Danh Tu, Tinh Tu Va Trang Tu

8/8/2019 Danh Tu, Tinh Tu Va Trang Tu

1/5

Nouns, Adjectives and Adverbs www.dethi.com

Designed by: Vu Mai Phuong 1

Word Classes: Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, etcDanh t, Tnh t v Trng t

I.Danh t

1. Loi danh t:

There are four kinds of noun in English:C 4 loi danh t trong ting Anh

Common nouns (Danh t chung): dog, man, tableProper nouns (Danh t ring):France, Madrid, Mrs Smith, TomAbstract nouns (Danh t tru tng): beauty(sc p), courage(s dng cm), fear(ni lo s), joy(s hn hoan vui sng)Collective nouns (Danh t tp hp): crowd(m ng), flock(n, by), group(nhm),swarm(n), team(i)

2. Mt danh t c th thc hin cc chc nng sau:The subject of a verb (ch ng ca mt ng t):Tom arrived

The complement of the verbs be, become, seem(B ng ca cc ng t be, become, seem):Tomis an actor.The object of a verb (tn ng ca ng t)- I saw TomThe object of a preposition(tn ng ca gii t): I spoke to Tom.A noun can also be in the possessive case(mt danh t cng c th dng s hu cch):Tom'sbooks (Nhng quyn sch ca Tom)

3. Gii

A Masculine: men, boys and male animals (pronoun he/they). Feminine:women, girls andfemale animals (pronoun she/they)Inanimate things, animals whose sex we don't know and sometimes babies whose sex we don't

know (pronoun it/they) Exceptions: ships and sometimes cars and other vehicles when regardedwith affection or respect are considered feminine. Countries when referred to by name are alsonormally considered feminine

The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her sideScotland lost many of her bravest men in two great rebellions

Nam: ngi n ng, con trai v cc ng vt ging c dng i t he/they. N: n b, con giv cc ng vt ging ci dng i t she/they. Nhng vt v tri v gic, nhng ng vt m giitnh ca chng khng r rng dng i t it/they). Ngoi l: Tu thuyn t v cc phng tinkhi c cp vi s qu mn tn trng th c coi l ging ci. Cc nc khi c nhc nbi tn ring th cng thng c coi l ging ci.

B Masculine/feminine nouns denoting peopleDanh t ch Nam/n

1. Different forms.(cc dng khc nhau)(a) boy, girl gentleman, lady son, daughter bachelor, spinster husband, wifeuncle, aunt bridegroom, bride man, woman widower, widow father, mothernephew, niece(b) duke, duchess king, queen prince, princess earl, countess lord, lady


2/5



2. The majority of nouns indicating occupation have the same formPhn ng danh t ch ngh nghip c dng ging nhau ko phn bit nam n:artist driver guiderassistant dancer etc

Exceptions (ngoi l)actor, actress host, hostess

conductor, conductress manager, manageressheir, heiress steward, stewardesshero, heroine waiter, waitressAlso salesman, saleswoman etc , but sometimes -person is used instead of-man, -woman'salesperson, spokesperson.Cng nh th salesman, saleswoman nhng thnh thong -person c s dng thay v -man, -woman : salesperson, spokesperson

C Domestic animals and many of the larger wild animals have different forms ( ng vt nuiv nhiu ng vt hoang d khc cng c nhng dng khc nhau)bull, cow duck, drake ram, ewe stallion, marecock, hen gander, goose stag, doe tiger, tigress dog, bitch lion, lioness

Others have the same form(Nhng con khc c cng dng)

4. S nhiu

A The plural of a noun is usually made by adding s to the singular:day, days dog, dogs house, houses s is pronounced /s/ after a p, k or f sound. Otherwise it ispronouncedIzl.When s is placed after ce, ge, se or ze an extra syllable (/iz/) is added to the spoken word.Change, changes

S nhiu ca mt danh t thng c cu to bng cch thm s vo danh t s t.

Khi thm s vo nhng danh t m c m cui bt ra l /f/,/k/,/p/,/t/ th pht m l /s/. Nu khngth phi c l /z/Khi s c t vo sau ce, ge,se hay ze th khi c dng s nhiu ca t ta phi pht m l /iz/

B Other plural forms (Cc dng s nhiu khc)Nouns ending in o or ch, sh, ss or x form their plural by adding es:Danh t tn cng l o,ch,ss hay x th khi chuyn sang s nhiu ta phi thm estomato, tomatoes brush, brushes box, boxeschurch, churches kiss, kissesBut words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in o add s only:Nhng nhng t nguyn gc nc ngoi hoc nhng t vit tt kt thc bng o ta ch phi thm sthidynamo, dynamos kimono, kimonos piano, pianos kilo, kilos photo, photossoprano, sopranosWhen es is placed after ch, sh, ss or x an extra syllable (/iz/) is addedto the spoken wordKhi es c t sau ch, sh, ss hoc x mt m tit (/iz/) c thm vo t khi c

C Nouns ending in y following a consonant form their plural by dropping the y and adding ies'Danh t tn cng bng y trc l mt ph m th khi chuyn sang s nhiu ta phi chuyn ythnh iesbaby, babies country, countries fly, flies lady, ladiesNouns ending in y following a vowel form their plural by adding s-


3/5



Danh t tn cng bng y trc l mt nguyn m th khi chuyn sang s nhiu ta ch victhm sboy, boys day, days donkey, donkeys guy, guys

D Twelve nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe and add ves12 Danh t tn cng bng f hay fe ta phi i f hay fe thnh vesThese nouns are calf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, sheaf, shelf, thief, wife, wolf:

loaf, loaves wife, wives wolf, wolves etcThe nouns hoof, scarfand wharf take either s or ves in the plural: hoofs or hooves scarfs orscarves wharfs or wharvesRing nhng danh t nhhoof, scarf v wharf th dng s nhiu hoc l s hoc l ves uc.Other words ending in f or fe add s in the ordinary way:cliff, cliffs handkerchief, handkerchiefs safe, safesNhng t khc vn thm s nh bnh thng:

E A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change: Mt s danh t khi hnh thnh dng thcs nhiu ta phi thay i phn nguyn m

foot, feet louse, lice mouse, mice woman, women person, people

goose, geese man, men tooth, teeth The plurals ofchildand oxare children, oxen.F Names of certain creatures do not change in the pluralfish is normally unchanged,fishesexists but is uncommon.Tn ca mt s sinh vt khng thay i khi chuyn sang s nhiu. fish th thng c ginguyn VD: a fish (mt con c) a school of fish (mt n c), fishes cng c nhng ko thngdng.

deer and sheep do not change(deer v sheep ko i): one sheep, two sheep.

G A few other words don't change-(Mt vi c c t khc khng thay i)aircraft, craft(boat/boats) quid(slang for 1)

counsel (barristers working in court)Some measurements and numbers do not change (S o, s m cng c gi nguyn). Foruncountable nouns, (danh t khng m c th ng nhin khng c dng s nhiu)

H Collective nouns, crew, family, team etc., can take a singular or plural verb; singular if weconsider the word to mean a single group or unit:Danh t tp hp c th c dng vi ng t s t hoc s nhiu tu theo; l s t nu chng tacoi t ngha l mt nhm hoc mt n v:Our team is the bestor plural if we take it to mean a number of individuals:l s nhiu nu chngta coi l nhiu c thOur team are wearing their new jerseys.When a possessive adjective is necessary, a plural verb with their is more usual than a singular

verb with its, though sometimes both are possible:Khi cn phi c mt tnh t hoc tnh t s hu, mt danh t s nhiu vi their thng thngdng hn l mt danh t s t vi its mc d i khi dng c 2 cch u c.

The jury is considenng its verdict.The jury are considenng their verdict

I Certain words are always plural and take a plural verb:Mt s t lun lun dng s nhiu vng t theo sau n cng phi chia dng s nhiuclothes police garments consisting of two parts:breeches pants pyjamas trousers etc and tools(cng c) and instruments(dng c )


4/5



consisting of two parts(gm 2 phn):binoculars pliers scissors spectaclesglasses scales shears etc.Also certain other words including:(mt s t khc na bao gm:arms (weapons) particularsdamages (compensation) premises/quartersearnings nches

goods/wares savingsgreens (vegetables) spirits (alcohol)grounds stairsoutskirts surroundings

pains (trouble/effort) valuables

J. A number of words ending in ics, acoustics, athletics, ethics, hysterics, mathematics,physics, politics etc , which are plural in form, normally take a plural verb.Mt s t kt thc bng ics....l dng s nhiu nn theo n cng phi l ng t chia theo snhiu.VD:

His mathematics are weakBut names of sciences can sometimes be considered singular:

Nhng tn ca mn khoa hc i khi cng c coi l s t.Mathematics is an exact science

K Words plural in form but singular in meaning include. Danh t c dng s nhiu nhngngha li s t VD:news:

The news is goodcertain diseases:(mt s bnh)mumps rickets shingles and certain games. (mt s tr chi)billiards darts draughtsbowls dominoes

L Some words which retain their original Greek or Latin forms make theirplurals according to the rules of Greek and Latin'Mt s t c ngun gc Latin hoc Ai cp th dng s nhiu ca n phi theo lut ca ting AiCp hoc Latincrisis, crises Ikraisis/, /'kraisnz/ phenomenon, phenomena erratum, errataradius, radiimemorandum, memoranda terminus, terminioasis, oases/au'eisis/, /au'eisrz/But some follow the English rules ( mt s theo lut ca ting Anh)dogma, dogmas gymnasium, gymnasiums

formula, formulas (thoughformulae is used by scientists)

M Compound nouns Danh t ghp:1 Normally the last word is made plural: Thng th t cui cng c bin thnh dng snhiu:boy-friends break-ins travel agentsBut where man and woman is prefixed both parts are made plural: men drivers women drivers2 The first word is made plural with compounds formed of verb + er nouns + adverbs:T u tin c chuyn thnh s nhiu bng cch ng t +er +trng thangers-on lookers-on runners-up and with compounds composed of noun + preposition+ noun: ladies-in-waiting sisters-in-law wards of court3 Initials can be made plural: Nhng ch ci u vit tt cng c th to nn danh t s


5/5



nhiu.MPs (Members of Parliament) VIPs (very important persons) OAPs (old age pensioners) UFOs(unidentified flying objects)

5 Uncountable nouns (also known as non-count nouns or mass nouns)(Danh t khng mc)A

1 Names of substances considered generally:Tn ca nhng vt coi l chung chungbread cream gold paper teabeer dust ice sand watercloth gin jam soap winecoffee glass oil stone wood

2 Abstract nouns:Danh t tru tngadvice experience horror pitybeauty fear information reliefcourage help knowledge suspiciondeath hope mercy work3 Also considered uncountable in English: Trong ting Anh nhng t sau l khng m cbaggage damage luggage shopping

camping furniture parking weatherThese, with hair, information, knowledge, news, rubbish, are sometimes countable in otherlanguages. nhng ngn ng khc i khi li m c

B Uncountable nouns are always singular and are not used with a/an: /don't want (any) adviceor help. I want (some) information. He has had no experience in this sort of work.Nhng danh t khng m c lun lun l s t v khng c dng vi a/anThese nouns are often preceded by some, any, no, a little etc. or by nouns such as bit, piece, sliceetc. + of: Nhng danh t khng m c ny theo sau cc t some, any, no, a little vv. Hoc binhng danh t c dng bit, piece, slice of ..a bit of news a grain of sand a pot of jama cake of soap a pane of glass a sheet of paper

a drop of oil a piece of advice

C. Some abstract nouns can be used in a particular sense with a/an:M s danh t tru tng c th c s dng trong nhng tnh hung c bit vi a/an nh sau:a help:

My children are a great help to me. A good map would be a help. a relief:It was a relief to sit down.

a knowledge + of:He had a good knowledge of mathematics.a dislike/dread/hatred/horror/love + of is also possible:a love of music a hatred of violencea mercy/pity/shame/wonder can be used with that-clauses introduced by it:

/t's a pity you weren 't here. It's a shame he wasn 't paid. it + be + a pity/shame + infinitive isalso possible:It would be a pity to cut down these treesD. a fear/fears, a hope/hopes, a suspicion/suspicions

There is a fear/There are fears that he has been murdered.We can have a suspicion that. . .

Something can arouse a fear/fears, a hope/hopes, a suspicion/suspicions.

Documents

Danh Tu, Tinh Tu Va Trang Tu