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Aceh is rich of events, attraction and unique cultures that it will fascinate anyone. Acehis also rich in natural beauty, waves and sea garden, which is suitable for diving. Some of

most beautiful Aceh tourism and historical sites and beaches have been damage d by the

massive earthquake and Dec '04 Tsunami. The name of Aceh Darussalam is come from Aceh

language means the welfare and peace Aceh country. Aceh is located in the Northwestern

of Sumatra Island with the area of approximately 57,365.57 km square or 12 .26 % of size of

Sumatra Island. It consists of 119 islands, 73 major rivers and 2 lakes.

Geographically

Aceh is surrounded by:

North side: Malacca Strait

East Side: North Sumatra Province

South and the west Side: Indian Ocean.

The capital of Aceh is Banda Aceh. The Special Province of Aceh with its area of 57, 365.57

square kilometers covering 1.17 per cent of Indonesia is situated at the northern tip of

Sumatra Island, between latitudes 2


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The dry season in Aceh usually lasts from March through August. The rainy season starts in

September to last until February. The average annual rainfall ranges from 2,000 mm to 3,000 mm,

with temperatures ranging from 25 to 30 Celsius. In the highlands, the average temperature is 200

Celsius. The amount of rainfall varies between all parts of Aceh. The western and southern coasts

have more rainfall than the other parts. The weather along the coastal areas is usually warm. In the

mountains tend to be cooler. The humidity varies from 65 to 75 percent. The wind from the westbegins in June through November while the wind from the east begins in December through May.

NORTH SUMATRA

North Sumatra is one of Indonesia's last surfing frontiers. "North

Sumatra" consists of 5 islands or island groups: Hinako Islands, Nias,

Telos and 2 other obscure island groups to the north. North Sumatra

receives similar swell to Mentawais and enjoys its peak swell season

from May to September. Despite Indonesia's reputation for hollow

lefts, in North Sumatra right-handers are slightly more prevalent. While Lagundri Bay at Nias

has been surfed for decades, it is the more obscure rights like Bawa (a Sunset -like right bowl

that holds up to 15 feet) and Treasure Island (a long, hollow, mechanical right peeling for

200 meters) that have attracted the attention of late. Throw a mix of hollow and bowl

lefthanders into the picture like Asu, Afulu, the Machine, and many more obscure rights and

lefts.

In contrast to the small island of Bali, North Sumatra province is large

with one of the biggest lakes in the world, Toba Lake, at its navel. The

continuous mountain of Bukit Barisan, which extends from Aceh at the

tip of Sumatra island to Lampung at the bottom of the island, guards the

province on the west side, providing home for thick, tropical jungles and

lush vegetations. As you go down the western mountains towards the beaches of the east,

mountain streams, strong rivers, and gorgeous waterfalls will

accompany you.

Along the length of this province crosses Bukit Barisan Mountains with

peaks of numerous volcanoes. The land has thick virgin forests, lush

vegetation, rice fields, mountain streams, rivers, waterfalls and sandy

beaches. It has a rich flora and fauna. An abundance of birds,

butterflies, buffaloes, deer, mouse deer, orangutans and many other export commodities

make North Sumatra one of the richest provinces in Indonesia, as it produces more than 30

% of Indonesia's exports. The province offers the v isitors, especially nature lovers, beautifultropical panoramas, terraced rice fields, blue mountains, jungle covered

hills, white sandy beaches, music, dance and folk arts.

Relative to Bali, North Sumatra has very heterogeneous ethnic groups, and

thus, cultures. The people of the eastern coasts, also known as the Malays

(Melayu) have markedly different traditions and culture from Batak


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highlanders who live around Toba Lake and Samosir Island. Further south, the Mandailings and

Angkolas, and Nias Island, have yet more flavors of traditions and culture.

Besides them, there are several ethnic groups who live in Medan and

other towns of North Sumatra. Its largest groups are Chinese and Indian,

who being naturalized Indonesian citizens. Other Indonesian tribes like

Acehnese, Minangkabau, Javanese, etc also live in many parts here. Eachof the mentioned tribes as well as the ethnic groups has its own dialect, religion, beliefs, traditional

customs, etc. Arts and cultures make this region, a paradise for social scientists. Among the ancient

Indonesian cultures, which can be seen at Samosir Island, are the centuries old tombs of Batak Toba

kings and a stone-table with its benches, where the Siallagan chiefs formerly held meetings.

Geographically

North Sumatra province has 70,787 sq km width. Geographically, it is located between 1o and 4o

North Latitude and between 98o and 100o East Longitude. The area is Borders with:

North side: the special territory of Aceh

South side: West Sumatra Province and Riau Province

West side: Indian Ocean

East side: Malacca Strait

Administratively

North Sumatra Province is divided among 11 regencies, 6 municipals, and 3 administrative towns

with Medan as its capital city.

Geology

Composed of coastal areas, lowlands, plateaus, and mountains.

Humidity: Varies between 79% and 96%.

Climate

As one of Indonesia islands, North Sumatra has rainfall of 1,100-3,400 mm per year. It temperature

is range between 18o C and 34o C.

Demography

Historically, North Sumatra Province has a migration flow of population either from other provincesbecause of the existence of heavy plantation in this province or migration

to other areas for studying and expanding business. Since population

mobility is high, there are multi ethnics on the community. In 1994, the

population density of North Sumatra Province reached 157 people per

Km2. Compared to the average national population growth (2.144% per

year), this province was on the lower level with 1.53% per year. The

projection population composition in 1997 can be seen on the following table.


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WEST SUMATRA

West Sumatra is one of the most beautiful areas of Indonesia. It ismountainous and divided by three valleys. There are lovely lakes and

spectacular volcanoes. But Minangkabau land is very special and has the

most friendly population group of Indonesia. They love to talk with

visitors and will tell us about their unique society. If a visitor tries tounderstand the culture and Minang traditions he will soon feel himself a

member of the clan. He will be invited as a guest to their homes - a unique way to become

acquainted with real Indonesian life. Most of our hosts and hostesses are English teachers so

language will not be much of a problem. They will show us the community and explain their

customs.

The land of the Minangkabau, West Sumatra has a distinct culture,

which distinguishes it from the rest of the island. A land of scenic

beauty with blue green lakes and mountains, West Sumatra's Centre of

culture and tourism is Bukittinggi in the highlands, north of theprovincial capital of Padang. Most prominent in the landscape is the

horn-shaped roofs of the houses nestled in the coconut groves. Thename Minangkabau means triumphant buffalo. It leads a community and family life based on

a matrilineal system, which clusters around mosques and the traditional houses. As it is thewomen who have the properties, the men are known for their wanderlust and

entrepreneurship. Traveling is considered a mark of success and therefore many of them arefound "merantau" (emigrated) to other parts of the country. This is proof that many Minang

or Padang restaurants, serve very spicy food, found in all major towns in the nation. The

people are hospitable and eloquent in a poetic style of speech and ceremonies. Festivals are

colorful occasions.

West Sumatra has a coastline where the capital is situated. The hinterland is a range of high

mountains, which dip into picturesque valleys and lakes. Amongst them are the remnants of

the old Minangkabau kingdom of Pagaruyung, (the art centers for silver, hand-weaving,

embroidery and woodcarving).

GeographicallyWest Sumatra province has about 49,778 sq km width, which is located

between 0o 54' North Latitude and 3o 30' South Latitude and between98o 36' and 101o 53'. The boundaries of this regency is:

North Side: Riau Province

South Side: Indian Ocean

West Side: North Sumatra Province

East Side: Jambi and Bengkulu Province

Wide AreaWest Sumatra Province has 42,297.30-km2 areas. The West Sumatran

coastline faces the Indian Ocean and stretches 375 km from North Sumatra

province in the northwest to Bengkulu in the southeast. West Sumatra lakes

include: Maninjau (99.5 km2), Singkarak (130.1 km2), Diatas (31.5 km2),

Dibawah (14.0 km2), Talang (5.0 km2). West Sumatra rivers include: Kuranji,

Anai, Ombilin, Suliki, Arau. The mountains & volcanoes of West Sumatra are


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the capital city.

ClimateThis region is dominantly characterized by the sea climate with average

temperature of 30C at day and 23C at night throughout the year. Rainy

season falls on November (sometimes October) up to April while dry season

begins in July. Riau has tropical climate and in general is classified intoclimate type "A" with relatively high rainfall, ranging from 2,000 to 3,000

mm per year in average.

Topography

Most areas in Riau are lowland plain, including alluvial islands scattered

along coastal line with average elevation less than 200 m above sea level. In

mainland region, there are four big rivers, i.e. Rokan River, Siak River,

Kampar River and Indragiri River. These rivers spring from Bukit Barisan

mountain range stretching along the border Riau Province and West Sumatra Province, and

flow down to Malacca Straits. The rivers play an important role as the means of

transportation, sources of irrigation, energy, and clean water as well as fishery resources.

Archipelagic region of Riau, on the other hand, is formed of volcanic formation in the formof islands, big and small. The soil is in general of Organosol type (Histosol), containing much

organic substance. Wide AreaThe territorial size of Riau Province is 329,867.16 km consisting of land area 94,561,61 Km2

and water area 235,306,00 Km2. Riau population is 4,948,000 (2000 census).

JAMBI

Jambi province is located on the east coast of Central Sumatra faces

to Malaka Straits sharing borders with four other provinces in

Sumatra and has long a melting pot for different ethnic groups. Theearliest inhabitants were the Kubus, who were among the first wave

of Malays to migrate to Sumatra. The ancient kingdom of Melayu

developed and grew in Jambi and maintained relations with the

mighty kingdoms of Sriwijaya, Majapahit and Singasari, but was eventually attacked and

annexed by Sriwijaya in the middle of the 17th century. Encompassing an area of 53,435 sq

km, almost 60% of which is forest, the province is home to a large variety of fauna and

floraand and an exhilarating place for active and adventurous visitors.

One of the greatest kingdoms in Indonesia history, the Buddhist Empire of

Sriwijaya, prospered and grew along the Musi River bank in Shouth

Sumatra over a thousand years ago. Located in the southern-most rim of the

Shout China Sea, close to one of the world's busiest shipping lanes linkingthe Far East With Europe, the region's historical background is rich and

colorful.

Sriwijaya Kingdom practiced a bustling and lucrative trade with ancient

China its era of powerful dynasties and in 672,the Chinese scholar Tsing recorded that a

thousand monks and scholars could be seen translating and studying Sanskrit in what is now

become a regional capital of Palembang. However, few relics of this memorable era remain.

Streching from the foothills of the mighty Bukit Barisan mountain range in the West Sumatra


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to Bangka and Belitung Island in the East, South Sumatra province is relatively flat but veryfertile, with numerous rivers cutting across the landscape and meandering their way to the

sea. Coffee and tea are grown in plantations in various parts of the province but the area'senormous wealth comes from oil, natural gas, coal, tin and quartz.

Palembang is still the gateway to the province, and together with

Pangkal Pinang on Bangka Island and Tanjung Pandan on Belitung,provides the region with three major airports. All three cities have

direct connections with Medan, Batam, Padang and Jakarta and the

future will see the introduction of flights to Singapore. Air-

conditioned buses from north and west points of Palembang are also

regulary available, as well as the major cities in Java and Bali.

Geographically

Geographically, Jambi is located between 0o 45' - 2o 45' NorthernLatitude and between 101o 10' - 104o 55' East Longitude. This

province is bordered by

North side: Riau province

West side: West Sumatra

East side: Berhala Strait

South side: Bengkulu province

Wide Area

Jambi province area is 44,800 sq km width.

AdministrativelyJambi Province is divided among 5 regencies and 1 municipality.

Temperature

Jambi Humidity is about 83%. The rainfall ranges about 1,940 - 2,941 mm per year. The

temperature is range between 22.5o C and 33.6o C.

Demography

A migration flows to this province is supported by the existence of

heavy plantation exertion and transmigration program. In 1994, the

total population was 214,507 people, with an average density of 40.1

people per Km2. Compared to the average population growth

amounted to 2.144% per year, this province is on the lower level with 1.21% per year during

the 1990-1994 period.


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BENGKULU

Bengkulu is the smallest and lowest populated province of Sumatra.Bengkulu province is located on the southwest coast of Sumatra. It

occupies of 19,831 sq. km area and has about one million populations,

comprising mostly Rejang, Malay, Bugis and Chinese ethnic ancestry

people. Bukit Barisan mountain range constitutes its northeasternborder, beyond which laid of South Sumatra province and Jambi

province. The province protected by a stretch of mountains, which soon flow into the mighty

Bukit Barisan. Tigers and elephants wander through the remains of the original rainforest,

where exotic rafflesia's and orchids grow.

The British founded Bengkulu in 1685. It is a university town and

administrative centre. It is the last territory in Indonesia to be held by

the British. Fort Marlborough, constructed in 1762, is a castle with

gatehouse that contains old gravestones with English inscription. Sir

Stamford Raffles, who later found Singapore, was lieutenant -

government of Bengkulu from 1818 to 1823.

Thomas Stamford Raffles was an important figure in Bengkulu history, which in 1817 was

appointed as a Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen, the only territory in the area, which the

Dutch had never managed to bring under their control. Raffles was an extraordinary and

energetic man of wide-ranging interests. In the year of his arrival, he and a botanist named

Joseph Arnold discovered the world's largest flower, at Manna River near Lubuktapi, in

South Bengkulu. The flower is now known as Rafflesia Arnoldi and is the official symbol of

Bengkulu province.

Tabah Penanjung, an hour drive into the hills above Bengkulu is a

nature reserve where rafflesias are often found. Mt Bukit Kaba, near

the hill town of Curup can be climbed in a day fromBengkulu.

Geographically

Geographically, Bengkulu is located between 2o and 5o South Latitude andbetween 101o and 104o Eastern Longitude. This Province is bordered by:

East Side: Jambi ProvinceWest Side: Indian Ocean

South Side: Lampung Province and Indian OceanNorth Side: West Sumatra Province

Administratively

Bengkulu Province is divided among 1 municipality and 3 districts, with Bengkulu as itscapital city.Temperature

Its humidity is 87% and the rainfall ranges 3,598 mm per year. The temperature of this arearanges between 22.2o C and 31.1o C.

Demography

Bengkulu Province has an indigineous community consisted of Manna,Muko-Muko, and Minang. A transmigration program supports a migration


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flow to this province. The population density of this province was 68 people per Km2.Compared to the average national population growth amounted to 2.144% per year; this

province was on the higher level with 3.42% per year in the 1990-1994.

Population Bengkulu province is located on the southwest coast of Sumatra. It occupies of 19,831 sq. km

area and has about one million populations, comprising mostly Rejang, Malay, Bugis andChinese ethnic ancestry people.

Wide AreaBengkulu province area is 21,168-sq.km widths. Bukit Barisan mountain range constitutes its

northeastern border, beyond which lie in South Sumatra and Jambi provinces.

South Sumatra Province is situated on the eastern side of Bukit Barisan mountain

range South Sumatra province is relatively flat, nevertheless fertile, as numerous riverscrisscross and meander through out the region. Palembang is its capital city and as the

gateway to the province, lies right on the banks of the great Musi River, 60 km upstream and

navigable by oceangoing vessels. No wonder that most major social and economic activities

should center in Palembang and Musi River where the region's pride, Ampera Bridge, is

found as well.

Because of its sheer location on the southernmost rim of the South ChinaSea and close to one of world's busiest sea-lanes linking the Far East with

Europe, the region's historical background is undoubtedly rich and colorful.Once the very site of the Buddhist Kingdom of Sriwijaya, it practiced a

bustling trade with then ancient China during its era dynasties. Inevitable of

course, were the interacting forces of the two different cultures at the time,

which nowadays are still noticeable as consequences of the past.

The visitors can easily reach South Sumatra by air through four major

airports at Palembang, Pangkal Pinang, Bangka and Belitung islands, all

having direct connections with Medan, Batam, Padang, Jakarta, and not

long from now with Singapore too. Air-conditioned buses from points

North and West of Palembang are regularly available, as well as from cities on Java and Bali.

Geographically, South Sumatra province is located between 1o and 4o South Latitude and

between 102o and 108o East Longitude. The boundaries of the area is:North side: South China Sea

West side: Jambi Province and Bengkulu ProvinceSouth side: Lampung Province

East side: Java Sea

Administratively

South Sumatra Province is divided among 8 regencies, 2 municipals and 3 administrative

towns with Palempang as its capital city.


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TemperatureThe humidity of south Sumatra province is 78%. The rainfall range is

variation between 2,000 - 3,000 mm per year and an average wind velocityof 3.23 km per hour. And the temperature ranges between 21.8o C and

32.2o C.

DemographyA migration flow to this province is supported by the existence of

heavy plantation exertion, mining and transmigration program. The

population density of this province is 58,8 people per Km2 (1994).

Compared to the average national population growth amounted to

2.144% per year, this province was on the lower level with 1.10% peryear.

Wide AreaThe area of south Sumatra province is 103,688 sq. km width.

BANGKA & BELITUNG ISLAND

Bangka-Belitung is one of Indonesia provinces. It includes two large islands, Bangka and

Belitung, and several smaller ones, which lie east of Sumatra, northeast of South Sumatra

province. Bangka Belitung (BABEL) Islands province is the 31st Province in Indonesia, one

of the newest provinces. Bangka Belitung get its approved as a new province in 2001

separated with south Sumatra. That acknowledgement is because of the people struggle. The

region that was a great tin mines, now already to reach the new phase in its life. It

provisioned with the beautiful of nature, and the uniquely of culture, Bangka Belitung step to

the better future.

Supported by the Serumpun Sabalai spirit and abundant natural resources, it has been

expecting a greater role to speed up the island region's development, namely Bangka regency,

Belitung regency and Pangkal Pinang city through cooperation development. That potency ofculture and tourism is also supported by its strategic location that can connect with other

interesting area. The sea transportation that become the most accessibility in Bangka BelitungIsland, is support its economics activities among the Islands.

The richness of Bangka Belitung Island of nature and tin mines until its maritime rich, makeBangka Belitung a magnet for the new comers to get a better life. A Balinese countryside is

found in this Island named Giri Jati village, complete with all of Bali culture that

remembering us to Bali Island. Beside Bali tribe, we also can found Bugis tribe that adds thevarious cultures in Bangka Balitung Island. This Bugis tribe can be found in the fishermen

village at Tanjung Binga. Otherwise, the original tribe, Melayu culture has strong influence in

the traditional ceremony and religious ceremony. One of the ceremonies is Rebo Kasan

Ceremony that done by Air Anyer village people. It is believed that one day of a year, the

God give His 320,000 angels in the world. The people must together to pray. This ceremony

was held in the beach, but now on, it held in the mosque then continued to the beach.

Formerly, this ceremony become the people party with its star party is Dambus art.


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GeographicallyBangka Belitung province is located between 10450' - 10930' East Longitude and 050' -

410' South Latitude, with its total area of 81,724.54 km.

AdministrativellyAdministrativelly, Bangka Belitung comprises of 2 regencies and 1 city, namely Bangka

regency, Belitung regency and Pangkal Pinang City, of which, the biggest regency's area isBangka regency with 11,534.14 km area, and the smallest is Pangkal Pinang City, with 89.40

km area.

Climate

There are two seasons that are suitable for sailing to these islands: February-March and

October-November, when the wind and the waves are low. The heaviest rainfall is around

2,500 mm per annum with its average temperature between 25C - 26C.

PopulationIn 2001, Babel's population was 920,729 consisted of 462,640 men and 458,089 women. The

biggest population among the regencies was Bangka regency, 583,841 people, while the most

density population was Pangkalpinang City, with its 1,396 people/km. In 2001, the growth ofpopulation reached 1.49 % per annum averagely. Labor. In 2000, its labor force recorded as

many as 100,825 people.

LAMPUNG

Lampung province is located at the extreme of south of Sumatra is overlooked, over flown by

most tourists. In the past it was well known for its marvelous 'tapi' fabrics, some using real

gold thread, and for its pepper. But today, it is the location from ambitious transmigration

projects, resettling farmers from over-populated Java. It boasts volcanoes, wildlife reserve,

megalithic remain and a superb coastline of deep-cut bays and wonderful beaches. Its capitalis Bandar Lampung, is made up of twin cities that is Teluk Betung and Tanjung Karang. WayKambas Nature Reserve is a 130,000 ha area of swamp and lowland forest with wild

elephant, tapir and many other animals.

The name of Lampung province was taken from origin Lampungnese.Before Indonesia became independent country, a resident led Lampung

region and the status was as residency area (Residentie lampungchedistricten) with many afdeling (afdeling Teloek betoeng, afdeling metroand

afdeling kotabumi). The villages/old town with traditional living

characteristic could be found like sukadana, menggala, kenali, liwa, blambangan umpu etc. A

part of these town bacame the capital of district. In the first of 2000 was 7 millions the

population of Lampung Province. Among 10 district / town, the most population was incentral Lampung with 1.901.630 and the density population was in Bandar Lampung city,

3.763 soul/km2.

Lampung province is located between 3o 45' and 6o 45' South Latitude and between 103o 40'

and 105o 50' East Longitude. This province is bordered by:North side: South Sumatra Province

South Side: Sunda Strait


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West side: Bengkulu ProvinceEast side: Java Sea

Wide Area

The wide area of Lampung province is 33,307 sq km,

Administrativelly

Lampung Province is divided among 4 regencies, 1 municipality and 1 administrative townwith Bandar Lampung as its capital city.

TemperatureThe humidity of this province is various between 50% and 86%, and the

rainfall is ranges between 2,000 and 4,000 mm per year. The temperature

ranges between 20o C and 34o C.

DemographyThe migration flow to Lampung province is supported by the existence of

heavy plantation, fishery and industry. In 1994, the total population of thisprovince was 6,200,306 people, with its average density of 196.8 people

per Km2. Compared to the average national population growth amounted to 2.144% per year,

this province was on the lower level with 2.12% per year during the 1990-1994 period. Theprojection and composition in 1997 can be seen on the following table.

Population

Lampung society consists of two main groups, respectively has specialtraditional law. They are Peminggir traditional society and Pepadun

traditional society. Peminggir societies, such as, Krui, Ranau, Komering,

and Kayu Agung society, live along the coast And, Pepadun society, who

customarily conservative, such as, Abung (Abung Siwo Migo), Pubian

(Pubian Telu Suku), Tulang Bawang (Migo Pak), Buai Lima (Way Kanan), and SungkayBunga Mayang, live in the inland.

BANTEN

Banten is one of the young provinces in Republic of Indonesia. This

region is situated in west Java. It can be reached about an hour from

Jakarta. It's feel unbelievable, after the busy toll-way and hectic

Jakarta as metropolitan city; we enter small and charming Banten.

This city has a lot of treasure to whom that likes history. Such as the

ruins of Surosowan Palace, Kaibon Palace, 'Masjid Agung Banten'

[Banten Great Mosque, enlisted in Moslem's pilgrimage in

Indonesia], Speelwijk fortress and Chinese temple Avalokiteshvara, and the harbor of Banten,

Karanghantu [devil rock's harbor] that still used nowadays already existed since centuries


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ago. From this place, Sultan Banten's troopers took fight against the pirates and take defensefrom the Dutch.

Along with the prevailing regional government changing, in respect to

the insistence of Banten People's aspiration to demand the separation

from West Java Province, and after long process based on Law Number

23 Year 2000 concerning on Formation of Banten Province dated 17thOctober, 2000, established Banten Province as the 30th Province.

Banten Province consists of 4 Regencies and 2 Cities, 94 Districts, 128

sub districts and 1,339 Villages. Geographically, the location of Banten Province is strategic

because of the link between Java Island and Sumatra Island as well as the capital of Republic

of Indonesia and West Java Province as a potential market of Banten's products.

The economic sector, that have a great potential resources and various to be developed,

namely sectors in agriculture, industry/trade, tourism, mining/exploration, and also supported

by the availability of variety natural resources in great amount. Industry sector contribute

more than 52 % from total of Banten's GRDP, because in Banten there are 17 Industrial

Zones equipped by good facilities and managed by professional private

companies.

Banten is one of the newest provinces in Indonesia and also one of the

richest. The province combines many of the most important Industrial

Zones in Indonesia and also has the extended recreation areas along the

western coast of Java and in south the Ujung Kulon National Park and the

mountainous areas that are home to the Baduy people. Banten has the

easiest access to Jakarta being merely an enclave in this province.

This province uses its own unique culture and language, both called

Sundanese that is also used to call its people. The ancient kingdoms of

Banten are Tarumanegara, Pajajaran, Banten and Cirebon would makeinteresting studies for the student of archaeology. Cirebon is located on the border between

West and Central Java, having a mixed culture originating from the ancient Cirebon andBanten kingdoms, resulting in similar customs and dialects of the two people, although

Banten city is located at the extreme western part of the province. Banten city on Banten Baywas one of the first places to begin trade with the Dutch. There is little to see of the past

glories of this area today with the exception of the Grand Mosque, which was completed in1599 and is certainly worth a visit.

The Province has a great number of attractions, from the wildlife reserve

of Ujung Kulon on the southwestern tip of Java and the isolated

communities of the mysterious Baduy to the unspoiled beaches. The

villages are busy and attractive and the pace of life gets slower as wemove towards the National Park in the southwest. From any point along

the western coast we can see the "son of Krakatau" volcano, which rises impressively from

the sea. Banten offers many different recreational experiences. The trip to Anyer area from

Jakarta is now quick and easy because of the toll road, which connects Merak port with

Jakarta. As we move further south along the west Java coast the lifestyle becomes more

relaxed and after Labuan we move into more rural areas where the road conditions worsen

and the lifstyle is relaxed. Here access to the forest areas begins and we can move back in

time and enjoy the peace of nature. There is a bus each day from Labuan to Taman Jaya,


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which is on the edge of Ujung Kulon national park. There are simple cabins can be hired anda ranger can then take us on a walk into the park. It takes about six hours to reach a camping

site.

Geography

The total area of Banten is 8,800.83 Km2, consisting of 4 Regencies

and 2 Cities, which are divided into as follows:- Serang Regency: 1.724,09 km2

- Lebak Regency: 2.859,96 km2

- Pandeglang Regency: 2.746,88 km2

- Tangerang Regency: 1.110,38 km2

- Cilegon Town: 175,50 km2

- Tangerang Town: 177,20 km2 _

Banten region is surrounded by Java Sea in the North. Sunda Straits in the West, and facing

the India Ocean in the South. These make Banten as a region with very great of sea product

resources.

Demography

Total population in 2001 was 8,258,055 persons, consists of 4,231,079men (51.24%) and 4,026,976 (48.76%). The densely populated regency is

in Tangerang with its total population 2,873,256 persons. The highestdensity Region is Tangerang City 7,362.26 persons/Km2 in 1990 until

2001 period. Population growth from increased at 2.99%/year. Totalworkforce or aged 15 years above in 2001 was 3,330,224 or 52.57%.

The coastal city of Banten, 75 kilometers west of Jakarta on the northern

coast of Java, was one of the Asia's largest cosmopolitan trading harbors in

the 16th and 17th century. Ships visited its port from Malacca, China,

Vietnam, India, Arab, Portugal and Netherlands. At its peek, it was almost

as important as Amsterdam. Nowadays Banten is only a small fishingvillage. There are still old buildings left which are worth a visit for someone who is interested

in the history of Indonesia before and during the colonial times.

JAKARTA

Jakarta is the capital city of the Republic of Indonesia, a country composed of more than

13,000 islands with a population of over 180 million. Comprising more than 300 ethnic

groups speaking 200 different languages, the Indonesia population exhibits marked diversity

in its linguistic, culture, and religious traditions. As the Capital City, Jakarta is a melting pot

of representatives from each of these ethnic groups. Jakarta is a special territory enjoying thestatus of a province, consisting of Greater Jakarta, covering of 637.44 square km area.Located on the northern coast of West Java, it is the center of government, commerce and

industry and has an extensive communications network with the rest of the country and theoutside world. Strategically positioned in the archipelago, the city is also the principal

gateway to the rest of Indonesia. From the Capital City, sophisticated land, air, and seatransport is available to the rest of the country and beyond.


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Jakarta is one of Indonesia's designated tourist areas. It is a gateway to other touristdestinations in Indonesia and is equipped with all the means of modern transportation by air,

sea, rail, or by land. It has the largest and most modern airport in the country, the mostimportant harbor in Indonesia and is well connected by rail of good roads to other

destinations in Java, Sumatra, and Bali. As Indonesia's main gateway, Soekarno-Hatta

International Airport serves a growing number of international airlines and domestic flights.

Jakarta is a city of contrasts; the traditional and the modern, the rich and the poor, the sacraland the worldly, often stand side by side in this bustling metropolis. Even its population

gathered from all those diverse ethnic and cultural groups, which compose Indonesia, are

constantly juxtaposed present reminder of the national motto; Unity in Diversity.

Finding its origin in the small early 16th century harbor town of Sunda Kelapa, Jakarta's

founding is thought to have taken place on June 22, 1527, when it was re -named Jayakarta,

meaning Glorious Victory by the conquering Prince Fatahillah from neighboring Cirebon.

The Dutch East Indies Company, which captured the town and destroyed it in 1619, changed

its name into Batavia and made it the center for the expansion of their power in the East

Indies. Shortly after the outbreak of World War II, Batavia fell into the hands of the invadingJapanese forces that changed the name of the city into 'Jakarta' as a gesture aimed at winning

the sympathy of the Indonesians. The name was retained after Indonesia achieved nationalindependence after the war's end.

The ethnic of Jakarta called "Orang Betawi" speaks Betawi Malay, spoken as well in thesurrounding towns such as Bekasi and Tangerang. Their language, Betawi Malay, has two

variations: conventional Betawi Malay, spoken by elder people and bred in Jakarta, andmodern Jakarta Malay, a slang form spoken by the younger generation and migrants.

Jakarta's architecture reflects to a large extent the influx of outside influences, which came

and has remained in this vital seaport city. Taman Fatahillah Restoration Project, begun in the

early 1970s has restored one of the oldest sections of Jakarta also known as Old Batavia to

approximately its original state. The Old Portuguese Church and warehouse have been

rehabilitated into living museums. The old Supreme Court building is now a museum of fine

arts, which also houses part of the excellent Chinese porcelain collection of former Vice

President Adam Malik. The old Town Hall has become the Jakarta Museum, displaying such

rare items as Indonesia's old historical documents and Dutch period furniture. Its tower clock

was once returned to England to be repaired under its lifetime guarantee, which up to now

has already lasted hundreds of years.

In recent years, Jakarta has expanded its facilities for visitors with luxury hotels, fine

restaurants, exciting nightlife and modern shopping centers. It contains many tourist

attractions such as Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Beautiful "Indonesia in Miniature" Park),

restored colonial period buildings, island resorts in the Pula Seribu (Thousand Island), and an

extensive beach recreation complex called Ancol. "Beautiful Indonesia in Miniature Park"

popularly called TMII "Taman Mini Indonesia Indah", built to portray the variety of culturesfound within the many islands contained in the Republic of Indonesia, this open-air museum

comprises the many architectural forms of arts and traditions of all Indonesia provinces. It is

proof of the country's motto of Unity in Diversity as well as Freedom of Religion depicted in

the houses of worship built on the grounds.

Jakarta has preserved its past and is developing for the future. Skyscrapers in the center of the

city are part of a new look. Modern luxury hotels today cater to the discriminating visitors.

Transport within the city is plentiful. Jakarta is the center of the nation's industrial, political


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and cultural life. It is home to many of the country's finest research institutes, educationalfacilities, and cultural organizations. Jakarta is uniquely the seat of both the national as well

as the regional government.

Over the last several decades, Jakarta has proudly developed into one of Asia's most

prominent metropolitan centers. Today, Jakarta's skyline is covered by modern high rises.

The many state-of-the-art shopping centers, recreation complexes and toll-roads have becomehallmarks of the city. The quality of life and the general welfare of its inhabitants have

improved considerably with the city's fast pace of development. Jakarta's cultural richness

and dynamic growth contribute significantly to its growing importance as one of the world's

leading capital cities

Geographically

The Province is geographically located on 6012' South Latitude and 106048'- East Longitude.

The government administration is set into 5 regions South Jakarta, Central Jakarta, East

Jakarta, West Jakarta, North Jakarta and 1 regency/ administrative city, namely Thousand

Island regency. The largest city is East Jakarta (187.73 sq km) and the smallest is Thousand

Island regency (11.81 sq km). The average rainfall is 1,916.8- 924.50 mm/year. The

temperature is between of 22 C - 33 C.

People

Indonesians are known as friendliest people in the world towards foreigners and most tolerant

towards their manners. But there are few things, which are not done among Indonesia. They

consider the head as something sacred that must be respected. Patting on the head is not done

among adults. Calling someone by crooking the index finger is considered impolite and

giving or receiving things with the left hand is no - where acceptable. The handshake

accompanied with a smile is common among men and women greeting or welcoming

somebody.

Not less 9 million people live in Jakarta representing nearly all the ethnic groups in thearchipelago. The major groups are Sundanese, Javanese, Chinese, and the native community

is Orang Betawi (people of Betawi). The other large groups are the Minangkabau people, theBataks, the Manadonase, and the other people from Sulawesi and the Ambonase. Orang

Betawi emerged in the 19th century from a melting pot of races, ethnic groups and cultures.They have their own culture distinct from other ethnics' cultures. In 1923 they founded an

organization called Kaum Betawi, which was in fact a statement about the existence of theBetawi ethnic group. The majority professes is Islam. But it does not mean that Indonesia is

an Islamic state. It is a Pancasila state. And one of the principles of Pancasila, the state

ideology, is "belief in the one Supreme God". This means that the various belief systems

must be respected and respect each other. This explains the ubiquitous Moslem prayer houses

in the city beside many churches and a few temples.

In Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Beautiful Indonesia in Miniature Park), the princeDiponegoro Mosque is juxtaposition with the saint Catherine Church, the Hallelujah Church,

the Pura Penataran Agung Kertabumi Temple, the Aria Dwipa Arama Monastery and theIndonesian Mystic Convention Hall, symbolizing the motto: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Unity In

Diversity) in matters of religions and belief - systems.

BetawiIndonesia's cultural diversity is celebrated in the national motto, Bhineka Tunggal Ika,


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meaning "Unity in Diversity." One manifestation of this tenet of Indonesian national identityis the government's efforts to give equal precedence to the development of traditional art

forms from each ethnic group. In Jakarta, Orang Betawi, the natives of the city, areconsidered to be the hosts of these cultures, having emerged from the melting pot of races,

ethnic groups and cultures of Indonesia in the 19th century. Today they constitute one of the

city's main ethnic groups along side the Javanese (from Central and Eastern Java), Sundanese

(from West Java) and Chinese.

CultureTo see for themselves what and now those Betawi art forms are, we can go to any travel

agent and ask for tour to a " Betawi Cultural Institution "to catch a glimpse of the real thing".

Or we can visit the Jakarta pavilion at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Beautiful Indonesia in

Miniature Park) which has long been showing Betawi ceremonies such as the Betawi

wedding ceremony, the circumcision procession, the baby head - shaving ceremony etc. As

mentioned before, the Betawi group emerged in the 19th century from the melting pot of

races, ethnic groups and cultures. Today the Betawi culture has a distinct personality of its

own, but one can discern the various influences of other cultures by looking or listening to itsart form.

The Tanjidor orchestra is certainly inherited from Dutch land - owners and the Gambang

Kromong and Cokek dance originated in the residence of wealthy Chinese traders andmerchants. The Betawi Cokek dance shows Balinese influence in the movement of the

dancers and the style of playing the gamelan. This style of playing the gamelan can also beobserved in the gamelan orchestra accompanying the Wayang Kulit Betawi show. The

Portuguese speaking community has also left its inheritance, the Kroncong Tugu with itspopular songs Nina Bobo, Kaparinyo and Kroncong moritsko is said to be the origin of the

popular Kroncong orchestra of to day.

The Javanese presence since the 17th century has left its mark too on the Betawi music,

dance and theatre; Wayang Kulit Betawi and Lenong are examples of this influence. A majorinfluence on the Betawi culture is Islam, the religion of the majority of the people. The

Rebana orchestra, the Gambus orchestra, the Zapin or Japin dance are Islam inspired artforms. The Betawi traditional art is developed and accepted well. Not only Betawi people,

but also other ethnic groups are fond of this art. For example, the traditional drama-Lenongand Topeng Blantik (Blantik mask), the traditional dance - Tari Topeng (Mask Dance),

Ondel-ondel, Ronggeng Topeng, etc, the traditional art of music - Sambrah, Rebana,Gambang Kromong, Tanjidor, Puppet - Betawi puppet using the Malay-Betawi dialect

Basically the marriage system used by Betawi people is the Islamic law. To whom they are

allowed or have not allowed to get married with. The young people are also free to choose

their partners. In spite of this, the parents` role either from the man's or woman's side are very

important to approve the marriage, for the parents are involved in holding the marriage party.Before getting marriage the man and the woman are introduced to each other and when they

both have agreement, the man's parents will propose the girl. After the two parties reach an

agreement, they decide the time to hold the dowry delivery ceremony which is usually

represented by another party, such as the relatives of the man's and the woman's sides. The

marriage ceremony is held on the agreed day. After the marriage contract ceremony both the

man and the woman go back to each their parents (their home). A few days later a ceremony

of parents-in-law relationship is held and the bridegroom goes in procession to the bride's

house. Before entering the bride's house, the bridegroom's side holds the question-answer


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ceremony by using the traditional poetry rhythm and it is accompanied by tambourine/rabanamusic with the welcome / marhaban songs. Then, the bridegroom is allowed to enter the

house to meet the bride. They sit side by side for a moment. After that the bridegroom joinshis parents and companions who escort him to the bride` house. When the ceremony is

finished the bride may come with his husband to his house.

LanguageThe official language is Bahasa Indonesia and English is the most spoken and understood

foreign language. In convention hotels they have translators for English, France, Dutch,

German, Japanese, Mandarin, and even Spanish. The native Betawi people speak Betawi

Malay, which is different from standard Malay. There are variations in the language

according to region, the Betawi Malay of the centre and that of the periphery. There are also

socio - cultural variations. The older people born and bred in Jakarta speak the traditional

Betawi Malay, while the younger people and migrants speak the modern version of the

language. In the language, various influences from other cultures are apparent, Balinese,

Sundanese, and Javanese influences are there and words derived from Arabic, Dutch, Chinese

and Portuguese are easily recognizable. Betawi Malay is spoken not only in Jakarta, but alsoin parts of Bekasi, Tangerang and Bogor, which belong to the province of West Java.

WEST JAVA

Of the 17,000 islands that make up the archipelago of the Republic of

Indonesia, Java has historically been considered the heartland. Where Java

has led-culturally, economically and politically down through the centuries,

other regions have followed. On Java, still the most densely populated islandof Indonesia, there are five Provinces. West Java is the largest, with the

greatest population, and, some would claim, with the most pride.

West Java Province is located at part of western Java Island. The enchanting ofSunda land stretches from Sunda Strait in the west to the borders of Central Java

in the east. The locals' people know West Java Province as the Land of Sunda.The region is primarily mountainous, with rich green valleys hugging lofty

volcanic peaks, many of which surround the capital of West Java province. The

history of West Java is a story of trade, spices, and the rise and fall of powerful

kingdoms. In the late 1500's the region was ruled from mighty Cirebon, which still survives

as a sultanate today, although a shadow of its former glory. West Java was of the first contact

points in Indonesia for Indian traders and their cultural influences, and it was here that the

Dutch and British first set foot in the archipelago.

This province has its own unique culture and language, both called Sundanese that is also

used to call its people. The ancient kingdoms of Tarumanegara, Pajajaran, Banten and

Cirebon would make interesting studies for the student of archaeology. Cirebon is located on

the border between West and Central Java, having a mixed culture originating from the

ancient Cirebon and Banten kingdoms, resulting in similar customs and dialects of the two

people, although Banten is located at the extreme western part of the province.


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West Java province its self, is formed based on the Constitutionnumber 11/1950 on the establishment of West Java. With the issuance

of Constitution number 23/2000 on Banten Province, West JavaGovernor Assisting Territory I Banten was inaugurated as Banten

Province with its territories comprising Serang Regency, Pandeglang

Regency, Lebak Regency, Tangerang Regency and Mayoralty, and

Cilegon Mayoralty. After the change, at present West Java consists of 18 regencies, ninemayoralties, 584 districts, 5,201 villages and 609 sub districts.

The capital city of West Java province is Bandung city. Bandung is situated 180 km southeast

of Jakarta. The city gamed fame in 1955 as the venue for the first Afro-Asian Conference,

which brought together the leaders of 29 Asian, and African nations with the aim to promote

economic and cultural relations and take a common stand against colonialism.

The road from Jakarta to Bandung passes through a beautiful panorama

of mountains, paddy fields and small holiday resorts. An expressway

connects the crowded capital city with Bogor and the mountain areas,

and onward to Bandung. It has a number of sea resorts on its western andsouthern coasts, which have modern hotels and are popular during the

weekends. The Sundanese people are soft-spoken. The women of the Bandung region areknown for their beauty. A lighthearted people who have a love for bright colors, their

mournful "kecapi" music is memory of beautiful legends.

GeographicallyGeographically, West Java Province is situated between 5 50'-7 50' South parallels and 104

48'-104 48 East meridians.

West Java Province is bordered of:

North side: Java Sea and Jakarta

West side: Banten Province and Hindia OceanSouth side: Hindia Ocean

East side: Central Java Province.This strategic geographical condition is an advantage for West Java particularly in

communication and transportation. Northern region is plain area, while southern part is ahilly area with beaches, and the middle region is mountainous area. But after the

establishment of Banten Province, the size of West Java becomes35,746.26 kilometer square.

Topography

West Java has a characteristic as part of a volcanic belt, which spans from

Sumatra Island to the northern part of Sulawesi Island. Its land can be

divided into a region with steep mountains with altitude of more than1,500 meter above the sea level in the South, moderate hill with elevation of 100 to 1,500

meters, and plain region in the north with elevation between 0 and 10 meters and river region.

Climate

West Java has tropical climate with temperature reaching 9 degrees Celsius at the Peak ofMount Pangrango and 34 degrees Celsius in north beach. The average rainfall is at 2,000

millimeters per year, but in the mountainous areas the rainfall could reach 3,000 to 5,000

millimeters per year.


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Population

Based on the national census in 1999, West Java population after theseparation of Banten stood at 34,555,622 people. In 2000, based on

another census, the population grew to 35,500,611 people with

population density of 1,022 inhabitants per square kilometer. The

population growth between 1990 and 2000 reached 2.17 %. In 2003,the population has increased to 38,059,540 people with population

density of 1,064 inhabitants per square kilometer.

CENTRAL JAVA

Central Java Province, as one of the Indonesia tourist destination

areas, offers various kinds of tourist attractions whether natural,cultural, or man made features. Central Java is located exactly in the

middle of Java Island. It borders with West Java Province in the

western part, while in the eastern part borders with East JavaProvince. On the part of the southern side lies also the province of

Yogyakarta Special Region. Central Java is the island's cultural, geographic, and historic

heartland. Universities, dance schools, pottery, handicrafts, textiles and carving, give to the

region a rich culture and interesting shopping. This is also the place of the famous Javanese

temples of Borobudur. But it is not the only ones to be noted; Dieng plateau and Sukuh

temple are worth a visit. Performing arts is still widely practiced, and traditional dance

dramas (Wayang Orang) or shadow puppets (Wayang Kulit) performances are easy to find.

Mountains cross the entire central portion of the province. The cool

slopes contain numerous hill resorts (Tawangmangu, Kaliurang,

Sarangan).

The very first Moslem kingdom on the island was founded in 1511 at

Demak, about 40 km from Semarang. Today Demak is a sleepy littletown, however, its glory of the past is still visible from one of the major relics, which is still

well preserved. The Grand Mosque, a quaint blend of Hindu and Islamic architecture, stillhonored and worshipped by Javanese pilgrims.

Surakarta, better known as Solo, is the cradle of Javanese culture in the province. TV courtsof Solo embody the noble value that the Javanese attach to grace and refinement, with

majestic ceremonies and royal festivals still held with great pomp and circumstance.

Although no longer the seat of power it once was, descendants of the royal houses of Solo are

regarded as leaders of, Javanese culture and traditions, upholding standards of sophistication

and conduct.

The rich and fertile plains of the region support an enormous population of over 30 million

people. The low land plains are found alongside the northern beaches. The high land plains

are found in the Center of Central Java with mountains stretching lengthwise from the west to

the east with a line of mountains, such as Mount Slamet (3,428 m), Mount Perahu (2,585 m),

Mount Sindoro (3,135 m) Mount Sumbing (3,321 m), Mount Merapi (3,142 m), Mount

Ungaran (2,050 m). Near the border with East Java Province is Mount Lawu (3,265 m), while

on the northern side there is Mount Muria (1,602 m). At the feet of these mountains will find

pleasant and cool highland plains with beautiful panoramas such as Baturaden, the Dieng


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Plateau, Bandungan, Kopeng, Tawangmangu, Solo, etc. Apart from these mountains there aresome small mountains and lime mountains. The Biggest Rivers found in the Central Java are

Serayu River, with its source from the Dieng Plateau and "BengawanSolo" River.

Geographically

Central Java is located between 5o 40' and 8o 30' South Latitude andbetween 108o 30' and 111o 30' East Longitude. This province is

bordered by:

North side: Java Sea

South side: Indian Ocean and the Special Territory of Yogyakarta

West side: West Java Province

East side: East Java Province

Wide AreaThe wide area of this province is 34,206 sq. km.

Administration

A governor as a high rank heads Central Java province; Central Java consists of 35 regenciesand municipalities. Bupati (Regent) and municipalities head the regency by Walikota

(Mayor). The regencies and municipalities divided into district headed by Camat and district

divided into villages headed by Lurah or Kepala Desa.

ClimateThe average temperature of this area is 21o - 32o C with rainy season on October to April and

dry season on April to October.

Religion

The Freedom of embrace religion is fully guaranteed by government. Islam is a greatest

number among the five recognized religions (Moslem, Protestant, Catholic, Buddha and

Hindu).

LanguageJava language with various dialects is the daily language used by most of Central Java people

but Bahasa Indonesia as mother tongue.

PeopleThe people of Central Java will welcome all of the tourists with hospitable

and friendly. The population is about 30.7 million (based on census in 2002)

or about 896 persons per square kilometer with living as farmer, trader, and

official government. Besides original tribe, some foreign tribes stay here

such as Arabic, Chinese, Indian and Pakistani. "Kebaya" is representingtraditional clothes wearied by woman.


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YOGYAKARTA - JOGJAKARTA

Yogyakarta Special Region (Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, DIY) isofficially one of Indonesia's 32 provinces. Yogyakarta is one of the

foremost cultural centers of Java. This region is located at the foot of

the active Merapi volcano, Yogyakarta was in the 16th and 17th

centuries the seat of the mighty Javanese empire of Mataram fromwhich present day Yogyakarta has the best inherited of traditions. The

city itself has a special charm, which seldom fails to captivate the

visitor.

This province is one of the most densely populated areas of Indonesia. The city came into

being in 1755, after the Mataram division into the Sultanates of Yogyakarta and Surakarta

(Solo). Gamelan, classical and contemporary Javanese dances, wayang kulit (leather puppet),

theater and other expressions of traditional art will keep the visitor spellbound. Local

craftsmen excel in arts such batiks, silver and leather works. Next to the traditional,

contemporary art has found fertile soil in Yogya's culture oriented society. ASRI, the

Academy of Fine Arts is the center of arts and Yogyakarta itself has given its name to an

important school of modern painting in Indonesia, perhaps best personified by the famedIndonesian impressionist, the late Affandi.

Yogyakarta is often called the main gateway to the Central Java as where it is geographically

located. It stretches from Mount Merapi to the Indian Ocean. There is daily air service to

Yogya from Jakarta, Surabaya and Bali as well as regular train service and easy accessibility

by road. Yogyakarta is commonly considered as the modern cultural of Central Java.

Although some may prefer Solo as a good runner up, Yogyakarta remains the clear front-

runner for traditional dance, Wayang (traditional puppetry) and music.

Yogyakarta has more than just culture though. It is a very lively city and a shopper's delight.

The main road, Malioboro Street, is always crowded and famous for its night street food-culture and street vendors. Many tourist shops and cheap hotels are concentrated along this

street or in the adjoining tourist area such Sosrowijayan Street.

The key attraction of Yogyakarta is 'Kraton' (the Sultan's Palace). TheSultan's palace is the centre of Yogya's traditional life and despite the

advance of modernity; it still emanates the spirit of refinement, whichhas been the hallmark of Yogya's art for centuries. This vast complex

of decaying buildings was built in the 18th century, and is actually a

walled city within the city with luxurious pavilions and in which the

current Sultan still resides. Yogyakarta is also the only major city, which still has traditional

'Becak' (rickshaw-style) transport.

GeographicallyYogyakarta Special Region is geographically located almost equidistant from Indonesia's two

most important international gateways, about 600 km from Jakarta and 1000 km from Bali.Yogyakarta also has excellent transport connections by bus, train or plane to the rest of Java,

Sumatra, Bali and Lombok. Yogyakarta's Adisucipto Airport is in the process of changing itsstatus in order to receive not only domestics' flights from Bali and Jakarta, but also direct

charter and scheduled flights from other countries.


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Geographically, Yogyakarta Special Province is situated in theSouthern part of Central Java and lies between 7 degree 33' and 8

degree 12', South altitude between 110 degree and 50' East longitude.Some regencies of central Java Province surround the administrative

boundaries of this region:

Southern East: Wonogiri Regency

Eastern: Klaten RegencyNorthwestern: Magelang Regency

Western: Purworejo Regency

The Indonesian Ocean borders the Southern part of Yogyakarta. The borderline of the

seashore stretches from West to East of which the length is around 100 km, started from

Congot Beach in Kulon Progo Regency and ended at Sadeng Beach in Gunung Kidul

Regency.

Because of its location, Yogyakarta is strategically positioned for the

economic activity network in Java as well as for the tourist destination

area. The special region of Yogyakarta lies midway on the axis ofseveral main tourist destination areas, Jakarta and West Java westward,

Central Java northward, East Java and Bali eastward. It is linked byregular rail, road and air services to other parts of Indonesian

archipelago.

Climate and Weather in YogyakartaThe average daily temperature range between 26 degree and 28 degree

Celsius with its minimum 18 degree C and maximum 35 degree Crespectively. Average humidity is 74% with its minimum of 65% and

maximum 84% respectively. The Yogyakarta Special Region lays

approximately 7 South of the equator line and is bathed in tropical;

sunshine along the year. This region has a tropic climate the daily

atmosphere feels a little bit hot and humid. These are only two seasons along the year, the

wet or rainy seasons and dry monsoon. Usually the wet seasons begin at September and lasts

about August. Generally there is no rainfalls from may to August and there fore the

atmosphere feels hot and humid on the day and cool in the night and early morning. The

monthly rain falling Yogyakarta varies between 3mm and 496mm in which those above

300mm take place during the month of January up to April. The heaviest rainfall usually

occurs in February while the lowest commonly happens between May and October Average

annually rainfall is about 1,900mm.

Populations of Yogyakarta Based on 2000, the total population of Yogyakarta special Region

amounted to 3.311.812. Yogyakarta Municipality that has 461,800

inhabitants spread over 32,50 kilometers or the average population densityis thus over 14,200 persons per square kilometer. The least densely

populated districts is in Gunung Kidul regency which has 720.643

inhabitants and cover 1,485 square kilometers or the density rate is 485 persons per square

kilometer. Since a very long time ago the Provincial territory of Yogyakarta Special Region

and its surrounding has been decently populated.

The majority residents of Yogyakarta Special Region are Javanese whose language derives

from ancient Sanskrit. However, as Yogyakarta is considered to be "Indonesia's academic


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city" due to the numerous centers for higher learning, many of the inhabitants are studentwho come from all over Indonesia to study.

Culture of Yogyakarta

The culture Yogyakarta province with its status as a special region lies

in the Southern part of Central Java, in the heartland of Javanese

culture. As the former capital and the center of several kingdoms inthe past, this region and its people are very rich in a variety of

cultures. It is widely known from to historical records that the

civilization, art and culture had developed well in the center of those

kingdoms respectively in the Ancient Mataram Kingdom (8th - 10th Century) era, the second

Mataram Kingdom (17th - 18th Century) and Sultanate Ngayogyokarto from the mid of 18th

Century up today.

It should be noted that the cultural heritage from the past includes the

magnificent temples, the ruins of palaces and monasteries, the various

kind of traditions, cultural events, traditional folk and performing arts,

architecture and other traditional activities. It is important to note that

this is all part of the living culture of Yogyakarta, color of dailyactivities of live and the local inhabitants behavior, particularly the

Javanese community with its traditional way of life and customs. Therefore, because of itsculture richness and heritage, Yogyakarta has long been known as the cradle of Javanese

culture.

The other legendary name for Yogyakarta City, among the elders as

well as the youth generation that is the City of Art and Culture.

Traditional and modern exhibition are held almost every day and night

about the art of theater, pantomime, music, classic and contemporary

dances, poems, etc. Those are flow in the heart of the city. Even more,

there are abundant of cultural ceremony, such as Sekaten, Gunungan,Labuhan, Malioboro Fair, etc, which make the city has high value of tradition, art, and

culture.

East Java is one of Indonesia provinces. It is located on the eastern part of JavaIsland and near to Madura and Bawean islands. It state in the West neighbor of Bali, acrossthe small Strait of Bali. East Java tourism offer attractions, from historical site like temples

to recreational spots like beaches, lakes, volcanoes, marine gardens and wildlife reserves.Magnificent mountain sceneries, include the craters and the famous of Mount Bromo, the

"sulfur mountain" of Welirang and rugged line Plateau. Remaining the glory of MajapahitEmpire, the ruins nowadays is still exist as an history witnesses with some archaeological

discoveries. East Java government have claim this historical site against colonial forces since1945

The administrative center of the province is located in Surabaya, which is the second largest

city in Indonesia after Jakarta and as a major industrial center and business port. East Java is


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also considered as a national industrial province. The economic commodity is coming fromagriculture; include of coffee, mangoes and apples, fishery and oil industries. The

transportation to go to East Java area can be reach by public vehicle or train services. Thereare also air services between Surabaya and other cities like Bali or Jakarta or some other

provinces. Madura Island, which is famous for its bull races, is part of East Java province,

though it has its own traditions and language. The history dates back numbers of invasion in

East Java like the founding of prehistoric animals and the site of the Java man at Trinil,Ngawi or some hidden ruin temples which settled on 7th century AD.

BALI

Bali Island, the perfect holiday destination for all ages offers

something for everyone. Bali offers not just various customs but also

various "adrenalin pump" parks. Many exciting amusements are

available in Bali, with something new opening all the time. The

number of offshore and inland attraction are on the rise becausemany tourists want them. This tropical paradise has a unique blend

of modern tourist facilities combined with wonderful shopping and a rich past and heritage.

After white water rafting that has gained popularity in Bali, comes offshore rafting or ocean

rafting. The more adventurous sort of amusement has now become an alternative sport for

tourists. Meanwhile white water rafting is still a popular activity with trips on Ayung, Telaga

Waja, Unda Rivers, etc. The tourists can refresh their mind by watching beautiful scenery

along the route. Those are not enough, some of the best surfing beaches in the world can befound on the western side of the island whilst conversely the eastern side is a wonderful

haven for families, with beautiful white sand beaches and gentle seas.

Bali is small island, just 140 Km by 80 Km and lies between Java, the

most highly populated and influential of all the islands, and Lombok,one of the quieter and moderately slower paced islands. Like many

islands, Bali has developed a world of its own. It not only captureswhat is special about Indonesia but also has a uniqueness of its own.

Geographically

Bali is volcanically active and extravagantly fertile. Bali has an area of 5620

sq km, measures approximately 140 km by 80 km and is just 8 degrees

south of the equator. Mount Agung known as the 'mother mountain' is

over 3000 meters. South and north of the central mountains are Bali's

fertile agricultural lands. The southern region is a wide, gently sloping area

where most of Bali's abundant rice crop is grown. The south-central area

is the true rice basket of the Island. The northern coastal strip is narrower, rising more rapidly into

the foothills of the central range, but the main export crops, coffee, copra and rice, are grown here.

Cattle are also raised in this area.

ClimateBali has a climate that is tropical all year. The average temperature


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hovers around 30 degrees Celsius year-round. There are dry and wet seasons -dry from Aprilto September and wet from October to March- but it can rain at any time of year and even

during the wet season rain is likely to pass quickly. In general May to August are the bestmonths in Bali. At that time of year the climate is likely to be cooler and the rains lightest.

Around the coast, sea breezes temper the heat and as we move inland we also move up so the

altitude works to keep things cool. It can get very cool up in the highlands and a warm

sweater can be a good idea in mountain villages like Kintamani or Bedugul.

Population With 2.5 million people, Bali is a very densely populated island. The

population is almost all Indonesian, with the usual small Chinese

contingent in the big towns, a sprinkling of Indian merchants, plus a

number of more or less permanent visitors amongst the Westerners in

Bali.

CultureEach stage of Balinese life is marked by a series of ceremonies and rituals

known as Manusa Yadnya. They contribute to the rich, varied and active

life the average Balinese leads. There are ceremonies for every stage ofBalinese life but often the last cremation ceremony is the biggest. A

Balinese cremation can be an amazing, spectacular, colorful, noisy andexciting event. In fact it often takes so long to organize a cremation that years have passed

since the death. During that time the body is temporarily buried. Of course an auspicious daymust be chosen for the cremation and since a big cremation can be very expensive business

many less wealthy people may take the opportunity of joining in at a larger cremation andsending their own dead on their way at the same time. Brahmans, however, must be cremated

immediately. Apart from being yet another occasion for Balinese noise and confusion it's a

fine opportunity to observe the incredible energy the Balinese put into creating real works of

art which are totally ephemeral. There are a lot more than a body gets burnt at the cremation.

The body is carried from the burial ground (or from the deceased's home if it's an 'immediate'

cremation) to the cremation ground in a high, multi-tiered tower made of bamboo, paper,

string, tinsel, silk, cloth, mirrors, flowers and anything else bright and colorful we can think

of. The tower is carried on the shoulders of a group of men, the size of the group depending

on the importance of the deceased and hence the size of the tower. The funeral of a former

rajah high priest may require hundreds of men to tote the tower.


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WEST NUSA TENGGARA

The Wallace Line, named after 19th century naturalist, AlfredRussell Wallace, marks a point of transition between the flora and

fauna of Western and Eastern Indonesia and acts as the Western

boundary of West Nusa Tenggara, which includes Lombok Island

and Sumbawa. Lombok is noticeably different to its close neighbor,Bali. The northern part of the island is mountainous and lush with

tall trees and shrubs. The South on the other hand is arid and

covered by savannas. Large Asian mammals are absents and replaced instead by large

numbers of marsupials, lizards, cockatoos and parrots. The difference becomes more

pronounced as one moves further east where dry seasons are more prolonged and the land is

dry and bush-like, and so in many areas corn and sago are the staple food, instead of rice. At

first Islam time come to these islands in the 16th century, four Hindu Kingdoms co-existed in

apparent peace what is now called West Nusa Tenggara and is still the religion embraced by

those in the west of Lombok, which are primarily Balinese. Lombok experienced strong

Balinese influences in the past, but has still retained a unique identifies. The indigenouspeople of Lombok, the Sasaks, are predominantly Moslem and have a strong, distinguished

tradition, as do the people of neighboring Sumbawa. Soft white sand, virgin beaches aretypical in Lombok, where the motto is 'You can see Bali in Lombok, but not Lombok in Bali'.

Famous for its 'tenun ikat' hand-woven textiles, the island has exceptional charm and itsrelatively undiscovered, except for Senggigi City, which becoming a major resort area.

Regulars shuttle flights from Bali and Surabaya as well as ferries provide excellenttransportation links within the islands of the province as well as with the rest of the country

The two largest islands in West Nusa Tenggara province are Lombok in the west and the

larger Sumbawa Island in the east. Mataram, on Lombok, is the capital and largest city of the

province. The province is administratively divided into six regencies and one municipality,

Mataram. The Sasak ethnic group mainly inhabits Lombok, with a minority Balinese

population then, Sumbawa and Bima ethnic groups inhabit Sumbawa. Each of these groups

has a local language associated with it as well. The population of the province is 3.821.134;

71 percent of the population lives in Lombok.

GeographicallyGeographically, West Nusa Tenggara Province is located 115'45 - 11910 east Longitudes

85 - 95 south latitudes. Its area boundaries is:North Side: Java Sea

South side: Hindia Ocean

East side: Sepadan Strait

West side: Lombok Strai

Wide AreaThe wide area of West Nusa Tenggara is 49.32,19 Km2 that contains of 20.153,07 Km2 land

and 29.159,04 Km2 of sea. The two big islands is Lombok Island with its wide area about

4.738,70 Km2 (23,51%) and Sumbawa Island with 15.414,37 Km' (76,49%) wide area.

Beside that, it also surrounded by thousands small islands, such as Gili Air, Gili Meno, Gili

Trawangan, Gili Gede, Gili Nanggu, Gili Tangkong, Moyo Island, Bungin Island, Satonda

Island, Kaung Island, and Panjang Island.


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Government AdministrativeAdministratively, the capital of West Nusa Tenggara is Mataram city and contains of 7

regencies and 2 cities. The four regencies/cities are located in Lombok Island and 5regencies/cities state in Sumbawa Island.

EAST NUSA TENGGARA

East Nusa Tenggara Islands have been shaped by the power and force

of an enormous chain of mountains and volcanoes, which begins from

the North of Sumatra and stretches east across Java. The province

consists of over 550 islands, but is dominated by the three main

islands of Flores, Sumba, and Timor. Occupying a unique position at

the junction of Australian and Asian submarine ridges marked by the

Wallace Line, it is one the world's most dynamic and exotic marine environments with nearly

every species of coral and tropical fish represented. The arid landscape of eastern and

southeastern Nusa Tenggara is the result of hot, dry winds blasting in from the Australiancontinent. In fact, in many coastal areas not a drop of rain falls during most of

the year.

Flores is a Portuguese name, which means 'flower' and ideally describes thebeauty to be found here. This long island between Sumbawa and Timor is

crowded with volcanoes and mountains dividing it into several distinctregions with individual languages and traditions. Predominantly Catholic and

heavily influenced by the Portuguese, there are many examples of a strongEuropean cultural heritage like eastern procession held in Larantuka, and the

royal regalia of the former king in Maumere.

Formerly known as the Sandalwood Island, Sumba is now famous for its horses and anexcellent style of ikat cloth. Spirits, both ancestral and natural are worshipped. Althoughsome exist in East Sumba, it is in West Sumba that there are a number of enormous

megalithic tombs and traditional thatched and peaked huts raised onstilts. It is here where incredible rituals take place, such as 'Pasola'

where hundreds of horsemen fling spreads at each other in an annualritual. Many traditional ceremonies, all with a component paying

homage to the spirits, take place from July to October including the

traditional houses and burials when sometimes hundreds of pigs, water

buffaloes, horses, and dogs are scarified. Other ceremonies include

'Pajura' or traditional boxing, festivals for the Lunar New Year in

October and November, horse races and ritual dances.

GEOGRAPHICALLYEast Nusa Tenggara is one of the four provinces in the Nusa Tenggara (Southeast Islands).

Starting from Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, and east Timor. It stretch is

between 118 and 125 east longitude, and between 1 18 and 125southern latitude lines,

and between 8 and 12 southern latitude lines. The territory of East Nusa Tenggara

Province comprises 566 islands. The three main islands are Flores, Sumba, and Timor from

which come the term FLOBAMOR, which has been familiar as one of the names of East

Nusa Tenggara.


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Flores is the main volcanic island and has many unique and spectacular attractions, one ofthese is Mount Kelimutu with its lakes of distinct color variation, has become one of the

fabled destinations travelers.Sumba is the island famous for its arts, handicrafts, particularly the textile weaving, and

cultural assets. The other name given to East Nusa Tenggara is "Nusa Cendana" the

Sandalwood Island.

GEOLOGICALLYGeologically, East Nusa Tenggara can be regarded as being divided into two zones: first, the

volcanic inner curve formed by the islands Rinca, Komodo, Flores, Alor, Pantar, Adonara,

Lembata and Solor, which have fertile soils and second, the out curve with limestone and

rock formation, made up of the island Sumba, Sabu, Rote, Semau, and Timor.

DEMOGRAPHYThe total number of NTT inhabitants in 2001 was 3,888.735 - 1,919.644 (49.36%) men and

1,969.091 (50.64%) women. The most populated is Manggarai regency (621,989 people) and

Kupang city is the most densely populated (1,517.30 people per square kilometer).

CLIMATEDue to central highlands and their closeness to Australia, the seasons are irregular. Generally

the islands are semi-arid, with a longer dry season lasting from March to November. The wet

season lasts from December to March, but can be considerably shorter and small island of

Savu. The average rainfall of this region is between 36 - 4,127 mm/year. The temperature is

range from 20.3 C to 31.7 C.

TOPOGRAPHYEast Nusa Tenggara is mountainous, and very steep slopes are everywhere besides some not

too wide plateaus or uplands. The lowlands are a long the coastal areas only. Despite of the

situation, most part of this region is not fertile, since the rainfall varies between 500 mm and

2000 mm a year.East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) is includes 566 islands. In addition, there are 524 uninhabited

islands. It covers an area of about 47,349.9 square kilometers, including 200,000 squarekilometers of maritime territory. Roughly 57 percent of the territory is hilly, with cliffs. The

lowlands lay generally around the beaches and river mouths.

WIDE AREAThe area of East Nusa Tenggara occupies an area of 49,879.98 square kilometers, and has a

population of more than 3,500.000. It is divided into 12 regencies and one municipality.Kupang regency is the largest region (7,178.26 square kilometers) and the smallest region is

Kupang city (160.34 km2).

LANGUAGESThere are a lot of languages spoken in East Nusa Tenggara coming from as many differentwhich groups of the population. Bahasa Indonesia is the national language in Malay, written

in Roman script and based in European orthography. In all tourist destination areas English isthe number one foreign language fairly spoken and written.


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WEST KALIMANTANWest Kalimantan is one of Indonesia Province, which has cope building in reach the

aspiration for the shake of prosperity of it public. This region unfold northerly straight tosouth along the length of more than 600 km and about 850 km from west easterly, broadly

regional 146807 km (7,53 percentage of Indonesia wide or 1,13 wide Java island) and

become the fourth widest Province after Irian, East Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan.

West Kalimantan area is as one of area, which common called as "A Thousand Rivers"

province. This nickname is suitable with its geographical condition, which has hundreds great

and small rivers and is often navigated. Some great rivers till now, is still be a main line for

hinterland transportation, although land road infrastructure have been able to reach most of

district, although partly small of West Kalimanta regions are water territory went out to sea,

however West Kalimanatan has tens of big and small island (partly not dweller), which

spread over along the length of Karimata Strait and Natuna Sea that is abutting on Riau

Province region, Sumatera.

West Kalimantan Resident embraces various religions, like Islam, Catholic, Protestant,

Buddha, Hindu and believe follower to the one supreme God. Most of West Kalimantan

resident works in agricultural sector, plantation, fishery and commerce.

West Kalimantan Province is formed based on the constitution Number 25 in 1956

determined that West Kalimantan region as autonomous area province with its capital in

Pontianak and because the constitution applied since 1 Januaries 1957, hence the West

Kalimantan Province anniversary is commemorated on that date.

CENTRAL KALIMANTAN AT A GLANCE

Central Kalimantan is one of the biggest Provinces in Indonesia with area total 153564 km2 or one-

third from total Kalimantan Island, or equal to Java and Madura Island. Most of it, is jungle (80%),

swamps, rivers and agriculture land. The northern area is mountainous and difficult to reach. The

central area is dense and fertile tropical forest, producing valuable commodities such as rattan, resin

and the best woods. The southern area is swampy and has many rivers. The boundaries of this

province are:

North side: West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan

Side South: Java Sea and South Kalimantan

Westside: West Kalimantan

River has an important role people in Central Kalimantan. There is houseboat, but also have

important meaning for people in transportation. Make a move out of one place to other place along

the length of river to trade. Transportation facilities are limited much to the rough terrain. CentralKalimantan Province, cover one municipalities and five regencies: Palangkaraya Municipality, West

Kotawaringin regency, East Kotawaringin regency, Kapuas regency, South Barito regency, North

Barito regency, Administrative Town Kasongan, Administrative Assistant Kalingan, Administrative

Assistant Seruyan, Administrative Assistant Gunung Mas, Administrative Assistant Pisau Island,

Administrative Assistant Permata Intan, Administrative Assistant Sukamara.

Central Kalimantan has a humid and hot climate.


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TRIBES

The three big Dayak tribes who inhabit this province are Ngaju, Ot Danum, and Ma'anyan OtSiang. Ngaju, like some other tribes, moves from one region to another. They adhere to the

old Kaharingan religion, which is the form of ancestor worship, mixed with animismelements. They have seen progress. Many of them live in the towns, have enjoyed an

education and they are intelligent.

The Ot Danum live in longhouses, which sometimes have as many as 50 rooms. The uniquelonghouse is called Betang. With approximately 6,000 people, the Ot Danum is the largest

among the three tribes. They are known for their skill in plaiting rattan, palm leaves, and

bamboo. Made by the women, such products are sold in many cities such as Banjarmasin,

Kualakapuas, and Sampit. Like other Dayaks, the men are good hunters, using simple tools.

The art of Central Kalimantan clearly bears the marks of the Kaharingan religion, which is

the traditional belief of the Dayaks in the hinterland of Central Kalimantan. The building

styles are the elements of the Hindus, Chinese, and Hindu-Javanese. Aside from their

aesthetic properties, such products are appreciated for their magic value.

The NgajuThe Ngaju, the most known Barito Bayak, managed the creation of the province of Central

Kalimantan. They speak different dialects of which the Kahayan has become the local dialect.Most Ngaju practice Kaharingan, or are converted to protestantism; only the Bakumpai Ngaju

converted to islam over a century ago.

The branding longhouses of the Dayak are hard to find among the Ngaju. Their place is taken

by communal rooms, in which meeting and rytes are held. The Ngaju belong to the best

artists of Borneo. This reputation is shown in the ceremonial objects for the dead, like the

wooden coffins, tombes, and sailboats and big statues.

The Ma'any

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