25

The Prevalence of Slums

Mike Davis

Hc let lris ntind drift as lu stared ot the city, half slun, half paradise. Hotu couklo place bc so tqly uu1 tiolent, yet bcautit'ul at thc sn1l1e fiurc?

Cltis Abanil

The astonislring prcvalence of slnrns is thc clrief thene of 'l'1rc Anllenge of Shrnts,ahistolic and sorrbcr rcpolt published in October 2003 by the Urlited Natiorls HurnallSclLlcments Ploglamrne (UN-l lAIll'IAT), This fir.st tlLrly global audit of r,rlba:r porerty, rvhJch follorvs iu the larnous footstcps of Fr.iedr.ich Engels, Ilcnry Mayherv,Challcs Ilooth, and lacob I{iis, cuLritratcs two celltruics of tlte scientific r.econuais-sancc ofslur lilc tlrat began with lamcs Whitclarv's 1805 5al,e), of Porrt), iu Dublin,It is also the loDg-arvaitcd enrpir ica) conutct par.t to the \{orlcl BaDk's war DiDgs in rhe1990s that urban pover ty would bccolne tlte'iuost significaDt, and politically cxplo-sivc, problen olthc ncxt ceutnr'),.":

'1'he Chollenge of SIuris, a collaboration oI more thau one huldred r.esealcheLs,integl atcs thlee Dovel sources of analysis and data. First, it is bascd on syltoptic case-studies of pover'ly, slum conditions, and housing policy in 34 t.uetropolises fronrAbidjan to Sydnev; this project was coor.diuatccl for UN-l-lAIllTAT by theDevelopItrcnt Plannilg Urit at Univcrsily College London,l Sccond\,, ir utilizes aurique colrparativc databrsc for'237 riri.s \\orld\\.idc .rerrccl b) rhE UN-l lABlTAlUr ba n lDclicatols Plogra u't Iltc for the 200I Istnnbul + 5 Urban Surnirit.i And thirdly,it ircotpolates glotral householcl sur.\,c), dirra that bleaks ncw ground by includingChina and tl)c cx-Soviet bloc. l'lre UN authors acknowledge a particular dcbt lollralko Milanovic, thc \{olld Bank econornist who pioucered these surveys as a

The Pte

powerfu1 microscope for studying glo

explains: "For the first tine irl huDardata on the distribtrtiorr of incotrtamorgst lnore thau 90 Pelcenl o1-tIutelgoverntrental Patlcl on Clituate

consensus otr the dangers ofglobal rvr

equally authoritative warning about I

But what is a "slut't.t"? I hc fir'st pub

vict \drirer Janres Haldy Vaux's 1812synonymous with "racl(et" or' "crintinl84O$, lrowever, the poor wele livit-tg

1{iseman, in his wt itit-tgs on r.rrbatr le

ing "slum" ("r ootn in u'hich lorv goin

comfortably uscd by geutecl wtiterlrarlce, A.metica, aDd hrdia, and welr

rorrcror. Conuoisscurs and fTrircatawful: Whitechapcl or La Chapelle, th

Bend. In alt 1S95 sur:vey oI the '!ooNaples's/ondaci as "the rrost ghastly

Gorky was certailr tirat Mosco\\"s ro'depths," rvhile Kipling laughcd andColootollah, thc "lowest sink of all" i

'Ihese classic slums u'elc notoriorr

refoln-rers genetally aglced with ClLondon - that all shrlt-Is \{ere cllaracovelcrorvdiug, disease, Po\rcrt)') alld \

thc nrotal dimcusiou rvas decisivc,lt

a place whele au ilcorrigiblc and fcrIiotous splendor; iDdeed, a vast litettlurid talcs fr:om the datk side of torvtr Hunnnity it1 the Ciq' (1854), "ncgas-light, and the eyes of policettrersanre, atrd galncDts as faDtaslic alr(

anripodes."' For ty yeals later, thc l1c

tific" survcy of Anericall tcrlelDellt Ianrl Philadel phio, 1894), still defiuedjvide them withoUt coDforfiing to zonirlg laws, sr.rbdivision regulations, or serviceproyision standtr'ds, Ihc lots sold usually ptovijs oD\, a bale r)]inin.rum of ser.vices,olicD r)othing r)orc thdn solre sti-ects irnd \rtcr slandposts. 'lypicalb,, this rudintenttryiulLasllucture is iDc|cmcDtillly upgraded flfter iuititlsettleutcut has titken place.ti

PiIate urbauiz:rtioD is, ir effect, the privatizafiou ofsqtLattiDg.Il.I an il.r]portaltt 1990study, housiug expelts Paul Ilat6ss alld J.n vaD dct LiDden ch:rractelized pirate sct-tlcrnents, or "substa)tdard con'rnrer.cial rcsidential subdivisions,, (SCIISs), as thc uewItorDr ilr poor pcoplc's housiDg. Itr contr ast to lrue squattels, t]re resideDts of ;r piratcsubdivision have obtained cithcr.a legal or {/e/i./o title to their plot. In the case oIirlcgal title, tlrc srrbdividel is usLrally a speculator,a lotifinldista ol large far me r, a r urhlcol)rmule (for: cxample, a Mexican cjido), or custoDlar),erltity (such as a 13edouiutribeolvillagecoLrucil).TbeJandou'ners-asiDthecaseofan ase falniento ill sLtI)-urban Buenos Aircs discLrssed by David l(ecling - may even encourage residenls toorgaDize thernselves as a land invasion in fhe shrewd expcctation that the statcwill be forced to gLlaraDtee eventLral compensation as rvell as infiastructuraldevelopruclt.T{'

In the second casc of rle facto lcnttre,the lald is usualll, state-owtled, but settlclslravc pr.rrchased a gualantee of tenu,c fr'or1r powerlLrl politicians, tiibal !caciels, orcliurinal carteis (for exanrple, the'll iads, who alc rlte lrajor infol mal proper ty devel-opers in HoIg l(oug).77 ADotheI notol.ious exarrple alc Kalacbi,s dalals, $,hontAkhtal I lal.reed l(harl, the Founder of thc famed Ornugi pilot project, descr.ibes as"pl ivate entl cpreneurs who havc leal.ltt tlte art ofcollabor atitg with and malipuiating our gr:eedy politicians and but.eauclats. With their costly patronage, the dalalssecure possession of tr.acts of Ipublic] land, buy proteclion against cviction, airdobtairr water and trarlspol t facilities."7$'lhe dalols (tlte u,old can mean,,piurp,,aswcll as'i'rriddlernar") dominate tbe kntchi abrulis - thc pirate subdivisions likeOrangi - tlrat house alnrost half of Kar.achi's population.T'

tl,

Although the actual houses at.reu)rncnt, piratc subdivisioDs, uninto uriforrn lots rvitb corrventioisteut, Jrons1,q1; n11d thc scllilg prtiate thcir own infi.astl.Llctlu.al irLinden, "plauned layoLrts, iow seIr'ty, noll-confolrrity with utbargeneric features of SOiSs.ao Wlltcrizcs edge deYclopmeut in Mc)Kalachi, Maniia, ald hunclreds cEconomic Co-opcration ald I)cI-isbon aud NapJes as well as tbe I

In some countLies thc colulD(existed for decadcs. "By the rnid_ Iting in the ttadiLional seDsc of thrpay local stroug lten fol the riglelltrepteDcLlls with ulrder gr.ounccertain districts oI Istanbul, sellitit1,."\r lrr Ncirobi - today a city ofciirlizirrion rook off in rhe eaIJy l9u,as cleati0g a ltew land otal.ket \\,(often successors to the oliginaJ _Adivisious. According to pover.ty lelowu land, buildiug unautl)orizedpaid offhandsonely, No dernoliriwete vely high."3r

3

As a rule of rirurub, both the poputcnd to romallticizc squrtters \1,hrecently ackrlowledgcd,,i.emarkabrental markets,"sr Landlordism is ilslrrnr Iife rvoridu'jdc. It is lhe prjl(iltlleir cquit), (for.rnrl oi: jrfolrurl),poolel people. Thc conrmodificatigro\^/th of distit.tctive rentnl subsectrnnltifamil)' corrstr.uctions in piraleil West Alrica havc always reltted f:Dhaka and sor.ne other.Asirn ciries (the l:rod rhcy build lhcir shrcks uo,,tharr usualJy lecognized in rhe peliSonth African citics. hr Cair.o, for.e

7'hc Prcvalcnct of Slntts

3. Invisible Renters

lnporalJly wolthlcss in a deplesscdttcr mr.ros colltitluc to inclr their.opes lhat no sane developer woulclrtting has beconle a wager agaitst

Altbough the actual bouses are elmost always Iot t'na1ly trlautlrclt izcd by local gov

aru,'r't"n,,"pirn," ,ufraivisiot'ts, ttnlike tnll'ty sqLlattel caDlPs' are geucrally subriivided

illto uuiforn lots u'ith convelltiollal sllcct grids; scrviccs ate rnditrlentaly ot noucx-

iri""i,-i.,","cr"t, nta ,he selling pr.ice is based on t esidents' abilit)' to bootleg oI rlego

riate thci, orn'u iufrastluctural inlprovemerlts "lll shott"'ltrite Bar6ss auc{ van dcr

il,r.t"n, "ptu nnaa tuyouts, low servicc levels, suburban locations' high-tenurc sectr

i,t, r"r i.""i"t*ut with urban developmctrt plans' aud.selFl'telp housing alc the

eerrclic lertut cs of 5CRSs "' ' Wit h r pplo p r i'rtc lc't rrl wrirrklcs tllir dcfirition 'hir'r(-

i.,lir., "i*" i.*f.prnent irr Mexico CilI' Rogori siu Prrulo Ctitt"'lirnis' Ilrrtrlc'

*.r'Ji fi.",f ., ^"a hundreds o[ othet "itici ilclLrding' irl thc orgarrization

tbr

i..""'"f. Co-oPeration nrld DeveloPmert (OllCl)) bloc' thc c/ortdc'rtirros arouudiirbon on,t NopL, os well as the reccltt rolortias otttsidc El Paso and

Pahn Splings'

lllsolnecoutltfiesthecolnll1clcializatiorrofpcr.iplrei:alslrttrrcicveloPn]cnthas.*Ji".l Iu. d".ud". "By the micl- 1960s,'' explritts rt lbatr pla n nel Ayse

YondcL

"\quat-ti'rc in thc tlaJitiortal renseofthe tclltr hird dis:rppcrrtcd il) l5lillll)tll Sctllcr:' llrrd lo

;"; i";:i ";;;t* rncD for the righl to occ\rPy evct't pul-lic land' ll the nid-1970s'

irlt"tr.,t""" i,t* und"rg.ou,id connectiotts started corltrollillS public lands itt..rli.il'r lit,ti.,t of IstanbJ, sellilg land and monopoliziug all coltstr-uction 'rctiv-i r.;-' i''N"i."fri - aday a city of iack rcutcd Poor teuarlts -

full-fledged commcr

cj'alization took off irr tlle eally 1970s as wealthy otttsiders discover:ed tlrat sqtrxttiug

*",..i.,t-"g " t.* fand narkct with huge rvindfalls fioru legalizatiou ,Laldorvrers

i"fr*..r.|i.r"" a",he originalAsian owuers) began to peddlc unauthot'jzed sub-

divisions. Accorcling to Povcrty rescarcher Philip Arnis"' rey il effect irtvaded thcit

.*lt f""a, fr"ifai"ginautholized housing uttoitling to their own phns, the risk

foi,l off hurldsoml\,. No denlolition orders lvele isstlcd lnd rcturns on invcstt'nctll

t'e le very high."o'?

rrl(et value, and today most lorvr often chalacrct jzecl as squattiltg,rarkct.Tr This "pirate ulbanization,,,rld llank's Rakcsh A4ol.ran aud lris

1l

I$,.

JE.ui

ft.,*,$

:?f

:#$

,il

$

$flg

i1

1 jiont land iltvrsions: thc laud hasthe subdivisiorr irsclfrhat is rrsrrrlly3xtralegal rathcr than illegal. Lorv,,bccn shut out ol tlre formal hous-le tracts of undcve)oped land audsubdivision legul.rtions, or sen,icrnly a brlc mininrunr of services,clposts. lipically, this ludiurcntaryscttlerrrent hrii tillicn placc.ri

fsquatting.Iu an important 1990r Liudeu charactcrized pirate se1-;ubdivisions" (SCllSs), as the ncwsquattel s, the lesidet.tts oF2r pil.atetitle to theil plot.Io the case ofa

rtiftntdista orlarge faLmel, a ruralolnaty eDtity (such as a Bedouinc case of al1 dscrfrrr?iel,lo in sub-lDay evelr cllcoulage lesidents to.lewd expectatioD that the statcrtion as well as infiastructulal

usunlly state-o\\'Ded, but settlers'Iul politicians, tribal lcadcrs, ore rnajor infolrtalpr opelty devel-Lplc are Karachi's dalc/s, whou.rhangi Pilot Project, describes asllaboratiug rvith and manipulat-Ireir costly patrorlirge, the dalals)rotectioll against eviction, and(thc wold can nrean "pirlp', asi - the pirate subdivisions likertion 7e

As a rLrle of thumb, both the popular and scholally litctatures on inforural housiltg

ia"a ," t""*",'.i^ squattcls whiic ignorillg l'errtcrs As World IJuk, r'escarchcls."a"t,fy

".f.tt"*l"aged, ",ctlarkably littlc r:escatch has beeu done ou low-incomc

, "ririJt".f*u:'" l-cllordism is in fact a fuldamental ard dit'isivc social t cl'rtion itr

,iur fir'" t-n,l.l*'ia". It is thc plincip'rl wry itr rlhich trlb'rtr poot |coPlc (inl rllrrnclizc

iir"i. equity (folmal ol inlolrnri), but oftctt in 'tn exploitative reldljorlslrip to evell

noorer DeoDie. 'lhe conlmoclilicattol of iufolmal hottsiug has inclrrded the lapkl

l,-"iir of i;r,in.,i* retttrl subsectors: infill dcveloprnents itr oldct shautytowns' ot

i-r.,ltifun'tiiy aonrtr.tatiotts in pirate subclivisiolls 'lb be sute' nlost of thc tlrban poor

,,) *.rioii,* havc always re'ted from landkrr

454 Mike Dal)is

land fronr farDrers, while the lcss advantaged squat on DluniciPal larld; the Poorest ofthe poor', however', rent froln the squattets.ss Likewise, as urban geographer AlauGilbert obselved of Latin Arner ica iD 1993, the "vast majol ity of uew rental hoLtsin g is

located in tl'tc consolidate

lat on municipal lal)d; the pootest of-ikervisc, as urban geographer Alan,ast rnajority of ucrv rental housing isather thaD in the celltre of thc city."&')espite a Modcl Law of the colonlasship, "poaching," and speculation in:r'nmcnt (1976-82) allorved slurn-ne result of this reform has been thepoot colonias in good locations;

rrdism, As sociologist Susan Ecksteinshe had fir'ststudiecl 15 years earlier,.ad btrilt srnall, 2 to-15-[anrly wcitt-rers. "Therc is, in essence," she wrote,:onomic diffelences among cololos."velirrg of the populatioll since I wasreased in size."Although some older:ntels had far lcss hope of socioeco-thc colonin as a whole was no longer

: and porverless of slum dwellels. Intypically incligible for compcnsationtl)-trtcnticth-ceDtuIy BeLliu or: Ncwi1y ris-ri-vis their slumlords, today'.sze tenallts' or'ganizations or mouDters explait't: "Terrants ate scatteredtge of informal rental alral')gements,lue groLrp to plotect themsclves."ss:c usnally complex quiltworks oI kilihips, Diana Lee-Sn.rith, one of thcclosely studied Kologocho, a huge

Lo includes seven villages offering a'he most wretchcd village, Grog.u,lar gely populared by lemalc-headednear the city center. Balracks-like

lative village, built by errtrepreDeulsy owned. Nearby Dandola is a siLes-now absentee landlords. Lee-Smithrg are najol wcaitl'r straregies of theploiters of even rnote impoverishede squatter as self-builder ald owner'-robi slurus is thc ilresistible iDcreasc

tcllite city of altnost 2 million, like-:statuses, T\^'o-thirds of its residents

1'\rc Ptevalerce of Shrns 455

Iir,e either'in foltnal scctot.Pl.i\,atc honles (the pr.ofcssiorral lriddlc class) or, tnost

con.rmonLy, counciJ holl'les (ihe traditiorlal rvorking classes); itr the backyards of the

l^tter', residcnts have illcga)Ly colstlr.rctecl shncks tllll arc rented to youngcr ianlilies

or siugle aclults live'l pont:cl trcoPle' includilig ttlrill illll'lligrarts' cithcr'.room iu

t'rur,.tior r,1u", un ,lle otrtsl

456

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Mike Davis

llcr,. Iidrvin Clrapin, IJ no,lily in the Cir',Ne\{' York 1854' P 36See Car-r-oll D. W ight, T/lc .!/r/rr7s ol Baltinttra, Chiugo, Ner/ Y)ft' onrl Phil elphin'WashirlgtoD 1894, pP, I I-15C-}a/lc,rgc, pp. i2-13.UN-llAuliA1'exccutiYc dilector Alrrrr'l'ibrijuka quotcd in "More than One Billiou

People Cill Urbnn Slurns ]'hcil Horle," City Mayors /Upor/, Febr!^ry 2004: www

cit),rntyors.colr)/rePort/slnnls.hhnlUN'ffaUtfXl"Stu,-,li olthe\^forlcl:The Face ofUrbtrD Poverty ilr thcNerv MilleDniun?"'

rrolking p.rpcr, N.ri|olr; 200J' xnrrcr l.'I l ese citlmates ale delived fror)r ti)e 2003 UN-uABl'lXI case-studies and an nvclaging

of dozens ol dir'erse sources too Dulllcl-oLrs to cite'

Christiaall Glootacr t ind Jcanine Braithwaile, " Ihe Deternrira|ts of Poverty in Eastern

Europc irnd the FolDer Soviet Urlion," in icrDilre Braithwaite' Cluistiaall Glootaelt'

nnd B..rnko Milarrovic (ecls ), I'orctty and Socinl Asritlancc in Tldtlsitioli Coltilltic5'

Nc$,York 2000, P. 49; UNCHS Giobal L)dicators DatabNse 1993'

Officc of the l\4ayor, Ulaalrbaatar- City, "Utban Poverty Proflle," subnlitted to \Vorld

Bank, nd., in locitl'.org/F2FlPoverty/paPcrs2/UB(Mongolia)0/020Povertlapd ISinrou,'UlbarTization, Globalizatiorr, ancl EconorTric Clisis in Africa"'p l03j Jcar)-l'uc

Pierrlay, "KiDshasn: A llePrieved Mega City?"'in Rakodi, p 236; and CarmeD lcdoC cia, (J lanizntion nod I\^'e y itt lrc Cities rtf the Notionnl Econontic Cotridor ittBolilid, Delft 2002, p. 175 (60 PcIce t ofCochabanrba on dollar per day

or less)

Alte|Ia tcly, I-u ir Dd iris child ortality rs 400 tirDcs higher thalr lhat ofRenr'res' FrnDce' thc

cit)'$'ithtlteloNestuncler5-ye^rsLleathrrtc(Shl,"l'lowAccesstoUrbanPortiblcWaterServcragc Conrrcctjons Affects Child Moftrlity," P 2)

Clnllenge,p.28.t

nvls457

InclLrdes S. J. de L. (750,000), Corras (500,000), trncl LldePendcncia (200,000)

"Cono Sur'" = Vjlla Dl Sah,ador (350,000), Srn Iuln dc Milafloles (400,000) and VillaMalia de liiunfo (400,000)."Cape Flats'l I(hayelitsha (400,000), Mitchell's PliriD (250,000), Crossroads (l{t0,000),

and smaller townsbips (from l996 Ceusus).Islarnshahr' (350,000) plus Chahar Dangeh (250,000).

Sce John 'funler, "HoLlsing Priorities, ScttlerreDl P^tterns attd Ulbin DcvcloPnrcDtirl NloderDizir)g Countlics,".iorrrrnl olthe /\ lcti n Inslit te (i Plallnets 34 \1968),pp. 354 63; and "Housing as a Verb," in lohn l'rrrrler ar)d llobert Fichter (cds ), Freerlorrrto Buihl: Dveller Cotttol aJ lltc LlouvngI\ocasr, NcwYork 1972.Solirnai, A Pos:sib/e Wnl,Olt, pp. I l9 20.Ibid.Keith Pezzoli,"Mexico's Urban Housi[g Envirollnlents," in IJrian A.klrich arrd llanvindcr'

Sandhu (eds.), Ho silrg the Uftan Poot: Policy nni Ptoctirc in De1'eloPiltg Cotmlti,s,Iondon 1995, p. 145; K. Sivaramaklishnrn, "Ut barr Govet nancc: Chirnging llcalitics," irrMichfel Cohelr et al., ( eds.), Prcpnnng for tha IJtL)dn Frturc: (;lobal Pressttrcs nnd Local

Fo,.es, Washington, D.C. 1997, p. 229; Marian0 Iiix, Pedlo Arrlrtcs, aitl Giselle ivfTanrka, "Sao-Paulo, Brazil," UN-l-lAlllTA'l' Cirsc Stlldy, I-oDdor) 2003, P 9; iircqtrenrirr'Ir'ban DeveloPnle l otld Netr Towtts itt the Tltit d I'Vo d,P.89.David Glasscr, "Thc Glowing Hor.rsing Clisis iD llctrador" ilr Carl Patton (cd.),SpontancotrsSheltet:ltitanalionnlPusPacli'esnrrilPro-gecrs,PhiladclPhi,rl988,P l50

Oscar Lewis, TJrc Clrildten of Sanchcz: Autoltiognlb'of a Alericiln Fanllr', Ncw \tn k 1961,

Iftlirrga ludor Silva and I(arunatissia Atltukorirla, I ltc \4rnlto-Dwell.ts: A Sociologi'rtlSttt(ly ol Sclectcd IJ,bnn 1,L1rt-Incoi]1c Conln uli|ics itl Sri Innkn, I-anham (Md ) 1 991,p.20,IrengJrsuarr Hsleh, Bcii,rfr Thc Nalurc i d the Plnnttirtg of thc Cllincsc Qlpi[dl Citl'Chichcster 1995, pp. 182-84.

Hans FIaIms,"To Live iD the City Centrc: Housitrg and Tenarrts in (lcntralNcighbor hcxlds

oF Latin ArDerican Citiesl' Environncnt and l]rbn izntiolt 9:2 (Octobcr 1997),pp, 197-98.

See io Beall, Orverr Craukshaw, artd SlrsaD Pariell, Uniting o Dfuiletl Ci!)': Govcrna ce

ol1d Social F.xch1sio11 in -/o/rarlneshrrS, London 2002, esP. chapter 7,

Jeffrey Ncdoloscik, Tlrc Cit), oJ !hc Dend: A Htstory of CaitLt's Cencloq' Cotntttuttit i:'Westport 1997, p. 43.Ma x lloderrbeck, C'a iro : 'l'hc City \tictor ro us, Ne\t York 1 999, Pp. I 58-5 9

See Nnndini Gooptu, T/rc Poliiirs o/ lhc Lltlrdn Poot it1 L'atlf Tflctlticlh'Ccttttn)'Ilklia'Cambridge (UI() 200i, pp.91-102.

Jacqucnrin, U'bna Deyelolklctlt 0!d Nc$, Tot\a1s itt lllc'l'hild \4/ ld,P 89.Gecrt CLrsters, "lnuet-city llental Housittg i11 I-inla: A l)ortri\yal .lnd flD DxPlaDilliorl,"

Ciltcs l8:l (2001), p.2s2.Ibid, p. 254,Fix,,Arantes, and Tnnal(il, "Sio t)atllo, llrlzil."David lGcling, Ilrreros Aires: Glt tal Drctns,I'ocol Cliscs, Chichcstcr 199(r, p 100.Michael Dd\{,ards, "llental l-lousiDg arld thc UIbarr Poor-" iI PhiliP Arnis nnd Pctcr Lloyd(ecls.), HoasirgAl irat Urrd,7 Poo,-, Mat)chesler 1990, p. 263,A. Graharr Tipple and David Kolboe, "lJousing Povcrty in Ghanl," in Aldlich anclSaudl'ru, l-loasing t/re Urtlr,7 Poo,, pp. 359-61.

'l'hc Prevnlatcc,t Sltnts

'lcrl' Yoi k 1854, p. 36.,tttL. rlhi,it(o, ),rrtv y,rI,,ut,t I,ltiln(t(lljthn,

r,rijrrlrr qLr,rr, fi in .Mulc rlr.rl (,n. BjllioD.ttt Mql,tj ftel,c,/, lcbru.rf) j004: \.\rw.

:ofUrban povelq, j1r 1le NewMiilcrlrr juurl,,,

N-HAlJl'l' T Lrsc sLudics rnd rn aver.,rri,I Lir' '"'c'r)g

r, " l.hc J \.tcf n)in.rnts uf p,rvcrly 1n g.1"1"r,,crrr)c lirilill^v,rilc. Cltlisti,tin Cfo,)l.ret l,.\L,itat Assjjtt t(t, irt Tn sitiott I,ot rics,h,rs I),rrJbrse ly9t.

]]]l Ih*',y plortic." srrLrrnirrcJ ro Wnrt

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Mike Davis

Alan Smirr t, Mnlirrg Ro t)ln: Squntlcl Clc.tr(lnce i'! Ho,?g Kor7g, I lorlg KorrB 1992' P 63

Scong-Kyu lla, "Tic Url)rll Poor, llcrllal /\ccolDrnodirtion, Llotlsing l)olicy iu Kolca"'(litili I9:3 (2002), Pp. I97-98Asran Coalition foi Llotrsing ltights, "llui)rlirrg al Urbtn Poor PcoPle's Movement itr

I)hnorn penh. Canrboclia," l-nyirorarcnl nd LJ )dniz|tion 12:2 (October 2001)' p 63;

Solinrru, A ll)irir/. i4/,0' Orrl, F I19.llluce llylor, "Hong Kong's l:loatillg Settlenlel)ts," in Patton' SPlrtrtoneotrs 'S/rr'lter''p. 198,Minrl Pirlplc ancl Lysa John' "secrrlitl' oI ltnLrre: \4rrmbai's ExPericnce;' in Dulrnd

l,asscrvc and llovs{orr, Llolii glhti Gto l1d'p 7IJrcqucDjD, Url.rrr DtIclolnent nnd Ncr"fo\tts irr t/le Nc l4trrlll' P 90lic

H,r/.q K)r/S, tJ,)nll t(.nE I 9r)2. j) 113.rrr,rct.r,t{)tr llo \irrg l,oJrey in h,,r.c.,"

I Lhbal l)ocrl peoplc,s Movcment in'ntznttDn t2:2 (October 2001), p. 63j

ts," in l,alhD, Slontaneous Shtlter,

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i,[rn]bd;ls llxper.icncc,,, in Duratrcl_

thc Naw tvol td, p.g0.!ho11a Pretatrsc, AtnotTk (Ny) 1997,

ir) D.rvi,i \Vcster)dLrflJ inrl l)ebolah).t'LI1,11Ittu prntrice. Oxfur.d 2002,