Diagnostic and Detection Fault Collapsing for Multiple Output Circuits

Raja K. K. R. Sandireddy and Vishwani D. AgrawalDept. Of Electrical and Computer Engineering,

Auburn University, Auburn, AL-36849 USA.

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Outline

Introduction Fault Equivalence and Fault Dominance Functional collapsing

Fault Equivalence and Dominance definitions Results of functional collapsing Hierarchical fault collapsing Conclusions and Future work.

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Equivalence

R Structural equivalence1: Two faults f1 and f2 are said to be R structurally equivalent if they produce the same reduced circuit graph [netlist] when faulty values are implied and constant edges [signals] are removed.

Functional equivalence1: Two faults f1 and f2 are said to be functionally equivalent if they modify the Boolean function of the circuit in the same way, i.e., they yield the same output functions.

1 E. J. McCluskey and F. W. Clegg, “Fault Equivalence in Combinational Logic Networks,” IEEE Trans. Computers, vol. C-20, no. 11, Nov. 1971, pp. 1286-1293.

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Structural DominanceA fault fi is said to dominate fault fj if the faults are equivalent with respect to test set of fault fj.

a0 a1

b0 b1

c0 c1

Equivalence collapsed set = {a0, b0, c0, c1}Dominance collapsed set = {a0, b0, c1}

Example: Full adder circuit.Total faults: 60Structural equivalence collapsed set2, 3 = 38 (0.63)Structural dominance collapsed set3 = 30 (0.5)

2 Using Hitec, 3 Using Fastest

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Functional Dominance4

F1

F0

F2

Z

If the fault introduced in block F1 dominates the fault in block F2, then Z is always 0.

4 V. D. Agrawal, A. V. S. S. Prasad, and M. V. Atre, “Fault Collapsing via Functional Dominance,” Proc. International Test Conf., 2003, pp. 274-280.

1

1

0

For the full adder, functional dominance collapsed set = 12 (0.20){Structural equiv. = 38, Structural dom. = 30, Functional equiv.= 23}

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Equivalence Definitions For multiple output circuits,

Diagnostic Equivalence - Two faults of a Boolean circuit are called diagnostically equivalent if and only if the functions of the two faulty circuits are identical at each output.

Detection Equivalence - Two faults are called detection equivalent if and only if all tests that detect one fault also detect the other fault, not necessarily at the same output.

Y

Z

A

B

c s-a-0

s-a-0

The faults c0 and Y0 are detection equivalent faults, but not diagnostic equivalent.

For the full adder, diagnostic equivalence collapsed set = 26 (0.43), detection equivalence collapsed set = 23 (0.38)

{Structural equiv. = 38, Structural dom. = 30, Functional equiv.= 26, Functional dom.= 12}

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Dominance Definitions Fault Dominance5 - A fault fi is said to dominate

fault fj if (a) the set of all vectors that detects fault fj is a subset of all vectors that detects fault fi and (b) each vector that detects fj implies identical values at the corresponding outputs of faulty versions of the circuit.

Conventionally dominance is defined as: A fault fi is said to dominate fault fj if the faults are

equivalent with respect to test set of fault fj.

If all tests of fault fj detect another fault fi, then fi is said to dominate fj.

5 J. F. Poage, “Derivation of Optimum Tests to Detect Faults in Combinational Circuits", Proc. Symposium on Mathematical Theory of Automata, 1962, pp. 483-528.

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Dominance Definitions contd.

For multiple output circuits, the two possible interpretations of dominance:

Diagnostic dominance - If all tests of a fault f1 detect another fault f2 on the exact same outputs where f1 was detected, then f2 is said to diagnostically dominate f1.

Detection dominance - If all tests of a fault f1 detect another fault f2, irrespective of the output where f1 was detected, then f2 is said to detection dominate f1

.

Diagnostic dominance implies detection dominance.For the full adder, diagnostic dominance collapsed set = 12 (0.2)

detection dominance collapsed set = 6 (0.1){Structural equiv. = 38, Structural dom. = 30, Diagnostic equiv.= 26, Detection equiv.= 23}

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Results: Functional Collapsing

Circuit Name

All Faults

Number of Collapsed Faults (Collapse Ratio)

Structural Functional4

Functional Collapsing – New Results

Diagnostic Criterion

Detection Criterion

Equiv.2 Dom.3 Equiv. Dom. Equiv. Dom. Equiv. Dom.

XOR 2416

(0.67)

13

(0.54)

10

(0.42)

4

(0.17)

10

(0.42)

4

(0.17)

10

(0.42)

4

(0.17)

Full Adder 60

38

(0.63)

30

(0.50)

26

(0.43)

14

(0.23)

26

(0.43)

12

(0.20)

23

(0.38)

6

(0.10)

8-bit Adder 466

290

(0.62)

226

(0.49)

194

(0.42)

112

(0.24)

194

(0.42)

96

(0.21)

191

(0.41)

48

(0.10)

ALU

(74181)502

301

(0.60)

248

(0.49)-- --

253

(0.50)

155

(0.31)

234

(0.47)

92

(0.18)

2 Using Hitec (obtained from Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)3 Using Fastest (obtained from Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison)4 Agrawal et al. ITC’03

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Results: Test Vectors

Circuit

No. of test vectors (no. of target faults)

Structural Functional – New Results

Equivalence Dominance Diagnostic Dominance

Detection Dominance

Full Adder 6 (38) 6 (30) 7 (12) 6 (6)

8-bit Adder 33 (290) 28 (226) 32 (96) 28 (48)

ALU 44 (293) 44 (240) 39 (147) 38 (84)

Test vectors obtained using Gentest ATPG6.

6 W. T. Cheng and T. J. Chakraborty, “Gentest: An Automatic Test Generation System for Sequential Circuits,” Computer, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 43–49, April 1989.

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Hierarchical Fault Collapsing

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

FullAdder

64-bitAdder

1024-bitAdder

c432 c499

Comparison of hierarchical fault collapse ratios

Flattened Equiv.(structural)

Hierarchical Equiv.(functional)

Flattened Dom.(structural)

Hierarchical Dom.(functional)

Total Faults:Full Adder: 60, 64-bit Adder: 3714, 1024-bit Adder: 59394, c432:1116, c499:2646

Detection collapsing can be used only for those sub-circuits whose outputs are POs at the top-level.

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CPU time (sec) for hierarchical collapsing

Flattened (H

itec)

Flattened (O

ur Pro

gram)

Hierarch

ical (t

wo-leve

l)

Hierarchica

l (multi-

level)

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Conclusions Diagnostic and detection collapsing should be used

only with smaller circuits. Collapse ratios using detection dominance

collapsing is about 10-20%. Hierarchical fault collapsing:

Better (lower) collapse ratios due to functional collapsed library

Order of magnitude reduction in collapse time.

Smaller fault sets: Fewer test vectors Reduced fault simulation effort Easier fault diagnosis.

Use caution when using dominance collapsing!!

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Future Work Generate fault collapsing library of standard

cells (Mentor Graphics, etc.). Efficient redundancy detection program. Customized ATPG to obtain minimal test

vector set.