Upload
buidung
View
238
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
SOIL COLLOIDS:
Menentukan Sifat Kimia dan Fisika Tanah
Sumber: www.uamont.edu/.../colliodintro.pptUniversity of Arkansas at Monticello
Apakah Koloid Tanah itu?
Partikel mineral (liat) dan bahan organik (humus)
yangterdispersi dalam matiks tanah, ukurannya sangat kecil
(sangat halus)
Sumber: www.uamont.edu/.../colliodintro.pptUniversity of Arkansas at Monticello
Sifat-sifat Koloid.1. Luas-permukaan yang reaktif.2. Nature’s great electrostatic chemical reactor!3. Influence most all soil ecosystem functions.4. Site of cation absorption (loosely held) that
are ‘exchangeable’.5. Mampu mengikat “benda” lain, seperti
pestisida dan virus.
Sumber: www.uamont.edu/.../colliodintro.pptUniversity of Arkansas at Monticello
Sumber: www.uamont.edu/.../colliodintro.pptUniversity of Arkansas at Monticello
Sumber: www.uamont.edu/.../colliodintro.pptUniversity of Arkansas at Monticello
Sumber: www.uamont.edu/.../colliodintro.pptUniversity of Arkansas at Monticello
Sumber: www.uamont.edu/.../colliodintro.pptUniversity of Arkansas at Monticello
Sumber: www.uamont.edu/.../colliodintro.pptUniversity of Arkansas at Monticello
IKATAN OKTAHEDRA-TETRAHEDRA
Sumber: www.uamont.edu/.../colliodintro.pptUniversity of Arkansas at Monticello
SUBSTITUSI ISOMORFIK
Sumber: www.uamont.edu/.../colliodintro.pptUniversity of Arkansas at Monticello
MODEL LIAT TIPE 2:1. MONTMORILONIT (SMEKTIT)
Sumber: www.uamont.edu/.../colliodintro.pptUniversity of Arkansas at Monticello
Sumber: www.uamont.edu/.../colliodintro.pptUniversity of Arkansas at Monticello
REAKSI PERTUKARAN KATION
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)KAPASITAS TUKAR KATION (KTK)
CEC = the sum of exchangeable cations that a soil can absorb.
CEC is expressed as the number of moles of positive charge adsorbed per unit mass.
Units:Cmol (+) kg-1 or
Meq per 100 g soil
Sumber: www.uamont.edu/.../colliodintro.pptUniversity of Arkansas at Monticello
Koloid Tanah Tipe Rataan KTK Muatan yang tergantung pH (%)
Bahan Organik amorphous 200 90
Smectite 2:1 100 5
Vermicullite 2:1 150 5
Fine micas 2:1 30 20
Chlorite 2:1:1 30 20
Kaolinite 1:1 8 95
Gibbsite (Al) Non-silicate 4 100
Geothite (Fe) Non-silicate 4 100
Allophane SiNon-cystalline
30 90
Sumber: www.uamont.edu/.../colliodintro.pptUniversity of Arkansas at Monticello
Muatan listrik pada beberapa Koloid Tanah
Koloid TanahPermukaan koloid tanah bermuatan
negatif atau positif, yang dapat menarik
atau menolak ion-ion yang muatannya
berlawanan bersama dnegan molekul air.
Ion-ion yang tertarik (terjerap) pd
permukaan koloid ini (Ion-tukar) dapat diserap oleh akar
tanaman.
Sumber: http://faculty.yc.edu/ycfaculty/ags105/week08/soil_colloids/soil_colloids_print.html
Koloid TanahPartikel liat Silicate adalah kristalin, tersusun atas dua lembaran. Salah satu lembaran ini
adalah bidang atom Si yang dikelilingi oleh atok oksigen. Atom Oksigen ini bergfungsi sebgaai jembatan penghubung untuk bergabung dnegan lembaran aluminium dan/atau magnesium
yang dikelilingi oleh atom oksigen dan gugusan hidroksil.
Sumber: http://faculty.yc.edu/ycfaculty/ags105/week08/soil_colloids/soil_colloids_print.html
Koloid Liat TanahBerdasarkan jumlah dan susunan lembaran tetrahedral (silica) dan octahedral (alumina-magnesia) yg terkandung dalam unit kristal; liat silikat dikelompokkan menjadi dua: (a)
mineral liat tipe 1:1 (satu lembar tetrahedral dan satu lembar octahedral) dan (b) liat tipe 2:1. Kristal Tipe 1:1 (mis. kaolinite) ukurannya lebih besar dibanding tipe lainnya dan strukturnya kaku (fixed) tidak mempunyai permukaan-internal dan sedikit sekali substitusi isomorfiknya.
Oleh karena itu, mineral ini mempunyai luas-permukaan yang relatif rendah dan kapasitasnya untuk menarik kation juga rendah. Mineral ini tidak mengembang kalau basah dan tidak
mengkerut kalau kering.
Sumber: http://faculty.yc.edu/ycfaculty/ags105/week08/soil_colloids/soil_colloids_print.html
Koloid Liat Tanah
Model of two crystal layers and an interlayer characteristic of montmorillonite, a smectite expanding-lattice 2:1-type clay mineral.
Each layer is made up of an octahedral sheet sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets with shared apical oxygen atoms.
There is little attraction between oxygen atoms in the bottom tetrahedral sheet of one unit and those in the top tetrahedral sheet of another. This permits a variable
space between layers, which is occupied by water and exchangeable cations. The internal surface area thus exposed far exceeds the surface around the outside of
the crystal. Note that magnesium has replaced aluminum in some sites of the octahedral sheet. Likewise, some silicon atoms in the tetrahedral sheet may be replaced by aluminum
(not shown). These substitutions give rise to a negative charge, which accounts for the high cation
exchange capacity of this clay mineral. A ball-andstick model of the atoms and chemical bonds is at the right.
Sumber: http://faculty.yc.edu/ycfaculty/ags105/week08/soil_colloids/soil_colloids_print.html
Koloid Liat TanahTwo clay groups with 2:1 type structures have expansive type crystals, the smectites and
vermiculites.
Sumber: http://faculty.yc.edu/ycfaculty/ags105/week08/soil_colloids/soil_colloids_print.html
Koloid Liat TanahModel of a 2:1-type
nonexpanding lattice mineral of the fine-grained mica group. The general constitution of the layers is similar to that in the
smectites, one octahedral sheet between two
tetrahedral sheets. However, potassium ions are tightly held
between layers, giving the mineral a more or less rigid
type of structure that prevents the movement of water and
cations into the space between layers. The internal surface and cation exchange
capacity of fine-grained micas are thus far below those of the
smectites.
Sumber: http://faculty.yc.edu/ycfaculty/ags105/week08/soil_colloids/soil_colloids_print.html
Koloid Tanah: GibbsiteA simplified diagram showing the structure of gibbsite, an
aluminum oxide clay common in highly weathered soils. This clay consists of dioctahedral
sheets (two are shown) that are hydrogen-bonded together. Other oxide-type clays have
iron instead of aluminum in the octahedral positions, and their structures are somewhat less
regular and crystalline than that shown for gibbsite. The surface
plane of covalently bonded hydroxyls gives this, and similar
clays, the capacity to strongly adsorb certain anions.
Sumber: http://faculty.yc.edu/ycfaculty/ags105/week08/soil_colloids/soil_colloids_print.html
Koloid Tanah - HumusA simplified diagram showing the
principal chemical groups responsible for the high amount
of negative charge on humus colloids. The three groups
highlighted all include –OH that can lose its hydrogen ion by
dissociation and thus become negatively charged. Note that the
carboxylic, phenolic, and alcoholic groups on the right side of the diagram are shown in their disassociated state, while those on the left side still have their
associated hydrogen ions. Note also that association with a
second hydrogen ion causes a site to exhibit a net positive
charge.Sumber: http://faculty.yc.edu/ycfaculty/ags105/week08/soil_colloids/soil_colloids_print.html
Koloid TanahA diagrammatic representation of the adsorption of ions on a colloid by the formation of outer-sphere
and inner-sphere complexes.
(1) Water molecules surround diffuse cations and anions (such as the Mg2+, Cl-, and HPO4- shown) in the soil solution.
(2) In an outer-sphere complex (such as the adsorbed Ca2+ ion shown), water molecules form a bridge between the adsorbed cation and the charged colloid surface.
(3) In the case of an inner-sphere complex (such as the adsorbed H2PO4— anion shown), no water molecules intervene, and the cation or anion binds directly with the metal atom (aluminum in this case) in the colloid structure.
Sumber: http://faculty.yc.edu/ycfaculty/ags105/week08/soil_colloids/soil_colloids_print.html
Koloid TanahPenjerapan Kation dan Anion
Colloids attract and hold a complex swarm of cations and anions. Hydrated ions from the soil solution are surrounded by a shell of water molecules.
These hydrated ions are attracted to sites on the colloid surface that bear a charge of the opposite sign to the charge of the hydrated ion. As they approach the surface of the colloid, they are loosely held by mutual
attraction of the charge colloid site and the ion for opposite ends of the intervening water molecules.
This type of sorption is termed outer sphere complexation, and is readily reversible. Exchangeable ions are examples. Other ions may bond directly
with the atoms of the clay surface, forming much stronger, more difficult to reverse relationships known as inner sphere complexes. Phosphate ions
strongly sorbed or fixed to the hydroxyl plane of the octahedral sheet and metal ions strongly sorbed to the oxygen plane of tetrahedral sheets are
examples.
Sumber: http://faculty.yc.edu/ycfaculty/ags105/week08/soil_colloids/soil_colloids_print.html
Koloid Tanah
The ions attracted to and adsorbed on the surface of the soil colloids are subject to exchange with ions in the
soil solution or on plant roots. Such exchangeable ions serve as valuable storage assets for plants, the ions being held from loss by leaching or
runoff but remaining available for later uptake by plants.
H+ ions created by root respiration will exchange for K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ for example, that can then be taken up by
plants.
Sumber: http://faculty.yc.edu/ycfaculty/ags105/week08/soil_colloids/soil_colloids_print.html
Koloid TanahKTK (CEC = Cation Exchange Capacity)
The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of a soil is determined primarily by the amount and nature of the soil colloids and
by the pH. Soils high in smectite and vermiculite clays have high CEC
values at all pH levels, those high in fine-grained micas and chlorites being intermediate.
The CEC of kaolinite and the Fe, Al oxides is quite low. In very acid soils the CEC of humus is also quite low, but under neutral to alkaline conditions humus may have a CEC that,
on a weight basis, several fold exceeds that of smectite.
Sumber: http://faculty.yc.edu/ycfaculty/ags105/week08/soil_colloids/soil_colloids_print.html
Koloid Tanah- Pertukaran ion
Kemampuan tanah
mendukung produktivitas tanaman -
ditentukan oleh karakteristik koloid tanah
dasn KTK tanah
Sumber: http://clasfaculty.ucdenver.edu/callen/1202/Soils/Soils.html
Koloid TanahExchange of cautions between a root and soil colloids.
Sumber: Hi-Fert, Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility, 1997
Bahan organik mempunyai permukaan
yang sangat luas, sehingga banyak
mempunyai tapak-tapak pertukaran ion.
Semakin banyak kandungan BOT suatu
tanah, semakin banyak hara tersedia bagi
tanaman.