...

, 2010

............................................................................................................................. 5 .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 1: 1.1. : ................................................... 9 1.2. ........................................................................................15 1.2.1. ........................................................................................................................ 15 1.2.2. .............................................................................................................. 16 1.2.3. ............................................................................................ 17 1.2.4. ................................................................................ 18 .......................................................................................................................... 21 2: 2.1. ........................................................................................................................... 23 2.2. ................................................................................................. 26 2.3. ................................................ 28 2.3.1. C.I.E......................................................... 28 2.3.2. C.I.E............... 30 2.4. ................................................ 30 2.4.1. .......................................................................................................................... 30 2.4.2. ..................................................................................................................... 31 2.4.2.1. .................................................................................................... 31 2.4.2.2. B.R.S ............................................................................................... 34 2.4.2.3. Waldram ........................................................................................... 36 2.4.3. ....................................................................................... 38 2.4.3.1. Lumen ............................................................................................ 38 2.4.3.2. ....................................................... 40 2.4.4. .............................................................................................. 41 2.4.4.1. .......................................................................... 41 2.4.4.2. Monte Carlo...................................................................................... 42 2.4.5. ..............................................................................43 2.5. . 43 ......................................................................................................................... 48 3: 3.1. .............................................. 49 3.2. ................................................. 53 3.2.1. ...................................................................................53 3.2.2. ........................................................................................... 54 3.2.3. ........................................................................................ 58

5

............................................................................................................................ 60 4: 4.1. ............................................................................................................................................. 61 4.2. ........................................................ 62 4.2.1. ................................................................................................................................... 62 4.2.2. ........................................................................................................................... 64 4.3. ......................................................... 64 4.3.1. ................................................................................................................... 64

4.3.2. ............................................................................... 66 4.3.2.1. ..................................................................................................66 4.3.2.2. ........................................................................................ 68 4.3.2.3. ............................................................................................. 684.3.2.3.1. ............................................................ 68 4.3.2.3.2. ........................................................... 70 4.3.2.3.3. .............................. 70 4.3.3. ................................................................................................................... 71 4.3.3.1. ..................................................................................................71 4.3.3.2. ....................................................................................... 72 ................................................................................................................................... 74 ......................................................................................................................... 76

: :

79 81

6

. , , , , . , , , . , . , , , , . . , , . . : , , , . . , . , . , 7

. , , , . , . , , . , , . . , , .

8

1.

1

1.1. : -

. (28000 ..) Cro-Magnon , , . , [1]. , , . , , . , , , [2]. , , , . , . , . , , , , , , , , , , [3]. , . , , : , . , , . . [3]. , , . . , [4]. 9

1.

. : , , . [5]. , , , . , . , , , , , , , , , [4]. , , [2]. . [6]. . ,

. 1.1. .(: Kevin Matthews [8]). 10

1.

, [2] (. 1.1.). . 1% [7]. , . , . , , , . , , . , . , , , . , . , , . , , , . , , [2]. (. 1.2., 1.3.., 1.3..). , , . , . , , . , , , , , , . , . , . , , . , .11

1.

. 1.2. . . (: [9]).

.

. 1.3. (.) (.) . , . : ( [9]).

. [10], . , . , , , (. 1.4.). , [11]. , , (. 1.5.) [12]. 12

1.

, , [11]. 19 , , (. 1.6.) [11]. , , , . , , , , [13]. , . . , . , .

. 1.4. Kings College , 1446-1515 . .(: Howard Harris [8]).

. 1.5. , Chartre . .(: Johnson Architectural Images [8]). 13

1.

. 1.6. Crystal Palace . 1851 . , .(: World of Architecture [8]).

, . Le Corbusier L. Kahn, (. 1.7.). . . . , , , , .

.1.7. Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp , Le Corbusier, 1950-54. , , .(: Kevin Matthews [8]). 14

1.

1.2. . , , 1.1. , . , , .

, , ,, , ,

& , , , , -

1.1. .(: [14]).

1.2.1.

. , . , , ( 1.2.). , , , [15]. , , . , , [16]. - , . , 1lx 100.000lx [14]. 15

1.

7 6 8

5

4

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.3 2 1

6. 7.

8.

1.2. (: [15]).

, . , . . , [16]. , . , , , , . (contrast) . , [14]. , , [13]. 1.2.2.

300nm-1000nm, [17]. , . . - - D , 16

1.

. , D , [18]. , , , [19]. 24 . , , . , , . , . , . , , ( ) (Seasonal Affective Disorder). , , , . , [20]. , [14]. jet lag, (24) . 1.2.3.

. [21]. , , . , , , . . , . , 18 [22]. , . . , , 31%-49%. , . ... 17

1.

[23]. 1997-1998. , , 21% , [24]. , . , . 1.2.4. ,

, . , , , , . , , . , , , . . , , . , [13], , [16]. , , . , , , , . , , , . , , . [25]. , , . , , , , [26].

18

1.

, , , , , . , [27]. Wisconsin, (75 ) , 60% [27]. , 46,5% . Trondheim 30%-60%, [28]. 75% [29]. , , . , . , , [30]. , 8 1971-1999 ( 1655W 8039 W) [31]. , 1 kWh 3,12 kWh , 3,8064 kg , , [30]. , [30]. , , , . , , , . , , . , , , [25]. , , . , [32].

19

1.

. 1.8. 27/11/2000. .(: NASA [35]).

. 1.9. . .(: NASA [35]).

, , . (. 1.8., . 1. 9.). , , [33]. , , , , [34]. , , .

20

1.

[1]: [2]: [3]: [4]: [5]: [6]: [7]: [8]: [9]: [10]: [11]: [12]: [13]: [14] : [15] : [16]: [17]: B. Williams, A history of light and lighting, . . , , University Studio Press, 2000. , , , . Dinsmoor W. B., The architecture of ancient Greece, W. W Norton and Company, , 1975. , , , 1992. , , . Fontoynont M., Daylight performance of buildings, James & James for the European Commission DG XII, 1999. Great Buildings, http://www.GreatBuildings.com , www.patriarchate.org .. , , , , 1964. R. Furneau Jordan, , , 1981. . . , , : , , , 1994. Commission of the European Communities, DG XII for Science, Research and Development, Daylighting in Architecture, a European reference book, James & James, 1993. Benya J., Heschong L., McGowan T., Miller N. Rubinstein F., Advanced Lighting Guidelines, New Buildings Institute, Washington 2001. . ., , , 1972. Mueller, C. G., ( Light and Vision), , , 1966. Fisch J. Khanh T. Q., Licht und Gesundheit: Aspecte der optischen Strahlungswirkungen auf Menschen, strahlungsphysikalische und masstechnische Konsequenzen, Technische Universitt Ilmenau fr Licht Academie, 2001. Holick M., The photobiology of Vitamin D and its consequence for humans, The medical and biological effects of light: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 453, . 1-13, , 1985. McDonald A., Light effects on Transport and Excretion of Bilirubin in newborns, The medical and biological effects of light: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 453, . 65-71, , 1985. Lam R.W., Fleming J.A.E., Buchanan A. and Remick R.A., Seasonal affective disorder, Canadian Family Physician, 36, . 1162-1166, 1990. Rossi G. and Visioli C., Energy and comfort in office Buildings, 3rd European Conference on Energy Efficient Lighting, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, . 11-18, 1995. Heschong Mahone Group, Skylighting and retail sales: An investigation into the relationship between daylighting and human performance, condensed report, The Pacific Gas and Electric Company on behalf of the California Board for Energy Efficiency Third Party Program, 1999. Heschong Mahone Group, Daylighting in schools: An investigation into the relationship between daylighting and student performance, condensed report, The Pacific Gas and Electric Company on behalf of the California Board for Energy Efficiency Third Party Program, 1999.

[18]: [19]:

[20]: [21]: [22]:

[23]:

21

1.

[24]:

Douglas Mahone, Heschong Mahone Group, RE-ANALYSIS REPORT: Daylighting in Schools, Additional Analysis on behalf of the California Energy Commissions Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program, 2002. .., : , , , 1994. Sullivan R., Beltran L., Lee E.S., Rubin M., Selkowitz S.E., Energy and Daylight Performance of Angular Selective Glazings, ASHRAE, DOE & BTECC: Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings VII, . 5-18, Clearwater Beach, Florida, 1998. Ternoey S., Daylight every building, The Daylight Collaborative, Energy Center of Wisconsin, 1999. Opdal K, Brekke B., Energy saving by the utilization of daylight, 3rd European Conference on Energy-Efficient Lighting, . 67-74, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK, 1995. Hoffmann H. K., Lichtforum-Fachinformationen fr Beleuchtung, Energiesparend und komfortabel: Management fur Licht, Frdergemeinschaft Gutes Licht, Frankfurt am Mein, 2000. ., , HELECO: 21 , . 319-325, 1999. , , 2002. European Lighting Companies Federation, Environmental aspects of lamps, ELC, Brussels, 2001. Isobe S. Hamamura S., Light energy loss and its application to estimate a global energy usage, National Astronomical Observatory, Japan, 2000. Crawford D. L., The Importance of Environmentally Friendly Lighting for Developing Countries, (CIE) Durban , 1997. Mayhew C. & Simmon R., NASA, http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html

[25]: [26]:

[27]: [28]: [29]: [30]:

[31]: [32]: [33]: [34]:

[35]:

22

2.

2

2.1.

. , . 17 , , ( , , ...) [1]. 1669 Newton . , . Huygens, 1678, . . 19 , Young Fresnel Foucault , . , , . , . , , . , . , . , 1873 Maxwell , . , , , . 1901, Max Planck, , , , Maxwell . , , Newton, , , Einstein c. , , , . :e =hv: e h v [J] Planck, 6,6252 x 10-34 J s [Hz]

(2.1.)

, , , . ,

23

2.

[2]. , . 99% 100nm 4000nm. 9% (UV) 100nm 400nm 46% 740nm 4000nm. 45% 400nm 740nm [3]. , , [5]. . 7 : (380nm - 450nm), (450nm - 480nm), (510nm - 575nm), (575nm - 585nm), (585nm - 620nm) (620nm - 800nm) ( 2.1).

400

600 500 (nm)

700

2.1. .(: [4]).

2.2.

, , . V() d dw(), [6]:d ( ) = V ( ) dw( )

(2.2.)

, : = V ( ) w( ) dw( ) ,0

(2.3.)

:

V() w()

[-] [W]

24

2.

lumen (lm). , V()=1, (2.2.) :d()=dw() (2.4.)

(2.4.) . [6]: 1 lm 0,0015 W, 1 W 660 lm. (v) ( 2.2.) , [6]:I v = lim: v

d = d [lm/sr] [lm] , [sr]

(2.5.)

Iv . lm (steradian, sr), candela (cd) . (2.5.) = I v d [lm]0

:(2.6.)

, , . , , , :E = lim d = dA A

(2.7.)

A0

lux (lx), 1m2, 1 lm. foot-candle (fc), Iv

2.2. , v.(: [6]). 25

2.

, , . , , , () :E=:

, [lx] A A v [lx] [lm], = v [sr] [cd] [m2]

(2.8.)

(2.9.)

() r :A = r2

(2.10.)

:E= Iv r2

[lx],

(2.11.)

. r. 10 15 r. , , :A' = A r2 = , cos a cos a

(2.12.)

(2.8.), (2.9.) :E= Iv r2 cos a [lx]

(2.13.)

(2.13.) (2.11.) , [7]. , ( ). , , . , , . .

26

2.

A

r r 2.3. , .(: [6]).

A'

(L) , , , ( 2.3.):L = lim d = A cos d dA cos 0

(2.14.)

(2.5.) (2.14.) :L=:

dI v dA cos L dIv

dI v = L dA cos

(2.15.)

[cd/m2] dA [cd] , [sr]

L , , :L = Iv A cos

(2.16.)

(stilb, sb). 1 sb , 1 cm2 1 (cd). (cd/m2).1sb = 1cd cd = 10 4 2 2 1cm m

27

2.

2.3.

, . 1995 (Commision International d Eclairage - C.I.E.) : . , 2003, , . , . 2.3.1. C.I.E.

(z) () (s). zs , :

= arccos(cos z s cos z + sin z s sin z cos a a s (La) (Lz) :

La f ( ) ( z) = Lz f ( z s ) (0)

(2.17.)

:

( z ) = 1 + a exp(

b ) , 0z