DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS IN BUSINESS

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

The data ,after the collection has to be processed and analyzed in accordance with the outline laid down for the purpose at the time of developing research plan.

PROCESSING OF DATA

“Technically speaking processing implies editing,coding,classification and tabulation of data so that they are available for analysis”.

- C.R.KHOTHARI

FIVE STAGES

1. Editing 2. Coding3. Classification 4. Tabulation

EDITING

Editing of data is a process of examining collected raw data and to correct there wherever possible.

Two types of editing :-1. Field editing 2. Central editing

CODING Coding refers to the process of

assigning numerals or other symbols to answers so that responses can be put in to a limited numbers or categories or classes.

Here, the criteria for classes should be exhaustiveness but, criteria for specific answers should be mutually exhaustive.

Another concept is unidimensionality.

CLASSIFICATION

Classification of data,which happens to be the process of arranging data in groups or classes on the basis of common characteristics.

Two types of classification :-1. Classification according to attribute - simple -manifold

2.Classification according to interval -The number of classes its

magnitude. -How to choose class limits. -Determination of frequency of each classes.

TABULATION

When a mass of data has been assembled it becomes necessary for the researcher to arrange the same in some kind of concise and logical order, this is called tabulation.

Some Methods of tabulation :-

- mechanical or computerized v/s final tabulation.

-Listing method-card sorting method

Two types of tabulation- simple tabulation- complex tabulation

Two types of problems - the problem concerning

“don’t know responses.” - usage of percentage

ANALYSIS OF DATA

Definition :- “In the process of analysis

relationship or differences supporting or conflicting with original or new hypotheses should be subjected to statistical test to determine with what validity data can be said to indicate any conclusion.”

-C.R.KHOTHARI

TYPES OF ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS OF DATA

DISCRIPTIVE & CAUSAL

INFERENTIAL/STATISTICAL

ANALYSIS OF DATAREGRESSION ANALYSIS :-

It is the study of how one or more variable affects changes in another variable, it shows linear relationship existing between two or more variables.

Two types of regression analysis:-

- Simple regression analysis- Multiple regression analysis

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS

Multivariate analysis which may be define as all statistical methods which simultaneously analyse more than two variables on sample of observations.

DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS (DA) Through DA technique researcher may

classify individuals or objects in to one of two mutually exclusive and exhaustive groups on the basis of set of independent variables.

The objective is to predict an object’s likelihood of belonging to a particular group based on several independent variable.

FACTOR ANALYSIS Factor analysis seeks to resolve a large set

of measured variables in terms of relatively few categories ,known as “factor”

The value which explain how closely the variables are related to a factor is called factor loading.

SCORE MATRIX VARIABLES

a b c k 1 2 3

N

a1 b1 c1 k1

a2 b2 c2 k2

a3 b3 c3 k3

an bn cn kn

PERSON

CLUSTER ANALYSIS

cluster analysis consist of methods of classifying variables in to cluster. A cluster consist of variables that co relate highly with one another and have comparatively low co relation with variable in other cluster.

The objective is to determine how many mutually and exhaustive groups or clusters in population and then to state the composition of such groups.