DE 4115 DISSERTATION - Natarajan Margasagayam-21102011

Module Tutor: Stephen J BennetNatarajan MargasagayamMA Interior DesignSep 2010 to Seo 2011

THE MALDIVES:are resorts sustainable that are under threat from rising tides

The Maldives: Are resorts sustainable that are under threat from rising tides?

The prime objective of this study is to explore the future for resorts such as the Maldives that are under threat from changing climatic effects. Secondly I intend to question the assumptions that the Maldives itself is threatened to the point it can no longer exist and to explore in my Practice work the options available for its longer term survival.

1. Introduction page 32. Research objectives page 53. Literature review page 64. Environmental issues page 125. Global warming page 14 6. Earth Quakes page 167. Tsunami page 178. Increasing sea level page 199. Increased population page 2110. Research methodology page 22 a. Hypothesis page 22b. Research philosophy page 22 c. Research Approach page 23 d. Research design page 23 e. The information required page 24 f. The phase of the research page 24 g. Research methods page 25h. Quantitative research method page 25 i. Data collection procedure page 26 j. Data interpretation page 26

Table of Contents1 Sinking Island Feature by Natarajan Margasagayam

Dissertation Synopsis page 2

11. Modular design page 32 12. Mangrove forest architecture page 34 13. Maldives Statistic page 36 a. Correlation page 37b. Regression Analysis page 3714. Limitations page 4315. Case Study page 4416. Ethical considerations page 4617. Findings page 47 18. Conclusion page 50 19. Bibilography page 51

Dissertation Synopsis2 Sinking Island Feature by Natarajan Margasagayam

The Maldives is threatened by ris-ing levels of the sea that surrounds it. The Maldives government is vigi-lantly putting its efforts into taking saving it from future threats. It is not possible to win a battle against the fundamental laws of nature, but it is possible to alter, build and protect environments through design and intervention.

The sea level is found to be increas-ing as a result of green house gas emissions into the environment. Ice caps that are melting have been a direct result of global warming (James Derosa, 2007). The Mal-dives is wholly dependent upon tourism for its revenue. For resorts such as this to be sustainable it is essential that safeguards are put in place and that the visitors feel safe to visit as the threat continues to put pressure on the islands.

As part of my Practice I will explore this threat further and look to protect the is-lands. Additionally I will look to develop new ideas for buildings that will remain in place long after the islands themselves submerge enabling the local population to sustain both their own futures and the tourist industry they so desperately need

to survive.

The Maldives government is work-ing hard to raise funds from Japan and other states to undertake the work required for its survival. Threats mainly increasing sea level, Tsunami and Typhoon.

Tsunamis have occurred in the past due to undersea earthquakes and the subsequent shifting of tectonic plates creating a hugesurge and sudden rise in the sea levelsin the region of the Indian Ocean.(Ricky Franklin, 2006)

Dissertation Synopsis3 Sinking Island Feature by Natarajan Margasagayam

In addition, during my Practice I will explore the idea of modular design that can include such techniques as including floating architecture and mobile design. Modular construc-tion is useful in this context as an islad there are no natural construc-tion resources available on the land. Instead these have to be imported

to the site by sea.

T the local population to sustain

both their own futures and the tour-

ist industry they so desperately need

to survive.

Additionally the island needs to pro-

vide autonomous energy supplies

(including solar power, wind power

and the power of the sea).

I have learnt that the Maldives govern-ment needs to develop a sense of aware-ness within the local population through teaching programs which explore the threats and even explore the possibility of one day needing to relocate. The pro-gramme could also engage in the resi-dents helping to counter the effects them-selves by working together on the building

development I intend to propose.

Finally there is research that will be explored in the work that looks to protect the island from tsunami us-ing natural elements such as man-grove forest that help to dissipate the energy from the waves and artificial versions that I may incorporate into the design.

In the following dissertation I will employ a quantitative research tech-nique to draw upon significant con-clusions on the basis of data I have been able to collate and its interpre-tation.

4 Sinking Island Feature by Natarajan Margasagayam

The Maldives as a paradise will soon be lost forever unless something drastic is done.

This tourist heaven is near to be victimized of mounting global warming evidences.

Scientists have raised awareness around the world about an inevitable environmental trauma with the statements that the rising sea level will be around 0.9 cm in a year. (Justin Hoffmann, 2007)

The worlds Scientific community are asking for the evacuation of 360,000 citizens from the islands for their own safety and security.(Justin Hoffmann, 2007)

This study will be conducted on the basis of solid evidence. (Justin Hoffmann, 2007)

In addition, I will consider what could be done to save the islands. The government is collecting supporting funds from Japan and other states in an attempt to bring back a happy life style to the island. I will explore how this money can be used to develop an-swers to the problem.

This study will highlight the inter connection between global warming and earth quakes and tsunamis and to better understand the reasons behind why resorts such as the Maldives are threatened.

Experts have developed potential models for saving islands from rising tides and these include the development of both man made and planted (mangrove forest) boundary walls that protect against sea storms.

However, these solutions do not solve the long term problems, only provide shelter from storms. My own Practice work will look at this further and look for solutions to physically raise the buildings on the island to a level that is safe.

Also as part of my studies I am looking at the possibilities for modular design that can be used to develop forms such as floating architecture, lightweight mobile designs and inspiration drawn from container architecture which will allow the residents of the islands to import their materials for construction.

Ancillary research will also deal with the use of solar energy and wind power and any other forms of energy supply to help the island achieve an autonomous future.

1. Introduction


2. Research Objectives6 Sinking Island Feature by Natarajan Margasagayam

• Tostudymodulardesigntodevelopabetterunder-standingofhowappropriatebuildingscanbefabricatedformimportedmaterials.

• Toresearchthegenerationofenergylocallyanditsusetoachieveautonomy

• Tostudyairpollutionanditscontributionintoglob-alwarming

• TostudytheimpactofglobalwarmingontheMal-divesislands

IDENTIFYTHE PROBLEM

GATHER DATA

INTERPETDATA

ACTIONEVIDENCE

EVALUATERESULTS

NEXT STEP


Abhijit Naik, 2011 shed light on how the islands of the Maldives are sinking. He highlighted how rising sea levels are mounting big

threats for Maldives land and its economy. He went on to discuss how this small piece of land cannot win the battle against the sea,

and the local population will have to abandon their homeland.

In his book he goes on to discuss hoe the people of the Maldives continue to remain optimistic about their future and are working to

raise money from International Governments. His concern is that the Maldivian administration is approaching the United Nations to

alter their environmental policies to shield the Maldives and that these efforts will be fruitless.

In addition he also discusses how the United Nations are obliged to shield this place effectively and that this will not be possible.

On other hand, he points out contrary to the issue of success that the Maldives was the first country to sign the Kyoto protocol for

reducing carbon emission into the atmosphere and for this reason deserve support.

He states that 183 total countries have signed this treaty, about which forty two are small islands. Although many have signed up no

influential states in the world have so far supported the

treaty by its actions. As a result he claims that air pollution

is still hazardously high and the picture is not changing

fast enough to save the islands.

3. Literature ReviewAlexia Webster (2011) ‘Sinking Maldives creates new island home’ vol.1, pp.13.


Anthony Lau (2007) shed light on global warming and its dire consequences on the world’s weather conditions in his book ‘Flooded Future 2050’. The World is under severe threat of inundation from sea in the future and residential areas near seaside zones will not have any option left for them in the future than to literally go to sea and live their.

Anthony Lau explores the Thames Estuary architecture proposal which develops the notion of floating cities. The book describes the importance of converted ships, which have better facilitation to accommodate terraced housing or multi-story apartments. He also goes on to propose such a design proposal for the Maldives and other islands threatened by sinking in the future.

Maldives administration is found taking significant help from world experts on such issues. (Anthony Lau (2007). In his book he expounds how almost every scientist has recommended on the Maldives the need to increasing farming, green gardens, forestry management, and marshes in order to create sustainable and natural boundaries.

3. Literature ReviewAnthony Lau (2007) ‘Flooded Future 2050’ ed-1, pp.220, architecture discipline


Continuing Lau’s theories Zoe Ryan (2005) shed further light on the concept of building on water. In the book Ryan de-

velops a discussion about flood threats and develops a series of possible design responses. In 2008 a total of 225,000

people in eleven countries were displaced, and this human tragedy happened as a result of the Katrina hurricane.

The purpose of this book is to identify a hypothetical relationship between environmental adversaries and the impact of

human settlements. This is an important study about human living standards in such areas, where hurricanes and storms

occur on a regular basis.

In addition, the book has focused upon Chicago based urban architecture design for offices and houses which in turn dis-

cusses the needs for better sanitation systems and ways to manage excess natural water. (ZOE Ryan, 2005)

3. Literature ReviewZoe Ryan (2005) ‘Building with water’ ed.1, pp.34-56, concepts, typology, design


UNFCCC (2009) conducted a study on the impacts, vulnerabilities and adaption in developing countries. However, developing countries have been observed with larger tendency to be affected by environmental changes. Hence, under developed economies have to ask for certain developments from developed nations. Research institutions send their teams to conduct root because analysis studies in order to avoid such climate issues for their nations.

However, they use experimental techniques on devastated localities in order to make their people learnt about climate changes. In addition, this study has discussed about implementing adaption. Hence, adaption plans must be integrated into top down and bottom up approaches for planning to enable sustainable development and the efficient use of re-sources for adaption. The purpose of following paper is to find out the importance of development policies against natu-ral disasters. (UNFCCC (2009)

3. Literature ReviewUNFCCC (2009) ‘Impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaption in developing countries’ ed.1, pp.

3. Literature Review


Abhijit Naik, 2011 shed light on the sinking Maldives. Rising sea levels are mounting big threats for the Maldives land and its econo-

my. Hence, this small piece of land cannot battle with the sea, and they have to abandon this piece of land. The Maldives administra-

tion is approaching the United Nations to alter their environmental policies to shield Maldives. People of such countries associate big

hopes with the United Nations; they hope that it will change environmental laws to protect them. On the other hand, the Maldives was

the first country to sign the Kyoto protocol for reducing carbon emissions. A total of 183 countries have signed this treaty, of which

forty two are small islands. No influential state is the part of that treaty. Therefore, dramatic advancements in technology, within the

field of industry, are throwing carbon dioxide into the environment, and polluting air.

Secondary sources of information have been employed for current research study. Circumstantial facts have been considered to

draw a conclusion. In addition, findings of current research studies are indicating that the Maldives is taking its dying call, and there

is no construction policy that remains workable; it is as if nature has decided to sabotage it. The Maldive resorts have been sinking

into water. People feel hesitation to plan their holidays on the Maldives due to insecurity fears.

Abhjit. S. Naik (2011) ‘Sinking Maldives creates new island home’ vol.2, pp.19.

4. Environmental Issues12 Sinking Island Feature by Natarajan Margasagayam

Maldives’s popularity is associated with coral islands in the Indian Ocean. However, tourism organizers hide this biggest truth of ‘Rubbish Island’. Maldives receive an in-flux of 10,000 tourists each week. Resorts on Maldives have been gaining good business growth. Environmen-talists have concerns about electronic and battery waste, which is mostly done near to this island. These criminal acts have been severely disturbing to the ecology system.

This waste material is producing heavy toxic metals. It is tourists who made it the richest island on the planet. In addition, peo-ple take meat, diesel oil and vegetables to this island. Resorts have incredible setups to make tourists experiences unique and remarkable. Many tourists import multinational products for their regular use. Each tourist produces 3.5 kg of waste on a daily basis, and needs five hundred litres of water a day.

The President of Maldives has announced to the public a way to shield itself from increasing threats; he recommends buying another island with tourism revenue. (Randeep Ramesh - 2009)

The Maldives economy is largely dependent upon fisheries and tourism. 11% of its population is associated with the fish-eries business. On the other hand, 33% of its GDP is depend-ent upon coral reefs. A total of 80% of Maldives is one meter above sea level, which is itself a large vulnerability for the island. Environmental destruction increases the probability that greater global weather variation will occur. In addition, population size has been horrendously increasing on this is-land, which is causing some severe incidents. Government of Maldives has an obligation to steer individuals towards resort buildings and residential areas. Many investors (73%) have built their resorts at 100 feet from sea level, leaving them in a seriously vulnerable position, without considering the dangers.

Dramatic changes in the environmental system may affect rainfall patterns, beach systems, and coral reef ecosys-tems. A national implementation strategy, for addressing climate change, formulated key strategies to mitigate the consequences of environmental adversaries. Thus, NISACC highlighted these points including population consolidation, improving agriculture and food security, protection of resort islands, water resources management, coastal protection, ban on coral mining and economic diversification. In addi-tion, NISACC strictly prohibited developing dwellings in lo-calities within the ‘danger zone’. Government doesn’t want their coastal areas developed because this would be dan-gerous construction.

4. Environmental Issues13 Sinking Island Feature by Natarajan Margasagayam

Coral reef may play a vital role in the future of the Maldives. Rising sea levels adversely impact upon the ecosystem, and sea temperature upheaval may contribute to various disas-trous situations. Coral bleaching is another associated ele-ment, which is causing an increase in sea temperature.

In addition, human waste is another critical point, and male average of wasting natural resources is deliberately low. Hence, public is strictly disallowed to use their own chosen waste corners. They have to waste them nearby to typical vegetation lines. On Maldives, waste can never be burnt at higher temperature. Hence, it has to be burnt at low com-bustion temperatures. On other hand, there is no waste management principle implication on hazardous wastes.

Moreover the Maldivian government made clear their en-vironmental policy under the environmental protection and preservation act. In which, waste management principles have been cleared, and their deposal arrangement. In ad-dition, self awareness is essential for developing solid envi-ronmental practices. People start realizing the importance of waste management for their livelihood. Hence, they al-ways prefer to dispose of such stuff on proper places. Fur-thermore, role of institutions should be strengthened, and it should work in better way. Maldives have the highest rate of biodiversity, and it is probably causing sow how destruction into environment. (Asian development bank (2009)

5. Global Warming


Global warming is causing sea l level to rise. Hence, tourist’s influx has been reducing as such reasons. Global warming is threatening many island economies, and it has dramatically reduced fertility of agriculture lands. Global warming is causing polar ice caps to be melted and increasing sea level. The highest point of Maldives is approximately 8 feet high than sea level.

Tourism is big support to Maldives economy, and it is contributing 28% into GDP. On other hand, currency stability is highly dependent on tourist based econo-my. Global warming causes climate change. Hence, it leads to melt down polar ice caps. Thereafter, amount of water gallons evaporated into air is less than in vol-ume than water converted into water. Eventually, sea level rises up, and directly influence on economic prosperity and Maldives land area.

Thereafter, environmental scientists get active to miti-gate its consequence. No scientific work is left helpful before mighty nature. Government may steer its peo-ple regarding specific caution, by which they can in-crease the life of planet otherwise global warming has changed climate weather conditions

Source: causes for global warming, 2011, web portal

5. Global Warming15 Sinking Island Feature by Natarajan Margasagayam

In above diagram, vicious circle of carbon emission has been given with its various emission base points. Hence, industrializa-

tion is causing global temperature to increase up to 3-4 degree annually.

On other hand, social carbon used to be made by plant biomass microbial decomposition, and waste. Biological pump and

physiochemical exchange helps climate to reduce its temperature, but these natural tools help up to some specific level. They

are almost unable to control unnatural increment in global temperature. Maldives coral reef causes emission of carbon. In ad-

dition, green house gases have been increased up to 1.5%, fossil fuel and bio fuel particles have increased to 0.5%, cooling

particles have been reduced up to 1.5% and its net effect on global warming has been recorded up to 1%. Eventually, global

warming is irresistible. Maldives Island is at dangerous position in graph.

CCC (committee on climate change) says that global warming influence has been already seen either in changing seasons or

in form of higher temperatures. In addition, cost of living has been increasing, and quality of life has disturbed. Global warming

is not only melting ice caps but also bring higher variation in weather. On other hand, mangrove forests have been cutting down

to fulfill daily human needs. Hence, sea level starts turning unsafe and unhealthy for island creature. Therefore, forestry manage-

ment should be exercised in better way otherwise it may invite to severe disasters for living beings.

6. Earth Quakes


Mostly constructor use adobe for their constructions. Hence, it doesn’t have intensified material use in construction. In addition, 50% of world population is living in earthen made constructions. Hence, such housing construction is unsafe for living beings. Constructions have been changing all over the world, and constructors have realized upraising threats of earthquakes.

Therefore, they emphasize on safety issues as by adapting adobe construction schemes. Adobe construction doesn’t require intensified engineering work, and such constructions used to be done in high uncertain areas to avoid losses. Adobe construc-tion does have some benefits as it protects in earthquake vulnerabilities. Seismic deficiencies of adobe construction have been recovered with novel housing construction schemes, but it is the dangerous for human life. Hillock station developments should never develop with heavy weight material. In Maldives, construction is to be completed on the high pressure seismic.

Hence, modernizations can be seen into interior decoration on Maldives resorts. World class tourists come on recreations, and they don’t like to be given lesser facility when they have been paying huge amounts. The global population that lives in adobe buildings, based on the state of the art research studies and field applications, the key factors for the improved seismic perfor-mances of adobe construction is improvement building technologies including seismic reinforcement, adobe blocks composi-tion and quality of construction, and robust layout. Moreover, deficiencies of adobe constructions include collapse of mud and stone walls, diagonal cracks, failure of wall corners, diagonal cracks, out of plane collapse of long wall, vertical cracks in walls, vertical cracks at the wall corners, and roof collapse. In addition, world population has the highest rate to dwell inside adobe buildings, even citizen areas have populated by adobe buildings.

Furthermore, adobe black composition and quality of constructions have improved; seismic reinforcement has been improved with the help of building technologies, and robust layout.

7. Tsunami17 Sinking Island Feature by Natarajan Margasagayam

Tsunami produced high alert situation in Indian Ocean, and its tidal waves were ranging it to 5 meters higher than sea level. Hence, 80% of total Maldives have been devastated in the result of tsunami. In addition, tsunami devastated many large areas, and 199 inhabitant islands have been destroyed, about 20 islands disappeared. 29,000 individuals went homeless in Maldives. On other hand, tsunami vanished out tourism income, agriculture revenues, fisheries, electricity, communication system, and food supplies. Hence, infrastructure of Maldives was badly affected, and their tourism economies were devastated. People can be shifted to safe location, but buildings have to face tsunamis in all cases. Maldives reef is comprised of two hundred coral specifies. Hence, it gives extra ordinary marine life experiences. People visit this place for its extra beauty as of living point in middle of Arabian Sea. (Hakura (2009)

Tsunamis consequences can be eliminated by huge forestry. Otherwise, there is no other solution left workable at that crucial time. In addition, Maldives has protected areas that encompasses marine and terrestrial ecosystem. Hence, these areas have significant recreational value, biological, and physical value.

7. Tsunami18 Sinking Island Feature by Natarajan Margasagayam

Mangrove related literature has lesser available. However, its habitants have spread in throughout the country. Mangrove areas have been containing couple of distinctive species, which are not available on entire planet. One couple of islands, mangrove existence is demolished, and resultantly humus have stated in numbers at those piece of lands. The health of mangrove sys-tems is also ushering to be recognized as solid buffer against natural catastrophe. Tsunami didn’t harm that much to Maldives as other islands. In case, if mangrove system badly affected by tsunami then sea birds and fauna would e abolished from sur-face.

Waste management is upraising a new issue in Maldives. Along other environmental challenges, waste management is to be disposed off at said localities. Hence, government charges individual less than 2% tax on this waste disposal. In addition, local residential have been burning this waste to eliminate it, but such insane acts may lead them towards adversities. On other hand, residential have been decreasing their level from sea. Tsunami dispersed waste all over the island. Thus, it became immense complicated to cleanse this waste. Country administration has decided to guide individual on waste management principles. Hence, sewage system is interlinked with sea, and its outfall directly throws into sea.

8. Increasing Sea Level19 Sinking Island Feature by Natarajan Margasagayam

Climate change has been causing to melt down ice glaciers, and it is increasing sea level. About 10% sea level has increased as of excessive melt down of ice. Greenland and Antarctica glaciers have melted down much than previous decade. Eventually, nature balance is first time shackled by unbalance ice meltdown. In ad-dition, sea level doesn’t exceed its boundary line jurisdiction, but overall hike in temperature is participating to atoll hillock stations. Eventually, temperature set at above freezing point therefore, ice meltdown is occurring. This is also dangerous for snowfall area specifies. They can move freely on ice sheets.

On other hand, human didn’t plan contingencies for utilizing this increased water supply. Human beings are relying on same tech-niques and methods. With passing time, their needs have arisen, and they must develop such systems to utilize such increased wa-ter supply. Unfortunately, major areas of underdeveloped countries couldn’t irrigate as of worst supply line of water. Maldives is located in the middle of sea. Therefore, it is the most vulnerable area, which may be doomed as if sea level keeps mounting. Kilimanjaro glaciers have been reduced around 80%, which is big proof that glaciers would reach to end in next coming decade. All credit of such drastic changes goes to global warming.

Developed countries have been fulfilling their needs on the expense of territorial devastations. Organizations don’t care for re-fining their gases emission; they don’t want to invest on human safety. Though, international laws strictly prohibits them for not to use such illicit means for getting out production. Human safety is important at all, but organizations find some way to get escaped from investing on their operational capabilities. Hence, consequences of such dumb minded policies may be seen in destruction of islands and sea surrounding areas. Sea is turning to be the dangerous human killer that can never stop by hu-man efforts. Human may migrate from such localities to safer places as if such storms come to them. (Climate institute (2011)

8. Increasing Sea Level20 Sinking Island Feature by Natarajan Margasagayam

The tiny island is under serious threat of increasing sea levels. Hence, Maldives left 6 feet at height in the comparison to sea level. Government is therefore educating to its people regarding climate changes. In addition, government of Maldives is utilizing its tourism revenues to purchase nearby land for its people to give them safe heaven.

The Maldives government and Dutch dockland bind into contractual agreement on several floating facilities for the islands. Hence, Maldives city have been depicting similar to greenish star. These new developments opened up new horizons for Mal-dives future. There is no doubt about it that this piece of land would go down into sea, but human needs to be settled nearby islands. Maldives government is taking each thing seriously to evade such unwelcome storms.

Climate conditions of entire world are horrendously changing all over the world. Rains ratio has been increased, and intensity of coldness in winter season has been increased. Time period of summer is reducing. Eventually, wind storms, tornados and tsunamis have started frequently, and their intensity is also increasing in the comparison to previous year.

9. Increased Population


According to latest population survey, Maldives population increased with 37%, and highest growth in population size is problematic for local government. Hence, uncontrollable birth rate would cause severe problems in future in shape of short-ages of food supply, and resident facilitations. In addition to it, male population is increasing as many arrived here for better future. Despite of all, government of Maldives announced its child birth policy to control birth rate. (Countries study (2011)

10. Research Methodology


Ho: There is a relationship between sinking Maldives and global warmingH1: There is no relationship between sinking Maldives and global warming

Ho: Sinking islands of Maldives has impact on future of resorts H1: Sinking islands of Maldives don’t have impact on future of resorts

a. Hypothesis

b. Research PhiliosophyQuality is considered the most important issue in research work. Maldives haven’t been taken frequently for research work, not much research has been done on Maldives. This is probably the reason, government is somehow limited to specific solutions, they don’t have innovations to take out Maldives out of disastrous situations before that time. Thus, purpose of this research work is to find out reasons of sinking islands and their remedies. Research philosophy should under to basic theme of research study. Current research is written on the importance of climate change for islands, and Maldives case study has been analyzed. In addition, research philosophy underpins abstract ideas besides choosing title of investigation. Eventually, author emphasizes the logical reasoning of current research under research philosophy. Hence, he may adapt different ways to give evidences to prove the validity of research work. ((Scott, C. and Westbrook, R., 1991)



c. Research ApproachThere are two general approaches that are employed to explain reasoning that underpins the acquisition of new knowledge, which named deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is a theory testing process, which commences with an established theory or generalization, and seeks to see if the theory applies to specific instance. On other hand, inductive reasoning is a theory building process, starting with observations of specific instances, and seeking to establish generalizations about the phenomena under investigation. Pedhazur, E.J, and L.P. Schmelkin, (1991)

It is enormously problematic to identity significance of any research method. Hence, research method should be communica-tive of research objectives. There shouldn’t be anything added beyond research objectives. For instance, it is very important to locate ground realities besides worst climate changes. Thus, research methods would be chosen to identify modular design mistakes, and vulnerabilities of environmental changes

d. Research designA research deign is a framework or blueprint for conducting a research project. It details the procedures necessary for obtain-ing the information needed to for sinking islands. In addition, overall this research is based on quantitative research methods ranging from primary data and secondary data. In addition, secondary source of information is to be taken for current research study. In case, if author adopts primary research study then he needs to physical perform all wind tests, ocean tests and carbon emission tests. By using already available information, author would definitely reach to concrete solution. Furthermore, Maldives government official announcements and environment specialist’s reports must be consulted for current research study.



e. The Information RequiredReviewing all the specific aims and information should include

Potential threats for sinking islands

Overview of Maldives sea level

Overview of global warming and role of industrialization for upraising sea level.

Forecast about next 30 years, and chances for Maldives survival.

f. The Phase of The ResearchIt is clear, from the forecasting that the research structure should include explorative research, descriptive research and casual

research together. Hence, Hypothesis may be easily tested with the help of quantitative research methods. Quantitative re-

search has embedded characteristics to solve out the critical situations. Maldives island have reached it’s to end, and scientists

are in try to extend its life time period as it is among the beautiful places around the globe. Hereby, author needs to measure the

impact of global warming on sea level upheavals.



g. Research MethodsThis research requires quantitative research method. However, basic reason besides choosing quantitative research method is

to interpret data in better way. This research study has been designed simultaneously into two sections. One is about develop-

ing theories and models and other is about analyzing relationship of air freight and logistics outsourcing. Hence, model must be

tested under quantitative research method, and it must be evaluated and analyzed in the light of current island sinking issues.

Moreover, quantitative research method highlights technicalities in Maldives issue. It may work on modular design, floating ar-

chitecture, ecology design, wind power, solar energy, and mangrove forest in order to reduce environmental issues.

h. Quantitative Research MethodThe survey method of obtaining information is based upon structured questioning of respondents. The choice of data collection

method is determined by factors such as sample accessibility, controllability to data sources, literacy of subjects, availability of

subjects, and penetration of communication vehicles Because of low costs, mail surveys have been widely used in most devel-

oped countries where literacy is high and the postal system is well developed. On other hand, selection of wrong target audi-

ence may take our research findings away from our desired research findings. On other hand, it is so easy to collection informa-

tion via questionnaire in developed countries. Therefore, author has decided to take this information from possible information

source. In addition quantitative observation method has been considered the second method to collect required information. On

other hand, observations include behavioral pattern of people, events and object in systematic manners.



i. Data Collection ProcedureSecondary data can be fetched by using secondary information such as through published data bases, trade publications,

company report/websites, financial press, public publications, and online and offline formats, economist fame data base

(which contain company financial data) and so forth. Hence, data can be extracted to analyze them in systematic manner to

produce fresh and new insights/conclusions. In addition to it, author has decided to employ direct primary technique to gather

data set. However, he chose survey technique to collect necessary data (Philipson, C, and Smith, A, (2005)

j. Data InterpretationIn below table, information about sea level, temperature, resorts numbers, trade balance, and tourist revenues have been taken

for better understanding of current research study. Hence, sea level is linked up with temperature, Maldives temperature seem

in constant state that never goes immense higher in all cases, but sea level is not linked with Maldives temperature but it is

due to meltdown of glaciers. In addition, Maldives interior work allures big portion of people, many plan to arrive at Maldives

for recreational purposes. Hence, Maldives has been found with the highest growth pattern in revenues. On other hand, each

year Maldives is sinking down up to 1 meter. Eventually, Maldives expectancy life has been estimated not more than 30 years.

Government of Maldives seem quite worrier by taking this particular issue. Therefore, it owns islands in surrounding, and trying

to shift its people on those places.



minimum Maximum

Sea level 4.18 73.53

Temperature 25.58 30.42

Resorts 110 89

Trade balance 287,000,000 287,000,000

Tourists 306,866 310,322

Debt service 4.61 4.61

Annual Growth 5.19 5.19

http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/m/MV43555.php

Moreover, construction growth rate has been analyzed with the help of current graphical representation. In 2009, growth curve were fallen to touch bottom of this graph. Hence, Maldives resorts development and other construction are not only affected by climate change, but it used to be affected by financial crisis. Construction curve is so uncertain in nature. Therefore, it is indi-cating the trends in Maldives construction. People have started believing that Maldives would never survive after next 30 years. Many of them stopped investing on Maldives as by seeing these issues. On other hand, blue line is showing construction contri-bution into revenues. As far as revenue curve is concerned, growth in revenues I steeper curve, and there are still many people who are interestingly going to Maldives. In addition, global climate is disturbing to Maldives construction.



In addition, fisheries have been taken for knowing marine life in Maldives. Since 1982, Maldives were possibly vital junction for fisheries, people used to go there for eating scrumptious sea food. It has well earned reputation in the preparation of sea food. Eventually, industrialization devastated Maldives business, and it caused sea level to rise up to dangerous level. Tsunami sabo-taged major part of Maldives and its fishery industry. With reference from current graph, fishery industry is on declining trend as of weather uncertainties. Upheaval in seal level is considerably good for fish life, but storms in sea are not good survival option for fishes.



In addition, fisheries have been taken for knowing marine life in Maldives. Since 1982, Maldives were possibly vital junction for

fisheries, people used to go there for eating scrumptious sea food. It has well earned reputation in the preparation of sea food.

Eventually, industrialization devastated Maldives business, and it caused sea level to rise up to dangerous level. Tsunami sabo-

taged major part of Maldives and its fishery industry. With reference from current graph, fishery industry is on declining trend as

of weather uncertainties. Upheaval in seal level is considerably good for fish life, but storms in sea are not good survival option

for fishes.



In below graph, classification of revenues as per its category has been shown. Hence, import duty and tourism related revenues

are big support for Maldives economical position. In case, if Maldives sinking down news spread into whole world then this

revenues will cut short, and its GDP would record serious downturn. In addition to it, transfer of payments is dependent feature

upon tourism related revenues.



Furthermore, Maldives ratios have been taken to see its performance after tsunami and before this worst sea storm. Eventu-

ally, it has been recorded that GDP has been reduced in the consequences of last tsunami. In addition, debt to export ratio

has been reduced than previous years. As far as debt to exports ratio is concerned, it should not increase any way because

it increases country obligation. It is showing, how much debt is utilized to send products abroad. Furthermore, interest rate is

increased, which may cause higher inflation and low purchase ability. Eventually, people of world would spend less on their

needs during their visit to Maldives. On other hand, debt services to export has increased, which is red alert for country. Mal-

dives administration is running by foreign aids and foreign loans.

11. Modular Design


As far as modular design is concerned, factory built home materials must be on fundamental housing schemes about green

and high quality. However, factories shouldn’t build up on conventional standards. There should be a universal accepted archi-

tecture for factories. Hence, modular construction seems ideal to resist earthquakes, and it is significantly different than conven-

tional buildings. Along with other benefits, modular design is light weight, low cost, the highest quality, and affordable. In addition

to it, it used to increase efficiency, and try to reduce waste level. In addition, waste management in Maldives is difficult thing to

accomplish. There is no as such site available to dispose of wasteful material. Hence, people have been steered to dispose it on

instructed sites. So, whole land may be protected to be kept clean forever. On other hand, modular designs require less repair

and maintenance. It needs less time to be consumed for general service work.

• Factory built are the future of Home / Resort Architecture.

• Factory built home materials are high quality.

• Modular construction is stronger than conventional.

• Modular construction is ideal for earthquake.

• Modualr construction is built quickly.

• The Highest quality.

• Speedy turnaround.

• Flexibility.

• Light weight.

• Increase Efficieny.

• Less waste.

• Cost effective.

• Easy and time consumption for service works.

11. Modular Design


34Sinking Island Feature by Natarajan Margasagayam

12. Mangrove Forest ArchitectureReports have shown that conventional mangrove forest inhabitant lifestyle is well protected against threats of tsunamis and

other hurricanes. In addition, it is complex structure, which shields human life from external environmental threats, but it may be

unable to shield human life as if sea level keeps rising in same way. These forests are the safest as they don’t let water easily

float between them. Heavily rooted trees don’t permit air to blow them from roots. Hence, nature is good defense against natu-

ral hurricanes and tsunamis. As per one report, residential of mangrove forest didn’t count mass killing of people in tsunamis

consequences, but people living in conventional cottages have scored countless causalities. Ecological and economic value of

mangroves include

• Protecting the coastlines

• Mangrovesandfisheries

• Floodprevention

• Reducingwaterpollution

• Acomplexecosystemandcycleofsubstances

• Maintainingecologicalbalanceofthenature

• Foragingandlivingplacesforwildlife

• Floodprotection

12. Mangrove Forest ArchitectureAs far as human impact is concerned, despite of living in safer places, human have started

cutting these forests to populate it with modernize development sites, which would be in-

sane mindset working. In addition, mangrove forests have important role to play for restora-

tion of life. Otherwise, tsunamis would sweep human race form such closest victimization

islands. On other hand, ecologists have been teaching to island residential regarding the

importance of mangrove forest for them. They must not cut heavily. Otherwise, they will be

in severe danger one day as if they cut down all for burning the stoves. As far as challenges

are concerned, the importance of mangrove forest for human life should be conveyed to

entire world. So, they may take stand for it, governments and business entities want to clean

each thing, which is no more profitable for them. They don’t have any direct concern with

environmental issues, they want to double or triple their revenues. Maldives Island should

be covered with mangrove forest instead of building up strong wall around this beautiful

island. Air pressure and water pressure may broke such atolls made walls, but it would be

immense difficult for water to get into mangrove forest. Similarly, it is big resistance for each

weather adversities.


Building With Water by Zoe Ryan (Page 14 - Printed on 2010)Following the 2004 tsunami in Indian Ocean, for example, researcheers concluded that areas lined with coastal forests, espically mangroves, were less damaged by the severe weather condition than areas not buffered by this naturally grown vegetation. Studies conducted by the M.S. Swaminathan Foun-dation in Chennai, India conclude that in five countries most affected by the tsunami - Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand and the Maldives - human activities had reduced the area of mangroves by 26 percent between 1980 and 2000. The study also reveals that mangroves, In addition to protecting areas from severe weather and erosion, entail benefits such as enhanced fishing and forestry production that manmade fortifications do not provide.


13. Maldives Statistic

In below table, Maldives statistics have been taken to see downfalls during tsunamis. Before 2007, Maldives economic statistics

were showing double growth in all departments. Tourism is base point of revenues for Maldives. Hence, financial crisis devas-

tated people purchasing ability. Therefore, less number of people have been recorded, who visited tourism points in previous

three consecutive years. In addition, uncertainties in weather are causing climate conditions tougher for survival on such is-

lands. Since those alarms, people stopped visiting Maldives, and resultantly it tourism revenues have been decreasing.

Data in Rf millions

Particulars 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Agriculture 578.8 599 595 625 724 740 640 601 599

Fisheries 373.8 388 381 402 494 498 512 476 455

Coral and sand mining 39 42 39 41 42 45 47 41 38

Tourism 1854 1982 2092 2093 2162 2482 2600 2590 2340

Constructions 209 238 205 230 229 274 300 278 267

Manufacturing 435 483 505 532 615 629 660 601 555

Real estate 460 483 496 507 530 566 589 524 512


13. Maldives Statistic

Agriculture Fisheries Coral and sand mining Tourism Constructions Manufacturing Real estate

Agriculture 1

Fisheries 0.680829 1 Coral and

sand mining 0.591277 0.659443 1

Tourism 0.339963 0.852459 0.560114 1

Constructions 0.259741 0.804486 0.639158 0.913232 1

Manufacturing 0.673655 0.963701 0.71105 0.881264 0.785622 1

Real estate 0.639693 0.898886 0.825772 0.856396 0.805906 0.955095 1

a. Correlation

b. Regression AnalysisRegression analysis is commonly used in behavioral sciences and social sciences. However, main objective of regression

analysis is to explore the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable, which have other names as of

predictor and explanatory variables. Author calculated linear regression for current study. Hence, linear regression has tendency

to show up relationships through straight line or their generalization to many dimensions. Furthermore, regression model used

to be predominately based on given assumptions



13. Maldives Statistic• Theerrortermisnormallydistributed

• Therelationshipbetweenindependentanddependentvariablesislinear

• Autocorrelationisnotfoundconceptually

• Independentvariablehasnocorrelationwitherrorterm

• Varianceoftheerrortermisconstantforallthevaluesofindependentvariable.

As far as variable entered into SPSS software are concerned, construction in Maldives, tourism, coral and mines and real estate

have been put together for regression analysis. Author calculated regression analysis for testing the significance of research

hypothesis. The impact of global warming can be seen into real estate business worth, coral and mines status. Moreover, it is

quite important to know as to whom many tourists on each year visit Maldives.

As far as dependent variable is concerned, researcher pays significant attention on dependent variable as it is his prime area of interest. Furthermore, degree of freedom is an index, and helpful in the calculation for certain situations. There is no specific explanation available of degree of freedom. Hence, degree of freedom is generally the way of keeping score, and it estimates variability in collected data set. In current collections, degree of freedom is coming 5, which is significant indeed. However, de-gree of freedom shouldn’t exceed the value 5. Otherwise, data couldn’t show appropriate results. Furthermore, mean square and mean residual is coming 2.81-2.89 respectively. In addition to it, level of significance is coming 0.99, which means data has 91% significance to its subject matter. Null hypothesis used to be tested with the help of one way ANOVA. Hence, null hypothesis indicates the prevalence of single means whilst alternative hypothesis is that there are g individual means. In addition, g value is to be subtracted from degree of freedom. Eventually, null hypothesis used to be tested as by 1(Ho), but alternative hypothesis used to be tested through g(H1)-1. Moreover, F value is to be derived by using degree of freedom as a denominator. F value explains the probability of occurrence of desired results. Hence, higher volatility in data set curb research to find out accurate results. Following regression analysis has been calculated by selecting primary important variable against couple of independ-ent variable. Hence, F value ranges between 3064.865 to 3545. In below discussed case, f-value is found near to midpoint, which means that there are equal chances of occurrence for both hypotheses. Other calculations have been in the support of null hypothesis. Author has selected many variables on independent mode as to have concrete clues about hypothesis testing. In other case, if F-value is found a bit larger than it is assumed that variances aren’t equal, and if it comes lesser in size then it is believed that variances are equal.


13. Maldives StatisticAs far as coefficient is concerned, it denotes to constant value coming in front of any variable. Author has discovered standardize

and un- standardize coefficients. As far as beta coefficient is concerned, it is generally sentenced the market risk involvement in

data collection. However, each variable has been put in standardize and UN standardize pattern as for having knowledge about

its results. Furthermore, probability values have been calculated to estimate probability of occurrence of some values.

Regression analysis between construction value and tourism has been calculated. Hence, this may give the sense to analyze

the impact of global warming on Maldives economy, and how fast tourists have been reducing to visit this beautiful land on the

earth. In addition, intercept points have been given in current research study.

SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.998697 R Square 0.997397 Adjusted R Square -1.125 Standard Error 122.2192 Observations 1


13. Maldives StatisticANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 9 45781521 5086836 3064.865 #NUM! Residual 8 119500.2 14937.53 Total 17 45901021 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0%Intercept -2.4E-64 2.44E-64Constructions -3E-296 7.9E-296209 1.06E-64 1.06E-64238 2.4E-296 2.4E-296205 1.3E-294 1.3E-294230 0 0229 0 0 65535 #NUM! 0 0 0 0274 -20.8253 20.82534 300 0 #N/A 0 1 -2E-306 1.8E-306 -2E-306 1.8E-306278 9.030922 0.163127 55.36123 1.26E-11 8.65475 9.407094 8.65475 9.407094

RESIDUAL OUTPUT PROBABILITY OUTPUT Observation Predicted Tourism Residuals Standard Residuals 50 1854 1 2411.256 -557.256 -4.12311 Percentile Tourism


13. Maldives StatisticThis linear regression analysis has been calculated by taking coral and mines independent variable and real estate depend-

ent variables. Author wants to calculate the dependency of real estate on soil composition of Maldives. Furthermore, multiple

regression value equals to 0.999, R square value equals to 0.998, standard error equals to -1.125, and standard error equals

to 1.8. Predicted figure for coral and mines in year 2011 is 40; it shows that coral and mines will add into GDP up to 40 millions.

Furthermore, author has calculated intercept levels between coral and mines and real estate business. On the basis of available

information, we will be accepting null hypothesis, and we have to reject alternative hypothesis as of its low significance.


14.Limitations

Availability of data is big limitation of this study. Hence, author has calculated missing values in mean

comparison analysis. It probably raises valuable questions on data reliability, but data reliability has been

tested via using significant tests. In addition, lack of prior research studies on the topic is another big

limitation of current research study. Prior research study forms the basis of literature, and it is quite helpful in

drawing foundation for understanding research problem, which is to be investigated in research study.

On other international libraries didn’t have significant literature available on investigative title? Hence, author

took the best available literature on current title of investigation. There is another limitation to access people,

organization, and documents. Herewith, access has been denied many times otherwise, this research would

describe situation in perfect way.


15. Case Study


15. Case StudyAnthony Lau’s Design propsal for ‘THAMES ESTUARY MASTER PLAN 2050’“FLOODED FUTURE”

Anthony Lau used Thames Estuary architecture method, which is about floating cities notion. Hence, communities need to have such facilities to get enabled to live in such setup. Even though, energy need fulfillment is still there waiting for its solution. Moreover, book describes the importance of converted ships, which have better facilitation to accommodate terraced housing or multistory apartments.

His proposal he mentioned to use recyling ships / oil platforms, normally after 25 to 30 years of use, ships are decomis-sioned and sent to 3rd word countries for dismantling and recycling. Every year around 700 large vessels are screapped and this is usally a Hazardous and toxic job for the workers.

Many of the North Sea oil platforms are reaching the end of their productive life and face a similar fate.

After having taken into considerall from Anthony Lau’s design. I tried to find different similar concept for my project proposal.

I wanted to create floating resort architecture with modular architecture. These propblems covers the climate, the Islandenvironmental and ideal for construction.

My Project deals with a Island Resort which is safety and to set an example for Maldives Future Island.


16.Ethical Considerations

As far as ethical considerations are concerned, author shouldn’t use secondary source of information without

using its original author name. Furthermore, no question should arias on data validity, each added table and

graph should be speaking truth story itself. On other hand, researchers don’t need to disclose hidden facts

before public that may cause to impact on Maldives economic conditions. Research doesn’t mean to adopt

heinous ways to defame anyone before local publics. This is more often a solution oriented study, which has

strong meaning to influence on public by providing them the righteous solutions.


17.Findings

Research findings indicate that Maldives resort architecture should be adopted as per weather requirements.

Otherwise, huge loss of lives may be seen due to severe storms and hurricane. In addition, Maldives popu-

lation has been increasing with uncontrollable rate, and it is turning to be point of worry for government of

Maldives. These beautiful places have to meet with environmental challenges, and global warming is the vul-

nerable for Maldives Island. Ice caps have started melting down with greater speed. Therefore, sea level is

automatically upraising. Unfortunately there is no specific solution available than to leave such places, but with

proper planning and care, this beautiful place can be survived. Research interpretation indicates that global

warming impacts may be seen into Maldives economy statistics, and into its real estate variables. It can find

out, which variable is influencing on overall situation of Maldives.




18.ConclusionIn synthesis, Maldives is approaching near to be doomed by global warming prospects. Human beings don’t have as such solution available to survive it for longer time period. Apparently, industrialization has destroyed global climate conditions. Hence, 80% glaciers have been melted down in recent years. It has increased weather uncertainty. Maldives is at the lowest height from sea, and it is nearby to doom in next 30 years. Architectural changes may make it safer in such crucial time period. Hence, modular design has been discussed the safest option available for Maldives govern-ment. People should come out of conventional cottage from dwelling in them, they are highly unsafe, and have alarm-ing security threats in them. In addition, last tsunamis hit to Maldives badly. Eventually, Maldives government has to bear unseen losses as of less tourist’s arrivals, severe destruction cases and human disaster.

Maldives is located nearby seaside on world map. It doesn’t have abandon natural resources to fulfill foreigner’s de-mands as of absence of energy alternatives. Maldives economy is largely depending upon tourism. In addition, its tourism activities have greatly affected by upraising sea level news. People never think to visit such places where they may have threat of losing life. Maldives is channeling mobilizations via united nation organization to make each coun-try responsible for environmental threats. Eventually, strict implication of environment laws is in the agenda, which has been presented in united nation office.

There is a need to invest in alternative source of energy to support to sea transportation. Formers don’t invest in high cash corps for the reason of such bad environmental consequences. In Maldives, there are no significant renewable energy resources. However, it has lesser facilitates available to meet its energy needs. In addition, country is relying on petroleum fuels to provide for power generation, food preparation, lighting, and transportation. Expenditures on sea transportation consume 56% of total revenue of resort. Hence, diesel is largely usable item for sea transportation. Household energy demands have been increasing. Therefore, government needs to install such mechanism to use so-lar energy for meeting daily consumption needs. Solar energy may be used to heat the water. Solar energy may fulfill

15% Maldives energy requirements.


18. Conclusion

Mangrove Forest

Tsunami

Safety

Earthquake Global warming Severe weather Fish Forest

Architecture

Floating Modular

Solution for Sinking Island


19. Bibilography

ReferencesJames DeRosa (2007) ‘Reducing greenhouse gas emissions one ream at a time’ vol.5, no.3, pp.455-478.

Ricky Franklin (2006) ‘The Maldives: on the brink of extinction’ vol.1, no.3, pp.412-467.

Justin Hoffmann (2007) ‘The Maldives and rising sea levels’ ICE case studies, pp.431-456.

Nick Bryant (2004) ‘Maldives: Paradise soon to be lost’ BBC press release, 28-july-2004.

Alexia Webster (2011) ‘Sinking Maldives creates new island home’ vol.1, pp.13.

Abhjit. S. Naik (2011) ‘Sinking Maldives creates new island home’ vol.2, pp.19.

Anthony Lau (2007) ‘Flooded Future 2050’ ed-1, pp.220, architecture discipline

Zoe Ryan (2005) ‘Building with water’ ed.1, pp.34-56, concepts, typology, design

UNFCCC (2009) ‘Impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaption in developing countries’ ed.1, pp. 8-34.

Randeep Ramesh (2009) ‘Paradise lost on Maldives Rubbish Island’ south Asia correspondent the guardian, ed.1.

Asian development bank (2009) ‘Maldives: environment assessment’vol.1, pp.15.

Vargas, J., Bariola, J., and Blondet, M. (1984). Seismic Strength of Adobe Masonry. Summary of a research project sponsored by the US Agency for

International Development (AID), Maldives.

Hakura (2009) ‘The Maldives; tsunami’ vol.12, pp.15


19.Bibilography

Internet resourcesMangrove ForestEcoWorld. (2005). Mangroves Stop Tsunami. Available: http://www.ecoworld.com/animals/fish/mangroves-stop-tsunami-2.html. Last accessed 03rd Sep 2011. BBC. (2005). TSunami: Mangroves ‘Saved Lives’. Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4547032.stm . Last accessed 06th Sep 2011.Marine Conversation Society (UK) South East. (). Magroves. Available: http://www.marine-conservation.org.uk/mangroves.html . Last accessed 06th Sep 2011.Thomson Reuters Foundation. (2011). mangroves-could-protect-against-earthquakes. Available: http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/mangroves-could-protect-against-earthquakes. Last accessed 05th Sep 2011. Wetlands International Global Site. (2007). Adapting to climate change: mangrove restoration for coastal protection . Available: http://www.wetlands.org/WatchRead/Videos/AdaptingtoClimateChangeMangroveforests/tabid/1165/Default.aspx. Last accessed 03rd Sep 2011.

Global WarmingUnion of Concerned Scientists. (2011). Climate Hot Map - Global Warming Effects Around the World. Available: http://www.climatehotmap.org/ . Last accessed 02nd Sep 2011. Unknown. (2011). Coastal Zones and Sea Level Rise. Available: http://epa.gov/climatechange/effects/coastal/index.html . Last accessed 15th Sep 2011.Antony Watts. (2011). Climate craziness of the week: 8°F by 2100, sea level rise to hit US coastal cities hard. Available: http://wattsupwiththat.com/2011/02/15/climate-craziness-of-the-week-8%C2%B0f-and-6-meters-of-sea-level-rise-by-2100/ . Last accessed 01st Sep 2011.Climate institute . (2007-2010). Oceans & Sea Level Rise. Available: http://www.climate.org/topics/sea-level/. Last accessed 01st Sep 2011. Jon Hamilton. (2011). Maldives Builds Barriers to Global Warming. Available: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18425626. Last ac-cessed 27th Jul 2011. Climate institute . (2011). Ocean & sea level rise: consequences of climate change on the oceans. Available: http://www.climate.org/topics/sea-level/in-dex.html. Last accessed 01st Sep 2011.unknown. (2008,2009,2010,2011). 21st century. Available: http://www.futuretimeline.net/21stcentury/2040-2049.htm. Last accessed 03rd Oct 2011

PopulationUnknown. (2011). Maldives Population. Available: from http://countrystudies.us/maldives/4.htm. Last accessed 23rd Aug 2011. Modular ArchitectureDouglans Cutlar Architects A.I.A. (2010). Modular Architecture. Available: www.modulararchitecture.com . Last accessed 30th Aut 2010.


19.Bibilography

Floating Architectureunknown. (2000-2010). Floating Architecture and Artificial Islans. Available: http://www.designboom.com/weblog/keyword/floating-architecture-and-artificial-islands.html. Last accessed 03rd Sep 2011. Sinking Island Future Design ProposalThe Private Island Blog. (2011). From Oil Rig to Eco-Resort. Available: http://www.privateislandsblog.com/2009/02/22/from-oil-rig-to-eco-resort/. Last accessed 22nd Aug 2011. unknown. (2011). Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimizu_Mega-City_Pyramid. Last accessed 03rd Oct 2011Divyabhaskar. (2010-2011). Future concepts: Floating cities. Available: http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/humans-could-live-on-floating-mini-cities-in-future-1541652.html. Last accessed 27th Aug 2011. Jill Fehrenbacher. (2011). Maldives to fight rising sea levels with floating islands’ . Available: http://inhabitat.com/maldives-to-fight-rising-sea-levels-with-floating-islands/[01/09/2011]. Last accessed 01st Sep 2011. RIBA. (2007). Living with Water - Visions of Flood Future. Available: http://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBAHoldings/PolicyAndInternationalRelations/Policy/Environment/LivingWithWater.pdf. Last accessed 03rd Aug 2011unknown. (2011). Maldives Island Sinking. Available: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/maldives-islands-sinking.html. Last accessed 03rd Sep 2011. unknown. (2006-2011). Floating Cities:15 Last-Hope Homes for a Watery World. Available: http://webecoist.com/2010/09/06/floating-cities-15-last-hope-homes-for-a-watery-world/. Last accessed 03rd Oct 2011unknown. (). Artificial Islands of the World. Available: http://www.ead.ae/Tacsoft/FileManager/Quarterly/Artificial%20Islands/Artificial%20Islands%20of%20the%20World%20FINAL.pdf. Last accessed 03rd Oct 2011. Miscunknown. (2010). Turtle Island, Fiji. Available: http://www.turtlefiji.com/#. Last accessed 03rd Sep 2011. unknown. (). 10 reasons to visit Maldives. Available: http://www.thetravelwebsite.co.uk/maldives-c413.html. Last accessed 03rd Sep 2011unknown. (2011). 10 Reasons Why You Need A Holiday By The Sea . Available: http://www.squidoo.com/holidaybythesea. Last accessed 03rd Sep

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Documents

DE 4115 DISSERTATION - Natarajan Margasagayam-21102011