Debu Di Lingkungan Industri

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bahaya debu dilingkungan ( boleh copy punya orang juga )

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  • 5/19/2018 Debu Di Lingkungan Industri

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    Debu diLingkungan

    Industri

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.4-safety.com/Dust%25202003.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.4-safety.com/wrongpictures.htm&h=648&w=864&sz=157&tbnid=GGhujXMBLIkJ:&tbnh=108&tbnw=144&start=7&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddust%2Bindustry%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.4-safety.com/Dust%25202003.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.4-safety.com/wrongpictures.htm&h=648&w=864&sz=157&tbnid=GGhujXMBLIkJ:&tbnh=108&tbnw=144&start=7&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddust%2Bindustry%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kongskilde.com/main/news/all-foto/exhibition_2.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.kongskilde.com/industry/e-pages/e-multievacuator.html&h=255&w=340&sz=15&tbnid=JQ1iR_gFsNEJ:&tbnh=86&tbnw=115&start=33&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddust%2Bindustry%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.4-safety.com/Dust%25202003.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.4-safety.com/wrongpictures.htm&h=648&w=864&sz=157&tbnid=GGhujXMBLIkJ:&tbnh=108&tbnw=144&start=7&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddust%2Bindustry%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    Bahaya Debu

    Dapat memasuki tubuh lewat inhalasi, ingesti, dan kulit

    Luasnya permukaan yang dapat menyerap debu (luas paru-paruorang dewasa = 55-75 m2, dan kulit 2 m2).

    Luas permukaan debu semakin besar dengan semakin halusnyaukuran debu. Misal 1 cm3 quartz murni bila ditumbuk halusmenjadi ukuran 1 mikron, maka terbentuk debu sebanyak 1012dengan luas permukaan 6 m2 dibanding dengan asalnya 6 cm2.

    Volume benda padat yang dihaluskan akan bertambah, karenaadanya celah di antara partikel di dalam massa. Misalnya,konsentrasi debu di udara sebesar 50 mppcf berasal dari 1 cm3zat yang dihaluskan menjadi ukuran 1 mikron, di udara akanmemenuhi volume 20.000 ft3.

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sp.nl/pictures/asbest.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sp.nl/asbest/&h=140&w=200&sz=14&tbnid=I-7xrOq12tIJ:&tbnh=69&tbnw=99&start=11&prev=/images%3Fq%3DAsbest%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    Bahaya Debu

    Debu dalam industri ukurannya sangat bervariasidengan ukuran halus mendominasi yang lain.

    Jika apabila ada debu di sekitar proses industri, danorang dapat melihatnya, maka kemungkinan besardebu yang lebih halus pun terdapat banyak disekitar itu.

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sp.nl/pictures/asbest.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sp.nl/asbest/&h=140&w=200&sz=14&tbnid=I-7xrOq12tIJ:&tbnh=69&tbnw=99&start=11&prev=/images%3Fq%3DAsbest%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    Efek debu terhadap kesehatan

    Bervariasi tergantung jenis, sifatkimia-fisika debu.

    Silicosis, asbestosis pada beberapakasus jantung ikut terpengaruh (cor-pulmonale), terutama jika fibrosisparah.

    Keracunan sistemik: Hg, Pb, Mn, Cd,Be, dll. Zat organik.

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    Efek debu terhadap kesehatan (2)

    Metal fume fever: Zn, Mg.

    Alergi: tepung, kayu, dll.

    Bakteri, jamur:Anthrax dari wooldan tulang, jamur dari kayu,bagasse.

    Iritasi pada hidung, tenggorokan:

    asam, alkali, Cr, dll. Kerusakan jaringan organ dalam: zat

    radioaktif, Ra, dll.

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    Efek debu terhadap kesehatan (2)

    Keracunan Pb: Biasanya kronis

    Keracunan Beryllium: Biasanya parah, disebabkanoleh Be fumes dan Be terikat pada debu. Be-fluorida jugaberbahaya.

    Demam logam: merupakan penyakit akut, jangkapendek, terutama disebabkan Zn dan Mg dengan oksidalogamnya. Gejala timbul 12 jam setelah eksposur dengandemam dan menggigil. Sembuh dalam satu hari, bila

    pekerja kembali kerja, maka kemungkinan besar ia takkanmemperlihatkan keracunan lagi, tetapi apabila sudah lamatidak kena kontak dengan uap logam, maka penyakin akanberulang.

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    Efek debu terhadap kesehatan (2)

    Alergi:terjadi pada orang yang peka terhadap zat kimia,makanan, obat, dll. Reaksi dapat berupa asthma, hayfever, hives.Eksposur dalam konsentrasi kecil mungkintidak menimbulkan reaksi alergi, tetapi segera ia tidakkontak untuk jangka waktu cukup lama, maka ia akan

    bereaksi alergi bila terekspos. Bakteri dan fungi: anthraxyang masuk ke paru-paru

    dapat mengakibatkanpulmonary anthrax.

    Debu radioaktif: menimbulkan kerusakan organ internal

    Debu pengganggu:yang tidak langsung menimbulkan

    masalah.

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    Pneumoconiosis

    Pneumoconiosis:

    paru-paru (pneumon) berdebu (conio)

    Pneumoconiosis secara khusus:mengerasnya jaringan paru-paru akibatterjadinya fibrosis secara berlebih,disebabkan oleh iritasi debu

    Penyebab: semua debu, asap, uaplogam, dan gas dapat menyebabkaniritasi dan fibrosis

    Semakin lama pemaparan makinbanyak fibrosis terjadi sesak napas

    (inefisiensi paru-paru)

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.koken-ltd.co.jp/english/push-pull/table.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.koken-ltd.co.jp/english/pplvs2.htm&h=240&w=207&sz=63&tbnid=qOL4tpkHeqEJ:&tbnh=103&tbnw=89&start=8&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc5.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide05.html&h=293&w=462&sz=82&tbnid=FvPOdiKFqUQJ:&tbnh=79&tbnw=125&start=6&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    Mekanisme kerja

    Debu silika masuk paru-paru sel makrofagmencoba menghancurkannya karena silikatidak dapat dihancurkan/lisis kerusakan sel

    Sel rusak diganti jaringan ikat terjadi fibrosis

    Jaringan ikat berlebih jaringan paru tidak elastis,tidak dapat berfungsi dalam respirasi, pembuluhdarah akan terpotong/tertutup jaringan ikat vaskularisasi berkurang

    Efek sesak napas, lemah, kekurangan oksigen,ekspansi dada berkurang

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    Pneumoconiosis

    is a disease of the lungs caused by long-term breathing of dust, especially certainmineral dusts. Forms of pneumoconiosis

    include black lung disease (coal worker'spneumoconiosis), silicosis, and asbestosis.The disease typically results from workingin a mine for many years, but factory

    work and other occupations can exposepeople to the ill effects of breathing dusts.

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    What Causes Pneumoconiosis?

    Only microscopic-size dust particles, about1/5,000 of an inch across or smaller, areable to reach the tiniest air sacs (thealveoli) in the lungs.

    There they cannot be removed, andaccumulate to cause a scarring andthickening of the lungs called fibrosis.Eventually, the lungs begin to lose theirability to supply oxygen to the body.

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    MK TL3220 Keslingker

    Jenis-jenis

    Silicosis = pneumoconiosis akibat silika(SiO2)

    Asbestosis = pneumoconiosis karenaasbestos

    Anthrocosilicosis = disebabkan karenakombinasi antrasit/karbon/C dan silika

    Lain-lain: mica-pn-is (mica), kaolinosis(kaolin), bauxite-pn-is (bauxite), Shavers

    disease, bagassosis (bagasse = sisa tebu),karena talcum, Barium, Besi (siderosis)

    Semua proses crushing, grinding,polishing, berbagai mineral, pulverized

    material

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    THE WAR AGAINST BLACK

    LUNG

    The prevalence of black lung diseasedid not begin to decrease until itbecame clear that the cause was

    excessively high levels of coal dust inmines.

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    Asbestosis

    comes from breathing tiny asbestosfibers in mining, buildingconstruction, and other industries

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    What Happens When People

    Have Pneumoconiosis?

    Because pneumoconiosis usually takes 20 or 30years to develop, workers often do not noticesymptoms until they are over 50.

    The main symptoms are coughing and difficultyin breathing, which gradually increases. Complications include emphysema and increased

    risk of tuberculosis. Asbestosis patients are more likely to develop

    lung cancer, especially if they smoke cigarettes. Damaged lungs make the heart work harder, and

    heart problems can accompany severe cases ofpneumoconiosis.

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    Gejala

    Sesak nafas, yang disebabkan olehberkurangnya efisiensi paru-paru

    dalam mengambil oksigen.Contoh:

    Pneumoconiosis Asbestosis dan Silicosis

    yang diakibatkan oleh debu asbesdan silika.

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    Pneumoconiosis:Mengerasnya jaringan

    paru-paru akibat fibrosis

    berlebih karena iritasi

    debu.

    AsbestosisSilicosis

    Fibrosis

    Debu

    AsapUap

    Uap logam

    Gas

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    Fibrosis.

    is the formation or development ofexcess fibrous connective tissue inan organ or tissue as a reparative or

    reactive process.

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    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    Ukuran

    5-10 m

    3-5 m

    1-3 m

    0,1-1 m

    ?

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    Ukuran partikel

    5-10 m tertangkap pernafasan bagian atas

    3-5 m tertangkap pernafasan bagian tengah

    1-3 m tertangkap pada alveoli (paru-paru

    bagian dalam)

    0,1-1 m mengikuti gerak brown dan akanterbawa keluar kembali.

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    MK TL3220 Keslingker

    Deposisi partikulat

    Debu yang masuk paru-paru (2-5 mikron)

    Ukuran kecil mudah masuk tetapi mudahkeluar lagi dari paru-paru

    Tergantung ukuran aerodinamik partikeldapat memasuki: nasopharyngeal tracheo bronchial pulmonary

    Sample dari impinger dianalisis ukurandan prosentasi silika bebasnya

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    Pengukuran

    Mengukur debu melalui metodeimpingement. AlatnyaImpinger

    Impinger dapat digunakan untuk

    mengukur debu ruangan + dapat jugasebagai personal sampler pada breathingzone(mengukur debu masuk ke paru-paru pekerja).

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    MK TL3220 Keslingker

    Pengukuran

    Impinger dapat untuk debu ruangan umum, ataupersonal sampler pada breathing zone pekerja

    Debu yang dikumpulkan: udara setelahsettlingdebu besar tidak masuk

    Jangan mengukur/mengambil sample udara padaproses produksi debu

    Semua debu udara (air borne dust) perludiperiksa: komposisinya, ukuran debunya, dan %silika bebas

    Metode: petographic, XRD= X ray diffraction

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    Ada Pertanyaan?

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    Manufacturers commonly use

    asbestos in the following products:

    ?

    Manufacturers commonly use

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    Manufacturers commonly use

    asbestos in the following products:

    Metal Pouring into the GrindingAssembled Mold

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    Manufacturers commonly use

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    Manufacturers commonly use

    asbestos in the following products:

    Products containing asbestos cement - Pipes,shingles, clapboards, sheets

    Vinyl-asbestos floor tiles

    Asbestos paper in filtering and insulatingproducts

    Material in brake linings and clutch facings

    Textile products - Yarn, felt, tape, cord, rope

    Spray products used for acoustical, thermal,and fireproofing purposes

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    Examples of occupations

    associated with asbestosis Insulation workers

    Boilermakers

    Pipefitters Plumbers

    Steamfitters

    Welders

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    MK TL3220 Keslingker

    Silicosis

    Semakin banyak silika bebas dalamdebu semakin parah

    Karakteristik khas silicosis: fibrosisyang merata di seluruh paru-paru,sesak napas, ekspansi paru-paruberkurang, kapasitas kerja menurun,

    tidak demam, menjadi peka tehadapTBC

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    MK TL3220 Keslingker

    Faktor penentu silicosis

    Konsentrasi dan jenis debu

    % silika bebas dalam debu

    Senyawa silika Ukuran debu terinhalasi

    Lamanya terpapar

    Daya tahan tubuh seseorang Ada/tidaknya penyakit komplikasi

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    MK TL3220 Keslingker

    Kandungan silika

    Silika yangberbahaya:silika bebasnya,bukan silika

    yang terikatpada senyawalain atau SiO2

    MATERIAL

    % NORMAL

    SiO2

    Cetakan cor-logam 50-90

    pottery 15-25

    komposisi genting dantegel 10-35

    batuan untuk jalan 0-80

    kapur 0-3

    feldspar 12-25

    tanah liat 0-40

    mica 0-10

    talk 0-5

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    MK TL3220 Keslingker

    NABMATERIAL KEGUNAAN NAB (mppcf)

    Crystaline free silica Heatresistant processes, filter,keramik, metal polish, dll

    Rumus

    Amorphous free silica insulation, filler, absorbent Rumus

    Silika gel absorbent, drying dll 20 mppcf

    Silikat: Asbotis, clays, feldsparkeramik, glass, abrasive,

    cement, insulation, fetilizer

    Asbestos: 5,clays: 50,

    feldspar: 50

    Fuller's earth, kaolin, mica,

    Portland cement, silicon

    carbide, talc, vermiculite

    filter medium, stoneware, tile,

    keramik, electrical

    insulation, construction

    material, abrasive, plaster,filler, fertilizer, catalyst

    carrier, dll.

    50

    Ket: mppcf=million particles per cubic feet, atas dasar 40 jam/minggu

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    MK TL3220 Keslingker

    Asbestosis

    Asbestos bersifat karsinogenik

    Bila debu yang masuk banyakasbestosis cepat

    Asbestos masuk sedikit, paparan lama pekerjatidak menderita asbestosis, tetapi di masa datang

    kemungkinan menderita kanker karena asbes Kanker akibat asbestos yang terkenal:

    mesothelioma, kanker pada selaput paru-paru

    Bentuk asbestos: kristal seperti jarum -> mudah

    ikut udara inspirasi (sangat aerodinamik),menembus paru-paru sampai pada selaputnya

    Mesothelioma pertama kali ditemukan padapekerja perkapalan di Schiphol, Belanda

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    Penentuan konsentrasi debu

    Penentuan konsentrasi debu (C) dalam udarauntuk yang bekerja 8 jam/hari, 40

    jam/minggu adalah:

    C (mppcf) = 250

    5 + %kristal SiO2 dlm udara

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    Contoh TLV debu di lingkungan kerja

    Bahan TLV (mppcf)

    Quartz

    Asbestos

    Mica

    Portland Cement

    Talc

    2,5

    2,5

    20

    50

    20

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    Treatment.

    The only treatment is to avoidsmoking and further exposure todust, and to treat complications.

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    Imaging Studies:

    Radiography Chest radiographs are basic and required

    diagnostic imaging studies.

    The International Labor Office standardizedclassification of radiographic abnormalities isuseful in grading the extent of disease inasbestosis and in other pneumoconioses.

    Computed tomography scan

    CT scan is useful in delineation of pleural orpleura-based abnormalities (eg, effusion,thickening, plaque, malignant mesothelioma,rounded atelectasis).

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    Other Tests:

    Pulmonary function tests Diffusing capacity reduction may precede lung

    volume changes, but findings from a diffusingcapacity measurement are not specific.Besides diffusing capacity reduction, theearliest physiologic abnormality is exertionalhypoxemia.

    Total lung capacity is reduced in asbestosisand in other restrictive disorders.

    Using spirometry, vital capacity typicallyappears reduced, without a reduction in theratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 secondto forced vital capacity (FEV1-to-FVC).

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    B

    C

    F

    D

    E

    G

    A

    Hubungan antara volume dan kapasitas paru-paru

    Keterangan:A = kapasitas paru-paru total (TLC)

    B = volume cadangan inspirasi (IRV)

    C = tidal volume (TV)

    D = volume cadangan expirasi

    E = volume residual (RV)

    F = kapasitas vital (VC)

    G = kapasitas residual fungsional (FRC)

    C+B = kapasitas inspirasi (IC)

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    Prevention

    Pneumoconiosis can be prevented byenforcing maximum allowable dustlevels in mines and at other work

    sites, and by using protective masks.

    Regular medical examinations,including chest x-rays for people at

    risk, can detect pneumoconiosisduring its earlier stages, before itbecomes disabling.

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    Ada Pertanyaan?

    M t d P t l

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    Metoda Pengontrolan

    ?

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    Selection Methods of Control

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    Metoda Pengontrolan

    IsolasiVentilasi setempat/ LEVVentilasi umum

    Metoda basah/pengendalian kelembaban

    Alat Pelindung Diri (APD)

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    Metoda Pengontrolan

    Ventilasi lokal (Local Exhaust Ventilation),langsung dekat pada sumber kontaminan

    Ventilasi umum (General ventilation),untuk sumber kontaminan yang tersebardan tidak terlalu berbahaya

    Perlindungan perorangan (personal

    protection), berupa perlindunganpernafasan dengan masker,desain sebaikmungkin jika perlu diberi supply oksigen.

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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    MK TL3220 Keslingker

    Isolasi

    Paling efektif: Isolasi dengan LEV,dan ruang bertekanan negatif (debutidak keluar apabila dibuka)

    Tidak mungkin apabila pekerja harusdekat dengan alat

    Alat besar tanpa perlu pekerja

    mudah diisolasi. Pekerja pakai APDbila masuk

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    MK TL3220 Keslingker

    LEV

    LEV = Local Exhaust Ventilation/ventilasisetempat

    Di tempat debu diproduksi dalam jumlah

    besar LEV kombinasi dengan ruang tertutup

    sangat efektif

    Contoh: LEV menghisap debu dari prosescasting shakeout di suatu pengecoran,menghisap fume dari proses welding dangrinding

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    Substitution

    Replacement of atoxic material with aharmless one

    Substitution of

    solvent Experiment on asmall scale beforemaking the newsolvent part of theoperation or process

    Carbon tetrachloridemethylchloroform,dichloromethane,aliphatic petroleumhydrocarbons.

    Benzene toluene(paint remover)

    Foundries using

    parting compoundsthat contain freesilica (minimizesilicosis)

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    Changing the process

    Often offers an ideal chance toimprove working condition

    Changes are made to improve quality or

    reduce cost of production onlyoccasionallyto improve the in-plantenvironment

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    Examples

    Automobile industry The amount of lead dust created by grinding

    solder Small, rotary, high speed sanding disklow

    speed, oscillating-type sanders Brush painting or dippinginstead of spray

    painting will minimize the concentration ofair borne contaminants from toxic pigments

    Arc welding in place of riveting, vapor

    degreasing with adequate controls to replacehand-washing of parts in open container

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    Examples

    Airless spraying techniques and electrostaticdevices to minimize overspray asreplacements for hand-spraying

    Machine application of lead oxide to battery

    grids which reduced lead exposure tooperators in making storage batteries

    Before purchase the new machine, should beconsidered : Ventilation

    Vibration Heat control

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    Isolation or Enclosure

    Some potentially dangerous operations can beisolated from the people nearby, which solvesthe exposure problem Physical barrier By time (semi automatic equipment)

    By distance (remote control)

    Enclosure will prevent or minimize the escapeof solvent vapor into the workroom atmosphere

    Where highly toxic solvents are used, enclosure

    should be one of the first measures attemptedafter considering substitution.

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    Examples

    Shipbuilding : using dry sand isolation the process Off shift : few employees, should wear an air

    supplied respirator

    Radium dial painting, gloves booths Airless blast or shoot blast machines for

    cleaning castings, and abrasive blastingcabinets

    In chemical industry : using closed system Mechanical industries : complete enclosurefrom sand blasting or metal sprayingoperations

    I l i &

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    Isolation &

    enclosure

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    Wet methods

    Dust hazards can frequently be minimized orgreatly reduced by application of water or othersuitable liquid at the source of dust

    Simplest methods for dust control. Itseffectiveness, however, depends upon properwetting of the dust

    Kelembaban udara dengan NAB sekitar 75%

    dapat mengurangi jumlah debu di udara

    examples : rock drilling operation, foundries sandblasting

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    Local Exhaust Ventilation

    A local exhaust system traps the aircontaminant near its source so that aworker standing at the process is not

    exposed to harmful concentrations Should be used whenthe

    contaminant cannot be controlled by

    substitution, changing the process,or isolation or enclosure

    Its performance should be

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    Its performance should be

    checked Correct rates of air flow

    Duct velocities

    Negative pressures

    The others

    A Local exhaust system

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    A Local exhaust system

    consists of four part Hood: the air borne contaminant is

    drawn

    Ducts: carrying the contaminated air

    to a central point

    An air-cleaning devices : a dustarrestor for purifying the air before

    it is discharged

    A fan : create the required air flowthrough the system

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    Local exhaust system

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    Local exhaust system

    Duct

    Single duct, hanyamelayani satusumber pengotor

    Multiple duct,

    bercabang

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    Velocity contour

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    Principles of hood design..1

    Enclose the operation as much as possibleto reduce the rate of air flow needed tocontrol the contaminant (Picture A)

    Always locate a hood so the contaminantis moved away from the breathing zone ofthe operator (Picture B)

    Locate and shape the hood so the initial

    velocity of the contaminant will throw itintothe hood opening operator (Picture C)

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    Principles of hood design2

    Solvent vapors in health-hazardconcentration are notappreciablyheavier than air. Capture them at

    their source rather than collect themat the floor level (Picture D)

    Locate the hood as closeas possible

    to source of contaminant (Picture E) Design the hood so it will not

    interferewith the worker

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    Picture A

    The more completely the hood enclosed thesource, the less air is required for control in thisstraight-line automatic buffing operation

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    Picture B : Direction of air flow

    BAD GOOD

    The hood should be located so the contaminant isremoved away from the breathing zone of the

    worker

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    No protection from toxic fume

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    Picture C

    BAD

    GOOD

    THE HOOD SHOULD BE SO LOCATED ANDSHAPED THAT THE ORIGINAL VELOCITY OFTHE CONTAMINANT WILL THROW IT INTO

    THE HOOD OPENING

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    Picture D

    Exhaust from the floor usually gives firerotection onl

    BAD GOOD

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    Picture E

    BADGOOD

    The required volume varieswith the square of thedistance from the source

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    Perhitungan:Kecepatan aliran udara dapat dihitung dengan

    rumus:

    dimana X = jarak terhadap suatu titik darimulut hood

    v = Q/A = Q/4 X2

    Rumus pendekatan untuk X

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    Contoh:

    V suatu aliran udara pada duct yangberdiameter 6 adalah 4000 fpmbeberapa pada jarak 2 dan 4?

    Untuk jarak 2, v adalah 47,5%x4000 fpm=1900 fpm

    Untuk jarak 4, v adalah 19,3%x4000 fpm=771 fpm

    Jika X>diameter duct, rumus pendekatannya adalah:

    v = Q/10 X2

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    Canopy Hood

    Perkiraan jumlah udara yangdiperlukan adalah dapatdihitung dengan rumuspendekatan:

    Q = 1,4 x 2 (L+W) H x V

    Q = rate of air flow (cfm)

    L= tank length (ft)W = tank width (ft)H = height of canopy above tank(ft)V = desired control velocity (fpm)

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    Canopy Hood

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    Air cleaner (Pembersih Udara)

    Kolektor sentrifugal: tunggal danparalel

    Kolektor sentrifugal basah

    Electrostatic precipitator

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    Fan

    Penghisap berbentuk kipas yangdigerakkan oleh motor listrik, ada 2macam:

    Sentrifugal, aliran udara bergerak mengelilingi sumbukipas, baik untuk LEV, terdiri dari 2 macam:

    Backward curved blades, efisiensi tinggi, bising

    Forward curved blades, untuk beban yang rendah, silent.

    Axial, aliran udara bergerak searah sumbu putaran kipas,

    baik untuk mengurangi kelembapan pada ventilasi umum(yang tidak mengandung partikel)

    More local exhaust

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    BAD GOOD

    H d d d t

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    Hoods and ducts

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    G l til ti

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    General ventilation

    Ventilasi umum (Generalventilation), untuk sumberkontaminan yang tersebar dan tidak

    terlalu berbahaya Ventilasi umum = ventilasi dilusi

    ada suplai dan ada udara dikeluarkan

    Penting diperhatikan lokasi udaramasuk dan keluar terhadap posisipekerja dan arah dispersi debu

    G l til ti

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    General ventilation

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    P li d ( l

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    Perlindungan perorangan (personal

    protection Perlindungan perorangan (personal protection),

    berupa perlindungan pernafasan denganmasker, desain sebaik mungkin jika perlu diberisupply oksigen.

    Untuk debu: yang relevan adalah respirator,proteksi sistem pernapasan

    Kenyamanan penting agar pekerja mau pakai

    Jumlah debu tinggi, respirator harus digunakan,dan dipakai sesaat saja

    Kesulitan respirator adalah dalam memenuhistandar yang berlaku

    R i t

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    MK TL3220 Keslingker

    Respirator

    Alat pengaman pernafasan

    Bila lingkungan kerja tidak dapatsama sekali aman dengan cara

    pengendalian

    Bukan substitut bagi engineeringcontrol

    Peralatan harus sesuai danmemenuhi standar

    M i t

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    MK TL3220 Keslingker

    Macam respirator

    Air purifying

    Air-line

    Self contained

    AIR PURIFYING

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    MK TL3220 Keslingker

    AIR PURIFYING

    Digunakan bila O2 cukup (16%) pada 1 atm Masih baik/useful-life Ada 3 macam:

    - saringan mekanis: dari serat, untuk debu, asap,fumes, bentuk: half mask, full mask(bukan untuk gas)- kimia (reaksi): berisi zat kimia yang dapatmenetralisir zat kimia tertentu; konsentrasikontaminan rendah (0,05-0,1 vol%)

    (BUKAN untuk: emergency, toxic gas

    kombinasi mekanis dan kimia)- gas: special gas, ada warna standar: CO=biru,HCN=putih hijau; organik=hitam; tidak 2 vol%toxic gas

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    AIR PURIFYING

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    MK TL3220 Keslingker

    AIR PURIFYING

    Digunakan bila O2 cukup (16%) pada 1 atm Masih baik/useful-life Ada 3 macam:

    - saringan mekanis: dari serat, untuk debu, asap,fumes, bentuk: half mask, full mask(bukan untuk gas)- kimia (reaksi): berisi zat kimia yang dapatmenetralisir zat kimia tertentu; konsentrasikontaminan rendah (0,05-0,1 vol%)

    (BUKAN untuk: emergency, toxic gas

    kombinasi mekanis dan kimia)- gas: special gas, ada warna standar: CO=biru,HCN=putih hijau; organik=hitam; tidak 2 vol%toxic gas

    Housekeeping

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    Housekeeping

    Is always important Dust on the floor can readily be dispersed to

    the inplant atmosphere by traffic, vibration,and random air currents.

    Housekeeping

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    Housekeeping

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    Ada Pertanyaan?

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    Ada Pertanyaan?