REVOLUSI BELUDRU: Perubahan Sosial Politik Cekoslowakia

(Kajian Historis Tahun 1985-1992)

SKRIPSI

Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pendidikan

Departemen Pendidikan Sejarah

Oleh

Kusnandi

NIM 1505952

DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN SEJARAH

FAKULTAS PENDIDIKAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESEIA

BANDUNG

2019

No. Daftar FPIPS: 1000/UN.40.A2.3/PP/2019

REVOLUSI BELUDRU: Perubahan Sosial Politik Cekoslowakia

(Kajian Historis Tahun 1985-1992)

Oleh

KUSNANDI

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar

Sarjana Pendidikan pada Departemen Pndidikan Sejarah pada Departemen

Pendidikan Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial

© Kusnandi 2019

Universitas Pendidkan Indonesia

Mei 2019

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang- undang

Skripsi ini tidakboleh diperbanyak seluruhnya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang,

diperbanyak, atau cara lainnya tanpa izin dari penulis

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul REVOLUSI BELUDRU: Perubahan Sosial Politik

Cekoslowakia (Kajian Historis Tahun 1985-1992). Studi ini secara garis besar

ingin menjawab pertanyaan “Bagaimana peristiwa Revolusi Beludru yang terjadi

di Cekoslowakia dan dampaknya sampai tahun 1992”. Untuk membahas

permasalahan tersebut, peneliti melakukan kajian dengan metode penelitian

historis, dan melalui 4 langkah dalam proses penelitian, antara lain: pengumpulan

sumber, melakukan kritik sumber, interpretasi sumber, dan tahapan terakhir adalah

historiografi. Teknik penelitian yang dilakukan oleh peneliti adalah dengan

menggunakan studi kepustakaan untuk memperoleh gambaran mengenai topik

penelitian. Hasil penelitian yang telah didapatkan oleh peneliti ialah sebagai

berikut: Revolusi Beludru disebabkan oleh 2 faktor (internal dan eksternal). Faktor

internal terjadinya revolusi tidak bisa dilepaskan dari kondisi sosial, budaya,

ekonomi dan politik mengalami stagnansi dan pembatasan yang disebabkan oleh

dominasi Partai Komunis Cekoslowakia yang sangat sentralistik dalam

menerapkan kebijakannya dan menjadikan Cekoslowakia sebagai negara federal

partai tunggal. Faktor eksternal yang mendorong terjadinya Revolusi Beludru

adalah kebijakan Perestroika dan Glasnost yang diterapkan oleh Michael

Gorbacev, dan peristiwa revolusi yang terjadi di Polandia. Revolusi mencapai

puncaknya pada tanggal 17 November 1989 yang ditandai dengan bergabungnya

masyarakat Cekoslowakia untuk melakukan gerakan, gerakan tersebut berjalan

kondusif karena menghasilkan konsesi, yaitu demokrasi. Pasca Revolusi Beludru

Cekoslowakia menjadi negara federal multi partai dan menghadapi konflik antara

elitbiro kedua negara federasi, Sehingga Cekoslowakia dihadapkan dengan

pemisahan kedua negara.

Kata Kunci: Revolusi Beludru, Gerakan Sosial, Konsesi. Partai Komunis

Cekoslowakia, demokrasi.

ABSTRACT

The research entitled “The Velvet Revolution: Social Political Transformation

in Czechoslovakia (A Historical Analysis 1985-1992)”. This research tries to

answer the questions as to how is it that the velvet revolution occurred in the first

place? And what are the consequences until 1992? Thus, the use of historical

method of research is necessary to answer the main questions. The historical method

consists of four ways: the gathering of historical sources, critics, interpretation and

historiography. The technique being used in this research is literature studies to get

an insight into the topic. The result of this research has found out that the revolution

was caused by two factors, the internal and external factors. Internally, the

revolution was deeply tied to the stagnant social, economic, cultural and political

conditions within the country ruled by the Communists. Moreover, the centralistic

policies enforced by the Czechoslovak Communist party drove the country to

become a single federal state. Externally, the Perestroika and Glasnost policies

implemented by Michael Gorbachev and the Polish revolution also fueled the

revolution. The revolution reached its peak on 17 November 1989 when there was

a massive social movement by the Czechoslovak citizens altogether flocked to the

street shouting out loud demanding of change, the movement was very conducive

and as a result it gave birth to democracy within the country. The aftermath of the

revolution had turned Czechoslovakia became a multi-party federal state

confronted by the conflict between the elites of the two federal states which led to

the inevitable segregation of Czechoslovakia.

Keywords: Velvet Revolution, Social Movement, concession, Communist Party of

Czechoslovakia, democracy

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL

LEMBAR HAK CIPTA

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN

KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................ i

UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH.................................................................................. ii

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ iii

DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... iv

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................... vii

DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................................... viii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................ ix

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang Penelitian ................................................................................. 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................................. 6

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .............................................................................................. 6

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................................... 7

1.5 Struktur Organisasi Skripsi ............................................................................... 7

BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA ................................................................................ 9

2.1 Kajian Kepustakaan dan Landasan Konsep .................................................... 10

2.1.1 Kajian Runtuhnya Komunisme di Eropa ................................................ 10

2.1.2 Revolusi .................................................................................................. 19

2.1.3 Gerakan Sosial ........................................................................................ 24

2.2 Penelitian Terdahulu ....................................................................................... 29

2.2.1 Skripsi ..................................................................................................... 27

2.2.2 Artikel Ilmiah .......................................................................................... 30

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ................................................................... 33

3.1 Persiapan Penelitian ........................................................................................ 34

3.1.1 Pemilihan Topik Penelitian ................................................................... 34

3.1.1.1 Nilai (Value) ....................................................................................... 35

3.1.1.2 Keaslian (Originality) ........................................................................ 35

3.1.1.3 Kepraktisan (Practicality) .................................................................. 36

3.1.1.4 Kesatuan (Unity) ................................................................................ 36

3.1.2 Penyusunan Rancangan Penelitian........................................................ 36

3.1.3 Proses Bimbingan ................................................................................. 37

3.2 Pelaksanaan Penelitian .................................................................................... 38

3.2.1 Heuristik ................................................................................................ 38

3.2.1.1 Pencarian Melalui Sumber Internet ................................................... 38

3.2.1.2 Pencarian di Perpustakaan ................................................................. 41

3.2.1.3 Membuat Catatan- Catatan Penting ................................................... 44

3.2.2 Mengevaluasi Bukti- Bukti yag ditemukan (Verifikasi) ....................... 45

3.2.2.1 Kritik Eksternal .................................................................................. 45

3.2.2.2 Kritik Internal .................................................................................... 46

3.2.3 Interpretasi ............................................................................................ 47

3.2.3.1 Pendekatan ......................................................................................... 48

3.2.4 Historiografi ......................................................................................... 49

BAB IV Upaya Masyarakat Cekoslowakia dalam Mencapai Demokrasi .... 52

4.1 Gambaran Sosial, Budaya, Politik, dan Ekonomi Cekoslowakia

menjelang terjadinya Revolusi Beludru ........................................................ 52

4.1.1 Gambaran Sosial .................................................................................. 54

4.1.2 Gambaran Budaya ................................................................................. 63

4.1.3 Gambaran Politik .................................................................................. 71

4.1.4 Gambaran Ekonomi .............................................................................. 78

4.2 Revolusi Beludru di Cekoslowakia Tahun 1989 ............................................. 87

4.2.1 Pengaruh Kebijakan Michael Gorbacev ............................................... 87

4.2.2 Jalannya Revolusi Beludru.................................................................... 93

4.3 Dampak Revolusi Beludru ............................................................................ 111

4.3.1 Dampak Revolusi Beludru bagi Pemerintahan Cekoslowakia ........... 111

4.3.2 Dampak Revolusi Beludru bagi Masyarakat Cekoslowakia ............... 127

BAB V SIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI .................................................... 1

5.1 Simpulan ....................................................................................................... 134

5.2 Rekomendasi ................................................................................................. 138

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................ 140

LAMPIRAN

RIWAYAT HIDUP

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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