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Decisiones de retiro, sostenibilidad del sistema de pensiones y viabilidad financiera de la ley de dependenciaJos M. Labeaga
23 de marzo de 2009
ObjetivosAnlisis de la sostenibilidad del sistema de bienestar (en especial del sistema de pensiones) bajo las restricciones financieras del la nueva ley que cubre la dependenciaRealizar propuestas de co-pago para asegurar la sostenibilidadAnalizar las decisions de retiro con el fin de predecir situaciones a nivel agregado (por simulacin) que hagan compatible la adecuacin de las pensiones a nivel individual con la sostenibilidad del sistema a nivel macroeconmicoAnalizamos el consumo por edades (para ver si es posible realizar reformas en el sistema sanitario que permitan eliminar la cobertura universal para determinados pensionistas)Analizamos las decisiones de jubilacin, individual y conjuntamente (para chequear si el sistema es sostenible con los actuales patrones de retiro)Qu cambios se han de introducir para que el nuevo sistema de bienestar, que incluye la cobertura de la dependencia, sea sostenible a largo plazo?
individuomercadobienessector pblicoimpuestos S. S.saluddepend.pension.Bienestar individual (adecuacin)Bienestar social (sostenibilidad)oferta
Descripcin de los datos
Consumo
Descripcin de los datos
Descripcin de los datos
Descripcin de los datos
Descripcin de los datos
Descripcin de los datos
Descripcin de los datos
Descripcin de los datos
Cuestiones (y preguntas?)
Cuestiones (y preguntas?)Se ve el consumo afectado al jubilarse? (i.e., consumption-retirement puzzle?) Solo en los bienes subsidiados se reducePero existe un ajuste que afecta a casi todos los bienes (y a niveles de renta bajos el efecto es mayor)Qu debe subsidiar el gobierno (con el fin de mantener la utilidad marginal del consumo constante a lo largo del ciclo vital)? Los sistemas de pensiones deben cubrir este requisito de la adecuacinPor tanto, se debe subsidiar con medidas micro (sin que haya necesidad de cobertura universal a diferentes niveles de renta)
Jubilacin
Transiciones en el mercado de trabajo (EU-12 hombres)
Transiciones en el mercado de trabajo (EU-12 mujeres)
Transiciones en el mercado de trabajo (EU-12 parejas)
Cuestiones (y preguntas?)Por qu se retiran anticipadamente los individuos? Por cuestiones legales, econmicas, sociales y de saludEn el futuro seguramente veremos en Espaa lo que ya sucede en numerosos pases europeos que es retiro conjunto, por el gran incremento en la participacin laboral femenina en los ltimos aos. Estas decisiones se producen por numerosas razones, siendo una importante la posibilidad de compartir el ocio. Posibles polticas: cambiar la edad de jubilacin, introducir incentivos econmicos, cambios en el mercado de trabajo, incentivos para conseguir trabajos de mejor calidad (i.e. polticas de educacin y formacin en el puesto de trabajo)Los problemas de salud constituyen otra razn de retiro conjunto (con asimetras entre hombres y mujeres a causa de las diferencias salariales). Posibles polticas: desincentivos a la discriminacin salarial o discriminacin positiva para compensar perodos de fecundidad)
Perfiles de productividad edad por nivel educativoHombresMujeres
Participacin laboral de trabajadores de ms edad (hombres, PHOGUE)
Grfico1
94.9796.7595.9494.9295.2294.1796.1395.5796.3793.9492.695.2394.3492.9289.28
90.890.0388.9991.7493.7591.2994.0193.5991.8990.5791.3986.5386.988.8385.54
75.7767.8971.0374.888.8777.7279.0771.3881.0976.8981.9167.2261.8479.0873.08
58.9743.8950.8353.681.2261.9952.4443.9967.8452.0670.6153.4941.369.6563.5
49.622.9237.5645.967.4252.1442.7929.1657.0341.0667.9948.6729.269.1157.5
41.2712.8526.5638.257.444.3337.3916.6349.0625.3264.1240.9822.464.8146.7
37.410.6725.532.449.0942.1234.239.1346.8916.0759.0936.6314.261.3242.7
33.02920.120.140.3636.6228.057.2942.938.7259.1431.08960.1636.5
29.187.8719.6115.434.529.5524.076.2538.139.7252.3826.46.456.6432.3
15.755.6311.618.0525.885.3612.713.1518.356.1933.5214.44.7840.2815.8
9.812.356.032.0417.922.167.931.5911.784.4722.897.411.3628.697.08
4.592.422.211.523.910.432.061.114.61.8714.012.75013.192.55
Pool
AU
BE
DE
DK
SP
FI
FR
GR
NL
IR
IT
LU
PO
UK
Labour force participation rates (Males)
lfpr
MALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-4994.9796.7595.9494.9295.2294.1796.1395.5796.3793.9492.695.2394.3492.9289.28
50-5490.890.0388.9991.7493.7591.2994.0193.5991.8990.5791.3986.5386.988.8385.54
55-5975.7767.8971.0374.888.8777.7279.0771.3881.0976.8981.9167.2261.8479.0873.08
6058.9743.8950.8353.681.2261.9952.4443.9967.8452.0670.6153.4941.369.6563.5
6149.622.9237.5645.967.4252.1442.7929.1657.0341.0667.9948.6729.269.1157.5
6241.2712.8526.5638.257.444.3337.3916.6349.0625.3264.1240.9822.464.8146.7
6337.410.6725.532.449.0942.1234.239.1346.8916.0759.0936.6314.261.3242.7
6433.02920.120.140.3636.6228.057.2942.938.7259.1431.08960.1636.5
6529.187.8719.6115.434.529.5524.076.2538.139.7252.3826.46.456.6432.3
66-6915.755.6311.618.0525.885.3612.713.1518.356.1933.5214.44.7840.2815.8
70-749.812.356.032.0417.922.167.931.5911.784.4722.897.411.3628.697.08
>= 754.592.422.211.523.910.432.061.114.61.8714.012.75013.192.55
FEMALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-4967.272.037372.2490.9152.1993.3275.8155.8170.3751.3158.3141.4868.0369.34
50-5458.0765.6356.4765.984.441.6590.0268.4845.7161.3444.6745.1531.459.1366.5
55-5941.9433.7838.3149.8273.3228.4978.249.9933.9543.8530.8930.4419.9248.4350.04
6029.2817.0920.5531.157.7523.1452.3829.6824.1329.0324.1920.3612.143.4136.2
6123.411.0713.9222.845.2519.4141.8319.5921.0423.0120.9915.210.942.8326.8
6219.1210.959.6215.631.5818.1334.1311.3918.9114.0418.812.381038.0322.5
6316.129.767.6912.124.7414.2431.127.5614.7911.9717.288.647.436.0519.9
6413.724.985.957.626.4412.39256.0215.369.2715.046.647.329.8316.5
6511.623.517.283.119.2811.3912.974.8215.256.710.924.675.226.410.3
66-696.161.764.382.511.13.115.632.157.213.216.154.091.717.776.93
70-742.921.541.360.92.961.292.470.92.990.714.362.030.59.772.1
>= 751.391.170.360.232.140.390.20.231.310.191.450.60.065.220.21
lfpr
Pool
AU
BE
DE
DK
SP
FI
FR
GR
NL
IR
IT
LU
PO
UK
Labour force participation rates (Males)
employmentrates
Pool
AU
BE
DE
DK
SP
FI
FR
GR
NL
IR
IT
LU
PO
UK
Labour force participation rates (Females)
unemploymentrates
inactivityrates
retirementtransitions
transitions
MALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-490.310.560.240.740.540.060.640.160.8800.120.880.720.80.48
50-541.552.661.582.180.560.640.8212.501.33.982.443.182.3
55-595.5312.326.827.942.543.166.128.146.60.643.5610.1818.84.986.26
6017.1453.919.623.719.320.228.636.611.32.54.714.141.47.612.7
6119.0262.535.436.227.521.836.144.414.53.18.518.144.18.912.8
6214.541.716.738.515.920.324.745.912.4210.418.845.81014.8
6313.2623.521.839.934.619.42523.512.33.28.915.933.39.315.7
6414.5723.116.757.833.326.823.624.314.94.36.515558.621.3
6533.157.131.655.417.863.629.83733.262834.846.725.756.9
66-6925.4746.4546.8559.0340.3357.2833.6531.63395.5817.8832.5548.8822.1343.9
70-7425.329032.1242.6837.0861.5232.226.8639.367.8815.9837.4836.6624.8237.84
>=7528.3624.2440.9161.4439.5172.6327.2719.6941.412.4719.0542.9718.1840.5340.84
FEMALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-490.40.70.91.520.5400.240.120.8600.120.422.11.040.9
50-541.151.661.822.182.320.241.260.542.140.120.221.942.882.262.62
55-593.6110.66.765.824.580.55.464.683.740.241.084.24.24.128.18
6011.517.816.217.321.72.430.126.96.30.30.812.55.9736.1
6110.8714.141.744.635.73.22626.44.20.31.21010.98.933
626.966.229.14123.2325.311.96.50.62.38.38.18.139.5
637.036.921.336.323.7331.3106.60.327.17.311.337.2
648.4810.723.232.228.35.138.96.76.902.669.718.234.7
6513.226.915.623.51814.753.324.9191.27.76.66.615.741.1
66-6912.747.628.3352.1546.489.9355.3313.823.381.7346.67.6320.3338.23
70-7410.558.523.6638.82708.56407.2221.941.422.245.949.619.4849.22
>=7512.038.8839.3349.5227.2711.3827.278.2525.881.914.336.5815.5721.3550.11
MalesFemales
45-490.310.4
50-541.551.15
55-595.533.61
6017.1411.5
6119.0210.87
6214.56.96
6313.267.03
6414.578.48
6533.113.22
66-6925.4712.74
70-7425.3210.55
>=7528.3612.03
transitions
Males
Females
Transitions out of the labour force to retirement
retirement age
MALE
E-RE-UE-CRemain EU-RC-RRemain RRemain U C
45-490.451.990.1792.590.040.021.433.31
50-541.652.210.1787.440.140.034.43.96
55-594.862.770.3369.940.560.1315.85.63
609.872.060.5549.713.220.4829.284.82
6110.131.250.4241.782.850.2940.093.19
627.590.960.6536.882.070.1748.972.72
636.490.830.5933.771.440.1854.052.64
646.770.680.5629.231.160.32592.29
6512.450.280.5120.551.30.2862.951.68
66-695.390.040.5211.50.390.1680.891.11
70-742.80.010.477.310.070.1888.121.04
>=751.860.010.564.450.040.3891.351.35
FEMALE
E-RE-UE-CRemain EU-RC-RRemain RRemain U C
45-490.371.762.4160.910.060.231.8132.46
50-540.961.572.6652.60.130.453.837.83
55-592.31.442.7735.980.471.1111.4844.45
605.270.912.6321.751.493.5920.3644
615.180.252.8216.232.193.7828.7440.81
624.240.142.2614.260.872.5435.1840.51
633.240.232.1612.920.722.7637.4140.55
643.110.152.1910.380.293.1141.6139.17
653.590.052.177.430.264.8944.0537.55
66-692.280.021.574.640.134.4554.8432.08
70-741.250.021.4630.023.3863.1227.76
>=751.2301.963.460.053.6165.6224.06
retirement age
E-R
E-U
E-C
Remain E
U-R
C-R
Remain R
Remain U C
Transitions by type (Females)
Hoja2
E-R
E-U
E-C
Remain E
U-R
C-R
Remain R
Remain U C
Transitions by type (Males)
Hoja3
Effective average ageMaleFemale
199562.1665.29
199662.1664.32
199761.7364.5
199863.1165.14
199961.8163.95
200061.6964.15
200161.9865.29
1994-200162.1164.64
Productivity thresholds
Pool48.6346.68
Pool countries average49.6747.09
RE4946.53
RE countries average49.4946.97
FE65.4669.4
We calculate age average for each of the years in order to account for cohort effects; whether a populated generation is being retired because of a change in the age structure of the working age population, for instance. We have to note that perhaps 8 wav
MaleFemaleMaleFemale
1995200119952001
Statutory age
59.956.764.963.56560
Belgium63.4636566.96564
Germany58.161.261.161.365
Denmark585663.165.365
Spain64.363.371.270.365
58.159.159.560.263 to 68
France59.85962.460.160
Greece64.359.366.470.56560
The Netherlands63.271.56672.165
Ireland64.36468.370.165
Italy58.862.260.464.76560
Luxembourg60.757.96364.165
Portugal63.464.466.164.965
UK62.463.566.665.96065
1. Effective 1995 ages are 1996 for Austria and 1997 for Finland as there lack the first wave and two first waves in the respective countries. Some strange figures correspond to small sample sizes.
unemployment
MalesFemalesMalesFemales
199519952005Male 1995Male 2005Female 1995Female 2005
EU-158.41186.1EU-158.46.786.1
BE3.8114.44.2BE3.84.44.44.2
DK6.9119.85.1DK6.94.89.85.1
DE10.41113.712.9DE10.413.113.712.9
GR3.6112.94GR3.63.12.94
SP12.811117.8SP12.86.1117.8
IT4114.93.1IT43.74.93.1
FI16.3119.95.8FI16.36.79.95.8
SE7.5117.92.9SE7.55.37.92.9
UK10.2113.91.8UK10.23.43.91.8
EU-15821
BE4.421
DK9.821
DE13.721
GR2.921EU-158.46.716.1
SP1121BE3.84.414.2
IT4.921DK6.94.815.1
FI9.921DE10.413.1112.9
SE7.921GR3.63.114
UK3.921SP12.86.117.8
EU-156.712IT43.713.1
BE4.412FI16.36.715.8
DK4.812SE7.55.312.9
DE13.112UK10.23.411.8
GR3.112EU-1586.12
SP6.112BE4.44.22
IT3.712DK9.85.12
FI6.712DE13.712.92
SE5.312GR2.942
UK3.412SP117.82
EU-156.122IT4.93.12
BE4.222FI9.95.82
DK5.122SE7.92.92
DE12.922UK3.91.82
GR422
SP7.822
IT3.122
FI5.822
SE2.922
UK1.822
Male 1995
Male 2005
Female 1995
Female 2005
Unemployment rates
employment19952005employment19952005
employment rateMales 1995Females 1995Males 2005Females 2005Males 1995Females 1995Males 2005Females 2005
inactive1995a002005a00EU-1547.225.353.135.4EU-1547.225.353.135.4
AU42.218.241.322.9AU42.218.241.322.9
BE33.512.941.722.1BE33.512.941.722.1
55-64geoDK64.735.965.653.5DK64.735.965.653.5
MaleFemale:::42.551.833.7EU-15DE48.527.153.537.5DE48.527.153.537.5
FI35.633.452.852.7FI35.633.452.852.7
FR33.825.640.735.2FR33.825.640.735.2
GR59.624.158.825.8GR59.624.158.825.8
IR59.818.665.737.3IR59.818.665.737.3
TotalMalesFemalesTotalMalesFemalesIT44.613.542.720.8IT44.613.542.720.8
DK29.844.3DKDE37.748.527.145.453.537.5DELU35.112.638.324.9LU35.112.638.324.9
DE39.257.2DEIR39.259.818.651.665.737.3IRNL39.718.356.935.2NL39.718.356.935.2
GR39.373.1GRSP32.348.417.543.159.727.4SPPO61.432.658.143.7PO61.432.658.143.7
FR56.761.8FRIT28.444.613.531.442.720.8ITSE65.259.272.066.7SE65.259.27266.7
SP48.417.559.727.4SP48.417.559.727.4
IT5678.8ITLU23.735.112.631.738.324.9LUUK56.239.066.048.1UK56.2396648.1
LU60.674.9LUNL28.939.718.346.156.935.2NL
NL40.363.7NLAU29.742.218.231.841.322.9AU
AU57.276.7AUPO46.061.432.650.558.143.7PO
PO37.553.3POFI34.435.633.452.752.852.7FI
FI43.643.9FISE62.065.259.269.472.066.7SE
SE24.232SEUK47.556.239.056.966.048.1UK
UK3250.9UK
time1995a002005a00
sex
geo
:::42.551.833.7
36.047.225.344.153.135.4
22.933.512.931.841.722.1
49.864.735.959.565.653.5
37.748.527.145.4b53.5b37.5b
39.259.818.651.665.737.3
41.059.624.141.658.825.8
32.348.417.543.1b59.7b27.4b
29.633.825.637.940.735.2
28.444.613.531.442.720.8
23.735.112.631.738.324.9
28.939.718.346.156.935.2
29.742.218.231.841.322.9
46.061.432.650.558.143.7
34.435.633.452.752.852.7
62.065.259.269.4b72.0b66.7b
47.556.239.056.966.048.1
44.764.2
43.362.4
56.876
29.844.3
39.257.2
32.261.6
39.373.1
36.770.1
56.761.8
5678.8
60.674.9
40.363.7
57.276.7
37.553.3
43.643.9
24.232
3250.9
Male
Female
Inactivity rates in 2005
Males 1995
Females 1995
Males 2005
Females 2005
Employment rates of older workers (55 to 64 years old)
Participacin laboral de trabajadores de ms edad (mujeres, PHOGUE)
Grfico2
67.272.037372.2490.9152.1993.3275.8155.8170.3751.3158.3141.4868.0369.34
58.0765.6356.4765.984.441.6590.0268.4845.7161.3444.6745.1531.459.1366.5
41.9433.7838.3149.8273.3228.4978.249.9933.9543.8530.8930.4419.9248.4350.04
29.2817.0920.5531.157.7523.1452.3829.6824.1329.0324.1920.3612.143.4136.2
23.411.0713.9222.845.2519.4141.8319.5921.0423.0120.9915.210.942.8326.8
19.1210.959.6215.631.5818.1334.1311.3918.9114.0418.812.381038.0322.5
16.129.767.6912.124.7414.2431.127.5614.7911.9717.288.647.436.0519.9
13.724.985.957.626.4412.39256.0215.369.2715.046.647.329.8316.5
11.623.517.283.119.2811.3912.974.8215.256.710.924.675.226.410.3
6.161.764.382.511.13.115.632.157.213.216.154.091.717.776.93
2.921.541.360.92.961.292.470.92.990.714.362.030.59.772.1
1.391.170.360.232.140.390.20.231.310.191.450.60.065.220.21
Pool
AU
BE
DE
DK
SP
FI
FR
GR
NL
IR
IT
LU
PO
UK
Labour force participation rates (Females)
lfpr
MALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-4994.9796.7595.9494.9295.2294.1796.1395.5796.3793.9492.695.2394.3492.9289.28
50-5490.890.0388.9991.7493.7591.2994.0193.5991.8990.5791.3986.5386.988.8385.54
55-5975.7767.8971.0374.888.8777.7279.0771.3881.0976.8981.9167.2261.8479.0873.08
6058.9743.8950.8353.681.2261.9952.4443.9967.8452.0670.6153.4941.369.6563.5
6149.622.9237.5645.967.4252.1442.7929.1657.0341.0667.9948.6729.269.1157.5
6241.2712.8526.5638.257.444.3337.3916.6349.0625.3264.1240.9822.464.8146.7
6337.410.6725.532.449.0942.1234.239.1346.8916.0759.0936.6314.261.3242.7
6433.02920.120.140.3636.6228.057.2942.938.7259.1431.08960.1636.5
6529.187.8719.6115.434.529.5524.076.2538.139.7252.3826.46.456.6432.3
66-6915.755.6311.618.0525.885.3612.713.1518.356.1933.5214.44.7840.2815.8
70-749.812.356.032.0417.922.167.931.5911.784.4722.897.411.3628.697.08
>= 754.592.422.211.523.910.432.061.114.61.8714.012.75013.192.55
FEMALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-4967.272.037372.2490.9152.1993.3275.8155.8170.3751.3158.3141.4868.0369.34
50-5458.0765.6356.4765.984.441.6590.0268.4845.7161.3444.6745.1531.459.1366.5
55-5941.9433.7838.3149.8273.3228.4978.249.9933.9543.8530.8930.4419.9248.4350.04
6029.2817.0920.5531.157.7523.1452.3829.6824.1329.0324.1920.3612.143.4136.2
6123.411.0713.9222.845.2519.4141.8319.5921.0423.0120.9915.210.942.8326.8
6219.1210.959.6215.631.5818.1334.1311.3918.9114.0418.812.381038.0322.5
6316.129.767.6912.124.7414.2431.127.5614.7911.9717.288.647.436.0519.9
6413.724.985.957.626.4412.39256.0215.369.2715.046.647.329.8316.5
6511.623.517.283.119.2811.3912.974.8215.256.710.924.675.226.410.3
66-696.161.764.382.511.13.115.632.157.213.216.154.091.717.776.93
70-742.921.541.360.92.961.292.470.92.990.714.362.030.59.772.1
>= 751.391.170.360.232.140.390.20.231.310.191.450.60.065.220.21
lfpr
Pool
AU
BE
DE
DK
SP
FI
FR
GR
NL
IR
IT
LU
PO
UK
Labour force participation rates (Males)
employmentrates
Pool
AU
BE
DE
DK
SP
FI
FR
GR
NL
IR
IT
LU
PO
UK
Labour force participation rates (Females)
unemploymentrates
inactivityrates
retirementtransitions
transitions
MALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-490.310.560.240.740.540.060.640.160.8800.120.880.720.80.48
50-541.552.661.582.180.560.640.8212.501.33.982.443.182.3
55-595.5312.326.827.942.543.166.128.146.60.643.5610.1818.84.986.26
6017.1453.919.623.719.320.228.636.611.32.54.714.141.47.612.7
6119.0262.535.436.227.521.836.144.414.53.18.518.144.18.912.8
6214.541.716.738.515.920.324.745.912.4210.418.845.81014.8
6313.2623.521.839.934.619.42523.512.33.28.915.933.39.315.7
6414.5723.116.757.833.326.823.624.314.94.36.515558.621.3
6533.157.131.655.417.863.629.83733.262834.846.725.756.9
66-6925.4746.4546.8559.0340.3357.2833.6531.63395.5817.8832.5548.8822.1343.9
70-7425.329032.1242.6837.0861.5232.226.8639.367.8815.9837.4836.6624.8237.84
>=7528.3624.2440.9161.4439.5172.6327.2719.6941.412.4719.0542.9718.1840.5340.84
FEMALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-490.40.70.91.520.5400.240.120.8600.120.422.11.040.9
50-541.151.661.822.182.320.241.260.542.140.120.221.942.882.262.62
55-593.6110.66.765.824.580.55.464.683.740.241.084.24.24.128.18
6011.517.816.217.321.72.430.126.96.30.30.812.55.9736.1
6110.8714.141.744.635.73.22626.44.20.31.21010.98.933
626.966.229.14123.2325.311.96.50.62.38.38.18.139.5
637.036.921.336.323.7331.3106.60.327.17.311.337.2
648.4810.723.232.228.35.138.96.76.902.669.718.234.7
6513.226.915.623.51814.753.324.9191.27.76.66.615.741.1
66-6912.747.628.3352.1546.489.9355.3313.823.381.7346.67.6320.3338.23
70-7410.558.523.6638.82708.56407.2221.941.422.245.949.619.4849.22
>=7512.038.8839.3349.5227.2711.3827.278.2525.881.914.336.5815.5721.3550.11
MalesFemales
45-490.310.4
50-541.551.15
55-595.533.61
6017.1411.5
6119.0210.87
6214.56.96
6313.267.03
6414.578.48
6533.113.22
66-6925.4712.74
70-7425.3210.55
>=7528.3612.03
transitions
Males
Females
Transitions out of the labour force to retirement
retirement age
MALE
E-RE-UE-CRemain EU-RC-RRemain RRemain U C
45-490.451.990.1792.590.040.021.433.31
50-541.652.210.1787.440.140.034.43.96
55-594.862.770.3369.940.560.1315.85.63
609.872.060.5549.713.220.4829.284.82
6110.131.250.4241.782.850.2940.093.19
627.590.960.6536.882.070.1748.972.72
636.490.830.5933.771.440.1854.052.64
646.770.680.5629.231.160.32592.29
6512.450.280.5120.551.30.2862.951.68
66-695.390.040.5211.50.390.1680.891.11
70-742.80.010.477.310.070.1888.121.04
>=751.860.010.564.450.040.3891.351.35
FEMALE
E-RE-UE-CRemain EU-RC-RRemain RRemain U C
45-490.371.762.4160.910.060.231.8132.46
50-540.961.572.6652.60.130.453.837.83
55-592.31.442.7735.980.471.1111.4844.45
605.270.912.6321.751.493.5920.3644
615.180.252.8216.232.193.7828.7440.81
624.240.142.2614.260.872.5435.1840.51
633.240.232.1612.920.722.7637.4140.55
643.110.152.1910.380.293.1141.6139.17
653.590.052.177.430.264.8944.0537.55
66-692.280.021.574.640.134.4554.8432.08
70-741.250.021.4630.023.3863.1227.76
>=751.2301.963.460.053.6165.6224.06
retirement age
E-R
E-U
E-C
Remain E
U-R
C-R
Remain R
Remain U C
Transitions by type (Females)
Hoja2
E-R
E-U
E-C
Remain E
U-R
C-R
Remain R
Remain U C
Transitions by type (Males)
Hoja3
Effective average ageMaleFemale
199562.1665.29
199662.1664.32
199761.7364.5
199863.1165.14
199961.8163.95
200061.6964.15
200161.9865.29
1994-200162.1164.64
Productivity thresholds
Pool48.6346.68
Pool countries average49.6747.09
RE4946.53
RE countries average49.4946.97
FE65.4669.4
We calculate age average for each of the years in order to account for cohort effects; whether a populated generation is being retired because of a change in the age structure of the working age population, for instance. We have to note that perhaps 8 wav
MaleFemaleMaleFemale
1995200119952001
Statutory age
59.956.764.963.56560
Belgium63.4636566.96564
Germany58.161.261.161.365
Denmark585663.165.365
Spain64.363.371.270.365
58.159.159.560.263 to 68
France59.85962.460.160
Greece64.359.366.470.56560
The Netherlands63.271.56672.165
Ireland64.36468.370.165
Italy58.862.260.464.76560
Luxembourg60.757.96364.165
Portugal63.464.466.164.965
UK62.463.566.665.96065
1. Effective 1995 ages are 1996 for Austria and 1997 for Finland as there lack the first wave and two first waves in the respective countries. Some strange figures correspond to small sample sizes.
unemployment
MalesFemalesMalesFemales
199519952005Male 1995Male 2005Female 1995Female 2005
EU-158.41186.1EU-158.46.786.1
BE3.8114.44.2BE3.84.44.44.2
DK6.9119.85.1DK6.94.89.85.1
DE10.41113.712.9DE10.413.113.712.9
GR3.6112.94GR3.63.12.94
SP12.811117.8SP12.86.1117.8
IT4114.93.1IT43.74.93.1
FI16.3119.95.8FI16.36.79.95.8
SE7.5117.92.9SE7.55.37.92.9
UK10.2113.91.8UK10.23.43.91.8
EU-15821
BE4.421
DK9.821
DE13.721
GR2.921EU-158.46.716.1
SP1121BE3.84.414.2
IT4.921DK6.94.815.1
FI9.921DE10.413.1112.9
SE7.921GR3.63.114
UK3.921SP12.86.117.8
EU-156.712IT43.713.1
BE4.412FI16.36.715.8
DK4.812SE7.55.312.9
DE13.112UK10.23.411.8
GR3.112EU-1586.12
SP6.112BE4.44.22
IT3.712DK9.85.12
FI6.712DE13.712.92
SE5.312GR2.942
UK3.412SP117.82
EU-156.122IT4.93.12
BE4.222FI9.95.82
DK5.122SE7.92.92
DE12.922UK3.91.82
GR422
SP7.822
IT3.122
FI5.822
SE2.922
UK1.822
Male 1995
Male 2005
Female 1995
Female 2005
Unemployment rates
employment19952005employment19952005
employment rateMales 1995Females 1995Males 2005Females 2005Males 1995Females 1995Males 2005Females 2005
inactive1995a002005a00EU-1547.225.353.135.4EU-1547.225.353.135.4
AU42.218.241.322.9AU42.218.241.322.9
BE33.512.941.722.1BE33.512.941.722.1
55-64geoDK64.735.965.653.5DK64.735.965.653.5
MaleFemale:::42.551.833.7EU-15DE48.527.153.537.5DE48.527.153.537.5
FI35.633.452.852.7FI35.633.452.852.7
FR33.825.640.735.2FR33.825.640.735.2
GR59.624.158.825.8GR59.624.158.825.8
IR59.818.665.737.3IR59.818.665.737.3
TotalMalesFemalesTotalMalesFemalesIT44.613.542.720.8IT44.613.542.720.8
DK29.844.3DKDE37.748.527.145.453.537.5DELU35.112.638.324.9LU35.112.638.324.9
DE39.257.2DEIR39.259.818.651.665.737.3IRNL39.718.356.935.2NL39.718.356.935.2
GR39.373.1GRSP32.348.417.543.159.727.4SPPO61.432.658.143.7PO61.432.658.143.7
FR56.761.8FRIT28.444.613.531.442.720.8ITSE65.259.272.066.7SE65.259.27266.7
SP48.417.559.727.4SP48.417.559.727.4
IT5678.8ITLU23.735.112.631.738.324.9LUUK56.239.066.048.1UK56.2396648.1
LU60.674.9LUNL28.939.718.346.156.935.2NL
NL40.363.7NLAU29.742.218.231.841.322.9AU
AU57.276.7AUPO46.061.432.650.558.143.7PO
PO37.553.3POFI34.435.633.452.752.852.7FI
FI43.643.9FISE62.065.259.269.472.066.7SE
SE24.232SEUK47.556.239.056.966.048.1UK
UK3250.9UK
time1995a002005a00
sex
geo
:::42.551.833.7
36.047.225.344.153.135.4
22.933.512.931.841.722.1
49.864.735.959.565.653.5
37.748.527.145.4b53.5b37.5b
39.259.818.651.665.737.3
41.059.624.141.658.825.8
32.348.417.543.1b59.7b27.4b
29.633.825.637.940.735.2
28.444.613.531.442.720.8
23.735.112.631.738.324.9
28.939.718.346.156.935.2
29.742.218.231.841.322.9
46.061.432.650.558.143.7
34.435.633.452.752.852.7
62.065.259.269.4b72.0b66.7b
47.556.239.056.966.048.1
44.764.2
43.362.4
56.876
29.844.3
39.257.2
32.261.6
39.373.1
36.770.1
56.761.8
5678.8
60.674.9
40.363.7
57.276.7
37.553.3
43.643.9
24.232
3250.9
Male
Female
Inactivity rates in 2005
Males 1995
Females 1995
Males 2005
Females 2005
Employment rates of older workers (55 to 64 years old)
Tasas de empleo de trabajadores de ms edad
Grfico3
47.225.353.135.4
42.218.241.322.9
33.512.941.722.1
64.735.965.653.5
48.527.153.537.5
35.633.452.852.7
33.825.640.735.2
59.624.158.825.8
59.818.665.737.3
44.613.542.720.8
35.112.638.324.9
39.718.356.935.2
61.432.658.143.7
65.259.27266.7
48.417.559.727.4
56.2396648.1
Males 1995
Females 1995
Males 2005
Females 2005
Employment rates of older workers (55 to 64 years old)
lfpr
MALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-4994.9796.7595.9494.9295.2294.1796.1395.5796.3793.9492.695.2394.3492.9289.28
50-5490.890.0388.9991.7493.7591.2994.0193.5991.8990.5791.3986.5386.988.8385.54
55-5975.7767.8971.0374.888.8777.7279.0771.3881.0976.8981.9167.2261.8479.0873.08
6058.9743.8950.8353.681.2261.9952.4443.9967.8452.0670.6153.4941.369.6563.5
6149.622.9237.5645.967.4252.1442.7929.1657.0341.0667.9948.6729.269.1157.5
6241.2712.8526.5638.257.444.3337.3916.6349.0625.3264.1240.9822.464.8146.7
6337.410.6725.532.449.0942.1234.239.1346.8916.0759.0936.6314.261.3242.7
6433.02920.120.140.3636.6228.057.2942.938.7259.1431.08960.1636.5
6529.187.8719.6115.434.529.5524.076.2538.139.7252.3826.46.456.6432.3
66-6915.755.6311.618.0525.885.3612.713.1518.356.1933.5214.44.7840.2815.8
70-749.812.356.032.0417.922.167.931.5911.784.4722.897.411.3628.697.08
>= 754.592.422.211.523.910.432.061.114.61.8714.012.75013.192.55
FEMALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-4967.272.037372.2490.9152.1993.3275.8155.8170.3751.3158.3141.4868.0369.34
50-5458.0765.6356.4765.984.441.6590.0268.4845.7161.3444.6745.1531.459.1366.5
55-5941.9433.7838.3149.8273.3228.4978.249.9933.9543.8530.8930.4419.9248.4350.04
6029.2817.0920.5531.157.7523.1452.3829.6824.1329.0324.1920.3612.143.4136.2
6123.411.0713.9222.845.2519.4141.8319.5921.0423.0120.9915.210.942.8326.8
6219.1210.959.6215.631.5818.1334.1311.3918.9114.0418.812.381038.0322.5
6316.129.767.6912.124.7414.2431.127.5614.7911.9717.288.647.436.0519.9
6413.724.985.957.626.4412.39256.0215.369.2715.046.647.329.8316.5
6511.623.517.283.119.2811.3912.974.8215.256.710.924.675.226.410.3
66-696.161.764.382.511.13.115.632.157.213.216.154.091.717.776.93
70-742.921.541.360.92.961.292.470.92.990.714.362.030.59.772.1
>= 751.391.170.360.232.140.390.20.231.310.191.450.60.065.220.21
lfpr
Pool
AU
BE
DE
DK
SP
FI
FR
GR
NL
IR
IT
LU
PO
UK
Labour force participation rates (Males)
employmentrates
Pool
AU
BE
DE
DK
SP
FI
FR
GR
NL
IR
IT
LU
PO
UK
Labour force participation rates (Females)
unemploymentrates
inactivityrates
retirementtransitions
transitions
MALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-490.310.560.240.740.540.060.640.160.8800.120.880.720.80.48
50-541.552.661.582.180.560.640.8212.501.33.982.443.182.3
55-595.5312.326.827.942.543.166.128.146.60.643.5610.1818.84.986.26
6017.1453.919.623.719.320.228.636.611.32.54.714.141.47.612.7
6119.0262.535.436.227.521.836.144.414.53.18.518.144.18.912.8
6214.541.716.738.515.920.324.745.912.4210.418.845.81014.8
6313.2623.521.839.934.619.42523.512.33.28.915.933.39.315.7
6414.5723.116.757.833.326.823.624.314.94.36.515558.621.3
6533.157.131.655.417.863.629.83733.262834.846.725.756.9
66-6925.4746.4546.8559.0340.3357.2833.6531.63395.5817.8832.5548.8822.1343.9
70-7425.329032.1242.6837.0861.5232.226.8639.367.8815.9837.4836.6624.8237.84
>=7528.3624.2440.9161.4439.5172.6327.2719.6941.412.4719.0542.9718.1840.5340.84
FEMALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-490.40.70.91.520.5400.240.120.8600.120.422.11.040.9
50-541.151.661.822.182.320.241.260.542.140.120.221.942.882.262.62
55-593.6110.66.765.824.580.55.464.683.740.241.084.24.24.128.18
6011.517.816.217.321.72.430.126.96.30.30.812.55.9736.1
6110.8714.141.744.635.73.22626.44.20.31.21010.98.933
626.966.229.14123.2325.311.96.50.62.38.38.18.139.5
637.036.921.336.323.7331.3106.60.327.17.311.337.2
648.4810.723.232.228.35.138.96.76.902.669.718.234.7
6513.226.915.623.51814.753.324.9191.27.76.66.615.741.1
66-6912.747.628.3352.1546.489.9355.3313.823.381.7346.67.6320.3338.23
70-7410.558.523.6638.82708.56407.2221.941.422.245.949.619.4849.22
>=7512.038.8839.3349.5227.2711.3827.278.2525.881.914.336.5815.5721.3550.11
MalesFemales
45-490.310.4
50-541.551.15
55-595.533.61
6017.1411.5
6119.0210.87
6214.56.96
6313.267.03
6414.578.48
6533.113.22
66-6925.4712.74
70-7425.3210.55
>=7528.3612.03
transitions
Males
Females
Transitions out of the labour force to retirement
retirement age
MALE
E-RE-UE-CRemain EU-RC-RRemain RRemain U C
45-490.451.990.1792.590.040.021.433.31
50-541.652.210.1787.440.140.034.43.96
55-594.862.770.3369.940.560.1315.85.63
609.872.060.5549.713.220.4829.284.82
6110.131.250.4241.782.850.2940.093.19
627.590.960.6536.882.070.1748.972.72
636.490.830.5933.771.440.1854.052.64
646.770.680.5629.231.160.32592.29
6512.450.280.5120.551.30.2862.951.68
66-695.390.040.5211.50.390.1680.891.11
70-742.80.010.477.310.070.1888.121.04
>=751.860.010.564.450.040.3891.351.35
FEMALE
E-RE-UE-CRemain EU-RC-RRemain RRemain U C
45-490.371.762.4160.910.060.231.8132.46
50-540.961.572.6652.60.130.453.837.83
55-592.31.442.7735.980.471.1111.4844.45
605.270.912.6321.751.493.5920.3644
615.180.252.8216.232.193.7828.7440.81
624.240.142.2614.260.872.5435.1840.51
633.240.232.1612.920.722.7637.4140.55
643.110.152.1910.380.293.1141.6139.17
653.590.052.177.430.264.8944.0537.55
66-692.280.021.574.640.134.4554.8432.08
70-741.250.021.4630.023.3863.1227.76
>=751.2301.963.460.053.6165.6224.06
retirement age
E-R
E-U
E-C
Remain E
U-R
C-R
Remain R
Remain U C
Transitions by type (Females)
Hoja2
E-R
E-U
E-C
Remain E
U-R
C-R
Remain R
Remain U C
Transitions by type (Males)
Hoja3
Effective average ageMaleFemale
199562.1665.29
199662.1664.32
199761.7364.5
199863.1165.14
199961.8163.95
200061.6964.15
200161.9865.29
1994-200162.1164.64
Productivity thresholds
Pool48.6346.68
Pool countries average49.6747.09
RE4946.53
RE countries average49.4946.97
FE65.4669.4
We calculate age average for each of the years in order to account for cohort effects; whether a populated generation is being retired because of a change in the age structure of the working age population, for instance. We have to note that perhaps 8 wav
MaleFemaleMaleFemale
1995200119952001
Statutory age
59.956.764.963.56560
Belgium63.4636566.96564
Germany58.161.261.161.365
Denmark585663.165.365
Spain64.363.371.270.365
58.159.159.560.263 to 68
France59.85962.460.160
Greece64.359.366.470.56560
The Netherlands63.271.56672.165
Ireland64.36468.370.165
Italy58.862.260.464.76560
Luxembourg60.757.96364.165
Portugal63.464.466.164.965
UK62.463.566.665.96065
1. Effective 1995 ages are 1996 for Austria and 1997 for Finland as there lack the first wave and two first waves in the respective countries. Some strange figures correspond to small sample sizes.
unemployment
MalesFemalesMalesFemales
199519952005Male 1995Male 2005Female 1995Female 2005
EU-158.41186.1EU-158.46.786.1
BE3.8114.44.2BE3.84.44.44.2
DK6.9119.85.1DK6.94.89.85.1
DE10.41113.712.9DE10.413.113.712.9
GR3.6112.94GR3.63.12.94
SP12.811117.8SP12.86.1117.8
IT4114.93.1IT43.74.93.1
FI16.3119.95.8FI16.36.79.95.8
SE7.5117.92.9SE7.55.37.92.9
UK10.2113.91.8UK10.23.43.91.8
EU-15821
BE4.421
DK9.821
DE13.721
GR2.921EU-158.46.716.1
SP1121BE3.84.414.2
IT4.921DK6.94.815.1
FI9.921DE10.413.1112.9
SE7.921GR3.63.114
UK3.921SP12.86.117.8
EU-156.712IT43.713.1
BE4.412FI16.36.715.8
DK4.812SE7.55.312.9
DE13.112UK10.23.411.8
GR3.112EU-1586.12
SP6.112BE4.44.22
IT3.712DK9.85.12
FI6.712DE13.712.92
SE5.312GR2.942
UK3.412SP117.82
EU-156.122IT4.93.12
BE4.222FI9.95.82
DK5.122SE7.92.92
DE12.922UK3.91.82
GR422
SP7.822
IT3.122
FI5.822
SE2.922
UK1.822
Male 1995
Male 2005
Female 1995
Female 2005
Unemployment rates
employment19952005employment19952005
employment rateMales 1995Females 1995Males 2005Females 2005Males 1995Females 1995Males 2005Females 2005
inactive1995a002005a00EU-1547.225.353.135.4EU-1547.225.353.135.4
AU42.218.241.322.9AU42.218.241.322.9
BE33.512.941.722.1BE33.512.941.722.1
55-64geoDK64.735.965.653.5DK64.735.965.653.5
MaleFemale:::42.551.833.7EU-15DE48.527.153.537.5DE48.527.153.537.5
FI35.633.452.852.7FI35.633.452.852.7
FR33.825.640.735.2FR33.825.640.735.2
GR59.624.158.825.8GR59.624.158.825.8
IR59.818.665.737.3IR59.818.665.737.3
TotalMalesFemalesTotalMalesFemalesIT44.613.542.720.8IT44.613.542.720.8
DK29.844.3DKDE37.748.527.145.453.537.5DELU35.112.638.324.9LU35.112.638.324.9
DE39.257.2DEIR39.259.818.651.665.737.3IRNL39.718.356.935.2NL39.718.356.935.2
GR39.373.1GRSP32.348.417.543.159.727.4SPPO61.432.658.143.7PO61.432.658.143.7
FR56.761.8FRIT28.444.613.531.442.720.8ITSE65.259.272.066.7SE65.259.27266.7
SP48.417.559.727.4SP48.417.559.727.4
IT5678.8ITLU23.735.112.631.738.324.9LUUK56.239.066.048.1UK56.2396648.1
LU60.674.9LUNL28.939.718.346.156.935.2NL
NL40.363.7NLAU29.742.218.231.841.322.9AU
AU57.276.7AUPO46.061.432.650.558.143.7PO
PO37.553.3POFI34.435.633.452.752.852.7FI
FI43.643.9FISE62.065.259.269.472.066.7SE
SE24.232SEUK47.556.239.056.966.048.1UK
UK3250.9UK
time1995a002005a00
sex
geo
:::42.551.833.7
36.047.225.344.153.135.4
22.933.512.931.841.722.1
49.864.735.959.565.653.5
37.748.527.145.4b53.5b37.5b
39.259.818.651.665.737.3
41.059.624.141.658.825.8
32.348.417.543.1b59.7b27.4b
29.633.825.637.940.735.2
28.444.613.531.442.720.8
23.735.112.631.738.324.9
28.939.718.346.156.935.2
29.742.218.231.841.322.9
46.061.432.650.558.143.7
34.435.633.452.752.852.7
62.065.259.269.4b72.0b66.7b
47.556.239.056.966.048.1
44.764.2
43.362.4
56.876
29.844.3
39.257.2
32.261.6
39.373.1
36.770.1
56.761.8
5678.8
60.674.9
40.363.7
57.276.7
37.553.3
43.643.9
24.232
3250.9
Male
Female
Inactivity rates in 2005
Males 1995
Females 1995
Males 2005
Females 2005
Employment rates of older workers (55 to 64 years old)
Tasas de desempleo de trabajadores de ms edad
Grfico4
8.46.786.1
3.84.44.44.2
6.94.89.85.1
10.413.113.712.9
3.63.12.94
12.86.1117.8
43.74.93.1
16.36.79.95.8
7.55.37.92.9
10.23.43.91.8
Male 1995
Male 2005
Female 1995
Female 2005
Unemployment rates
lfpr
MALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-4994.9796.7595.9494.9295.2294.1796.1395.5796.3793.9492.695.2394.3492.9289.28
50-5490.890.0388.9991.7493.7591.2994.0193.5991.8990.5791.3986.5386.988.8385.54
55-5975.7767.8971.0374.888.8777.7279.0771.3881.0976.8981.9167.2261.8479.0873.08
6058.9743.8950.8353.681.2261.9952.4443.9967.8452.0670.6153.4941.369.6563.5
6149.622.9237.5645.967.4252.1442.7929.1657.0341.0667.9948.6729.269.1157.5
6241.2712.8526.5638.257.444.3337.3916.6349.0625.3264.1240.9822.464.8146.7
6337.410.6725.532.449.0942.1234.239.1346.8916.0759.0936.6314.261.3242.7
6433.02920.120.140.3636.6228.057.2942.938.7259.1431.08960.1636.5
6529.187.8719.6115.434.529.5524.076.2538.139.7252.3826.46.456.6432.3
66-6915.755.6311.618.0525.885.3612.713.1518.356.1933.5214.44.7840.2815.8
70-749.812.356.032.0417.922.167.931.5911.784.4722.897.411.3628.697.08
>= 754.592.422.211.523.910.432.061.114.61.8714.012.75013.192.55
FEMALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-4967.272.037372.2490.9152.1993.3275.8155.8170.3751.3158.3141.4868.0369.34
50-5458.0765.6356.4765.984.441.6590.0268.4845.7161.3444.6745.1531.459.1366.5
55-5941.9433.7838.3149.8273.3228.4978.249.9933.9543.8530.8930.4419.9248.4350.04
6029.2817.0920.5531.157.7523.1452.3829.6824.1329.0324.1920.3612.143.4136.2
6123.411.0713.9222.845.2519.4141.8319.5921.0423.0120.9915.210.942.8326.8
6219.1210.959.6215.631.5818.1334.1311.3918.9114.0418.812.381038.0322.5
6316.129.767.6912.124.7414.2431.127.5614.7911.9717.288.647.436.0519.9
6413.724.985.957.626.4412.39256.0215.369.2715.046.647.329.8316.5
6511.623.517.283.119.2811.3912.974.8215.256.710.924.675.226.410.3
66-696.161.764.382.511.13.115.632.157.213.216.154.091.717.776.93
70-742.921.541.360.92.961.292.470.92.990.714.362.030.59.772.1
>= 751.391.170.360.232.140.390.20.231.310.191.450.60.065.220.21
lfpr
Pool
AU
BE
DE
DK
SP
FI
FR
GR
NL
IR
IT
LU
PO
UK
Labour force participation rates (Males)
employmentrates
Pool
AU
BE
DE
DK
SP
FI
FR
GR
NL
IR
IT
LU
PO
UK
Labour force participation rates (Females)
unemploymentrates
inactivityrates
retirementtransitions
transitions
MALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-490.310.560.240.740.540.060.640.160.8800.120.880.720.80.48
50-541.552.661.582.180.560.640.8212.501.33.982.443.182.3
55-595.5312.326.827.942.543.166.128.146.60.643.5610.1818.84.986.26
6017.1453.919.623.719.320.228.636.611.32.54.714.141.47.612.7
6119.0262.535.436.227.521.836.144.414.53.18.518.144.18.912.8
6214.541.716.738.515.920.324.745.912.4210.418.845.81014.8
6313.2623.521.839.934.619.42523.512.33.28.915.933.39.315.7
6414.5723.116.757.833.326.823.624.314.94.36.515558.621.3
6533.157.131.655.417.863.629.83733.262834.846.725.756.9
66-6925.4746.4546.8559.0340.3357.2833.6531.63395.5817.8832.5548.8822.1343.9
70-7425.329032.1242.6837.0861.5232.226.8639.367.8815.9837.4836.6624.8237.84
>=7528.3624.2440.9161.4439.5172.6327.2719.6941.412.4719.0542.9718.1840.5340.84
FEMALE
PoolAUBEDEDKSPFIFRGRNLIRITLUPOUK
45-490.40.70.91.520.5400.240.120.8600.120.422.11.040.9
50-541.151.661.822.182.320.241.260.542.140.120.221.942.882.262.62
55-593.6110.66.765.824.580.55.464.683.740.241.084.24.24.128.18
6011.517.816.217.321.72.430.126.96.30.30.812.55.9736.1
6110.8714.141.744.635.73.22626.44.20.31.21010.98.933
626.966.229.14123.2325.311.96.50.62.38.38.18.139.5
637.036.921.336.323.7331.3106.60.327.17.311.337.2
648.4810.723.232.228.35.138.96.76.902.669.718.234.7
6513.226.915.623.51814.753.324.9191.27.76.66.615.741.1
66-6912.747.628.3352.1546.489.9355.3313.823.381.7346.67.6320.3338.23
70-7410.558.523.6638.82708.56407.2221.941.422.245.949.619.4849.22
>=7512.038.8839.3349.5227.2711.3827.278.2525.881.914.336.5815.5721.3550.11
MalesFemales
45-490.310.4
50-541.551.15
55-595.533.61
6017.1411.5
6119.0210.87
6214.56.96
6313.267.03
6414.578.48
6533.113.22
66-6925.4712.74
70-7425.3210.55
>=7528.3612.03
transitions
Males
Females
Transitions out of the labour force to retirement
retirement age
MALE
E-RE-UE-CRemain EU-RC-RRemain RRemain U C
45-490.451.990.1792.590.040.021.433.31
50-541.652.210.1787.440.140.034.43.96
55-594.862.770.3369.940.560.1315.85.63
609.872.060.5549.713.220.4829.284.82
6110.131.250.4241.782.850.2940.093.19
627.590.960.6536.882.070.1748.972.72
636.490.830.5933.771.440.1854.052.64
646.770.680.5629.231.160.32592.29
6512.450.280.5120.551.30.2862.951.68
66-695.390.040.5211.50.390.1680.891.11
70-742.80.010.477.310.070.1888.121.04
>=751.860.010.564.450.040.3891.351.35
FEMALE
E-RE-UE-CRemain EU-RC-RRemain RRemain U C
45-490.371.762.4160.910.060.231.8132.46
50-540.961.572.6652.60.130.453.837.83
55-592.31.442.7735.980.471.1111.4844.45
605.270.912.6321.751.493.5920.3644
615.180.252.8216.232.193.7828.7440.81
624.240.142.2614.260.872.5435.1840.51
633.240.232.1612.920.722.7637.4140.55
643.110.152.1910.380.293.1141.6139.17
653.590.052.177.430.264.8944.0537.55
66-692.280.021.574.640.134.4554.8432.08
70-741.250.021.4630.023.3863.1227.76
>=751.2301.963.460.053.6165.6224.06
retirement age
E-R
E-U
E-C
Remain E
U-R
C-R
Remain R
Remain U C
Transitions by type (Females)
Hoja2
E-R
E-U
E-C
Remain E
U-R
C-R
Remain R
Remain U C
Transitions by type (Males)
Hoja3
Effective average ageMaleFemale
199562.1665.29
199662.1664.32
199761.7364.5
199863.1165.14
199961.8163.95
200061.6964.15
200161.9865.29
1994-200162.1164.64
Productivity thresholds
Pool48.6346.68
Pool countries average49.6747.09
RE4946.53
RE countries average49.4946.97
FE65.4669.4
We calculate age average for each of the years in order to account for cohort effects; whether a populated generation is being retired because of a change in the age structure of the working age population, for instance. We have to note that perhaps 8 wav
MaleFemaleMaleFemale
1995200119952001
Statutory age
59.956.764.963.56560
Belgium63.4636566.96564
Germany58.161.261.161.365
Denmark585663.165.365
Spain64.363.371.270.365
58.159.159.560.263 to 68
France59.85962.460.160
Greece64.359.366.470.56560
The Netherlands63.271.56672.165
Ireland64.36468.370.165
Italy58.862.260.464.76560
Luxembourg60.757.96364.165
Portugal63.464.466.164.965
UK62.463.566.665.96065
1. Effective 1995 ages are 1996 for Austria and 1997 for Finland as there lack the first wave and two first waves in the respective countries. Some strange figures correspond to small sample sizes.
unemployment
MalesFemalesMalesFemales
199519952005Male 1995Male 2005Female 1995Female 2005
EU-158.41186.1EU-158.46.786.1
BE3.8114.44.2BE3.84.44.44.2
DK6.9119.85.1DK6.94.89.85.1
DE10.41113.712.9DE10.413.113.712.9
GR3.6112.94GR3.63.12.94
SP12.811117.8SP12.86.1117.8
IT4114.93.1IT43.74.93.1
FI16.3119.95.8FI16.36.79.95.8
SE7.5117.92.9SE7.55.37.92.9
UK10.2113.91.8UK10.23.43.91.8
EU-15821
BE4.421
DK9.821
DE13.721
GR2.921EU-158.46.716.1
SP1121BE3.84.414.2
IT4.921DK6.94.815.1
FI9.921DE10.413.1112.9
SE7.921GR3.63.114
UK3.921SP12.86.117.8
EU-156.712IT43.713.1
BE4.412FI16.36.715.8
DK4.812SE7.55.312.9
DE13.112UK10.23.411.8
GR3.112EU-1586.12
SP6.112BE4.44.22
IT3.712DK9.85.12
FI6.712DE13.712.92
SE5.312GR2.942
UK3.412SP117.82
EU-156.122IT4.93.12
BE4.222FI9.95.82
DK5.122SE7.92.92
DE12.922UK3.91.82
GR422
SP7.822
IT3.122
FI5.822
SE2.922
UK1.822
Male 1995
Male 2005
Female 1995
Female 2005
Unemployment rates
employment19952005employment19952005
employment rateMales 1995Females 1995Males 2005Females 2005Males 1995Females 1995Males 2005Females 2005
inactive1995a002005a00EU-1547.225.353.135.4EU-1547.225.353.135.4
AU42.218.241.322.9AU42.218.241.322.9
BE33.512.941.722.1BE33.512.941.722.1
55-64geoDK64.735.965.653.5DK64.735.965.653.5
MaleFemale:::42.551.833.7EU-15DE48.527.153.537.5DE48.527.153.537.5
FI35.633.452.852.7FI35.633.452.852.7
FR33.825.640.735.2FR33.825.640.735.2
GR59.624.158.825.8GR59.624.158.825.8
IR59.818.665.737.3IR59.818.665.737.3
TotalMalesFemalesTotalMalesFemalesIT44.613.542.720.8IT44.613.542.720.8
DK29.844.3DKDE37.748.527.145.453.537.5DELU35.112.638.324.9LU35.112.638.324.9
DE39.257.2DEIR39.259.818.651.665.737.3IRNL39.718.356.935.2NL39.718.356.935.2
GR39.373.1GRSP32.348.417.543.159.727.4SPPO61.432.658.143.7PO61.432.658.143.7
FR56.761.8FRIT28.444.613.531.442.720.8ITSE65.259.272.066.7SE65.259.27266.7
SP48.417.559.727.4SP48.417.559.727.4
IT5678.8ITLU23.735.112.631.738.324.9LUUK56.239.066.048.1UK56.2396648.1
LU60.674.9LUNL28.939.718.346.156.935.2NL
NL40.363.7NLAU29.742.218.231.841.322.9AU
AU57.276.7AUPO46.061.432.650.558.143.7PO
PO37.553.3POFI34.435.633.452.752.852.7FI
FI43.643.9FISE62.065.259.269.472.066.7SE
SE24.232SEUK47.556.239.056.966.048.1UK
UK3250.9UK
time1995a002005a00
sex
geo
:::42.551.833.7
36.047.225.344.153.135.4
22.933.512.931.841.722.1
49.864.735.959.565.653.5
37.748.527.145.4b53.5b37.5b
39.259.818.651.665.737.3
41.059.624.141.658.825.8
32.348.417.543.1b59.7b27.4b
29.633.825.637.940.735.2
28.444.613.531.442.720.8
23.735.112.631.738.324.9
28.939.718.346.156.935.2
29.742.218.231.841.322.9
46.061.432.650.558.143.7
34.435.633.452.752.852.7
62.065.259.269.4b72.0b66.7b
47.556.239.056.966.048.1
44.764.2
43.362.4
56.876
29.844.3
39.257.2
32.261.6
39.373.1
36.770.1
56.761.8
5678.8
60.674.9
40.363.7
57.276.7
37.553.3
43.643.9
24.232
3250.9
Male
Female
Inactivity rates in 2005
Males 1995
Females 1995
Males 2005
Females 2005
Employment rates of older workers (55 to 64 years old)
Cuestiones (y preguntas?)Qu relacin existe entre el incremento en la tasa de participacin laboral y la tasa de desempleo en trabajadores de ms edad en la UE? Reformas del sistema de pensiones (edades, requisitos, etc.)Ajustes de la estructura educativa en algunos pases (Espaa, Portugal, Polonia, etc.)Pero principalmente reduccin en las tasas de desempleo de los individuos de la cohorte 55-64 (incentivos y mejor funcionamiento del mercado de trabajo)
Cuestiones (y preguntas?)
Cuestiones (y preguntas?)
Cuestiones (y preguntas?)
Coeficiente en una regresin de lfpf sobre urf es -0.81 (R-cuadrado = 0.45). Coeficiente de correlacin -0.27Coeficiente en una regresin de lfpm sobre urm es -0.38 (R-cuadrado = 0.38). Coeficiente de correlacin -0.52
La ley de dependencia
Cuestiones (y preguntas?)Primero, autofinanciacin (60 65 % de las necesidades). Segundo, es necesario poner recursos adicionales. Cmo? Impuestos especficos?Co-pagos? Qu instrumentos nuevos (seguros, hipoteca inversa)?
Se pueden combinar la adecuacin de las pensiones, la sostenibilidad del sistema y la financiacin del modelo de bienestar
Cuestiones (y preguntas?)Es posible combinar gasto pblico con medidas especficas para evitar que la nueva ley aada presiones adicionales al presupuestoPara el diseo de polticas especficas es importante (y conveniente) mirar a nivel micro (i.e., evaluar las necesidades y los recursos de los individuos afectados)Importancia de la coordinacinA diferentes niveles de gobiernoEn diferentes mercados (trabajo, bienes seguros, etc.)