DebianOsamu Aoki () :

on page 27

CVS, 2007 18 115439 UTC

Debian (http://qref.sourceforge.net/)DebianDebian (http://qref.sourceforge.net/)

http://qref.sourceforge.net/http://qref.sourceforge.net/http://qref.sourceforge.net/

Copyright (c) 20012005 by Osamu Aoki .

This document may be used under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 orhigher. (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html)

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document provided thecopyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

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http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html

i

1 1

1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 stable, testing, unstable 3

2.1 PotatoWoody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.3.1 dselect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 Debian 7

3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2 Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2.1 task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.2.2 aptitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.2.3 dselect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.2.4 APT . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.2.5 aptitude, apt-get apt-cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.3 Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.3.1 Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.3.2 APT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.3.3 dpkg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

ii

3.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.3.5 /var . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.3.7 dpkg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.4 Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.4.3 APT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3.4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.4.6 hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.4.7 stable/testing/unstable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.4.9 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.4.10 stable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.4.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.4.12 alien . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.4.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.4.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.5 Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.5.1 dpkg-divert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.5.2 equivs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.5.3 Alternative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

A 27

A.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

A.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

A.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

1

1

quick referenceKeep it short and simple (KISS)

1.1

Debian bash

Unix bash(1)

GNU TEXINFO info libc

1.2 Debian

Debian 33

stable

testing

unstable Debian

unstable release-critical (RC) 1,2 testing

1. 2

Debian Sarge 2005 6 Debian 3 Woody(stable)Sarge (testing) Sid (unstable) Sarge SargeEtch Sid Etchstable unstable Etch Sid testing ( stable )

Debian debian-devel-announce@lists.debian.org

stable, testing, unstable on page 3 stable on page 20

3

2

stable, testing, unstable

2.1 PotatoWoody

Potato APT apt_preferences(5)

/etc/apt/sources.list stable stable APT

# apt-get update# apt-get install libc6 perl libdb2 debconf# apt-get install apt apt-utils dselect dpkg

Woody

# apt-get upgrade# apt-get dist-upgrade

2.2

stable

2. stable, testing, unstable 4

# cd /etc/apt# cp -f sources.list sources.list.old# :>sources.list# apt-setup noprobe

testing testing unstable unstable

# cd /etc/apt# grep -e "^deb " sources.list >srcs# :>sources.list# cp -f srcs sources.list# sed -e "s/stable/testing/" srcs >>sources.list# sed -e "s/stable/unstable/" srcs >>sources.list# apt-get update# apt-get install apt apt-utils

/etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/preferences Debian on page 8

2.3

/etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/preferences

Debian testing unstable testing

Debian on page 7 APT on page 13

2.3.1 dselect

-dev dselect

# dselect update # # dselect select #

dselect Depend, Suggest, Recommends dselect Q dselect

2. stable, testing, unstable 5

# dselect install

dselect installdselect onpage 10

dselect :)

2. stable, testing, unstable 6

7

3

Debian

aptitude APT aptitude

synaptic APT Gtk GUI aptitude Debian Package Tags (http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/)

Debian Debian

APT squid HTTPhttp_proxy/etc/apt/apt.conf http

apt_preferences(5) pin

chroot

Woody Sarge

3.1

Debian testing/unstable :-)

http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/

3. Debian 8

3.1.1

dpkg - Debian apt-get - APT aptitude - APT synaptic - APT Gtk GUI dselect - tasksel -

dselect APT dpkg

APT /var/lib/apt/lists/*dpkg /var/lib/dpkg/available aptitude APT dselect dselect [U]pdate (dselect update)

apt-get Depends Recommends Suggests

aptitude Recommends Suggests

dselect Recommends Suggests

3.1.2

dpkg-reconfigure - (debconf )

dpkg-source - source dpkg-buildpackage - apt-cache -

3.2 Debian

on page 3 sources.list 1

1testing unstable /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/preferences stable testing stable

3. Debian 9

3.2.1 task

Debian task

task tasksel

dselect update

aptitude task task

3.2.2 aptitude

aptitude dselect APT 1 apt-get aptitude(1) /usr/share/doc/aptitude/README

aptitude aptitude

aptitude 1

F10 ? u +

- ()_ purge ()= hold U

g q x Enter C

3. Debian 10

l / \

apt-get aptitude Depends aptitude Recommends Suggests F10-> Options -> Dependency handling

aptitude aptitude aptitude /var/log/aptitude aptitude Obsolete and Locally Created Packages

aptitude muttmutt expressionsyntax /usr/share/doc/aptitude/README SEARCHING, LIMITING, AND EXPRESSIONS

aptitude su

3.2.3 dselect

Potato stable dselect Sargeaptitude

dselect Required, Important, Standard

dselect4 (!)

Q

()R ! D ! dselect U

D Q

expert /etc/dpkg/dselect.cfg

3. Debian 11

dselect () dselect apt-get install

3.2.4 APT

testing unstable testing

unstable testing apt_preferences(5)

examples subdirectory (http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/examples/) preferences.testing preferences.unstable

stable testing stable unstable testing unstable libc6

preferences.stable stable

package Debian /var/cache/apt/archives/ http://snapshot.debian.net/ dpkg on page 14

Debian

3.2.5 aptitude, apt-get apt-cache

testing

aptitude update ( apt-get update)

http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/examples/http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/examples/http://snapshot.debian.net/

3. Debian 12

aptitude upgrade ( apt-get upgrade aptitude dist-upgradeapt-get dist-upgrade)

testing testing 2

apt-get dselect-upgrade

testing dselect

aptitude install package/unstable

unstable packagetesting

aptitude install -t unstable package

unstable Pin-Priority 990 unstable packageunstable

apt-cache policy foo bar ...

foo bar . . .

aptitude show foo bar ... | less ( apt-cache show foo bar ...| less)

foo bar . . .

aptitude install foo=2.2.4-1

foo 2.2.4-1

aptitude install foo bar-

foobar

aptitude remove bar

bar

aptitude purge bar

bar

apt-get -u apt-get aptitude

2upgrade dist-upgrade apt-get(8) aptitude upgrade aptitudedist-upgrade aptitude e

3. Debian 13

$ cat >> /etc/apt/apt.conf

3. Debian 14

# aptitude dist-upgrade

# aptitude -f upgrade # upgrade... # aptitude -f dist-upgrade # dist-upgrade

/var/lib/dpkg/info/packagename.{post,pre}{inst,rm}

# dpkg --configure -a #

/etc/.new () mv

unstable testing

# aptitude -f install package #

equivs /usr/share/doc/equivs/README.Debian

3.3.3 dpkg

APTDebiandpkg /var/cache/apt/archives/

# dpkg -i fetchmail_6.2.5-4_i386.deb

dpkg --ignore-depends,--force-depends, dpkg(8)

3. Debian 15

3.3.4

/var/lib/dpkg/status Debian /var/lib/dpkg/status-old/var/backups/dpkg.status.* /var/lib/dpkg/status

/var/backups/

/var/lib/dpkg/status /usr/share/doc/

# ls /usr/share/doc | \grep -v [A-Z] | \grep -v ^texmf$ | \grep -v ^debian$ | \awk {print $1 " install"} | \dpkg --set-selections

# dselect --expert #

3.3.5 /var

/var /var Debian

Debian /var Debian var.tar.gz(http://people.debian.org/~osamu/pub/) root

# cd /# mv var var-old # # tar xvzf var.tar.gz # Woody # aptitude # dselect

on page 15 ([FIXME]:)

3.3.6

Debian/CD Linux Linux /targetdpkg chroot

http: / /people.debian.org /~osamu /pub /

3. Debian 16

# dpkg --root /target -i packagefile.deb

lilo Debian Linux root /dev/hda12 3 lilo

boot: rescue root=/dev/hda12 3

kernel(kernel)

3.3.7 dpkg

dpkg .deb( 1 links)

$ links http://http.us.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/dpkg/... dpkg_version_arch.deb

$ supassword: *****# ar x dpkg_version_arch.deb# mv data.tar.gz /data.tar.gz# cd /# tar xzfv data.tar.gz

i386http://packages.debian.org/dpkg URL

3.4 Debian

Debian :)

3.4.1

3. Debian 17

$ dpkg {-S|--search} pattern

Debian

$ wget http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/sarge/Contents-i386.gz$ zgrep -e pattern Contents-i386.gz

# aptitude install dlocate$ dlocate filename # dpkg -L dpkg -S ...# aptitude install auto-apt # # auto-apt update # autp-apt db $ auto-apt search pattern#

3.4.2

/etc/apt/sources.list APT testing unstable apt-cache policy

# apt-get check # $ apt-cache search pattern # $ apt-cache policy package # priority/dist $ apt-cache show -a package # dists $ apt-cache showsrc package # $ apt-cache showpkg package # # dpkg --audit|-C # $ dpkg {-s|--status} package ... #

$ dpkg -l package ... #

(1)$ dpkg -L package ... #

apt-cache showrcWoody :)

( mc )

/var/lib/apt/lists/*/var/lib/dpkg/available

3. Debian 18

/var/lib/dpkg/status/var/backups/dpkg.status*

3.4.3 APT

/etc/apt/apt.conf

Dpkg::Options {"--force-confold";}

aptitude -y install packagename yes apt.conf(5) dpkg(1)

on page 18

3.4.4

# dpkg-reconfigure --priority=medium package [...]# dpkg-reconfigure --all # # dpkg-reconfigure locales # # dpkg-reconfigure --p=low xserver-xfree86 # X

debconf debconf

3

apt-setup - /etc/apt/sources.list install-mbr - Master Boot Record manager tzconfig - time zonegpmconfig - gpm eximconfig - Exim (MTA) texconfig - teTeX apacheconfig - Apache (httpd) cvsconfig - CVS

3 *config Sarge debconf

3. Debian 19

sndconfig - ...update-alternatives - vim vi update-rc.d - System-V init update-menus - Debian menu ...

3.4.5

# aptitude remove package ...# dpkg --remove package ...

# aptitude purge package ...# dpkg --purge package ...

3.4.6 hold

libc6 libc6-dev dselect aptitude install package hold

# echo -e "libc6 hold\nlibc6-dev hold" | dpkg --set-selections

aptitude install package hold aptitude upgradepackage aptitude dist-upgrade hold /etc/apt/preferences

Package: libc6Pin: release a=stablePin-Priority: 2000

Package: libc6*glibc hold

hold

dpkg --get-selections "*"|grep -e "hold$"

3. Debian 20

3.4.7 stable/testing/unstable

apt-show-versions

$ apt-show-versions | fgrep /testing | wc... testing $ apt-show-versions -u... $ aptitude install apt-show-versions -u -b | fgrep /unstable... unstable

3.4.8

APT /var/cache/apt/archives

# apt-get autoclean # # apt-get clean #

3.4.9 /

# debconf-get-selections > debconfsel.txt# dpkg --get-selections "*" >myselections # \*

*myselections purge

# dselect update# debconf-set-selections < debconfsel.txt# dpkg --set-selections

3. Debian 21

deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian testing \main contrib non-free

deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian unstable \main contrib non-free

deb-src 2 sources.list 1

$ apt-get update # $ apt-get source package$ dpkg-source -x package.dsc$ cd package-version... (.dsc Build-depends)

"fakeroot"

$ dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot

... ()$ dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -us -uc # "debsign"

...$ su -c "dpkg -i packagefile.deb"

-dev 2, 3 debsign devscripts auto-aptfakerootroot

Woody pine

# apt-get build-dep pine# apt-get source -b pine

3.4.11

APT dselect Packages

Debian deb

3. Debian 22

# aptitude install dpkg-dev# cd /usr/local# install -d pool # # install -d dists/unstable/main/binary-i386# ls -1 pool | sed s/_.*$/ priority section/ | uniq > override# editor override # priority section # dpkg-scanpackages pool override /usr/local/ \

> dists/unstable/main/binary-i386/Packages# cat > dists/unstable/main/Release > /etc/apt/sources.list

deb

# aptitude install dpkg-dev# mkdir /usr/local/debian# mv /some/where/package.deb /usr/local/debian# dpkg-scanpackages /usr/local/debian /dev/null | \gzip - > /usr/local/debian/Packages.gz

# echo "deb file:/usr/local/debian ./" >> /etc/apt/sources.list

HTTP FTP /etc/apt/sources.list

3.4.12 alien

alien Red Hat rpmStampede slpSlackware tgz Solaris pkg Debian deb Linux alienalien LSB

3.4.13

auto-apt

3. Debian 23

$ sudo auto-apt update... $ auto-apt -x -y runEntering auto-apt mode: /bin/bashExit the command to leave auto-apt mode.$ less /usr/share/doc/med-bio/copyright #

... ...

3.4.14

debsumsMD5MD5

# cat >>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/90debsumsDPkg::Post-Install-Pkgs {"xargs /usr/bin/debsums -sg";};^D

Joerg Wendland ()

3.5 Debian

3.5.1 dpkg-divert

Diversions dpkg Diversions Debian (conffiles) dpkg diversion .

# dpkg-divert [--add] filename # "diversion" # dpkg-divert --remove filename # "diversion"

dpkg-divert

3. Debian 24

3.5.2 equivs

debian (.deb) equivs

Package: equivsPriority: extraSection: adminDescription: Debian Debian

3.5.3 Alternative

vi vim update-alternatives

# update-alternatives --display vi...# update-alternatives --config viSelection Command

-----------------------------------------------1 /usr/bin/elvis-tiny2 /usr/bin/vim

*+ 3 /usr/bin/nvi

default[*] Enter selection 2

Debian alternatives /etc/alternatives/

X Window update-alternatives /usr/bin/x-session-manager /usr/bin/x-window-manager

/bin/sh /bin/bash /bin/dash Bashism /bin/bashPOSIX/bin/dash 2.4 Linux kernel/bin/sh /bin/dash

3.5.4

Debian 2 5 Debian 2, 3, 4, 5Debian

3. Debian 25

GNU/Linux X 2 xdm gdm 3

3.5.5

Debian

(Exim, DHCP) ps aux/etc/init.d/* /etc/inetd.conf/etc/hosts.deny ( ) pidof (pidof(8))

Debian X11 TCP/IP SSH X

3. Debian 26

27

A

A.1

Debian Osamu Aoki debian-users Debian Installation Manual Debian Release Notes

Debian Documentation Project (http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp) (DDP) The Debian FAQ Josip Rodin Debian The Debian FAQ

QREF

Osamu Aoki () (leader: all contents)

Esko Araj.rvi (etch) Thomas Hood () Brian Nelson ( X) David Sewell () Jan Michael C Alonzo Daniel Webb

Guillaume Erbs (leader: fr) Renald Casagraude Jean-Pierre Delange Daniel Desages

Davide Di Lazzaro (leader: it)

() Paulo Rogerio Ormenese (leader: pt-br)

http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp

A. 28

Andre Luis Lopes Marcio Roberto Teixeira Rildo Taveira de Oliveira Raphael Bittencourt Simoes Costa Gustavo Noronha Silva (coordinator)

Walter Echarri (leader: es) Jose Carreiro

Jens Seidel (leader: de) Willi Dyck Stefan Schroeder Agon S. Buchholz

PDDP (http://debian.linux.org.pl): Marcin Andruszkiewicz Mariusz Centka Bartosz Fenski (leader: pl) Radosaw Grzanka Bartosz Xebord Janowski Jacek Lachowicz Rafa Michaluk Leonard Milcin, Jr. Tomasz Z. Napieraa Oskar Ostafin Tomasz Piekos Jacek Politowski Mateusz Prichacz Marcin Rogowski Pawe Rzanski Mariusz Strzelecki Krzysztof Scierski Przemysaw Adam Smiejek Krzysztof Szynter Mateusz Tryka Cezary Uchto Krzysztof Witkowski Bartosz Zapaowski

() Hao Lyoo LIU Ming Hua Xiao Sheng Wen (leader: zh-cn) Haifeng Chen Xie Yanbo easthero

() Asho Yeh (leader: zh-tw)

http://debian.linux.org.pl

A. 29

Tang Wei Ching (ex-leader: zh-tw)

Shinichi Tsunoda () (leader: ja) Osamu Aoki ()

Esko Araj.rvi (leader: fi)

A.2

Debian Linux

A.3

debian-reference Debian BTS system (http://bugs.debian.org/) reportbug bug report (Osamu Aoki (http://people.debian.org/~osamu/))

http://bugs.debian.org/http://people.debian.org/~osamu/http://people.debian.org/~osamu/

Debian

stable, testing, unstable Potato Woody dselect

Debian

Debian task aptitudedselectAPT aptitude, apt-get apt-cache

Debian Debian APT dpkg =1sp /var dpkg

Debian APT hold stable/testing/unstable /stable alien

Debian dpkg-divert equivs Alternative