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Luo Luo Bin Bin Depart. Of Histology & Depart. Of Histology & Embryology Embryology

Depart. Of Histology & Embryology

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Depart. Of Histology & Embryology. Endocrine system. Luo Bin 罗 彬. Why can you grow up?. target organs. Endocrine system. produce. Hormones. Act on. target cells. General description. Components - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

LuoLuo BinBin

罗 彬罗 彬

Depart. Of Histology & EmbryologyDepart. Of Histology & EmbryologyDepart. Of Histology & EmbryologyDepart. Of Histology & Embryology

Page 2: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Why can you grow

up?

Page 3: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

General description• ComponentsComponents

Endocrine glands Endocrine glands Endocrine tissues Endocrine tissues ( ( Pancreas islet Pancreas islet )) Endocrine cells Endocrine cells

• FunctionFunction

Endocrine systemEndocrine systemproduce HormonesHormones

target organstarget organs

Act on

target cellstarget cells

Hormones are molecules that function in the body as chemical signals.

What is hormone?

Page 4: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Endocrine glands

Thyroid gland

Adrenal glands

Pituitary gland

Page 5: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

General description• ComponentsComponents

Endocrine glands Endocrine glands Endocrine tissues Endocrine tissues ( ( Pancreas islet Pancreas islet )) Endocrine cellsEndocrine cells

• FunctionFunction

Endocrine systemEndocrine systemproduce HormonesHormones

target organstarget organs

Act on

target cellstarget cells

What is hormone?Hormones are molecules that function in the body as chemical signals.

Page 6: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Hormones secretionSpecial secreting formsSpecial secreting forms

Autocrine Autocrine (自分泌)(自分泌) Paracrine Paracrine (旁分泌)(旁分泌)

Page 7: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

common features

⑴ ⑴ DuctDuctlessless

⑵ ⑵ Endocrine cells arrange into nests, cords, clusters or folliclesEndocrine cells arrange into nests, cords, clusters or follicles

⑶ ⑶ RichRich in capillaries in capillaries

Page 8: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Two types of endocrine cells

Nitrogenous-hormone secreting cell

Steroid-hormone secreting cell

含氮激素分泌细胞含氮激素分泌细胞

类固醇激素分泌细胞类固醇激素分泌细胞

Page 9: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Thyroid gland

• General structureGeneral structure

------ capsule : L.C.T capsule : L.C.T

forming septaforming septa

--- parenchyma: --- parenchyma:

lobuleslobules

follicles follicles

interstitium: CTinterstitium: CT

Page 10: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Constitution: Constitution: Follicle: Colloid is surrounded by a single layer epithelium.

1. Epithelium: Simple squamous (hypoactive), cuboidal or columnar (hyperactive), depending upon the functional status.

Thyroid gland follicles

2. Colloid: Homogeneous

secretion of epithelium.

Acidophilic and PAS (+).

Contains iodinated thyroglobulin.

Page 11: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Thyroid gland follicles Follicular epithelial cells Follicular epithelial cells EM:EM:

• microvillimicrovilli

• RER, Golgi apparatus RER, Golgi apparatus

secretory granulessecretory granules

• lysosome, mitochondrialysosome, mitochondria

endocytotic vesiclesendocytotic vesicles

Function:Function: synthesize and release thyroid hormonessynthesize and release thyroid hormones

thyroxine (T4)thyroxine (T4)

triiodothyronine (T3)triiodothyronine (T3)

According to the structures of follicular epithelial cells, According to the structures of follicular epithelial cells, can you illustrate their functions?can you illustrate their functions?四碘甲状腺原氨酸四碘甲状腺原氨酸

三碘甲状腺原氨酸三碘甲状腺原氨酸

Page 12: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

What is the secretory process?

i.   i.   SynthesisSynthesis of thyroglobulin of thyroglobulin

ii.  ii.  Iodination Iodination of thyroglobulinof thyroglobulin

iii. iii. ReleaseRelease of thyroid hormones of thyroid hormones

Page 13: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Formation of T3 & T4:

a. AA→ RER→ thyroglobulin →

(Gogi, glycosylated→ (G,

secreting granules) → colloid.

b. Iodide → (iodide pump) →

iodide oxidation in cytoplasm

→ colloid → bound to tyrosine

residues of thyroglobulin →

iodated thyroglobulin.

Page 14: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

c. iodated thyroglobulin →

(TSH, microvilli) → endocytic

vesicles →LYS → T3 & T4.

Function of T3, T4:Function of T3, T4:

a. elevate the basal metabolic

rate.

b. influence the body growth

and nervous system

development during fetal life.

Modulation of T3, T4 secretion:Modulation of T3, T4 secretion:

hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis

Page 15: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Pathological state

hypothyroidismhypothyroidism

exophthalmic goiter

In adults, thyroid hormone overproduction underproduction

myxoedema

hyperthyroidism

hyperthyroidism

A consequence of an increase in A consequence of an increase in

body’s metabolism:body’s metabolism:

Clinical features:Clinical features:

★ ★ feeling hotfeeling hot

★ ★ increased sweatingincreased sweating

★ ★ weight loss, with poximal weight loss, with poximal

muscle weaknessmuscle weakness

★ ★ rapaid heart raterapaid heart rate

★ ★ anxiety and restlessanxiety and restless hyperactivityhyperactivity

★ ★ diarrhoeadiarrhoea

Thyroid hormone deficiency slows Thyroid hormone deficiency slows

body processes:body processes:

Clinical features:Clinical features:

★ ★ dry, puffy skindry, puffy skin

★ ★ inability to keep warminability to keep warm ★ ★ weight gainweight gain

★ ★ a slow heart ratea slow heart rate

★ ★ loss of energy and appetiteloss of energy and appetite ★ ★ constipationconstipation

Page 16: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Pathological state

Hypothyroidism present at birth:Hypothyroidism present at birth: Mental retardation Mental retardation Short statureShort stature Coarse facial featuresCoarse facial features Protruding tongueProtruding tongue Umbilical herniaUmbilical hernia

Page 17: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Parafollicular cell------single between follicular cellssingle between follicular cells---in small groups in interstitial tissue---in small groups in interstitial tissueAlso calledAlso called calcitonin cell / C cell calcitonin cell / C cell

LM:LM:

• ovoid, polygonalovoid, polygonal

• largerlarger

• pale-stained: eosinophilicpale-stained: eosinophilic

• argyrophilic granulesargyrophilic granules

Function:Function:

synthesize and release synthesize and release calcitonin, calcitonin, make blood calcium make blood calcium

Page 18: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Parathyroid gland

• Structure Structure capsulecapsule parenchyma parenchyma

• FunctionFunction

synthesize parathyroid synthesize parathyroid

hormone (PTH)hormone (PTH)

make blood calcium make blood calcium

glandular cellsglandular cells chief cellschief cells

oxyphil cellsoxyphil cellsstromastroma

Page 19: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

------capsule:capsule: CT CT

------cortex:cortex: yellow, yellow,

derived from derived from mesodermmesoderm

------medulla:medulla: reddish- reddish-

brown, derived from brown, derived from

neural ectodermneural ectoderm

Adrenal gland

内胚层内胚层

神经外胚层神经外胚层

Page 20: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Adrenal gland cortex

Zona glomerulosaZona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculataZona fasciculata

Zona reticularisZona reticularis

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

球状带球状带

束状带束状带

网状带网状带

Page 21: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Zona glomerulosa15% of cortex volume15% of cortex volume

---Structure: ---Structure:

LMLM

cellscells: small, low columnar: small, low columnar

or polygonal or polygonal

be arranged into nests or clustersbe arranged into nests or clusters

nucleinuclei: deep stained, round: deep stained, round

cytoplasmcytoplasm: light basophilic: light basophilic

---Function: ---Function:

secrete secrete mineralomineralocorticoid corticoid ( eg. aldo( eg. aldosteronesterone))

盐皮质激素 醛固酮盐皮质激素 醛固酮regulate electrolyte and water balanceregulate electrolyte and water balance

Page 22: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Zona fasciculataAbout 78% of cortex volumeAbout 78% of cortex volume

---Structure:---Structure:

LMLM

cells cells : large: large ,, clear margin clear margin

be arranged in straight cordsbe arranged in straight cords

cytoplasmcytoplasm: light staining: light staining

appear vacuolated(formy)-emptyappear vacuolated(formy)-empty

---Function:---Function:

secrete secrete glucoglucocorticosteroidcorticosteroid 盐皮质激素盐皮质激素(e.g cortisol(e.g cortisol 、、 corticosterone) and corticosterone) and androgenandrogen 雄激素雄激素(less)(less)

regulate carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolismregulate carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism

influence immune responseinfluence immune response

Page 23: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Zona reticularis

7% of cortex volume7% of cortex volume

---Structure---Structure::

LMLM

cellscells: polyhedral and small; : polyhedral and small;

be arranged in irregular be arranged in irregular

anastomosing cords anastomosing cords

cytoplasmcytoplasm: acidophilic: acidophilic

---Function:---Function:

secret secret androgenandrogen(testosterone) and(testosterone) and

small amount of small amount of oestrogen oestrogen 雌激素雌激素

Page 24: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Adrenal medulla

---Structure:---Structure:

medullary cell ( chromaffin cell ) : medullary cell ( chromaffin cell ) :

LM:LM:

cellscells: polyhedral, be arranged in : polyhedral, be arranged in

nests or short cordsnests or short cords

cytoplasmcytoplasm: weakly basophilic,: weakly basophilic,

brownish granules- when fixed bybrownish granules- when fixed by

bichromate-containing fixative.bichromate-containing fixative.central veincentral vein

ganglial cellsganglial cells: : multimultipolar neuronspolar neurons

large, 2large, 2~~3 in groups3 in groups

Page 25: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Adrenal medullaEMEM

electron-dense granules electron-dense granules

adrenaline celladrenaline cell: : 80% 80% 肾上腺素细胞肾上腺素细胞

nornoradrenaline celladrenaline cell: : 20% 20% 去甲肾上腺细胞去甲肾上腺细胞

Adr. cell

Noradr. cell

---Function: ---Function:

secrete adrenaline and secrete adrenaline and nornoradrenalineadrenaline

secrete some polypeptides(galanin, neuropeptide Y, enkephalin)secrete some polypeptides(galanin, neuropeptide Y, enkephalin)

i.  heart ratei.  heart rateii. dilate blood vesselii. dilate blood vessel

i.  blood pressurei.  blood pressure ii. the flow speed of bloodii. the flow speed of blood

Page 26: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Pathological state

Excessive adrenal secretion of Excessive adrenal secretion of glucoglucocorticoid hormonescorticoid hormones

Cushing’s syndromeCushing’s syndrome

Page 27: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Pituitary gland

pars nervosapars nervosa

infundibular stalkinfundibular stalk

median eminencemedian eminence

pars distalis pars distalis

pars tuberalispars tuberalis

pars intermediapars intermedia

adenohypophysis

neurohypophysis

capsule: CTcapsule: CT

anterior lobe

posterior lobe腺垂体腺垂体

神经垂体神经垂体

远侧部远侧部

中间部中间部

结节部结节部

神经部神经部

漏斗柄漏斗柄

正中隆起正中隆起

前叶前叶

后叶后叶

Page 28: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Pituitary gland

Page 29: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Pituitary gland

Pars distalisPars intermedia

Pars nervosa

Infundibular

Page 30: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Pas distalis

Glandular cells are arranged in nests Glandular cells are arranged in nests

Rich in capillaries around the cellsRich in capillaries around the cells

Classification:

ChromoChromophobephobess

ChromoChromophilphilss Acidophils

Basophils

A --- AcidophilA --- Acidophilround or oval , eosinophilic stainninground or oval , eosinophilic stainningB --- BasophilB --- Basophilless, large cell, ovoid or polygonalless, large cell, ovoid or polygonalbasophilic granulesbasophilic granulesC --- ChromophobeC --- Chromophobemore, small, pale, no clear boundarymore, small, pale, no clear boundary

Page 31: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Tropic hormones of pas distalis

cell type secreting hormone cell type secreting hormone

acidophil acidophil

basophil basophil

somatotrope somatotropic hormone(STH) or growth hormone(GH)

mammotrope lactogenic hormone(LTH)or prolactin(PRL)

thyrotrope

gonadotrope

adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)corticotrope

follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) luteinizing hormone(LH) interstitial cell-stimulating hormone(ICSH)---male

thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)

生长激素细胞生长激素细胞

催乳激素细胞催乳激素细胞

促甲状腺激素细胞促甲状腺激素细胞

促性腺激素细胞促性腺激素细胞

促肾上腺皮质激素细胞促肾上腺皮质激素细胞

Page 32: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Titan

Jack Sprat

Pathological state

Page 33: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Gigantism Dwarfism

Pathological stategrowth hormone in kidsgrowth hormone in kids

too muchtoo muchdeficientdeficient

Page 34: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Acromegaly 肢端肥大症

Pathological stateToo much growth hormone occurs in adultsToo much growth hormone occurs in adults

Protruding jawProtruding jawBroaden lower faceBroaden lower faceEnlarged handsEnlarged hands

Page 35: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Pas intermediaStructure:Structure:

chromophobe cellschromophobe cells

basophilsbasophils

be arranged into cords/follicles.be arranged into cords/follicles.

Function:Function:

Secrete melanocyte-stimulatingSecrete melanocyte-stimulating

hormone (MSH) hormone (MSH) 黑素细胞刺激黑素细胞刺激素素 Pas tuberalis

Secrete gonadotropin.

Page 36: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Neurohypophysis

Pars nervosaPars nervosa

ComponentsComponents

• Pituicytes ( glial cells)Pituicytes ( glial cells)

• Capillaries (fenestrated)Capillaries (fenestrated)

• UnUnmyelinated nerve fibersmyelinated nerve fibers

Function:Function:

Store and release Store and release oxytocinoxytocin and and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)催产素催产素 抗利尿激素抗利尿激素

Page 37: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Neurohypophysis

Herring bodies:Herring bodies:

Neurosecretory granules accumulate in the dilated portions of Neurosecretory granules accumulate in the dilated portions of

the axons near their terminals.the axons near their terminals.

LM:LM: acidophilic, irregular structure acidophilic, irregular structure

Page 38: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Blood supply (Hypophyseal portal system)

Superior hypophyseal artery

(Primary plexus)capillaries

Hypophyseal portal vein

( Secondary plexus ) capillaries

Hypophyseal vein

Page 39: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

Relationship between hypothalamus and adenohypophysis

Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus (neuroendocrine cell):

• secrete releasing hormones (RH)

-GRH, PRH, TRH, GnRH, CRH, MSRH

• secrete release inhibiting hormones (RIH)

-SOM, PIH, MSIH

• their axons end in infundibular stalk and release hormones into

primary capillaries network of hypophyseal portal circulation

• positive and negative feedback

Page 40: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology
Page 41: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology
Page 42: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology

肾上腺皮质三带的比较球状带 束状带 网状带

位 置厚 度

体积比细胞排列

毛细血管

细胞大小

形 状核

胞 质分泌激素

作用受调节

电镜结构

被膜下 中层 深层,近髓质最薄 最厚 较薄

78 %15 % 7 %球状 纵行的单或双行细胞索 细胞短索吻合成网

球间血窦 索间纵行血窦 网间血窦

较小 大 小

矮柱状或椎形 多边形 多边形核小色深 核大圆色浅 核小色较深

少量脂滴 大量脂滴 少量脂滴,脂褐素盐皮质激素 糖皮质激素 雄激素及少量糖皮质激素

调节水盐代谢(排钾保钠) 糖异生、应激、抗炎、抑制免疫等 蛋白质代谢

肾素-血管紧张素系统较典型 较典型典型的类固醇激素细胞的

超微结构

ACTH ACTH

Page 43: Depart.  Of  Histology  &  Embryology