cng n tp mn kim sot nhim Cu 1 Vai tr, ngh ca kim ton cht thi trong kim sot nhim Kim ton cht thi l mt cng c qun l mi trng nhm kim tra, kim sot, v nh gi cc qu trnh ca d n, nh my, x nghip, cc c s sn xut kinh doanh. Mc ch ca kim ton cht thi l xem xt cc qu trnh hot ng c thc hin ng cc tnh cht quy nh mi trng hay khng. Vai tr ca kim ton cht thi: Ch ra cc cng on khng hon thin, cc khu mt mt nguyn liu hay l ngun gy nhim mi trng tm cch khc phc, gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng v tit kim nguyn vt liu Gim kinh ph u t vo cc h thng x l cht thi, gim s tiu hao nguyn vt liu... t tng mc li nhun Gp phn m bo vic tun th chi ph - li ch khng ch i vi lut php, cc quy ch v cc tiu chun m cn i vi cc quy nh khc c lin quan. Hn ch mc nhim v ri ro do cht thi gy ra i vi mi trng/sc kho con ngi. Ngn nga/trnh cc nguy c s c mi trng ngn hn/di hn. Nng cao trnh qun l v nhn thc ca cng nhn v vn mi trng H tr vic trao i thng tin gia cc nh my, cc c s sn xut. Nng cao uy tn cho n v, cng c mi quan h ca n v vi cc c quan hu quan H tr thc hin Cam kt mi trng trong xut nhp khu. T gp phn bo v mi trng trn c s pht trin bn vng. ngha ca kim ton cht thi:

So snh cng c kim ton cht thi v sn xut sch hn. Ging nhau: - L nhng bin php nhm gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc t qu trnh sn xut n mi trng. Gp phn bo v mi trng trn c s pht trin bn vng. - Tit kim chi ph cho nh my tng mc li nhun. - C th thc hin cc quy m khc nhau. Khc nhau: Kim ton cht thi Sn xut sch hn - L mt cng c qun l mi trng - L vic p dng lin tc chin lc nhm kim tra, kim sot, v nh gi phng nga tng hp v mi trng cc qu trnh ca d n, nh my, x vo cc qu trnh sn xut, sn phm nghip, cc c s sn xut kinh v dch v nhm nng cao hiu sut doanh. sinh thi v gim thiu ri ro cho con ngi v mi trng. - Ch kim tra s to ra cht thi - p dng trong tt c cc cng on nhm gim ngun v lng cht thi. - Thc hin ca qu trnh xn xut.

Cu 2 Cc cng c kinh t trong kim sot nhim - Ngn sch nh nc - Thu mi trng - Ph bo v mi trng - K qu mi trng (ci to, phc hi mi trng trong hot ng khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin v thu hi sn phm sau s dng) - Bo him trch nhim BTTH v mi trng - Qu bo v mi trng

- Dch v mi trng - Chnh sch u i, h tr (t ai, vn) V d:

Cu 3 Qu trnh tng th lng gi thit hi do nhim mi trng gy ra: Xc nh vn nhin Xc nh loi hnh thit hi Xc nh hm liu lng - p ng Xc nh i tng chu thit hi c tnh thit hi di dng hin vt c tnh thit hi bng tin Quy trnh lng gi chi tit thit hi do nhim mi trng khng kh gy ra: Tng thit hi do ONKK = thit hi i vi sc khe + thit hi ngoi sc khe + thit hi mi trng ton cu

Cu 4 Trong kim sot nhim cn xem xt s tn ti v di chuyn/chuyn ha ca cht nhim trong mi trng:

Cu 7 Cc cng c p dng trong kim sot nhim cng nghip: Qun l nhim cng nghip bao gm 4 cng c chnh: - nh gi mi trng - Quan trc mi trng - Ngn nga v kim sot nhim - Nng cao nhn thc Mi mt cng c trong kim sot nhim cng nghip l mt tr ct chnh ca qun l nhim cng nghip. Vai tr ca cng c nh gi mi trng nh gi mi trng l mt cng c bao gm cc ni dung chnh: - nh gi mi trng chin lc - nh gi tc ng mi trng - nh gi hin trng mi trng - Cam kt bo v mi trng nh gi mi trng c vai tr rt quan trng i vi vic kim sot nhim cng nghip. - L cng c hu hiu nhm gim bt cc thit hi mi trng do hot ng cng nghip. - Tng hiu qu kinh t ca cc d n cng nghip. - Tit kim chi ph v thi gian - nh gi c hin trng cht lng mi trng - Cc ch doanh nghip phi cam kt bo v mi trng m bo cht lng mi trng. ...... V d Cu 8 Cc cng c trong kim sot nhim: C 4 cng c chnh

Vai tr ca cng c quan trc mi trng: Quan trc mi trng l mt qu trnh o c thng xuyn 1 hoc nhiu ch tiu v tnh cht vt l, ha hc, sinh hc ca cc thnh phn mi trng theo mt k hoch lp sn v thi gian, khng gian, phng php v quy trnh o lng, cung cp cc thng tin c bn c tin cy, chnh xc cao v c th nh gi c din bin cht lng mi trng. - Kp thi pht hin cc bin ng v mi trng do cc hot ng sn xut gy ra gim bt nhng thit hi mi trng. - Cung cp s liu cho vic nh gi v qun l mi trng. -

V d Cu 9 Cc cng c p dng trong kim sot nhim cng nghip C 4 cng c chnh Vai tr ca cng c ngn nga v kim sot nhim L mt trong nhng cng c QLMT v kim sot nhim hiu qu. - Gim thiu nhng thit hi v MT bng vic ngn nga v gim thiu cht thi. - Hn ch x thi v phn loi cht thi ti ngun. - To ra mi trng sinh thi cng nghip - Nng cao trch nhim ca cc doanh nghip, s tham gia ca cng ng trong vic ngn nga nhim. - Khuyn khch cc doanh nghip p dng cc cng ngh sch, cng ngh thn thin vi MT trong sn xut. ... V d Cu 10 Cc cng c trong kim sot nhim cng nghip

Vai tr ca cng c nng cao nhn thc - Thay i cc hnh vi ca con ngi v cc vn mi trng - Gim bt cc thit hi v mi trng do con ngi gy ra - Nng cao s tham gia ca cng ng v cc vn mi trng, s ng gp v tham gia vo vic QLMT - Nng cao trch nhim ca cc nh qun l ... Thay i hnh vi ca con ngi, gim thiu, ngn nga rc thi ti ngun... V d Cu 11 Cc gii php hiu qu trong kim sot v gim thiu khi lng cht thi rn cng nghip v sinh hot: - Kim sot ti ngun - p dng sn xut sch hn + Cng ngh sch + Nguyn Nhin liu sch + Phn loi rc thi ti ngun + Ti ch v ti s dng cht thi ... - p dng cc bin php cng ngh x l cht thi tin tin... - Nng cao nhn thc ca cc ch doanh nghip, cng nhn... - p dng cc cng c kinh t, lut php chnh sch Cu 12 Cc cht nhim chnh ca nh my nhit in Kh thi: - Khi vn hnh nh my, cc yu t c kh nng gy nhim mi trng khng kh nh sau:

+ Vic t than sn xut in s to ra khi thi c cha nhiu bi than cc kh c hi nh SO2, NOx, CO v cc hydrocacbon bay hi. + Cc hp cht hu c bay hi do s r r trong qu trnh rt, np, xut nhin liu, vn chuyn bng bm, ng ng, van v kh cha trong cc b cha, + Kh thi t cc phng tin giao thng vn ti cng cha cc cht nhim nh bi than, SO2, NOx, CO, CO2, VOC v hi ch. + Mi hi ca amnic, hyrafin v du m t khu vc cc bnh cha. Trong cc yu t ny, khi thi t l hi l ngun ch yu. - Ting n: c trng ca ngnh nhit in l s dng cc my mc, thit b c cng sut ln nn thng pht sinh ting n c cng cao: nh tua bin hi nc, my pht in, bng ti chuyn than, my nghin than x... - nhim nhit: Trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my nhit in nhin nhit l vn rt cn quan tm. Nhit pht sinh ch yu t cc ngun sau y: - S truyn nhit t cc ni hi v ca cc my mc thit b s dng hi v ca h thng ng ng dn hi, kh nng. - S r r h thng ng ng dn hi, cc van, mi ni trn h thng ng ng. Nc thi: - Nc thi t sn l thu hi nhit, h thng thit b, bn cha du, thit b in, xng sa cha, trm nn kh v tua bin : Nc thi loi ny c cha du m - Nc thi t qu trnh ti sinh cc ht nha trao i ion c cha axt hoc xt - Nc thi v sinh thit b ni hi: Nc thi trong qu trnh v sinh cha hp cht st v cc kim loi khc. - Nc thi t qu trnh x l kh thi cha lu hunh b nhim kim, cht rn l lng (MgSO3, MgSO4) v c nhit cao. Nng cht rn l lng (SS) trong nc thi ny thng khong 3.000 mg/l, nhu cu xy sinh ho (COD) khong 1.600 mg/l.

- Nc lm mt: Nh my nhit in s dng mt khi lng ln nc lm mt. Cht thi rn: Cht thi rn cng nghip pht sinh t hot ng ca nh my nhit in ch yu t cc ngun sau: - Tro kh sinh ra trong qu trnh t than, du hoc nhin liu khc cung cp nhit cho ni hi; - Tro kh t h thng lc bi tnh in; - Tro t y ni hi; - Bn kh t nh my x l nc thi sau khi x l kh thi; - G, giy, gi lau. Phng php kim sot cht thi

Cu 13 Cht nhim chnh ca nh my dt nhum: Nc thi : Nc thi ca ngnh dt nhum l mt trong nhng loi nc mang tnh nhim mnh v tc ng su sc ti mi trng cc cht nhim chnh trong nc thi - Nc thi ca ngnh cng nghip dt nhum mang cc tnh cht sau: + Lng nc thi thng ln ch yu t cng on x l t (dt nhum v nu ty). + Nc thi cha hn hp phc tp cc ho cht d tha (phm nhum, cht hot ng b mt, cht in ly, cht ngm, cht to mi trng, tinh bt, men, cht oxy ho) di dng cc ion, cc kim loi nng v cc tp cht tch ra t x si. + Mc nhim ca nc thi dt nhum ph thuc rt ln vo loi v lng ho cht s dng, vo kt cu mt hng sn xut (ty trng, nhum, in hoa...), vo t l s dng si tng hp, vo loi hnh cng ngh sn xut (gin on, lin tc hay bn lin tc), vo c tnh my mc thit b s dng...

Tm li, nc thi dt nhum thng c khi lng tng i ln, COD, BOD5, SS, mu tng i cao, nng, mi nng kh chu, pH thng kim hoc axit v c tnh c nht nh. Kh thi: Kh thi ca Nh my Dt - Nhum ch yu t cc cng on x l nhit, x l hon tt hng dt v t nhin liu. - Hi kim, hi axit (H2SO4, CH3COOH) v cc dung mi hu c, kh ClO(Cl2) bc ra t khu ty trng va si bng nc Javen - Kh NO2 bc ra t cng on hin mu trong qu trnh nhum mu vi thuc nhum hon nguyn tan loi "Indigosol"; - Hp cht hu c bay hi trong in Pigment.- Formandehyde: - Khu vc l hi (t du, than) c cha nhiu cht nhim c bit l kh SO2 (ph thuc vo hm lng lu hunh trong du), CO, NOx v bi than. - Ngoi ra, mt s khu nh git, nu vi cng thi ra mt vi loi kh thi gy nhim (kh clo, hi H2SO4,CH3COOH). Cht thi rn: ch yu ca nh my dt nhum bao gm cc cht thi km hiu qu khi x l sinh hc nh: vi vn, bi bng, bao b, chai l thu tinh ng ho cht, giy vn, kt nha, x than, cn du, bi cn x l nc. Crom VI, kim loi nng, cc polime tng hp, s si, cc mui trung tnh, cht hot ng b mt nhim nhit: y cng l mt loi nhim cn quan tm trong ngnh dt nhum. Nhit pht sinh ch yu t cc l hi, ng ng dn hi v cc qu trnh sy kh vi. Ngoi ra nhit cao cn c tim nng gy ra cc s c chy, n, v vy cn phi nh gi tc ng ca nhim c bin php x l, gim thiu thch hp. nhim ting n: Ting n c trng ca ngnh dt - nhum ph thuc vo th h my mc v ch yu pht ra t cc my dt, my ct ngang vi (hot ng theo nguyn tc dp), cm my nhum git ty - ly tm vt

nc vi, l hi v c bit l ting n kh ng do cc dng kh, hi vn chuyn lin tc trong ng ng.Ko si, chi

Nguyn liu u vo H20, tinh bt, ph gia Hi nc

H si

Nc thi cha h tinh bt, ha cht

Dt vi Ezym, NaOH NaOH, ha cht Hi nc H2SO4 H2O Cht ty git H2O2, NaOCl, ha cht H2SO4 H2O2, cht ty git NaOH, ha cht Git Nc thi Nc thi cha kim Dch nhum thi Ty trng X l axit, git Nc thi Nc thi cha ha cht Kh thi Nu Gu h Nc thi cha h tinh bt b thy phn NaOH Nc thi kh thi

Lm bng

Dung dch nhum H2SO4

Nhum v in hoa

Git H2O2, cht ty git Hi nc H, ha cht Sn phm Hon tt, vng kh

Nc thi

Nc thi

Quy trnh sn xut km dng thi

Phng php kim sot cc cht nhim Cc bin php kim sot nhim mi trng nc Bin php kim sot u ngun - Gim tiu th nc. - La chn s dng, thay th ha cht, cht tr v thuc nhum - Thu hi v s dng li ha cht v thuc nhum. - Cc cng ngh sch hn, tin tin v thn thin vi mi trng Cc bin php kim sot nhim mi trng khng kh, ting n. - Dng nhin liu (than hoc du) c hm lng lu hunh thp. - p dng cng ngh tin tin. - Xy dng ng khi c chiu cao ph hp trong mi tng quan vi lu lng, nng kh thi, a hnh v iu kin kh hu khu vc. Cc bin php kim sot nhim cht thi. Cc d phm, ph phm nn c ti s dng trong quy trnh sn xut gim bt lng cht thi. Phn loi v kim sot cht thi ti ngun. Cc cht thi khc c th c thng vo bi rc thi c chp nhn s dng cho mc ch ny. Cn t cc b phn x l ca nh my dt khng nn s dng cho nng nghip Cc bin php kim sot khc. - Gii php v php lut, chnh sch C cc quy c chung v bo v mi trng trong a bn khu vc nh cc hng c, cc hip hi lng ngh. Cc chnh sch h tr cc h gia nh, cc c s sn xut u t trang thit b mi thay th thit b c, m rng nh xng, xy dng h thng x l cht thi Tp trung cc c s sn xut thnh cm d qun l v c th xy dng cng trnh x l cht thi chung cho c khu vc - Gii php tuyn truyn, gio dc:

Thng xuyn m cc lp gio dc thc bo v mi trng trong cng ng a phng nng cao nhn thc cho nhn dn. Tuyn truyn thc bo v mi trng ca a phng bng cc bng rn , khu hiu, tuyn truyn trn i pht thanh.

Cu 14 Cc cht nhim chnh ca nh my sn xut thuc da:

S cng ngh km dng thi Nc thi: Mi cng on ca ngnh sn xut thuc da nc thi c tnh cht ring. Tuy nhin nc thi ca c s thuc da ni chung c mu, cha hm lng rn TS, cht rn l lng SS, hm lng nhim cc cht hu c cao. Cc dng thi mang tnh kim l nc thi ca cng on hi ti,

ngm vi, kh lng. Nc thi ca cc cng on lm xp, thuc mang tnh axit. Ngoi ra trong dng nc thi chung cn c cha sunfua, crom v du m Cr 077-07 :+3mg/l; du m 077-077 :mg/l; sunfua007-027 :mg/l. Kh thi : Kh thi ca nh my thuc da pht sinh ch yu t cc cng on chnh sau: - Kh thi pht sinh do s dng ni hi vi c trng ch yu l VOC, CO, NOx, SO2 v bi. - Kh thi pht sinh t cng on hi ti, ty lng, ngm vi, ty vi do qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c, protein to ra kh NH3, H2S v cc hp cht cha N, S. - Hi ca cc axit d bay hi. Hi axit nh hng xu n h h hp ca ngi lao ng. - Hi dung mi trong cng on trau chut c th nh hng xu n sc khe cng nhn khu vc ny. Cht thi rn: Ngun pht thi cht thi rn ca qu trnh thuc da bao gm m, bc nhc, dim da, mn bo da, vng xanh, cn vi v x than, du thi t cc cng on ph tr. Khu c cng on Hi ti

c n mi trng q an t m Mc nhim ph thuc vo cht lng da nguyn liu v phng php bo qun. Nc thi biu hin qua cc thng s: BOD, COD, SS, TDS, nc thi cha mui, hp cht hu c cha nito, hp cht OX, cht nh hoa, cht hot ng b mt, bioxit. Cht thi rn gm m, bc nhc, dim da. Ting n v mi.

Ty lng v ngm vi

Mc nhim ph thuc vo cng ngh ty lng c p dng.

Nc thi c th hin qua cc thng s: BOD, COD, SS, TDS, nc thi cha sunfit, cc cht nh hoa, cht bo c x phng ha, protein, phn lng b phn hy, cht hu c c cha nito, amon nito, bioxxit. Cht thi rn gm lng, bn thi t dng ty lng trong h thng x l nc thi, bc nhc, dim ro, da vng b i. Kh thi c thnh phn sunfit H2S. Mi hi kh chu. Ty vi, lm mm Nc thi nhim th hin qua thng s BOD, COD, SS, TDS, nc thi c pH cao, c cha thnh phn b phn hy trong da nguyn liu v ha cht cn d tha nh mui amon nito, sunfit, mui canxi, cht hot ng b mt. Lng cht ny ph thuc vo phng php ty vi. C th dng peroxit hoc bisunfit oxi ha sunfit trc khi x l. Cht thi rn cha cc thnh phn bn ca h thng x l nc thi. Kh thi c cha NH3,H2S, hydrocacbon, coshoawcj khng c clo, cc cht hu c d bay hi, bi c th pht sinh do ha cht hoc phng php ty vi. n v mi kh chu Lm xp axit Nc thi nhim th hin qua cc thng s: BOD. COD, ha Thuc Crom SS, TDS, pH thp, cha cc mui. Kh thi c m axit v kh sunfithydro. Nc thi nhim th hin qua cc thng s: BOD. COD, SS, TDS, pH thp, nc thi c cha nhiu phc cht Cr v cha thnh phn thuc dit nm. Cht thi rn bao gm bn ca qu trnh x l nc p nc, bo v x Nc thi ging ca cng on thuc Cr, nc thi sau qu trnh bo x c cha mn bo.

Cht thi rn gm mn bo v vng xanh. n Thuc li, nhum, n du Nc thi ging nh thuc da, c th c thm cc cht hu c, cc cht cn d, mu Kh thi c thm SO2 t qu trnh trung ha trc khi thuc li, NH3 sinh ra t qu trnh nhum v n du Sy Kh thi cha m axit. Nhit thi. n ca cc qu trnh c trc v sau khi sy. Hi m, v mm Trau chut Nc thi c cha cc ha cht hon tt v cht tr nhim nh cc dung mi hu c, kim loi nng. Cht thi rn gm cc cht d tha v bi ha cht do phun qu d. Kh thi c cha cc dung mi d bay hi nh formandehy Phng php kim sot cht nhim: Ting n.

Cu 15 Cht nhim chnh ca nh my ch bin thy sn: Cht thi rn Cht thi rn thu c t qu trnh ch bin tm, mc, c, s c u v tm, v s, da, mai mc, ni tng Thnh phn chnh ca ph thi sn xut cc sn phm thu sn ch yu l cc cht hu c giu m, canxi, phtpho. Ton b ph liu ny c tn dng ch bin cc sn phm ph, hoc em bn cho dn lm thc n cho ngi, thc n chn nui gia sc, gia cm hoc thu sn. Ngoi ra cn c mt lng nh rc thi sinh hot, cc bao b, dy ning

h hng hoc qua s dng vi thnh phn c trng ca rc thi th. Nc thi Nc thi trong cng ty my ch bin ng lnh phn ln l nc thi trong qu trnh sn xut bao gm nc ra nguyn liu, bn thnh phm, nc s dng cho v sinh v nh xng, thit b, dng c ch bin, nc v sinh cho cng nhn. Lng nc thi v ngun gy nhim chnh l do nc thi trong sn xut. Nc thi nh my ch bin thy sn c hm lng cc cht dinh dng (N, P), cht rn l lng, cc cht hu c d phn hy cao. Ngoi ra cn cha rt nhiu cc vi sinh vt Kh thi Kh thi sinh ra t cng ty c th l: - Kh thi Chlor sinh ra trong qu trnh kh trng thit b, nh xng ch bin v kh trng nguyn liu, bn thnh phm. - Mi tanh t mc, tm nguyn liu, mi hi tanh t ni cha ph thi, v s, cng rnh. - Hi tc nhn lnh c th b r r: NH3 - Ting n xut hin trong cng ty ch bin thu sn ch yu do hot ng ca cc thit b lnh, chy n, phng tin vn chuyn - Trong phn xng ch bin ca cc cng ty thu sn nhit thng thp v m hn so khu vc khc. Phng php kim sot cht nhim:

Cu 16 Cht nhim chnh ca nh my ti ch du thi:

Cu 17 Cht nhim chnh ca dy chuyn m in

Nc thi Nc thi pht sinh trong qu trnh m kim loi cha hm lng cc kim loi nng rt cao v l c cht i vi sinh vt, gy tc hi xu n sc khe con ngi. c bit, cng nghip m in cn s dng mt lng ln ha cht nh: cc cht axit ( H2SO4, HNO3, dung dch CN- ,.), kim, cc kim loi nng v hp cht ca n. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu cho thy, vi nng ln, sinh vt c th b cht hoc thoi ha, vi nng nh c th gy ng c mn tnh hoc tch t sinh hc, nh hng n s sng ca sinh vt v lu v di. Ngun gc ca cc loi nc thi xut pht t: b axit, phn xng m, sn. Cht thi rn L cht thi pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut, sinh hot ca x nghip, khu cng nghip: + Rc thi sinh hot: Do hot ng sinh hot ca nhn vin ( bao nilon, giy, lon, chai, thc phm d tha...). + Cht thi cng nghip: cc loi x km sau qu trnh m, cc ph phm d tha. + Cc cht thi nguy hi: cc loi du m. Kh thi Cc hot ng m lm pht sinh, pht thi cc sol kh cc dng hi: nh hi axit, hi kim, CxHy, hi CrO3, NiO... Cc sol kh thot ra t cc dung dch m in v cc kh trong quy trnh sn xut. C th cha cc kim loi nng, hoc cc cht khc c trong b m Hot ng sn xut c pht sinh cht nhim vo mi trng khng kh. Cc ngun pht thi v ch tiu c bn c th nh sau: + Kh thi l hi: Bi, SO2, NOx, CO2. + Kh thi t l m km v b ty axit: Bi, HCl, Zn, Pb. + Phn xng sn: Dung mi hu c (Etylacetate, Xylen, THC,)

+ Khu vc l m - phn xng m km: HCl. nhim nhit Trong qu trnh hot ng, nhit tha ch yu pht sinh t cc my mc thit b. Nhit mi trng lm vic trong phm vi phn xng sn xut pht sinh ch yu do: + Nhit tha pht sinh t cc my mc thit b sn xut khc; + Bc x nhit mt tri xuyn qua trn mi tn vo nhng ngy nng gt; + Nhit ta ra do thp sng; + Qu trnh tch t nhit trong nh xng do cha c thng thong tt. nhim ting n Trong qu trnh hot ng sn xut, ting n pht sinh t cc thit b, my mc. V vy, trong qu trnh xy dng nh xng, cc cng ty cn ch n kt cu nh xng nhm gim n mc thp nht ting n trong qu trnh hot ng. Phng php kim sot cht nhim:

Cu 18 Cht nhim chnh ca m khai thc than nhim nc: nhim kim loi nng ha tan trong nc: Cc kim loi nh asen, coban, ng, cadimi, bc, ch, km cha trong t khai thc hoc m ngm l thin tip xc vi nc. Kim loi b ra tri ra ngoi gy nhim ngun nc di h lu. - nhim nc do cc cht rn l lng t qu trnh khai thc khong sn to ra. Nhng cht nhim ny tuy khng gy c hi trc tip nhng s lm cho nc khng ph hp cho sinh hot v nh hng xu ti cc loi thy sinh sng sui. - nhim nc do cc cht axit thi ra trong qu trnh khai thc m ch yu l axit sulfuric

nhim kh - nhim khng kh v bi lin quan n cc hot ng ch yu do vn chuyn trn cc con ng t bn. N s nh hng n i sng ca ngi dn sng hai bn ng. Cht thi rn: Bi thi, thi cc cht thi rn nh ct, , si, bn trong cc qu trnh khai thc v vn chuyn Phng php kim sot cht nhim: Cu 19 Cht nhim chnh ca bnh vin Cht thi rn Tt c cht thi pht sinh t bnh vin u c coi l cht thi bnh vin.Khong 75-90% cht thi bnh vin l cht thi thng thng, tng t nh cht thi sinh hot, khng c nguy c g. Cht thi rn y t nguy hi chim khong 10-25% c chia lm 4 nhm sau y: - Cht thi ly nhim bao gm cht thi sc nhn, cht thi ly nhim khng sc nhn, cht thi bnh phm, cht thi c nguy c ly nhim cao. - Cht thi ha hc bao gm cc ha cht thng dng trong y t, formaldehyde, ha cht quang hnh, kim loi nng, cht thi dc phm v chasats thi gy c t bo. - Cht thi phng x - Bnh cha p sut - S pht sinh cht thi y t rt khc nhau, ty thuc vo dch vu bnh vin, cht lng v nng lc qun l bnh vin. Nc thi bnh vin Nc thi t cc c s y t bao gm nc thi pht sinh t cc hot ng chm sc v sinh hot trong bnh vin. Nc thi ny c th cha vi sinh vt, kim loi nng, ha cht c, ng v phng x, bn cnh cn c nc ma khng cha cht gy nhim.. Mi bnh vin c th thi ra khong 0.4 0.95 m3 nc thi trn mt ging bnh trong ngy, ty thuc vo kh nng cp nc, dch v bnh vin,

s lng bnh nhn v ngi nh v.v. Tuy nhin, nng cht thi rn l lng (SS), cht hu c (nh BOD5), v cc cht dinh dng (nh Nit, pht pho) trong nc thi bnh vin c th khng cao nh nc thi th. Nng BOD5 thay i t 80-180 mg/l. Lo ngi ch yu tp trung vo vi sinh vt gy bnh ng rut d dng ly truyn qua nc. Nu cht thi y t khng c qun l tt, nc thi bnh vin cn cha nhiu dc phm, ha cht c th nh hng xu n hiu sut ca cng trnh x l sinh hc. Phng php kim sot cht nhim:

Cu 20 Cht nhim chnh ca nh my sn xut xi mng: Phng php kim sot cht nhim:

Bi tp Bi 1. Co = 4200g/m3 Ct = 100g/m3 Kp = 2,7x10-5 s-1 p dng theo cng thc phn hy cht nhim khng bn: Ct = Coe-Kt 100 = 4200e-Kt e-Kt = 1/42 -Kt = - 3,74 t = 138435 (s) = 38,45 gi

Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh phn hy formaldehyt. Bi 2 Co = 3,5 ppb pha long k = 10000 t1 = 75o Hm lng (ppb) SO2 ti a cho php thi ra t ng khi nh my sn xut axit sunfuric bit kh SO2: C1 = 3,5 x 10000 = 35000 ppb Nng ti a cho php ca SO2 tnh theo g/m3

(Po = P1)

Bi 3 Dng H2SO4 10,4 % Sn xut H2SO4 18,6 %

B sung 400kg H2SO4 67,7% a) Tnh m H2SO4 18,6 %

b) Tnh hiu qu kinh t nu: Gi H2SO4 67,7% = 35000 /kg

Gi H2SO4 18,6 % = 10000/kg

S sn xut Ta c phng trnh cn bng vt cht ma thi + mb sung = msp ma thi + 400 = msp (1)

Phng trnh cn bng vt cht cho axit 10,4 % ma thi + 67,7 % mb sung = 18,6 msp 10,4 % ma thi + 67,7 % x 400 = 18,6 msp Gii h phng trnh (1) v (2) ta c { Tnh hiu qu kinh t - Chi ph cho 400 kg H2SO4 67,7%: a = 400 x 35000 = 14000000 ng - Gi bn dung dch H2SO4 18,6 % b = 2795 x 10000 = 27950000 ng Hiu qu kinh t: X = b a = 13950000 ng Bi 4 ma cha 35% b bia msp cha 1% b bia Tc dng 4,6 kg/pht a. t = 12h/ngy tnh msp b. msp = 100kg mb bia S sn xut Phng trnh cn bng vt cht: ma = msp + mb bia Phng trnh cn bng b bia: 0,35ma = 0,01msp + mb bia (2)

(1) (2)

a. Hn hp b bia c a vo thit b trong 1 ngy ma = 4,6 kg/pht x 12 x 60 = 3312 kg

Thay ma vo (1) v (2): { Tc sn phm ra khi thit b l 2175 kg/ngy b. Khi lng b bia tch c/100kg sn phm Thay msp = 100kg vo (1) v (2): { Khi lng b bia tch c: 52.3kg Bi 8 K = 0,1/ngy Tnh C1 v C2Co=200mg/l Q=10.000m3/ng y

C1=? V1=5000m3 V2=3000m3

C2=?

V h cn bng n nh nn: Qvo = Qra1 = Qra2 Tnh C1: Xt h 1 trong 1 ngy Phng trnh cn bng vt cht QvoCo = Qra1C1 + KCoV1 3 10000x10 x200=10000x103C1+0,1x200x5000x103 C1 = 190 mg/l Tnh C2: Xt h 2 trong 1 ngy: Phng trnh cn bng vt cht Qra1C1 = Qra2C2 + KC1V2 3 10000x10 x190=10000x103C2+0,1x190x3000x103 C2 = 184,3 mg/l