Degnala in Buffaloes in Nepal

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Degnala Disease inDegnala Disease in

buffaloes In Nepalbuffaloes In NepalDr.Kedar KarkiDr.Kedar Karki

Central Veterinary LaboratoryCentral Veterinary LaboratoryKathmanduKathmandu


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Background:

Degnala disease has been reported mainlyin buffaloes in Pakistan, India and Nepal.

Although cause of Degnala disease hasbeen already identified in Pakistan andIndia, nothing has been done in this regardin Nepal. The Author would like to share his

field experience and research of Degnaladisease which is caused by Mycotoxinsp r o d u c e d b y F u s a r i u m s p p .


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IntroductionIntroduction

DegDeg NalaNala disease,disease, whichwhich causescauses necrosisnecrosisandand gangrenegangrene ofof thethe dependentdependent partsparts inin

cattlecattle andand buffaloesbuffaloes ((BubalusBubalus bubalisbubalis LL..)) isisknownknown toto existexist inin IndoIndo--Pakistan,Pakistan, asas aanumbernumber ofof casescases werewere recordedrecorded stemmingstemmingfromfrom aa monsoonmonsoon rainwaterrainwater streamstream inin thethe

areaarea ofof MurdikeMurdike (Sheikhpura(Sheikhpura District),District), nearnearNalaNala DegDeg inin PakistanPakistan (SHIRLAW,(SHIRLAW, 19391939))..


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AA widespreadwidespread occurrenceoccurrence ofof thethe diseasedisease hashasbeenbeen reportedreported fromfrom ricerice growinggrowing areasareas ofof

IndoIndo--PakistanPakistan (IRFAN,(IRFAN, 19711971;; KALRAKALRA etet alal..,,19721972;; IRFANIRFAN andand MAQBOOL,MAQBOOL, 19861986)) whichwhichcausedcaused considerableconsiderable economiceconomic losseslosses..


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Introduction:

Degnala disease is a common infectionaffecting buffaloes and cattle in Pakistan,

India and Nepal. This disease seems tohave a seasonal occurrence under particulargeographical region, i.e. lowland. Thedisease generally encountered during month

o f N o v e m b e r J a n u a r y .


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It is believed that animal contract thisdisease when they are exclusively fed on

paddy straw which get wet during thematuring stage of plant in field or duringthreshing period and stored without properd r y i n g .


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Incidence and distribution ofDegnala disease

Degnala disease has been known to exit inwestern Pakistan for nearly half a century.

This disease got its name because cases inbuffaloes were first seen in the Deg nalariver area. Shirlow (1939) reported theoccurrence of the disease, which affected a

large numbers of buffaloes in villages ofShekhpura, Mudrika parts of Deg Nala aread u r i n g t h e y e a r 1 9 2 9 - 3 0 .


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Since then, cases of this disease have beenobserved in order parts of Pakistan.

Fusarium related Degnala disease wasdescribed to have a seasonal incidence andsporadic cases were seen in winter monthswhich paddy straw was used as a fodder

(Irfan, 1971). Today this disease is nolonger confined to area around Deg Nalabut isalso found where rice is cultivated.


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Kwatra and Singh (1971) characterized thedisease as one that caused necrosis of tips

of tail, ear tongue, swelling of extremitieswith subsequent peeling of skin leavingexposed wound. The same type of diseasehas been reported in some parts of state of

Hyrayana and Punjab from 1969-1971.


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Singh and Prasad (1983) described thisdisease in district of Nalanda in buffaloes

fed on paddy straw. Field veterinarians inmany parts of Nepal with obscure diagnosisand treatment reported Degnala cases ins a m e p e r i o d .


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In year 1986, Karki reported this disease inBanke district of Nepal where buffaloeswere mostly affected. Since last decade, thedisease has been continuously reportedfrom different districts of Nepal in particularmonth of year. This indicates that disease

have some relation with geographic agri-e c o z o n e a n d s e a s o n .


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Many studies in this regard suggest suchpaddy straw get infected with Fusarium spp.of saprophytic fungi. An attempt was madeto isolate the fungus and its toxin frompaddy straw by Commonwealth MycologyLabora to ry (U .K . ) wh i ch l ed to the

identification of Fusarium spp. (Dhillon1 9 7 3 ) .


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Irfan and Maqbool (1986) isolated Fusariumspecies was isolated from samples of riceseeds that were collected in 1997 on farmsin the foothills of Nepal (Desjardins et al.,2000). There is now compelling evidenceimplicating the Fusarium mycotoxins in

livestock disorders in different parts of thew o r l d .


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The first indication of Degnala diseaseappears when buffaloes are fed on wetpaddy straw for few days. The first clinicalsymptom of the disease is the oedematousswelling of lower extermities. As diseaseprogresses, eye swells, ulcerated wound

appears on the leg, tip of ear and tail end.


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These lesions are reportedly more markedon the fetlock around coronet, clefts ofhoofs that lead to necrosis of skin on lesionleaving open wound. The hairs on affectedparts get denuded and necrotic tissue getss l o u g h e d o f f ( I f r a n 1 9 7 1 )


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Signsand lesions.Signsand lesions.

SevereSevere casescases lingeredlingered forfor 11 toto 22 months,months, butbutinin othersothers thethe woundswounds healedhealed withinwithin aa fewfewweeksweeks.. T heThe d i sea se dd i sea se d a n i m a l sa n im a l s werewereinvariablyinvariably weakweak.. UlcerativeUlcerative woundswounds andandgangrenegangrene developeddeveloped onon thethe limbslimbs andand otherotherde p e n de ntde p e n de nt p ar tsp ar ts ofof t h et h e b o dyb o dy ..


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AlmostAlmost allall casescases showedshowed gangrenegangrene ofof thethetail,tail, whichwhich waswas shrivelledshrivelled andand coldcold toto thethetouchtouch.. Invariably,Invariably, oneone oror bothboth earsears showedshowedsignssigns ofof drydry gangrenegangrene.. InIn somesome casescases thethemuzzlemuzzle andand eveneven thethe tiptip ofof thethe tonguetonguebecamebecame gangrenousgangrenous andand waswas shedshed..


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Signsandlesions.Signsandlesions.

OneOne oror moremore hooveshooves showedshowed lesionslesions ininvaryingvarying stagesstages ofof developmentdevelopment.. InIn somesomecasescases thethe affectedaffected feetfeet anda n d l egslegs werewereswollenswollen upup toto thethe kneeknee;; hairhair waswas denudeddenudedandand inflammatoryinflammatory changeschanges setset inin.. Later,Later,woundswounds appearedappeared onon thethe coronet,coronet, fetlock,fetlock,

pastern,pastern, kneeknee andand in in thethe hockhock regionregion..


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InIn veryvery advancedadvanced casescases thethe lowerlower regionsregions ofofthethe feetfeet becomebecome gangrenousgangrenous.. InIn somesome casescasesthethe hooveshooves werewere shedshed andand bonesbones werewereexposedexposed.. TheThe gangrenousgangrenous portionsportions ofof thethetail,tail, tipstips ofof thethe ears,ears, tonguetongue andand otherotheraffectedaffected partsparts ofof thethe body,body, droppeddropped off,off,


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Cracked skin of foots


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affectedbuffaloherds


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Tail lesion.


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Lower foot lesionThe


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Cracked skin of foots


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Swollen leg


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Treatment of Degnala disease

So far, symptomatic and supportive therapyis commonly practiced in endemic areaswith different degree of success rate. Afterconf i rming i ts cause, Dhi l lon (1973)a t t empted w i th 23 .6% ace ty l a r sanparenterally and 5% Arsenic sulphate by

o r a l r o u t e .


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In Pakistan, Pentasul fate was foundeffective (Irfan and Maqbool, 1986). Thefield report of Karki (1999) described the2% oral and 5% parenteral use of arsenicsulphate also termed as Anti- degnala liquorfound to be e f fec t ive (Kark i , 2003)


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after treatment


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References:

Dhillon,K.S. 1973 Preliminory observation on the treatment of degnalad i se a se i n b u f f a l oe s. I n d i a n V e t. J . 5 0 : 5 , 4 8 2 - 4 8 4. Ifran,M.1971 The clinical picture and pathology of Degnala disease in

buffaloes a n d c a t t l e in Wes t Pak is t an.Vet.Rec.88:422-424. Ifran, M. and A.Maqbool.1986.Studies on Degnala Diseases in cattle

a n d b u f f a l o e s . P a k i s t a n . V e t . J . 6 : 8 7 - 9 3 . Karki,K 1999. Degnala disease in Nepal District Livestock Services

Ba n ke Ne p a l A n n u a l R e p o r t. ( U n p ub l i she d ). RODRIGUEZ-ADRIAN,L.J.,M.L.GRAZZUIUTTI,J.H.REX and E.J ANAISSIE1998 The potential role cytokine therapy for fungal inf ections in

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Degnala in Buffaloes in Nepal