a n a p e m e r i n t a h m e n j a d i b e r k u r a n g u n t u k p e l a y a n a n - p e l a y a n a n s o s i a l y a n g d i a k i b a t k a n o l e h k e g i a t a n p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l . A k i b a t l a i n i a l a h p a r t ­n e r n a s i o n a l y a n g t i d a k m e m p e r o l e h k e u n t u n g a n t i d a k d a p a t d a n s e r i n g t i d a k b e r s e d i a m e n a m b a h m o d a l u n t u k p e r u s a h a a n y a n g r u g i , a p a l a g i b i l a m a n a g e -m e n t n y a m a s i h d i k u a s a i p i h a k a s i n g . P e n g u a s a a n f a k t o r - f a k t o r p r o d u k s i m a k i n l a m a b e r a d a d i t a n g a n p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l . J a d i k e b i a s a a n t r a n s f e r p r i c i n g t i d a k s e m a t a - m a t a m a s a i a h e k o n o m i d a n h a n y a m e m p u n y a i t u j u a n e k o n o m i , t e t a p i p a d a a k h i r n y a b i s a j u g a m e m p u n y a i i m p a k p o l i t i k y a n g l u a s , y a i t u p e n g u a s a a n m o d a l d a n s u m b e r a l a m o l e h p i h a k m u l t i n a s i o n a l .

B i l a k e g i a t a n p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l m e m p u n y a i p e n g a r u h y a n g l a n g s u n g t e r h a d a p m a s a i a h s o s i a l - p o l i t i k d i m a s y a r a k a t d i m a n a s u b s i d i a r y t e r s e b u t b e k e r j a , m a k a i a b e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b u n t u k m e n g a t a s i i m p a k y a n g d i t i m b u l k a n n y a , t a n p a m e r u b a h l e m b a g a n y a m e n j a d i l e m b a g a s o s i a l a t a u l e m b a g a p o l i t i k . D a l a m s i s t e m p o l i t i k p e r e k o n o m i a n d i I n d o n e s i a , t a n g g u n g j a w a b t e r s e b u t t i d a k d a p a t d i a b a i k a n t a n p a m e n i m b u l k a n g e j a l a k e r e s a h a n s o s i a l p o l i t i k , k a r e n a m a s y a r a k a t a k a n s e l a l u m e n g g u n a k a n u k u r a n d a s a r U U D 4 5 p a s a l 3 3 d a l a m m e n i l a i k e g i a t a n p e n a n a m a n m o d a l . T e t a p i p e n g ­a t u r a n t a n g g u n g - j a w a b t e r s e b u t h a r u s d i i m b a n g i p u l a , d e n g a n j a m i n a n b a h w a p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l t i d a k h a r u s b e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b a t a s s ega l a k e b u ­t u h a n s o s i a l , s e p e r t i s u m b a n g a n u n t u k p e m b i a y a a n p e r t a n d i n g a n s e p a k b o l a a t a u p e m b i a y a a n p e s t a p e r k a w i n a n a n a k d a r i t o k o h m a s y a r a k a t . H a l - h a l y a n g t e r a k h i r i n i y a n g s e r i n g l e b i h m e n o n j o l d a l a m p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l d a r i ­p a d a t u n t u t a n t e r h a d a p t a n g g u n g j a w a b y a n g l a n g s u n g d i a k i b a t k a n o l e h k e g i a t a n p r o d u k s i n y a .

I I . Kegiatan Perusahaan Multinasional di Indonesia

M e n u r u t a n a l i s a L E K N A S t e r h a d a p U n d a n g - u n d a n g P e n a n a m a n M o d a l A s i n g N o . 1 T a h u n 1 9 6 7 d a n N o . 1 1 T a h u n 1 9 7 0 , d a n p e r b a n d i n g a n n y a d e n g a n p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n d i n e g a r a t e t a n g g a , m a k a n a m p a k b a h w a i n v e s ­t a s i l a n g s u n g d a r i p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i s t r a t e g i y a n g p a l i n g t e p a t u n t u k m e n i n g k a t k a n p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i d a r i p a d a p i n j a m a n l u a r n e g e r i a t a u p e m b e l i a n l i s e n s i , k o n t r a k m a n a g e m e n t d a n s e b a g a i n y a y a n g

E K I , V o l . X X V I I , N o . 4 , D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 9 4 8 9

h a r u s d i c a r i s e n d i r i o l e h p e r u s a h a a n d a l a m n e g e r i . P e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l t e r s e b u t m e m b a w a s e c a r a l e n g k a p s e k a l i g u s m o d a l , t e k n o l o g i , k e t r a m p i l a n m a n a g e m e n t - o r g a n i s a s i - t e k n i s , s e r t a m e n g u a s a i j a r i n g a n p a s a r a n d u n i a . K e -s e m u a n y a i t u a k a n d e n g a n r e l a t i p m u d a h m e n g u b a h k e k u a t a n e k o n o m i p o t e n s i i l y a n g b a n y a k d i I n d o n e s i a m e n j a d i k e k u a t a n e k o n o m i r i i l u n t u k m e m p e r c e p a t p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i , d a n m e m p e r l a n c a r p e m i n d a h a n k e ­t r a m p i l a n - k e t r a m p i l a n k e t a n g a n I n d o n e s i a . O l e h k a r e n a i t u p e r u n d a n g -u n d a n g a n p e n a n a m a n m o d a l m e n e k a n k a n p e n g a t u r a n a t a u p e m b e r i a n i n s e n ­t i p d a n f a s i i i t a s a g a r m e n a r i k s e b a n y a k m u n g k i n p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l . S e p e r t i d i M a l a y s i a , T h a i l a n d , F i l i p i n a , T a i w a n d a n K o r e a , p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g ­a n t e r s e b u t " t i d a k l a b m e n g a t u r b i d a n g d a n s e g a l a s e l u k - b e l u k p e n a n a m a n m o d a l d i I n d o n e s i a s e c a r a m e n y e l u r u h . . . ( t e t a p i ) s e n g a j a m e m b e r i k a n k e -l o n g g a r a n - k e l o n g g a r a n . . . k a r e n a m a c a m - m a c a m p e n a n a m a n m o d a l i n i d i ­a n g g a p d a p a t m e m a j u k a n e k o n o m i n a s i o n a l n y a s e c a r a b e r a r t i . " ' P e m b e r i a n i n s e n t i p t e r s e b u t s e k a l i g u s m e r u p a k a n a l a t p e n y a r i n g a n t e n t a n g m a c a m d a n b e n t u k p e n a n a m a n m o d a l a s i n g y a n g d i p e r b o l e h k a n m a s u k d i I n d o n e s i a . J a d i , s i s t e m p e r - U n d a n g - u n d a n g a n t e n t a n g p e n a n a m a n m o d a l a s i n g d i I n d o n e s i a m e n g a t u r p r o s e s p e m a s u k a n p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l , b u k a n b e r u p a p e r ­a t u r a n y a n g b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n " p e r b u a t a n p i d a n a " y a n g d a p a t m e n u n t u t p e l a n g g a r a n p e l a k s a n a a n i n v e s t a s i s e p e r t i y a n g d i l a k u k a n d i J e p a n g . * M e ­n u r u t k e s i m p u l a n L E K N A S : " m e n g i n g a t k e a d a a n I n d o n e s i a s e p e r t i l u a s n y a w i l a y a h , m a s i l i l e m a h n y a l e m b a g a - l e m b a g a p e n g a w a s a n d a n a d m i n i s t r a s i n e g a r a , m u n g k i n b a g i I n d o n e s i a t i d a k a d a j a l a n l a i n d a r i p a d a m e n g i k u t i j a l a n p e m b e r i a n i n s e n t i p s a j a . ' " A k i b a t d a r i p a d a s t r a t e g i p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n y a n g d e m i k i a n , m a k a p e n g a w a s a n p e l a k s a n a a n p e n a n a m a n m o d a l s e s u d a h d i s e t u j u i p e m a s u k a n n y a d i I n d o n e s i a , m e n j a d i l e m a h s e k a l i . D a n b i l a a d a p e n g a w a s a n p a d a t i n g k a t p e l a k s a n a a n p e n a n a m a n m o d a l , m a k a " p e n g a w a s a n l e b i h b e r u p a p e m b e r i a n p e i a y a n a n u n t u k m e n y e l e s a i k a n j i k a t i m b u l p e r -m a s a l a h d a l a m p e l a k s a n a a n p e n a n a m a n m o d a l n y a , " a r t i n y a b a n t u a n m e m ­p e r l a n c a r r e a l i s a s i i n s e n t i p d a n f a s i i i t a s y a n g d i j a n j i k a n p e m e r i n t a h . ' J a d i t i d a k a d a p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n d a n p e n g a w a s a n y a n g m e n y a n g k u t p e r t a n g -g u n g a n j a w a b p e n a n a m a n m o d a l t e r h a d a p k e t e n t u a n - k e t e n t u a n y a n g m e n ­d o r o n g m e r e k a b e r p a r t i s i p a s i s e c a r a k o n s t r u k t i p d a l a m p e m b a n g u n a n e k o ­n o m i I n d o n e s i a . S e s u d a h p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l t e r s e b u t m a s u k I n d o ­n e s i a , m e r e k a d a p a t b e r g e r a k r e l a t i p b e b a s , a p a l a g i b i l a p a r t n e r p i h a k I n d o -

4 Luckman Siahaan (ed.) : "Penanaman Modal Asing Di beberapa Negara Berkembang: Suatu Studi Perbandingan." Jakarta, LEKNAS-LIPI. 1977. 5 Siahaan, ibid., him. 1-25. 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid. 8 Ibid., him. V-24.

4 9 0 E K l , V o l . X X V I I , N o . 4 , D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 9

n e s i a m a s i h t e r b a t a s p e n g a l a m a n n y a d i b i d a n g u s a h a . H a l i t u b e r a r t i b a h w a p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l c u k u p b e b a s d a l a m m e n e n t u k a n t i n g k a t k e u n t u n g ­a n n y a . M e n u r u t L o u i s T u r n e r , p e n g a t u r a n y a n g d e m i k i a n t e r h a d a p p e n a ­n a m a n m o d a l a s i n g d a p a t d i g o l o n g k a n s e b a g a i " b l a n k c h e c k " m o d e l . ' A r t i ­n y a , s e s u d a h k o n d i s i - k o n d i s i i n v e s t a s i d i s e t u j u i b e r s a m a a n t a r a p e m e r i n t a h d a n p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l , m a k a p e m e r i n t a h s e a k a n - a k a n m e m b e r i k w i -t a s i k o s o n g k e p a d a p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l u n t u k m e n a g i h s e n d i r i k e p a d a m a s y a r a k a t I n d o n e s i a b e r a p a k e u n t u n g a n y a n g h a r u s k i t a b a y a r a t a s p r o d u k s i d a n j a s a y a n g m e r e k a h a s i l k a n . ' ° P e r u s a h a a n i t u s e n d i r i y a n g m e n e n t u k a n a p a k a h d i a m e m p e r h a t i k a n d a n m e n y e d i a k a n b i a y a - b i a y a u n t u k e x t e r n a l c o s t a t a u b i a y a s o s i a l y a n g d i t i m b u l k a n o l e h k e g i a t a n p e r u s a h a a n . S e l a i n d a r i p a d a i t u , k a r e n a p e n g a w a s a n y a n g l e m a h , m a k a p e r u s a h a a n i t u s e n d i r i y a n g a k h i r n y a m e n e n t u k a n p u l a k a p a n t e k n o l o g i b e n a r - b e n a r d i p i n d a h k a n " k n o w - h o w " n y a k e t a n g a n n a s i o n a l . M a s a i a h a t a u k e r e s a h a n s o s i a l p o l i t i k d i m a s y a r a k a t s e b e n a m y a t i m b u l d a r i s i t u a s i y a n g d e m i k i a n , y a i t u b i l a p e r ­u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l d i h a d a p k a n p a d a k e b e b a s a n y a n g p e n u h , s e h i n g g a c e n ­d e r u n g m e n g a b a i k a n t a n g g u n g j a w a b t e r h a d a p k e p e n t i n g a n - k e p e n t i n g a n n e ­g a r a p e n e r i m a ( h o s t c o u n t r y ) a t a s a k i b a t n e g a t i p y a n g d i t i m b u l k a n o l e h p e r a s a h a a n n y a , d a n t e r l a l u m e m e n t i n g k a n k e u n t u n g a n m a k s i m u m s e c a r a g l o b a l b a g i p e r u s a h a a n i n d u k n y a . N a m u n k i t a d a p a t b e r t a n y a b a h w a b i l a d e n g a n U n d a n g - u n d a n g y a n g i s i n y a h a n y a i n s e n t i p sa ja p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i ­n a s i o n a l s u d a h s e g a n m a s u k I n d o n e s i a , a p a l a g i d e n g a n t a m b a h a n p e m n d a n g -u n d a n g a n l a i n !

M e m a n g p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n i n s e n t i p d i a t a s s e c a r a s e l e k t i p t e l a h m e ­n g a n d u n g b e b e r a p a k e t e n t u a n u n t u k m e m b e n d u n g i m p a k s o s i a l p o l i t i k y a n g l e b i h l u a s d a r i p a d a p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l . U m p a m a n y a , p e m b a t a s a n w a k t u p e m i l i k a n m a j o r i t a s d a r i m o d a l a s i n g p a d a p e m s a b a a n p a t u n g a n u n t u k m e n j a m i n p e n g u a s a a n m o d a l d i t a n g a n n a s i o n a l , d a n p e m b a t a s a n w a k t u b a g i t e n a g a a s i n g y a n g b e k e r j a d i I n d o n e s i a u n t u k m e m a k s a p e r p i n d a h a n t e k n o ­l o g i y a n g l e b i h c e p a t . N a m u n p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n t e r s e b u t t e m y a t a d a p a t m e r u p a k a n " p e n g h a d a n g a n " d i b e l a k a n g s e s u d a h p e m s a b a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l m a s u k p i n t u g e r b a n g n e g a r a k i t a . P e m i l i k a n d a n k n o w - h o w m e r u p a k a n f a k ­t o r y a n g m e n e n t u k a h b a g i k e l a n g s u n g a n h i d u p s e s u a t u p e r u s a h a a n .

i

K n o w - h o w p e m s a b a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l y a n g d i d a p a t k a n m e l a l u i R e s e a r c h & D e v e l o p m e n t y a n g m a h a l t i d a k b e g i t u sa ja m a u d i s e r a b k a n d a l a m w a k t u

9 Louis Turner: M u l t i n a s i o n a l Companies and the Third World. New York: Hill and Wang, 1975, him. 70. 10 Bila tingkat keuntungan tersebut masih kurang, pemerintah dapat membantu dengan proteksi impor.

E K I , V o t X X V I I , N o . 4 , D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 9 4 9 1

y a n g p e n d e k k e p a d a p e n g u s a h a n e g a r a l a i n t a n p a m e m p e r o l e h p e n g a m b i l a n y a n g m e m a d a i . K a r e n a w a k t u y a n g r e l a t i p s i n g k a t d i b e r i k a n k e p a d a p e r ­u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l d a l a m m e n g u a s a i p e r u s a h a a n d a n t e k n o l o g i d i n e g a r a p e n e r i m a , m a k a p e r u s a h a a n - p e r u s a h a a n t e r s e b u t c e n d e r u n g m e m u s a t k a n p a d a t a r g e t - t a r g e t j a n g k a p e n d e k b a g i p e r u s a h a a n i n d u k n y a , s e b e l u m b a t a s w a k t u p e n y e r a h a n t i b a , y a i t u r a t e o f r e t u r n y a n g t i n g g i d a l a m w a k t u y a n g s e s i n g k a t - s i n g k a t n y a m e l a l u i t r a n s f e r p r i c i n g , m a c a m - m a c a m f e e s , r o y a l t i e s d a n m a n a g e m e n t f e e s . " S t r a t e g i m a n a g e m e n t y a n g d e m i k i a n m e m b u a t b i a y a p r o d u k s i m e n j a d i t i n g g i , k e m u d i a n h a r g a j u a l p r o d u k m e r e k a m e n j a d i s a n g a t t i n g g i w a l a u p u n k w a l i t a s p r o d u k s i b e l u m t e n t u b a i k . ' ' U n t u k m e n j a g a h a r g a b a r a n g t i d a k t e r l a l u t i n g g i , m a k a b i a y a - b i a y a y a n g m e n y a n g k u t p e n g e ­l u a r a n b a g i k e p e n t i n g a n m a s y a r a k a t ( s e p e r t i b i a y a y a n g m e n y a n g k u t e k s e s s o s i a l ) d i c o b a d i t e k a n s e r e n d a h m u n g k i n d a n b i l a p e r l u d i t i a d a k a n . U n t u k m e n j a m i n a g a r b a r a n g y a n g t i n g g i h a r g a n y a t e r s e b u t t e t a p t e r j u a l , m a k a i m ­p o r p r o t e k s i d i m i n t a k a n d a n a d p e r t e n s i u n t u k m e n c i p t a k a n k e b u t u h a n ( c r e a t e d n e e d s , b u k a n r e a l n e e d s s e p e r t i T V b e r w a r n a ) d i t i n g k a t k a n . ' '

S e l a n j u t n y a k a r e n a p e m a k s a a n p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l t e r s e b u t u n t u k m e n g a d a k a n o p e r a s i d i n e g a r a p e n e r i m a d a l a m w a k t u y a n g r e l a t i p p e n d e k , m a k a m e r e k a s u k a r m e r a s a s e b a g a i b a g i a n d a r i m a s y a r a k a t s e t e m p a t . S e b a g a i p e n g u n j u n g s e m e n t a r a , m e r e k a t e n t u t i d a k m e m p u n y a i k e p e n t i n g a n t e r h a d a p i m p a k s o s i a l p o l i t i k y a n g d i c i p t a k a n p e r u s a h a a n n y a d i m a s y a r a k a t .

I m p l i k a s i s o s i a l p o l i t i k d a r i k o n d i s i k e r j a d a l a m p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i ­n a s i o n a l t e r s e b u t i a l a h b a n y a k p a r t n e r p e n g u s a h a , m a n a g e r d a n p a r a t e k n i s i n a s i o n a l y a n g b a r u sa ja m e n g e m b a n g k a n p e n g a l a m a n d i b i d a n g u s a h a , b e r -h a d a p a n a t a u m e n g a i a m i p e n g a r u h d a r i n i l a i - n i l a i w i r a s w a s t a y a n g t i d a k a t a u k u r a n g m e n d u k u n g n i l a i - n i l a i t a n g g u n g j a w a b s o s i a l t e r h a d a p m a s y a r a k a t . C o n t o h t e n t a n g g e j a l a t e r s e b u t y a n g b a n y a k d i e k s p o s s u r a t - k a b a r i a l a h s i k a p p e n g u s a h a d i b i d a n g k e h u t a n a n t e n t a n g k e l e s t a r i a n h u t a n y a n g k a y u -

11 Bandingkan study LEKNAS-LIPI and Institute of Developing Economies (Tokyo): "Japanese Direct Investment in Indonesia: Findings of An Experimental Survey." 1978, him. 124 - 126. 12 Lihat statement Sdr. Permadi dari Lembaga Konsumen pada KOMPAS, 28 Agustus 1979. 13 Penentuan harga barang produksi dari perusahaan multinasional tidak lagi atas per­hitungan harga pasaran atas kondisi permintaan dan penawaran, melainkan atas per­hitungan "internal transfer prices," karena masyarakat negara berkembang mudah res-ponsip terhadap "created needs", berhubung sikap demonstrative effect terhadap kehi-dupan mewah di negara maju. A. Rotstein "The Multinational Corporation in the Poli­tical Economy - A Matter of National Survival." Pada H.R. Hahlo et. al (eds.) : Nationa­lism and the Multinational Enterprise. New York, Dobbs Ferry, 1977, him. 185.

4 9 2 E K I , V o l . X X V H , r 4 , D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 9

n y a d i t e b a n g . S e l a n j u t n y a , b i l a k e t r a m p i l a n - k e t r a m p i l a n k e w i r a s w a s t a a n d i a n g g a p b a n y a k d i d a p a t k a n d a r i k e r j a s a m a d e n g a n p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l , m a k a p e n g u s a h a - p e n g u s a h a k i t a d i m a s a d e p a n m u n g k i n s u k a r m e l a k s a n a k a n U U D 1 9 4 5 p a s a l 3 3 y a n g m e n g h a r u s k a n p e n g u s a h a k i t a m e n g g u n a k a n s u m b e r a l a m u n t u k s e b e s a r - b e s a r k e m a k m u r a n r a k y a t , b u k a n m u t l a k u n t u k k e p e n ­t i n g a n p e r u s a h a a n a t a u i n d i v i d u p e n g u s a h a sa j a .

I m p l i k a s i l a i n n y a d a r i k e b i j a k s a n a a n h a r g a b a r a n g y a n g t i n g g i d a n s i f a t ­n y a m e w a h d a r i p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l d i b a w a b p r o t e k s i i m p o r t s u b s i -t u s i i a l a h p e n c i p t a a n k e b u t u h a n ( c r e a t e d n e e d s ) y a n g m e l a l u i a d v e r t e n s i y a n g i n t e n s i p , m e n d o r o n g t a t a h i d u p y a n g k o n s u m t i p t i n g g i d a n m e l e m a h k a n c i t a -c i t a h i d u p s e d e r h a n a .

E k s e s n e g a t i p y a n g d i s e b u t k a n d i a t a s t e n t a n g i m p a k p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l d i I n d o n e s i a t i d a k b e r a r t i b a h w a k i t a h a r u s m e n o l a k p e r a n a n p e n a n a m a n m o d a l a s i n g u n t u k m e m b a n t u p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i m a s y a ­r a k a t k i t a . Y a n g d i t a m p i l k a n d i a t a s i a l a h m a s a i a h p e n g a t u r a n y a n g m a s i h t e r b a t a s d a n y a n g b e l u m t e p a t m e n g a r a h k a n p e r a n a n p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i ­n a s i o n a l s e c a r a k o n s t r u k t i p , s e r t a a d a n y a p e m b i n a a n h u k u m y a n g s i f a t n y a b o o m e r a n g t e r h a d a p k e p e n t i n g a n s o s i a l - e k o n o m i j a n g k a p a n j a n g d a r i m a s y a ­r a k a t k i t a .

III . Beberapa Pemikiran Tentang Pengaturan Perusahaan Multi­nasional Tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosialnya

U s a h a m e n d a t a n g k a n p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l d e n g a n p e m b e r i a n p e l b a g a i i n s e n t i p d a n f a s i i i t a s t e n t u n y a d i t u j u k a n u n t u k m e n c a p a i k e u n t u n g a n b e r ­s a m a , b u k a n h a n y a u n t u k " m a x i m i z i n g g l o b a l r e t u r n " d a r i p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i ­n a s i o n a l . ' * K a r e n a s u a t u t a n g g u n g j a w a b t e r t e n t u y a n g d i b e r i k a n k e p a d a p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l m a k a k e p a d a m e r e k a d i b e r i i m b a i a n i n s e n t i p . B i l a i n s e n t i p d i t e r i m a , d a n p e r u s a h a a n t e r s e b u t b e r s e d i a m e n a n a m k a n m o d a l ­n y a k e n e g a r a p e n e r i m a , m a k a d i a d a p a t d i a n g g a p m e n e r i m a t a n g g u n g j a w a b t e r s e b u t . S e h i n g g a p e n u n t u t a n t a n g g u n g j a w a b p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l a d a l a h m e r u p a k a n h a l y a n g w a j a r , b u k a n p e r m i n t a a n y a n g b e r k e l e b i b a n . H a l i t u s e r i n g m e r u p a k a n p e r s o a l a n b a g i p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l , t e r u t a m a b i l a t u n t u t a n t a n g g u n g j a w a b m e n y a n g k u t m a s a i a h s o s i a l y a n g d i t i m b u l k a n o l e h k e g i a t a n p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l . T u n t u t a n t a n g g u n g j a w a b t e r s e b u t d i a n g g a p b e r k e l e b i h a n a t a u t e r l a l u n a s i o n a l i s t i k .

G e j o l a k s o s i a l s e b a g a i r e a k s i u m p a m a n y a t e r h a d a p p o l u s i p e r a i r a n s a w a h d a n t a m b a k i k a n d a r i p a b r i k p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l , k e r e s a h a n

14 Bandingkan Rotstein, ibid., him. 186.

E K l , V o l . X X V I I , N o . 4 , D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 9 4 9 3

b u d a y a t e r h a d a p " k a w i n k o n t r a k " a n t a r a t e n a g a a s i n g d a n w a n i t a l o k a l d i K a l i m a n t a n T i m u r , s e r i n g d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i n a s i o n a l i s m e y a n g s e m p i t a t a u a n t i a s i n g s e m a t a - m a t a . " I s t i l a b n a s i o n a l i s m e d i p a k a i d i s i n i , k a r e n a b i a s a ­n y a s e t i a p s i k a p a t a u r e a k s i t e r h a d a p a s i n g d i g o l o n g k a n s e b a g a i n a s i o n a l i s m e . A p a k a h b e n a r d e m i k i a n ? D a l a m s t u d i n y a t e n t a n g r e a k s i m a s y a r a k a t C a n a d a t e r h a d a p p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l d a r i U S A , R o t s t e i n m e n a r i k k e s i m p u l a n b a h w a " n a s i o n a l i s m i s a s y m p t o n o f d i s t r e s s , n o t a c a u s e . " " I t i s n o t a m o v e ­m e n t a t a l l b u t a c o u n t e r - m o v e m e n t . " " I t i s a r e s p o n s e t o t h e s t r a i n s i n t h e s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e , a f o r m o f p o l i t i c a l m o b i l i z a t i o n s r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e t h r e a t o f e r o s i o n o r d i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e b a s i c i n s t i t u t i o n s o f t h e s o c i e t y . " " J a d i b u k a n l a h s e t i a p r e a k s i n e g a t i p t e r h a d a p p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l d i s e b a b k a n o l e h s i k a p a n t i a s i n g , s e h i n g g a g e j a l a k e r e s a h a n i t u s e a k a n - a k a n h a r u s d i t e k a n s u p a y a p e n a n a m a n m o d a l a s i n g t i d a k t a k u t m a s u k k e I n d o n e s i a . R e a k s i m a s y a r a k a t s e r i n g t i m b u l t e r h a d a p g e j a l a s o s i a l y a n g d i s e b a b k a n o l e h p e r ­u s a h a a n y a n g k e b e t u l a n t e r d a p a t u n s u r p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l ( a s i n g ) . " H a n y a s a y a n g n y a , p e r u s a h a a n - p e r u s a h a a n d i I n d o n e s i a h a m p i r s e l a l u t e r d a ­

p a t u n s u r p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l , t e r m a s u k s e j u m l a h P M D N . D a n b i l a g e j a l a - g e j a l a s o s i a l t e r s e b u t m e n u m p u k , m a k a m e n u r u t R o t s t e i n p a d a a k h i r ­n y a m a s y a r a k a t a k a n m e l i h a t b a h w a " T h e r o o t c a u s e , s e e n f r o m a p o l i t i c a l v a n t a g e p o i n t , i s t h e d r a i n i n g a w a y o f p o w e r a n d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f se l f -d e t e r m i n a t i o n . " ' ' B i l a s i k a p t e r s e b u t m u l a i t a m p a k , m a k a b e n a r - b e n a r n a ­s i o n a l i s m e a n t i a s i n g m u l a i b e r g e r a k . K e m u d i a n k l i m a k s n y a m u n c u l m e l a l u i n a s i o n a l i s a s i s e c a r a p a k s a a t a u p e n g r u s a k a n . O l e h s e b a b i t u , a d a l a h m e n j a d i k e p e n t i n g a n b e r s a m a b i l a p e m e r i n t a h d a p a t m e n g e m b a n g k a n p e r a t u r a n d a n p e m b i n a a n y a n g m e n d o r o n g d a n m e n g h a r u s k a n p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l m e l a k s a n a k a n t a n g g u n g j a w a b s o s i a l n y a .

T e t a p i p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l s u d a h m e n g e l u h d e n g a n p e r a t u r a n y a n g a d a d i I n d o n e s i a , y a i t u d i a n g g a p s u d a h t e r l a l u b a n y a k . M e n u r u t s t u d i d a r i L E K N A S , d u g a a n t e n t a n g b a n y a k n y a p e r a t u r a n y a n g m e n y a n g k u t pe ­n a n a m a n m o d a l a d a l a h k a r e n a p e r a t u r a n i n s e n t i p y a n g a d a d i t a f s i r k a n s e c a r a b e r l a i n a n o l e h p e l b a g a i l e m b a g a p e m e r i n t a h , d a n k e t e t a p a n t e n t a n g m a c a m d a n t i n g k a t i n s e n t i p s e l a l u d i u b a h d a r i w a k t u k e w a k t u . H a l m a n a m e m b e r i k e s a n b a h w a p e r a t u r a n n y a b a n y a k d a n b a h k a n s a l i n g b e r l a w a n a n . T e t a p i p e r -

15 Istilah "kawin kontrak" dipakai di Kaltim tentang kontrak informil yang dibuat oleh tenaga asing dengan wanita setempat untuk hidup bersama selama tenaga asing ter­sebut berada di Indonesia. Hubungan akan berhenti dan tanggung jawab akan tidak ada, bila tenaga asing pulang ke negaranya. 16 Rotstein, op. cit., him. 188. 17 Tentu unsur-unsur anti-asing tetap ada, namun kita perlu melihat proporsinya dan sebab-sebab masalahnya. 18 Rotstein, ibid. him. 188.

4 9 4 E K I , V o l . X X V I I , N o . 4 , D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 9

a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n t e n t a n g p e n a n a m a n m o d a l i t u s e n d i r i ( b a i k a s i n g m a u p u n n a s i o n a l ) t e r l a l u s e d i k i t d a n t e r l a l u u m u m , s e r t a h a n y a m e n y a n g k u t j a m i n a n -j a m i n a n p e m b e r i a n i n s e n t i p s a j a . ' ' J a d i u r g e n s i s e k a r a n g i n i i a l a h m e n y u ­s u n p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n ( b u k a n s u r a t k e p u t u s a n a t a u k e b i j a k s a n a a n s e m e n ­t a r a ) y a n g m e r u p a k a n p e d o m a n y a n g c u k u p t e r p e r i n c i b a g i p e n a n a m a n m o ­d a l d a l a m p e l b a g a i k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i ( s e p e r t i h a k d a n k e w a j i b a n p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l , i m p o r - e k s p o r , p e n c e m a r a n l i n g k u n g a n d a n s e b a g a i n y a ) , se­h i n g g a m e r e k a t i d a k m e n j a d i k o r b a n k e s i m p a n g - s i u r a n o l e h t a f s i r a n p e l b a g a i D e p a r t e m e n a t a u r e a k s i - r e a k s i s o s i a l p o l i t i k d a r i m a s y a r a k a t .

P e r b a i k a n d a n p e n a m b a h a n p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n t e n t a n g p e n a n a n a m a n m o d a l t i d a k p e r l u d i k u a t i r k a n s e b a g a i s e b a b y a n g a k a n m e n g u r a n g i m a s u k ­n y a p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l , k a r e n a p e r a t u r a n y a n g c u k u p l u a s d a n j e l a s a k a n m e m b e r i k e p a s t i a n t e n t a n g a t u r a n p e r m a i n a n ( t e r m a s u k m a s a i a h p a j a k ) d a n k e j e l a s a n d a r i p i h a k n e g a r a p e n e r i m a t e n t a n g a p a y a n g m e r u p a k a n p r i o ­r i t a s p e m b a n g u n a n y a n g d i h a r a p k a n d a r i p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l u n t u k t u r u t b e r p a r t i s i p a s i . D e n g a n t i d a k a d a n y a p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n y a n g m a n t a p , m a s i n g - m a s i n g D e p a r t e m e n d a n m u n g k i n p u l a P e m e r i n t a h D a e r a h a k a n m e m ­b u a t p e a t u r a n a t a u t u n t u t a n s e n d i r i - s e n d i r i y a n g p a s t i a k a n m e n i m b u l k a n k e s i m p a n g - s i u r a n .

K e j e l a s a n y a n g c u k u p t e r p e r i n c i d a n p a s t i t e n t a n g a p a y a n g d i h a r a p k a n d a r i p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l s a n g a t d i p e r l u k a n b i l a k i t a m e n g h e n d a k i m e ­r e k a b e r p a r t i s i p a s i s e c a r a k o n s t r u k t i p d a n s e j a l a n d e n g a n y a n g k i t a h a r a p k a n d a l a m p e m b a n g u n a n n e g a r a k i t a . U r g e n s i t e r s e b u t a k a n l e b i h t a m p a k b i l a k i t a p e l a j a r i s t r u k t u r d a n p o l a k e r j a p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l .

P e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l d i t i a p n e g a r a a d a l a h s u a t u s u b s i d i n y a d a r i p e r u s a h a a n i n d u k . I r e m b a g a t e r s e b u t k e r j a n y a d i t e n t u k a n o l e h s u a t u s i s t e m d a n t i d a k d i t e n t u k a n o l e h s e o r a n g p e m i l i k , s e h i n g g a m e r e k a t i d a k d a p a t d i -h a d a p i s e c a r a k a s u s p e r k a s u s t a n p a p e r a t u r a n f o r m i i y a n g s t a b i l . ' " S a s a r a n u t a m a d a r i p e r u s a h a a n i n d u k m u l t i n a s i o n a l a d a l a h , s e p e r t i y a n g t e l a h d i ­s e b u t d i a t a s , p e n g a l o k a s i a n s u m b e r - s u m b e r s e c a r a e f i s i e n m e l a l u i s u b s i d i a r y , s e h i n g g a m e n c a p a i g l o b a l r a t e o f r e t u r n y a n g m a k s i m u m . U n t u k m e n c a p a i t u j u a n t e r s e b u t , p e r u s a h a a n i n d u k m e m b e r i p e m b a g i a n k e r j a ( d i v i s i o n o f l a b o r ) p a d a m a s i n g - m a s i n g s u b s i d i a r y , s e r t a m e l a k u k a n k o n t r o l s e c a r a s e n -t r a l , w a l a u p u n p e l b a g a i p e r u s a h a a n i n d u k m e m b e r i s e m a c a m d i s e n t r a l i s a s i k e p a d a s u b s i d i a r y n y a d i n e g a r a m a s i n g - m a s i n g . K o n t r o l s e n t r a l t e r s e b u t d i ­l a k u k a n d e n g a n p e r e n c a n a a n s e n t r a l , p e m u s a t a n l a b o r a t o r i u m R & D , p e m ­b a g i a n y a n g k e t a t t e n t a n g d a e r a h p e m a s a r a n t i a p s u b s i d i a r y , r o t a s i p a r a m a -

19 Luckman Siahaan, "Penanaman Modal Asing", op. cit., Bab VI. 20 Richard Robinson, "Nationalism and Centralized Control", pada H.R. Hahlo: Aa-rionahsm, op. cit., him. 207 - 213.

E K I , V o l . X X V I I , N o . 4 , D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 9 4 9 5

n a g e r l i n t a s n e g a r a , d a n k o o r d i n a s i u m u m . " M a s a l a h - m a s a l a h y a n g t i m b u l d i m a s i n g - m a s i n g n e g a r a t i d a k d a p a t s e c a r a m u t l a k d i p u t u s k a n o l e h m a s i n g -m a s i n g s u b s i d i a r y , a p a l a g i m a s a i a h b e s a r y a n g m e m p u n y a i i m p l i k a s i b i a y a y a n g b e s a r . S e l a n j u t n y a , k a r e n a p e r b e d a a n - p e r b e d a a n y a n g b e s a r m e n g e n a i p r i o r i t a s y a n g d i t u n t u ' j l e h m a s i n g - m a s i n g n e g a r a , m a k a d i s e n t r a l i s a s i y a n g l u a s t i d a k m u n g k i n d i l a K u k a n t a n p a m e n i m b u l k a n d i s i n t e g r a s i s e l u r u h s i s t e m p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l t e r s e b u t . U n t u k m e n g a k o m o d i r t u n t u t a n - t u n t u t a n n e g a r a d i m a n a s u b s i d i a r y i t u b e k e r j a , a t a u m e m b e r i j u s t i f i k a s i t e n t a n g p e ­n g e l u a r a n a t a u p r o g r a m t e r t e n t u y a n g s i f a t n y a s o s i a l , m a k a s u b s i d i a r y p e r l u p e r e n c a n a a n k e d e p a n a t a u p a l i n g s e d i k i t m e m p u n y a i d a s a r t e n t a n g t u n t u -a n a t a u k e t e n t u a n y a n g d i t e t a p k a n s e c a r a f o r m i i o l e h n e g a r a p e n e r i m a ( h o s t c o u n t r y ) . K e s e m u a n y a i t u d i p e r l u k a n o l e h s u b s i d i a r y u n t u k m e m p e r o l e h p e r s e t u j u a n d a r i p e r u s a h a a n i n d u k .

A p a y a n g k i t a h a r a p k a n d a r i p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l t i d a k d a p a t d i l a k u k a n h a n y a s e c a r a i n f o r m i l , t i d a k d a p a t h a n y a m e n g h a r a p g o o d w i l l p r i b a d i p a r a m a n a g e r , m e l a i n k a n p e n g a t u r a n d e n g a n s u a t u s i s t e m y a n g e k s ­p l i s i t m e n g h a r u s k a n p i h a k l a i n m e l a k u k a n n y a . " I f s o c i e t y i s t o a s s i g n r e s p o n ­s i b i l i t y f o r a n y p r o b l e m o u t s i d e t h e u s u a l o r t r a d i t i o n a l c o n c e r n s o f t h e f i r m , w h e t h e r t h e y e n t a i l e c o n o m i c c o s t s a n d b e n e f i t s o r n o t , i t m u s t h a v e s o m e m e a n s t o i n d u c e , p e r s u a d e , o r r e q u i r e b u s i n e s s o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o a c c e p t i t . . . . M o s t q u e s t i o n s o f b u s i n e s s r e s p o n s i b i h t y i n v i l v e a m i s t u r e o f v o l u n ­t a r y a c t i o n a n d c o m p u l s i o n o f o n e k i n d o r a n o t h e r . " " B i l a p e m e r i n t a h t i d a k m e m b u a t p e r a t u r a n d a n m e l a k s a n a k a n n y a , m a k a a t a u u n s u r - u n s u r p o l i t i k a t a u g e r a k a n m a s y a r a k a t y a n g m e l a k u k a n u s a h a m e n g a t a s i e k s e s s o s i a l - p o l i t i k y a n g m u n g k i n d i t i m b u l k a n o l e h p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l . P i l i h a n y a n g t e r -b a i k i a l a h p e m e r i n t a h m e m b u a t p e r a t u r a n y a n g m e m a d a i d a n b e r u s a h a a g a r p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l m e n a a t i n y a .

S t r a t e g i p e n g a t u r a n k e g i a t a n p e n a n a m a n m o d a l d a p a t d i l i h a t d a r i b e ­b e r a p a s e g i :

1 . " P r i o r r e s t r a i n " - p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n y a n g m e n g a n d u n g p e r s y a r a t a n y a n g h a r u s d i p e n u b i o l e h p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l , d a n d i p u t u s k a n a t a u e n f o r c e p a d a w a k t u p e r u s a h a a n a s i n g a k a n m a s u k k e s u a t u n e g a r a . P e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n k i t a ( d a n u m u m n y a n e g a r a b e r k e m b a n g ) t e n t a n g p e n a n a m a n m o d a l a s i n g m e m a k a i c a r a i n i . C a r a i n i m e m p u n y a i t i g a p o l a : a ) K e t e t a p a n n y a m e n g a n d u n g s u a t u s k e m a u m u m , u m p a m a n y a

k e t e n t u a n t e n t a n g e q u i t y , b i d a n g i n d u s t r i y a n g m e m p e r o l e h i n s e n t i p , d a n s e b a g a i n y a .

21 Rotstein, op. cit., him. 186. 22 James McKie: "The Issues," pada McKie, op. cit., him. 9.

4 9 6 E K l , V o L X X V U , N o . 4 , D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 9

b ) K e t e n t u a n y a n g m e n g a n d u n g p e r s y a r a t a n y a n g d e t a i l , b a i k m e ­n g e n a i m a s a i a h p e r i n d u s t r i a n a t a u s o s i a l s e p e r t i p e r u m a h a n d a n p e i a y a n a n k e s e h a t a n b a g i p a r a b u r u h .

c ) T i d a k a d a k e t e t a p a n k h u s u s , k e c u a l i b a h w a p e m e r i n t a h a k a n t u r u n d a l a m D e w a n D i r e k t u r a t a u K o m i s a r i s p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i ­n a s i o n a l .

P e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n k i t a m e m a k a i m o d u s y a n g p e r t a m a , y a i t u s k e m a u m u m . P e l a k s a n a a n U n d a n g - U n d a n g s e s u d a h p e r u s a h a a n a s i n g m a s u k d i I n d o n e s i a , d i l a k u k a n u m u m n y a s e c a r a p e r s u a s i p , k e c u a l i y a n g m e ­n y a n g k u t t i n d a k k r i m i n i l y a n g d a p a t b e r u p a p e n c a b u t a n i z i n .

2 . P e n d e k a t a n a n k e d u a i a l a h " e x p o s t f a c t o c o n c e p t " - p e r u s a h a a n y a n g t e l a h m a s u k d a p a t d i t u n t u t a t a s p e r b u a t a n y a n g t e l a h d i l a k u k a n b i l a a k h i r n y a h a l i t u d i j u m p a i b e r l a w a n a n d e n g a n U n d a n g - u n d a n g y a n g k h u s u s d i k e n a k a n t e r h a d a p n y a a t a u U n d a n g - u n d a n g N a s i o n a l t e n t a n g P e n a n a m a n M o d a l , P e r n i a g a a n d a n s e b a g a i n y a y a n g a d a d i n e g a r a t e r ­s e b u t . P e n d e k a t a n i n i u m u m n y a d i p a k a i d i n e g a r a i n d u s t r i d a n j u g a T a i w a n . "

K o n s e p h u k u m l a i n n y a y a n g p e n t i n g , m e n u r u t T h a r p , i a l a h " a r m ' s -l e n g t h r e l a t i o n s h i p " . A r t i d a r i k o n s e p t e r s e b u t a d a l a h b a h w a d u a o r g a n i s a s i m e n g a d a k a n k e r j a s a m a y a n g s a l i n g m e n g u n t u n g k a n , t e t a p i y a n g s a t u t i d a k m e n c a m p u r i u r u s a n d a l a m a t a u m e l a k u k a n f u n g s i / t u g a s y a n g l a i n . M a s i n g -m a s i n g m e m b u a t j a r a k t e r t e n t u . " A r m ' s - l e n g t h r e l a t i o n s h i p " d a p a t b e r u p a h u b u n g a n a n t a r a p e m e r i n t a h d a n p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l a t a u a n t a r a p e r ­u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l t e r s e b u t ( s u b d s i d i a r y ) d a n p e r u s a h a a n i n d u k n y a . S t a n d a r d - s t a n d a r d m e n g e n a i " a r m ' s l e n g t h " i n i p e r l u d i t e n t u k a n o l e h p e m e ­r i n t a h m e n g e n a i h u b u n g a n a n t a r a p e r u s a h a a n i n d u k d a n s u b s i d i a r y , k a r e n a a k i b a t i n t e r v e n s i d a r i s i s t e m s e n t r a l i s a s i m e r e k a . T a n p a k e t e n t u a n h u k u m t e n ­t a n g ' a r m ' s l e n g t h ' t e r s e b u t , p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n d a l a m n e g e r i y a n g a d a t e n ­t a n g p e n a n a m a n m o d a l s e r i n g s u k a r d i j a l a n k a n o l e h m e r e k a , a p a l a g i b i l a k e -t e n t u a n n y a h a n y a b e r u p a S K a t a u t u n t u t a n i n f o r m i l , y a n g b i a s a n y a m e ­n y a n g k u t m a s a i a h s o s i a l . ' *

S e l a n j u t n y a , k e t e n t u a n m e n g e n a i t a n g g u n g j a w a b s o s i a l t i d a k b o l e h

23 Siahaan, op. cit., Bab VL 24 Kita menghadapi dilemma tentang masaiah "arm's length relationship" ini, tentang hubungan pemerintah dengan perusahaan multinasional. Di satu pihak, pemerintah harus lebih dekat mengikuti perusahaan tersebut, agar mereka Iebih responsive terhadap kebutuhan pembangunan negara kita. Tetapi di lain pihak, bila aparatur pemerintah terlalu sering mengikuti perusahaan tersebut maka pelbagai biaya sampingan harus lebih banyak dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan tersebut atau banyak konsesi informil bisa terjadi.

E K I , V o L X X V I I , N o . 4 , D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 9 4 9 7

b e r t e n t a n g a n d e n g a n p r i n s i p - p r i n s i p e k o n o m i p e r u s a h a a n . P a n d a n g a n k l a s i k t e n t a n g t a n g g u n g j a w a b p e r u s a h a a n i a l a h b a h w a p e r u s a h a a n h a n y a b e r t u g a s a t a u t e r u t a m a m e n c a r i u n t u n g s e b e s a r - b e s a m y a . B i l a m a s y a r a k a t m e n e r i m a p r i n s i p t e r s e b u t , m a k a l e m b a g a - l e m b a g a e k o n o m i d i a n g g a p a k a n d a p a t m e n ­c i p t a k a n s i s t e m e k o n o m i y a n g e f i s i e n s e r t a d a p a t l e b i h m e n j a m i n p e r t u m ­b u h a n e k o n o m i y a n g s e h a t . T e t a p i i d e o l o g i k l a s i k d i B a r a t t e r s e b u t j u g a " d i d r e c o g n i z e t h a t c e r t a i n ' e x t e r n a l i t i e s ' ( c o s t s o r b e n e f i t s a r i s i n g f r o m a firm's o p e r a t i o n s b u t l i a v i n g a n i m p a c t o n s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g e l s e ) esca­p e d p r o p e r a c c o u n t i n g a n d c o u l d l e a d t o i n e f f i c i e n t u s e o f r e s o u r c e s . " " H a l i t u j u g a t e l a h m e n j a d i p r i n s i p e k o n o m i p a d a j a m a n p u n c a k n y a i d e o l o g i " l a i s ­s e z - f a i r e " p a d a a k h i r a b a d k e 1 9 . ' *

D e n g a n m u n c u l n y a b a n y a k p e r u s a h a a n b e s a r t e r u t a m a s e j a k p e r m u l a a n a b a d k e 2 0 , m a s a l a h - m a s a l a h s o s i a l - p o l i t i k m a k i n m e n d a p a t p e r h a t i a n d a r i p e m i k i r a n d a n k e b i j a k s a n a a n e k o n o m i s i s t e m p a s a r a n b e b a s s e m a k i n b a n y a k p e r u s a h a a n b e s a r y a n g a d a d i m a s y a r a k a t , a k a n s e m a k i n k u r a n g p e r s a i n g a n y a n g s e h a t k a r e n a k e k u a t a n m o n o p o l i p e r u s a h a a n b e s a r ( b i g b u s i n e s s ) . M a k a k e g i a t a n l e m b a g a - l e m b a g a u s a h a t e r s e b u t t i d a k d a p a t d i b i a r k a n d e n g a n m e n g -h a r a p k a n i t i k a d b a i k n y a u n t u k m e l a k u k a n k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i s e c a r a j u j u r , a d i l d a n b e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b . P e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n y a n g m e n g a n d u n g p a k s a a n m a ­k i n t e r a s a p e r l u d i b u a t u n t u k m e n j a m i n aga r t a n g g u n g j a w a b s o s i a l p e r u s a h a ­a n - p e r u s a h a a n t e r s e b u t d a p a t d i p e n u b i .

P e m b a h a n s e l a n j u t n y a d e n g a n a d a n y a b i g b u s i n e s s i a l a h k o n s e p s i h u k u m t e n t a n g l e m b a g a p e r u s a h a a n . L e m b a g a p e r u s a h a a n y a n g b e s a r t i d a k l a i m i l i k s e s e o r a n g t e r t e n t u , m e l a i n k a n s u a t u k e l o m p o k p e m i l i k s a h a m y a n g k o m p l e k s , y a n g t i d a k s e c a r a l a n g s u n g m e n g e n d a l i k a n p e r u s a h a a n . M a n a g e r y a n g m e n g e n d a l i k a n p e r u s a h a a n a d a l a h b u k a n p e m i l i k - p e m i l i k n y a , a t a u p e -m e g a n g s a h a m . M a l a h k a d a n g - k a d a n g p e m i l i k - p e m i l i k p e r u s a h a a n ( y a n g d i -k e d a l i k a n o l e h p a r a m a n a g e r ) d i n e g a r a i n d u s t r i m e n u n t u t t a n g g u n g j a w a b s o s i a l d a r i p e r u s a h a a n y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n .

P a d a m a s a i n i , p e r u s a h a a n - p e r u s a h a a n y a n g b e r o p e r a s i s e c a r a i n t e m a ­s i o n a l t i d a k l a g i m e r u p a k a n p e r u s a h a a n k e c i l y a n g l e m a h y a n g d i k u a s a i o l e h s e o r a n g p e m i l i k , m e l a i n k a n p e r u s a h a a n b e s a r y a n g k u a t y a n g d i k e n d a l i k a n o l e h s u a t u s i s t e m , b u k a n p e r o r a n g a n p e m i l i k t e r t e n t u . T e t a p i p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l y a n g b e r o p e r a s i d i n e g a r a - n e g a r a b e r k e m b a n g s e r i n g m e n o n ­j o l k a n d i r i s e p e r t i p e r u s a h a a n k e c i l d e n g a n p r i n s i p - p r i n s i p e k o n o m i p e r u s a h a ­a n b e r d a s a r k a n p o l a b e r p i k i r k l a s i k ( h a n y a m e n g e j a r k e u n t u n g a n b a g i p e m i ­l i k ) y a n g s u d a h t i d a k d i t e r i m a l a g i d i n e g a r a i n d u k n y a . R a s i o n a l t e r s e b u t d i ­p a k a i u n t u k m e n g h i n d a r k a n t a n g g u n g j a w a b s o s i a l n y a d i n e g a r a b e r k e m b a n g .

25 James W.Mc.Kie: "Changing Views" pada Mc. op. cit., him. 19. 26 Ibid., him. 22. ,

4 9 8 E K I , V o l . X X V U , N o . 4 , D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 9

P e r u s a h a a n i n d u k d i p e r s o n a l i s a s i k a n s e b a g a i p e m i l i k d a r i s u b s i d i a r y , y a n g h a r u s m e m p e r o l e h k e u n t u n g a n s e m a k s i m u m m u n g k i n .

B e g i t u b e s a m y a p e r u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l s e k a r a n g i n i , s e l i i n g g a m e r e k a m a m p u m e n g g e s e r k e k u a t a n - k e k u a t a n y a n g a d a d i m a s y a r a k a t n e g a r a b e r ­k e m b a n g . M e r e k a d a p a t m e m p e n g a m h i p o l a p e n g u a s a a n d a n p e n g a l o k a s i a n s u m b e r - s u m b e r k e k a y a a n m a s y a r a k a t . S i s t e m n y a y a n g k o m p l e k s t i d a k d a p a t d i h a r a p k a n m e m a t u l r i s e c a r a s u k a r e l a t a n g g u n g j a w a b s o s i a l n y a t e r h a d a p m a s y a r a k a t d i m a n a p e r u s a h a a n t e r s e b u t b e r o p e r a s i .

P e r a t u r a n h u k u m y a n g c u k u p t e r p e r i n c i t e n t a n g t a n g g u n g j a w a b s o s i a l s u d a h p a d a t e m p a t n y a d i b u a t s e c a r a e k s p l i s i t s e h i n g g a m e m p e r m u d a h p e r ­u s a h a a n m u l t i n a s i o n a l m e m a t u h i n y a . P e r a t u r a n h u k u m y a n g m e n y a n g k u t m a s a i a h s o s i a l t e r s e b u t h a r u s d a p a t m e n d o r o n g p e m s a b a a n m e l a k u k a n t u g a s s o s i a l n y a . P e n g a t u r a n t e r s e b u t d a p a t d i g o l o n g k a n d a l a m 4 b i d a n g . ' '

1. K e s e d i a a n m e n y i s i h k a n s e b a g i a n s u m b e r p e r u s a h a a n u n t u k t u j u a n p e r b a i k a n m a s y a r a k a t , e n t a h b e m p a s u m b a n g a n l a n g s u n g a t a u t u m t b e r p a r t i s i p a s i , u m p a m a d a l a m k e g i a t a n m a s y a r a k a t y a n g m e n y a n g k u t p e n d i d i k a n k e t r a m p i l a n a t a u b a n t u a n p a d a l e m b a g a - l e m b a g a m a s y a r a ­k a t y a n g b e r u s a h a d a l a m b i d a n g p e r b a i k a n m a s y a r a k a t . ;»

2 . K e s e d i a a n m e n g h i n d a r k a n k e g i a t a n p e r u s a h a a n y a n g d a p a t m e n i m b u l ­k a n b a b a y a s o s i a l t e r h a d a p l i n g k u n g a n , k o n s u m e n d a n b u m h .

3 . K e s e d i a a n m e n u n j u k k a n i t i k a d b a i k u n t u k m e n g k e l o l a p r o s e s p r o d u k s i y a n g e f i s i e n ( u m p a m a d e n g a n b e r u s a h a k e r a s m e n i n g k a t k a n k e t r a m p i l ­a n d a n p r o d u k t i v i t a s b u r u h ) , k w a l i t a s b a r a n g y a n g l e b i h t e r j a m i n s e r t a p e i a y a n a n y a n g l e b i h b a i k , m e n g h i n d a r k a n p e n a m b a h a n - p e n a m o a h a n y a n g t a k p e r l u p a d a s t y l e a t a u k w a l i t a s p r o d u k , a g a r k e s e m u a n y a d a p a t m e n g h a s i l k a n h a r g a b a r a n g y a n g w a j a r d e n g a n k w a l i t a s y a n g s e t i m p a l .

4 . K e s e d i a a n m e m e l i h a r a h u b u n g a n y a n g b a i k d a n " s e h a t " d e n g a n a p a ­r a t u r p e m e r i n t a h a n d a n m a s y a r a k a t , s e r t a b e r i t i k a d b a i k u n t u k l e b i l i b e r e s p o n s e p a d a k e t e n t u a n - k e t e n t u a n p e m e r i n t a l i y a n g t e l a h d i t e t a p ­k a n m e n u r u t U n d a n g - U n d a n g .

K i t a p e r l u p u l a s e c a r a b e r t a h a p m e n e r a p k a n s i s t e m s a n k s i d a n t i n d a k p i d a n a p a d a p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n y a n g m e n y a n g k u t k e 4 b i d a n g t e r s e b u t d i a t a s , s e p e r t i y a n g d i a n u t d i J e p a n g .

27 M.A. Chirelstein: "Corporate Law Reform" pada McKie, op. cit., him. 41 - 49.

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