?

, PWM

, , , 50

,

(CIP )

? ? , . : ,2003 .12 ( ) ISBN 7-5623-2012-8 . . . -- . TM1

CIP ( 2003 ) 126660

: ? ( 17 , 510640) : 020 - 87113487 87111048 ( )E-mail : scut202@scut .edu. cn http: ??www. scutpress. com

: : : 7871092 1?16 : 13 . 5 : 337 : 2003 12 1 1 : 13 000 : 22 .00

, , , : 95 , , ; ,

, , , 9 , : , , , , , , , ( PWM ) , , ,

? 2356 ? , 1489 , 7 ? , , , , , ,

,

, ,

2003 10

0 ( 1) 0 .1 1 0 .2 2

0 .2 .1 20 .2 .2 2

0 .3 31 4 1 .1 4

1 .1 .1 41 .1 .2 51 .1 .3 71 .1 .4 7

1 .2 71 .2 .1 81 .2 .2 91 .2 .3 111 .2 .4 14

1 .3 151 .3 .1 GTO 161 .3 .2 GTO 161 .3 .3 GTO 171 .3 .4 GTO 18

1 .4 181 .4 .1 GTR 191 .4 .2 GTR 201 .4 .3 GTR 201 .4 .4 GRT 22

1 .5 231 .5 .1 MOSFET 231 .5 .2 MOSFET 241 .5 .3 MOSFET 261 .5 .4 MOSFET 26

1 .6 261 .6 .1 IGBT 27

1 .6 .2 IGBT 271 .6 .3 IGBT 281 .6 .4 IGBT 28

1 .7 291 .7 .1 291 .7 .2 301 .7 .3 MOS 301 .7 .4 31

32 32

2 34 2 .1 34

2 .1 .1 342 .1 .2 372 .1 .3 38

2 .2 392 .2 .1 392 .2 .2 40

2 .3 432 .3 .1 432 .3 .2 44

2 .4 452 .4 .1 452 .4 .2 47

2 .5 492 .5 .1 492 .5 .2 502 .5 .3 53

2 .6 542 .6 .1 542 .6 .2 55

2 .7 562 .7 .1 562 .7 .2 56

2 .8 592 .8 .1 592 .8 .2 61

2 .9 622 .9 .1 622 .9 .2 63

2

2 .9 .3 63 2 .10 66

2 .10 .1 662 .10 .2 71

72 73

3 76 3 .1 76

3 .1 .1 , 763 .1 .2 , 76

3 .2 783 .2 .1 783 .2 .2 79

3 .3 823 .3 .1 823 .3 .2 min 84

3 .4 843 .4 .1 843 .4 .2 86

3 .5 873 .5 .1 873 .5 .2 893 .5 .3 903 .5 .4 91

92 92

4 94 4 .1 94

4 .1 .1 944 .1 .2 964 .1 .3 984 .1 .4 994 .1 .5 1014 .1 .6 101

4 .2 GTO 1034 .2 .1 1034 .2 .2 1034 .2 .3 GTO 104

4 .3 GTR 1064 .3 .1 106

3

4 .3 .2 106 4 .4 MOSFET IGBT 108 4 .5 110

4 .5 .1 1104 .5 .2 111

4 .6 1134 .6 .1 1134 .6 .2 116

4 .7 1164 .7 .1 1164 .7 .2 1174 .7 .3 GTR 1184 .7 .4 GTR 119

119 119

5 120 5 .1 120

5 .1 .1 1205 .1 .2 1225 .1 .3 1235 .1 .4 1245 .1 .5 125

5 .2 1265 .2 .1 1265 .2 .2 128

5 .3 1285 .3 .1 1285 .3 .2 1295 .3 .3 130

5 .4 1305 .4 .1 1315 .4 .2 1325 .4 .3 133

133 134

6 135 6 .1 135

6 .1 .1 1356 .1 .2 137

6 .2 140

4

6 .2 .1 1406 .2 .2 Y 141

6 .3 1436 .3 .1 1436 .3 .2 1456 .3 .3 146

146 147

7 148 7 .1 148

7 .1 .1 1487 .1 .2 180 1527 .1 .3 120 155

7 .2 1567 .2 .1 1567 .2 .2 1617 .2 .3 1657 .2 .4 165

7 .3 1677 .3 .1 1677 .3 .2 168

7 .4 1727 .4 .1 1727 .4 .2 174

7 .5 1777 .5 .1 1777 .5 .2 1787 .5 .3 1797 .5 .4 180

7 .6 180 183 184

8 ( PWM ) 186 8 .1 PWM 186

8 .1 .1 PWM 1868 .1 .2 PWM 1878 .1 .3 PWM 188

8 .2 SPWM 1908 .2 .1 1908 .2 .2 191

5

8 .3 PWM 191 8 .4 PWM 192 194 194

9 195 9 .1 195 9 .2 195

9 .2 .1 1969 .2 .2 197

9 .3 PWM 1989 .3 .1 ZVS - PWM 1989 .3 .2 ZCS - PWM 199

9 .4 PWM 2009 .4 .1 ZVT - PWM 2009 .4 .2 ZCT - PWM 201

9 .5 202 205 205 206

6

0 , ,

, , 1957 , , , , , , ,

0 .1

, ,

1 . ,

6 000 A3 000 V 2 . ,

, : , 12 000 V?1 000 A , 4 000 V?4 000 A ; , 8 000 V?3 000 A ; , 1 200 V?1 500 A , 2 500 V?400 A ; , 2 500 V?1 000 A ; 1 200 V?300 A

3 . ,

: ( GTR ) , 1 200 V?800 A , 1 400 V?300 A ; ( GTO) , 6 000 V?6 000 A , 8 000 V?1 000 A ; ( POWER MOSFET ) ,1 200 V?160 A ; ( SITH ) , 4 500 V?2 500 A ; ( SIT ) , 1 200 V?10 A

4 . ( IGBT ) ,

, , 3 300 V?1 200 A MOS ( MCT) , d i?d tdu?d t , 5 000 V?2 000 A

, ( M PIC)

( HPIC)1 200 V?800 A HPIC HPIC ,

0 .2

0 .2 .1

,1 .

,2 . ,

; , 3 . ,

;4 . ,

,5 . ( ) ( )

, , , , , , ,

0 .2 .2

1 . ,

2 .

3 .

2

,

0 .3

1 . , ,

, , 14 , 1990 16 % , , 10% 40 % ,

2 . , , 21 , 95%

, 95% , , , , , ,

, , , , ,

3 . , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , ,

4 . , ,

30

1 ,

, 40 , ,

1 1

1 1

1 .1

(Power Diode) 20 50 , (Semiconductor Rectifier, SR ) , , , ,

1 .1 .1

, PN , PN , 1 2 , A , K

,

1 2 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c)

N P PN PN ( ) , P N , , P N ,

PN ( ) , , N P , , , PN , ,

PN , PN

PN , , , PN , , , , PN , PN , PN , ,

1 .1 .2

1 .1 .2 .1 ,

1 3a , ( UD 0 ) , , , I F UF , , , ,

IF UF , IF = f ( UF ) , , ,

, 1 3b , ,

51

, , , 1 3b IRP URP , 1 3b td , tf , trr = td + tf

1 3 (a) ; ( b)

1 .1 .2 .2 1 . IF ( A V ) IF ( A V) ( TC ) ,

, ( TjM ) , , ( ) , I F ( A V ) I = 1 .57 IF ( A V) , 100 A , 157 A , , , ,

2 . UF UF

, UF ,3 . URR M URR M

,4 . TjM PN ( Tj ) ( TjM ) PN

, TjM 1251755 . IFSM IFSM IFSM

6

6

1 .1 .3

, , , , , , , ,

1 . (General Purpose Diode) , ( 1 kHz ) ,

(5s ) , ( ) ,

2 . ( Fast Recovery Diode, FRD) ( 5s

) , (0 .9 V ) , 100 ns , ,

3 . ,

(Schottky Barrier Diode, SBD) , : (1040 ns) ; ( 0 .40 .6 V ) : , ; ,

1 .1 .4

:

ZK

1 .2

( Thyristor) , (Silicon Controlled Rectifer, SCR) ,

71

, ,

1 .2 .1

1 4a , PN , PN - , ( A) ( ) , ( - ) , ( K ) (G) , , , , 1 4b , 1 4c

1 4 (a) ; ( b) ; ( c)

1 5 ( a) ; ( b)

, A , , K , G , , ,

P1 N1 P2 N2 , PN J1 J2 J3 , AK G , 1 5a A - K , J2 , , A - K , J1 J3 , , , ,

PNPN , PNP NPN , 15ab 1 5b , IG V2 ,IC2 , V1 IB1 , V1 , IC1 , V1 , , V1 V2 ,

8

V1 V2 , 1 ( IC1?IA )2 ( IC2?IK ) , IC01 IC0 2 :

IC1 = 1 IA + IC0 1 (1 1)IC2 = 2 IK + IC 02 (1 2)

IK = IA + IG (1 3)IA = IC1 + IC 2 (1 4)

(1 1 ) ( 1 4)

IA =2 IG + IC0 1 + IC02

1 - (1 + 2 ) (1 5)

(1 5 ) , IA (1 + 2 ) , IG = 0 ,1 + 2 , IA IC 01 + IC0 2 , IG , , 1 + 2 1 , IA , IA 1 + 2 > 1 , , (1 5 )

, ( IG = 0) , 1 - (1 + 2 )0 , ( 1 5) , IA , ,

, IA IH - IA < IH ,1 + 2 ,

, : ; ( )

, :

KP200 12 , 200 A?1 200 V ; KK100 - 12 , , 100 A?1 200 V

1 .2 .2

1 .2 .2 .1 UA K IA , 1 6

, IG = 0 , A - K , J2 ,

, UB 0 ( ) , J2

91

1 6 IG2 > IG1 > IG

, , IG , , IA , UA K IG , UB 0 ( 1 6 IG1 IG2 )

, , , , UR0 , ,1 .2 .2 .2

, - PN J3 , UGK IG , , ,1 .2 .2 .3

, ,

1 . ton , ,

IA , IA 10% td , , 1 7 , IA 90% tr , , ton ,

ton = td + tr (1 6) 2 . toff

, A - K , , , , 1 7 , IA ,

01

( ) , IRM , , trr , , A - K UR RM , , tgr , toff ,

toff = trr + tgr (1 7)

1 7

tgr trr , tgr , , , toff , ,

1 .2 .3

, , 1 .2 .3 .1

1 . , , UDR M

URR M : 50 ?s, 10 ms UDR M UR RM UDSM URSM 90% , 1 6 ; , , ,

2 . UDR M URR M ,

, 2 3 . UTM UT M

111

, , UTM 1 .2 .3 .2

1 . IT( A V)

1 8

IT( AV ) , 40 , , 170 , , 1 8

, IT( AV ) I , , , , 2

1 8 , Im ,

IT ( A V ) =1

2

0Imsintd(t) = Im (1 8)

I = 12

0( Imsint)2 d(t) = Im2 (1 9)

Id , 1 8 ( 180) , Id = IT ( A V )

IId

= Kf ( 1 10)

, Kf ,

1 9

1 1 IT ( A V ) = 100 A , 1 8 1 9 , Id IKf

1 8 , Id = IT ( A V ) , ( 1 8 )

(1 9 ) , Kf1 = IIT( A V) =2 = 1 .57 ,

I = Kf IT( AV ) = 1 .57 100 = 157( A)

1 9 , (1 8 ) (1 9 ) ,2

Kf2 =2

= 2 .22

21

IT( A V) = 100 A , I = 157 A ,

Id =I

Kf2=

1572 .22 = 70 .7 (A )

, 100 A 70 A , , Kf =

1 .11 ,100 A 140 A 2 . IH IH , , ,

IH 3 . IL IL ,

, IL I H 24 4 . ITSM ITSM ( )

1 .2 .3 .3

1 . IG IG 6 V

2 . UG UG IG

,1 .2 .3 .4

ton toff , :1 . du?d t du?d t

2 . d i?d t d i?d t

, ,

1 .2 .3 .5 TjM TjM TjM ,

, TjM , TC ( )1 .2 .3 .6

, 1 1

311

1 1

KPX 1650 U( ) SF100 {GX21( )

UDRM?VURRM

4 ?500 Tj = 0 ?125 4 ?000 Tj = 0 ?125

UTM?V 1 ?.85 ITM = 2 D000 A , Tj = 125 2 ?.3 ITM = 3 !200A , Tj = 25

I TSM?A 24 ?000 t= 10 Mms 20 ?000 50 ?Hz

IAV?A 1 ?650 Tc = 70 y 1 ?000 Tj = 79 U

IDRM?mA < 150 ?Tj = 125 ? , < 50 XTj = 125 l

IRRM?mA < 150 ?Tj = 125 ? , < 50 XTj = 125 l

du?dt?( V?s) > 500 ?

Tj = 25 1 ?000 Tj = 125 3 , UD = 23 UDRM

td?s < 3 qTj = 25 d , UD = 1 500 V

IGT?mA < 250 ?Tj = 25 ? , UD = 12 V < 300 oTj = 25 ~ , UD = 6 V

UGT?V < 4 C.2 Tj = 25 ? , UD = 12 V < 3 ?.5 Tj = 25 ~ , UD = 6 V

IGDM?mA > 20 ?Tj = 125 { , UD = 1000 V > 5 ATj = 125 h , UD = UDRM

UGDM?V > 0 C.5 Tj = 125 { , UD = 1000 V > 0 ?.2 Tj = 125 h , UD = UDRM

IH?mA < 150 ?Tj = 125 ? < 300 oTj = 25 E

IL?mA < 1 &000 Tj = 125 ?

( ) Rj - c?(?W) 0 ?.012 0 ?.018I2 ?t A

2 zs 2 ?106

Tj? 125 p125 @

Tstg? - 40 ?150 - 40 ?125

mm 77 Y

1 .2 .4

1 .2 .4 .1 ( Fast Switching Thyristor, FST ) , du?dt

d i?d t , 0 .410 kHz1 .2 .4 .2

( Reverse Conducting Thyristor, RCT) , , , 1 10 , , ,

41

1 10 (a) ; ( b)

1 .2 .4 .3 ( Triode AC Switch, TRIAC )

, 1 11 T1 T2 G 1 11b , , , 1 .2 .4 .4

( Light Triggtred Thyristor, LTT ) , , 1 12 , , ,

1 11 ( a) ; (b)

1 12 ( a) ; ( b)

1 .3

, GTO(Gate Turn - off Thyristor) , , , GTO ,

511

1 .3 .1 GTO

GTO , PNPN , A K G , GTO , , GTO GTO , GTO GTO 1 13

1 13 GTO ( a) ; ( b) ; (c)

1 .3 .2 GTO

1 .3 .2 .1 GTO GTO , , 1 5b

V1 V2 1 2 ,1 + 2 = 1 ,1 + 2 > 1 , 1 + 2 1 .15 , GTO 1 + 2 = 11 .05 , GTO ,

1 14 GTO (a) ; ( b)

61

1 .3 .2 .2 GTO GTO , , - IG , 1 14a ,

- IG , V2 Ib 2 , Ic 2 IK , Ic 2 IA Ic 1 , I b 2 , IA IK 1 + 2 < 1 ,

1 .3 .3 GTO

GTO , , , GTO 1 .3 .3 .1 GTO

GTO GTO 1 15 GTO , ,

( ab ) , a a , , a , 1 16e a c , c d , d, GTO

1 15 (a) ; ( b)

1 16 GTO ( a) ; ( b) ( EG < UGR ) ;

(c) PN ; (d) ;( e) ; ( f )

711

1 .3 .3 .2 GTO GTO , td tr ( 1 7) ,

1 16 GTO

1 16a GTO 1 16b , 1 16c , , ts , tf , , 1 16d 1 16e 1 16f IA UA tRC

1 .3 .4 GTO

GTO , GTO , 1 .3 .4 .1 IA T O

IA TO GTO ; , IA TO , GTO ,

1 .3 .4 .2 off

off IA TO ,

off = IA TO| - IG | ( 1 11)

off 5 , off , 500 A GTO, 100A , GTO 1 .3 .4 .3 f

GTO , , 20100 kHz1 .3 .4 .4 ton

, , ton = td + tr1 .3 .4 .5 toff

, toff = ts + tf , tRC

GTO , ,

1 .4

GTR PCM , PC M = 1 W GTR Giant Transistor ,GTR ,

81

( GTR ) ,PCM

GTR , , , , ; GTR , , PCM

GTR , ( BipolarJunction Transistor, BJ T)

1 .4 .1 GTR

GTR , , , 1 17a

1 17 GTR ( a) ; ( b) PNP ; ( c) NPN

, 1 17a , GTR GTR NPN PNP , 1 17bc , (Darlington) , 1 18 1 19

1 18 ( a) ; ( b)

GTR (10 ) , , , , 1 19

GTR , , GTR

911

1 19

1 .4 .2 GTR

GTR , hFE Iceo Uces ton toff

1 . ,

,

= IC IB ( 1 12)

GTR , 10 , 2 .GTR , GTR

, BUC EO ; , BUCE R BUCES ; , BUCEX ; , BUCBO BUCBO > BUCE X > BUC ES > BUC ER > BUCEO , , GTR BUCE O , (1?31?2) BUCE O

3 . ICM hFE 1?31?2 , ICM

, , 1?2 ICM 4 . PCMPCM PCM

TC , TC , TC , PCM

1 .4 .3 GTR

1 .4 .3 .1 GTR 1 20a , UBE

02

IB GTR 1 20b , IB IC

UCE , GTR ,

1 20 GTR ( a) ; ( b)

1 .4 .3 .2 GTR IB IC , 1 21a ,

IB IC 1 21bc td tr , ton ; ts tf , toff

1 21 ( a) ; ( b) IB ; ( c) IC

1 .4 .3 .3 GTR 1 2 GTR 1 18

121

1 2 GTR

()WW2 ?SD648 ( ) MJ10048 ?( MOTOROLA)

BUCBO?V 300 ?

BUCEO?V 300 ?IB = 0 ?250 ?IB = 0 )

BUEBO?V 8 ?IC = 0 )

ICM?A 400 ? 100 ?

PCM?W 2500 * 250 ?

1000 XIC = 400 ?A , UCE = 5V 75 ?IC = 100 MA, UCE = 5V

UCES?V 2 ?IC = 400 ?A , IB = 8A 2 ?.0 IC = 100 MA, IB = 2 .75A

UBES?V 2 ?.5 IC = 400 ?A , IB = 8A 3 ?.0 IC = 100 MA, IB = 2 .75A

ton?s 1 ?

ts?s 8 ?

tf?s 2 ?

4 p.25

20 ?

8 ?

IC = 100 MA, IB = 2 .75AUCC = 250V , RL = 202 .0%

Rj - c?(?W) 0 X.5

1 .4 .4 GTR

1 .4 .4 .1 GTR , IC ,

( ) , IC PCM , GTR , , IC , UCE , , GTR 1 22

, ( ODBEF ) ( OAEF ) ( OCEF ) 1 22 ABC , USB ISB , ( ABC) , , PSB , PSB 1 .4 .4 .2 ( SOA )

GTR , ICM UCE M PCM , PSB , GTR ( Safe Operating Area, SOA ) , 1 23

, ,

22

1 22 1 23 GTR

1 .5

, MOSFET ( MetalOxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor)MOSFET ( 108 101 3)

, , , ,

1 24 N MOS( a) ; ( b) ; ( c)

1 .5 .1 MOSFET

MOSFET , N PMOSFET ,N ; P ( UGS =0) , ( ID0) ; UGS = 0 , ( ID = 0 ) , 1 24 N , + , - D S G

321

1 24 , , , MOSFET , V VV MOSFET VDMOSFET , 1 25 VDMOFET

1 25 VDMOSFET

1 .5 .2 MOSFET

1 24a , G S UGS UT , D S UDS , D S , ID , , ID UGS , 1 26

1 26 MOSFET ( a) ; ( b)

1 .5 .2 .1 1 26 N MOSFET

( GTR ) ( GTR ) ( GTR ) UGS UDS , ID ; UDS , ID MOSFET ,

1 3 MOSFET Up MOSFET ,

42

1 3 MOSFET

N

N

P

P

1 27 MOSFET ( a) ; ( b)

1 .5 .2 .2 1 27a , Ui , Ri , Rg

521

, RL , R0 iD Cin ( = Cgd + Cgs ) , UGS , 1 27b

1 27b :td1 , UT , iD ;tr ? , UGS UT UGSS , iD

;td2 , Ui , Cin , UGS UGSS ;tf , UGS UGSS UT

ton = td1 + tr ( 1 13)

toff = td2 + tf ( 1 14)

1 .5 .3 MOSFET

ton toff UT UP , MOSFET : UDS ; ID ; UGS , | UGS |20 V ; gm ? ,

,

gm = IDUGS ( UDS = ) ( 1 15)

1 .5 .4 MOSFET

MOSFET , UDSUGS ID PC

, , , , ; , ; , ; ,

1 .6

MOSFET 1 .5 , , , GTR , , IGBT( Insulaed - GateBipolar Transistor)IGBT GTR MOSFET , 20 80 ,

62

1 .6 .1 IGBT

IGBT , G C E , 1 28 N MOSFET GTR IGBT

1 28 IGBT ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c)

IGBT UGE , UGE MOSFET , GTR( PNP) , IC P + N - ( ) N - , IGBT ( MOSFET 20 ) UGE , MOSFET , , IGBT

1 28a , IC , MOS IM OS , IBJ T ,

IC = IM OS + IBJ T ( 1 16) UGS , MOS , IMOS , IBJ T , IGBT , 1 30

1 .6 .2 IGBT

1 .6 .2 .1 IGBT , 1 29

MOSFET , 1 29a , UGE( Th) , 26 V , 1 29b ,

GTR , IGBT , , 1 29c1 .6 .2 .2

IGBT 1 30 , td tr ts tf = tf1 + tf2 , 1 .4 .3 GTR ,

721

td tr , ts tf GTR tf , tf1 MOS , tf2 GTR

1 29 IGBT (a) ; ( b) ; ( c)

1 30 IGBT

1 .6 .3 IGBT

IGBT , :UCEM , PNP ;ICEM ;PCM ( ) IGBT GTR MOSFET

1 .6 .4 IGBT

1 .6 .4 .1 IGBT , , 1 31 NPN

82

1 31 IGBT

Rbr ,P , J3 , , J3 IC , Rbr , J3 , , IGBT IC , , IC IC ( ) , du?d t ( ) , 1 .6 .4 .2

IGBT , IC M , UCEM PCM , ( FBSOA ) , 1 32a

du?d t , ( RBSOA ) , 1 32bdu?dt , RBSOA

1 32 IGBT SOA(a) SOA ; ( b) SOA

1 .7

1 .7 .1

SIT (Static Induction Transistor) , 1970 , 300 A1 500 V 3 kW 2050 MHz

SIT 1 33 , SIT

921

, , ,

1 33 SIT (a) ; ( b)

1 34 SITH ( a) ; ( b)

1 .7 .2

SITH(Static Induction Thyristor) , , 1972 , , , GTO 1 34 SITH

1 .7 .3 MOS

1 35 MCT ( P MCT )

MOS MCT ( MOS Controlled Thyristor) , MOS , , , MCT 1 35 , MOSFET , MCT , ON FET ; MCT , OFF FETMCT 1 36

03

1 36 MCT (P MCT )(a) ; ( b)

, ON FET , MCT ; , OFF FET , PNP , PNP , MCT

1 .7 .4

, PIC( Power Integrated Circuit)

PIC : , HVIC , , 1 37 ; , SPIC , , 1 38

1 37 300 V HVIC

131

1 38 SPIC

GTOGTR SITH , MOS-FET SIT ; , IGBT MCT ( ) , ( ) , , GTRMOSFETSITHSITIGBTGTO MCT

, 20 80 20 80 , , , IGBT , 1 .8 kA?2 .5 kV ; GTO 6 kA?6 kV ,MOSFET , , , ,

1 1 ?1 2 ?1 3 1 39 , Im , Id1 Id2

Id3 , I1 I2 I3 kf1 kf2 kf3 1 4 , IT( AV) = 200A , Id1 Id2 Id3

? Im1 Im2 Im3 ?

1 5 GTO1 6 GTR ? ?1 7 MOSFET GTR ?

23

1 39

1 8 IGBT ? ?1 9 GTO ? ?1 10 GTR ? ?

331

2

, , , ,

: , ,

2 .1

, ,

2 .1 .1

2 1

2 .1 .1 .1 2 1a ( Resistive Load) ( Single Phase Half

Wave Controlled Rectification Circuit) , T , , u1 U1 u2 U2 ; VT , uV T R , , ( ) ud

u2 , VT , , , , , VT t1 ( 2 1c) , VT , uV T = 0 , u2 R , ud = u2 t =, u2 = 0 , VT , ud = 0; id , ,

uVT = u2 , ud = 0 ,2 1de ud uV T id ud

, , , ( Trigger Angle) , , ud ,= 0, , = , ud = 0 , 180 ( Conduction Angle) , ,= -

,2 .1 .1 .2

1 . Ud 2 1d Ud ,

Ud =1

2

2 U2 sintd(t) = 22U2 ( 1 + cos)

= Ud01 + cos

2 = 0 .45 U21 + cos

2 (2 1)

, Ud0 = 0 .45 U2 , = 0 , V2 . Id Id , Ud ,

Id =UdR = 0 .45

U2R

1 + cos2 (2 2)

3 . I I2 IV T ,

I = I2 =1

2

2 U2R

sint2

d(t)

=

U2R

14sin2+

- 2 (2 3)

4 . R U

U = 12

( 2 U2 sint)2 d( t)

= U214sin2+

- 2 (2 4)

5 . cos? , R U = I2 R , P

P = I22 R = UI2 (2 5)

532

S = U2 I2 ,

cos? = PS =UI2

U2 I2=

14sin2+

- 2 (2 6)

(2 3 )(2 4 )(2 6 ) rad= 0 , cos?= 1? 2 , , ,

1 ,

2 1e , UDm URm 2 U2 2 1 , , 220 V ,

60 V , 20 A , (1 ) 60 V (2 1 )

cos = 2 Ud0 .45 U2 - 1 =2 60

0 .45 220 - 1 = 0 .212

= arccos0 .212 = 77 .8 (2 ) I2

(2 2 ) ( 2 3)

I2 =2sin2+ 4( - )

2 (1 + cos) Id = 2 .06 20 = 41 .2 (A )

rad(3 )

Um = UDm = URm = 2 U2 = 311 (V ) (4 )

, , = 0

IdVT

= I2?1 .57 = 26 .2 (A ) IT( A V) Id

VT, 1 .52 ,

IT ( A V ) = ( 1 .5 2) IdVT

= ( 39 .3 52 .4) (A)

IT( A V) = 50 A :

UN = (2 3 ) Um = ( 622 911) (V ) UN = 700 V

50 A700 V (5 ) 60 V (2 6 ) ,

cos? = PS =I

22 R

I2 U2=

I2 RU2

=

I2 Ud?IdU2

= 0 .562

63

2 .1 .2

2 2a ( Resistive and Inductance Load) L R , ,

2 2

, , VT , id = 0 , ud = 0 , u2 VT , , ,

u2 = ud = uL + uR = Ld idd t + id R (2 7)

, uL uR t1 , VT , VT , ,

ud = u2 , , id = 0 , uR = id R = 0 ,

u2 = uL = Ld iddt , id , 2 2e ,

, , ,

t2 , d id?d t = 0 , uL = 0 , uR = u2 , id ,

732

, , , , uR = u2 + uL t2 , , ud = u2 u2 , , uL > u2 ,VT , id , u2 = ud uL = u2 + uR , , t3 , uL u2 , VT , id = 0 , , , VT uVT 2 2f

2 2d ud , ud , u2 , Ud

, (= arctanL?R) , ; , Ud 90 , L , ud , Ud ,

2 .1 .3

2 3 ?

, VDR , ( Free Wheeding Diode, Commutating Diode) , 2 3a 2 3cg Lm R

, VT , VDR , VDR , u2 , VDR , VDR , ud , VDR VT , L VDR id ,ud = 0 , , 2 3c, uV T id , VT , , VDR , id , , 2 3d , VT - , VDR + , VT VDR iV T iV D

R 2 3e f id , Id ,

IdVT IV T

83

IdVT

= -

2 Id (2 8)

IVT =1

2

I2d d(t) = - 2 Id (2 9)

IdV DR IV D

R

IdV DR

=+

2 Id ( 2 10)

IV DR

=1

22+

I

2d d(t) = + 2 Id ( 2 11)

Ud (2 1 ) VT 180,

2 U2 , VT , ,

, ,

,

2 4 7

2 .2

(Single Phase Bridge Fully Controlled Rectification Circuit) , , ,

2 .2 .1

2 4a, VT1 VT4 , VT2 VT3 u2 , a , b VT1 VT4 t = , VT1 VT4 ud = u2 , t = , u2 , , VT1 VT4 , t = , VT1 VT4 VT2 VT3

t = (+ ) , VT2 VT3 , VT1 VT4 , , id = 0 ,

932

ud = 0 , VT1 VT4 u2 , VT2 VT3 u2 , , u2?2

u2 , a , b t =+ VT2 VT3 , , ud = u2 , , , id , 2 4b i2 , , , , i2 2 4d t= 2 , VT1 VT4 2 4c, ,

2 U2?2 2 U2

Ud =1

2 U2 sintd(t) = 2 2 U22 ( 1 + cos)

= 0 .9 U2 1 + cos2 ( 2 12)

, Ud = 0 , Ud = Ud0 = 0 .9 U2 ; =180 , Ud = 0 , 180

Id =UdR = 0 .9

U2R

1 + cos2 ( 2 13)

I I2 ,

I = I2 =1

2 U2R sint

2

d(t)

=

U2R

12sin2+

- ( 2 14)

,

IdVT

=12 Id = 0 .45

U2R

1 + cos2 ( 2 15)

IV T =1

2

2 U2R

sint2

d(t)

=

U2

2 R1

2sin2+ - =

12

I ( 2 16)

cos? = PS =UI2

U2 I2=

12sin2+

- ( 2 17)

2 .2 .2

2 5 , Lm R,

04

2 5

u2 ,t = , VT1 VT4 , ud = u2 u2 , , VT1 VT4 , id , t =+ , VT2 VT3 , VT2 VT3 u2 VT2 VT3 VT1 VT4 , VT1 VT4 VT2 VT3 , + udidiV T i2 uV T 2 5ch

Ud =1

+

2 U2 sintd(t) = 2 2 U2 cos

= 0 .9 U2 cos ( 2 18)= 0 , Ud0 = 0 .9 U2 ; = 90 , Ud = 0 , 90

= 180, ,

2 U2 IdVT IV T

IdVT

= Id?2 , IV T = Id? 2 ( 2 19) i2 180 , ,

I2 = Id ( 2 20)

142

, , , 2 2 , 1230 V

, 20 A , = 20 , , LmR , ,

(1 )(a) U2 I2 Ud = 30 V = 20, ( 2 12 ) U2 ,

U2 =2 Ud

0 .9 (1 + cos) =2 30

0 .9 (1 + cos20) = 34 .37( V )

I2 , Ud = 12 V Id = 20 A , ( 2 12 ) ,

cos = 2 Ud0 .9 U2 - 1 =2 12

0 .9 34 .37 - 1 = - 0 .224

= arccos( - 0 .224 ) = 103

(2 13) (2 14) I2 , = 103180,

I2 =sin2+ 2( - )

2( 1 + cos) Id

= 1 .73 20 = 34 .6 (A ) ( 2 21) ( b)

,IV T = I2? 2 = 34 .6? 2 = 24 .47 (A)

IT( A V) IT ( A V) = ( 1 .5 2) IV T?1 .57 = ( 23 .38 31 .17) (A )

URm = 2 U2 = 48 .6 (V ) ,UN = (2 3 ) URm = (97 .21 145 .8 ) ( V )

30 A200 V (2 ) , Lm R(a) U2 I2 Ud = 30 V ,= 20, ( 2 18 ) U2 ,

U2 =Ud

0 .9cos =30

0 .9cos20= 35 .5( V )

I2 Id I2 = Id = 20 (A )

( b)

IV T = Id? 2 = 20? 2 = 14 .1(A )

24

IT ( A V) = ( 1 .5 2) IV T?1 .57 = ( 13 .5 18) (A )

Um = UDm = URm = 2 U2 = 50 .2 (V ) ,UN = (2 3 ) Um = ( 100 .4 150 .6) (V )

20 A200 V (c) Lm R , :

cos? = PS

=

Ud IdU2 I2

=

UdU2

= 0 .9cos

, Ud = 12 V , cos?= 12?35 .5 = 0 .34 ; Ud = 30 V , cos?= 30?35 .5 = 0 .85

2 .3

2 4 2 5 VT2 VT4 VD2 VD4 , (Single PhaseBridge Half Controlled Rectification Circuit)

2 6

2 .3 .1

2 6 , ,+ , b , a , bVT3 RVD2 a , VT3 VD2 R , a c , VT1

342

2 .3 .2

2 .3 .2 .1 VDR 2 7 , ,

Lm R, u2 ,t= VT1 , VT1 VD4 u2 , , VT1 , a b , VD4 VD2 , VT1 VD2 , ud ,

t =+ VT3 , VT3 VT1 , u2 VT3 VD2 u2 VT3 VD4 ,

2 7

2 .3 .2 .2 , 180 ,

, , , VT1 VD4 , VT3 u2 , VD2 VD4 , VT1 VD2 u2 , VD4 VD2 , VT1 , VT1 VD4 , VT1 , VD2 VD4 , ud , u2 , ,

44

, VDR , , VDR , , 2 7bh

IdVT

= IdVD

= -

2 Id , I VT = IVD = -

2 I d ( 2 22)

IdV DR

= Id , IVDR =

Id ( 2 23)

I2 = - Id ( 2 24)

Ud (2 12)

2 .4

, , , , ( Three Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectification Circuit) ,

2 .4 .1

2 .4 .1 .1 2 8a

, , , , ,

2 8b , ( uw uu ) ( VT1 ) , ( VT1 ) , , , = 0 ,

t1 t2 , u vw , t1 , = 0 VT1 , ud = uu t2 t3 , v , t2 ( t1 120) VT2 , VT1 , ud = uv t3 ( t2 120) VT3 , VT2 , ud = uw ud 2 8d , , , 120 , , 120,

2 8e u VT1 , , 120,

542

2 8 ?= 0

2 8f VT1 , VT1 , uVT

1= 0; VT2 ,

VT1 uV T1

= uu - uv = uuv

; VT3 , VT1 uVT

1= uuw

> 0, ud , = 30 , , 120, 2 9 = 60 2 10 , ud , VT1 , uu , VT1 ; VT2 , VT2 , , ud = 0 , VT2 , VT2 , ud = uv , u , 90 = 150 , ud = 0 , 1502 .4 .1 .2

ud ,

1 .30

Ud =1

2?356 +

6

+ 2 U2 sintd(t)

=3 62 U2 cos = 1 .17 U2 cos ( 2 25)

, U2 = 0 , Ud0 = 1 .17 U2 , IV T I2 ,

I2 = IV T =12

56

+

6 +

2 U2 sintR

2

d(t)

=

U2R

12

23 +

32 cos2 ( 2 26)

2 .> 30

Ud =1

2?3

6

+ 2 U2 sintd(t) = 3 2 U22 1 + cos

6 +

64

2 9 ?= 30

2 10 ?= 60

= 0 .675 U2 1 + cos 6 + ( 2 27)

IV T =1

2

6 +

2 U2 sintR

2

d(t)

=

U2R

12(

56 - +

34 cos2+

14 sin2) ( 2 28)

,Id = Ud?R ( 2 29)

,Id

VT= Id?3 ( 2 30)

2 8f , , URm = 2 3 U2 = 2 .45 U2 ( 2 31)

, ,

UDm = 2 U2 ( 2 32)

2 .4 .2

2 11 Lm R,

742

2 11b , 30 ,

2 11 (a) ; ( b)= 30 ; (c)= 60

> 30 , 2 11c = 60 , u VT1 , ud = uu uu , , VT1 iV T

1 , ud = uu VT2

, VT2 , VT1 , v , VT1 VT2 , ud = uv , u , ud , , ud , =90 , ud , Ud = 0 , 90

Ud (2 25) , Ud = 1 .17 U2 cos 120, Id

VT= Id?3 ,

I2 IV T ,

I2 = IVT = Id? 3 = 0 .577 Id ( 2 33) ,

84

UDm = URm = 2 .45 U2 ( 2 34)

2 12 (a) ;

( b) ;(c)

2 .5

, , , 1?3 , , ( Three-Phase Bridge Fully-ControlledRectification Circuit)

2 .5 .1

,

( 2 8 ) , , ud n , , , 2

12a , ,a w VT3 , t1 VT1 , u , w u , u VT1 VT3 t2 u v , n , ,

2 12b , , , , 120, ,

942

R1 = R2 , , Id1 = Id2 , , I0 = 0 , , , , 2 12c , VT1 VT6 , uvw VT1 VT3 VT5 , uvw VT4 VT6 VT2

2 .5 .2

2 .5 .2 .1

2 13 y= 0

2 12c , , , , , : , 60( 80) , , , 60 , ( 2 13b) , , ( ) , , VT1 1 VT6 6, 2 13c, , , ,

= 0 , 2 13dg , , , , 2 13a

, t = 30 , = 0 VT6 VT1 , u ,v , : u VT1 R VT6 v ud = uu - uv = uuv , VT1 uVT

1= 0

05

: u , VT1 , v w , t = 90 VT2 , VT6 , : u VT1 RVT2 w , ud = uuw , uV

T1

: w , VT2 ,v , t= 150VT3 , VT1 , u v , : v VT3 RVT2 w ud =uvw , VT1 uuv

, , VT3 VT4 , ud = uvu , uV T1

= uuv ; , VT4 VT5

, ud = uwu , uV T1

= uuw ; , VT5 VT6 , ud = uwv , uVT1

= uuw

:

2 14 = 30

(1 ) , , , , , , ,

(2 ) 120, 240, , 120

(3 ) , 120, 180 , 60, 60

(4)

(5) ,

2 13 , ud ud , , , 2 13g u iu : VT1 , iu , iu ud ; VT4 , iu , ud

2 14 = 30 , t1 = 0 , ud ,

152

30, 30 , ud 30, ud , 2 14cd

2 15 = 60 , ud , 60( = 90) , 2 16 , udid = 120 , , , ud = 0 , 120

2 15 V= 60

2 16 ?= 90

2 .5 .2 .2 1 .60 , ud 1?6 ,

3 +

3 + +

3 , U2 ,

Ud =1

?323 +

3 +

6 U2 sintd(t) = 2 .34 U2 cos ( 2 35)

25

IV T =22

23 +

3 +

6 U2R sint

2

d(t) = U2R 1 +3 32 cos2 ( 2 36)

2 .> 60 , , , ud

( 3 + ),

Ud =1

?3

3 +

6 U2 sintd(t) = 2 .34 U2 1 + cos 3 + ( 2 37)

IV T =U2R

2 - 3 +3

2sin23 + 2 ( 2 38)

2 .5 .3

60 , , ud uVT , , id ud 2 17 =0 , 2 13

2 17 = 0

> 60 , , , , , , ud = 90 , ud , ud = 0 , 90, 2 18= 90

352

2 18 = 90

Ud (2 35) , Ud = 2 .34 U2 cos

120, ,

IV T = I d? 3 ( 2 39) , i2 u ( 2 17e) , 120 180 ,

I2 =23 Id = 0 .816 Id ( 2 40)

6 U2

2 .6

, ( Three-Phase Bridge Half-Controlled Rectification Circuit) , 2 19a , ; ,

2 .6 .1

= 0 , ,

45

2 19 ( a) ; ( b)= 30 ; (c)= 60 ; ( d)= 150

= 30 , VT1 , 30 , VT1 VD6 , ud =uuv30 , VD6 VD2 , VT1 , ud = uuw , 90 VT1 VT3 , , ud , 2 19b 2 19c 2 19d = 60= 150 ud , 120= 60 ud ; > 60 , ud , = 180 , ud = 0 , 180

, , 0180

Ud = 1 .17 U2 ( 1 + cos) ( 2 41)

2 .6 .2

, ud , , Ud

552

,Ud = 1 .17 U2 ( 1 + cos)

< 60 , 120, > 60 , 180- ; , - 60

2 .7

, , ( Back E .M .F Load)

2 .7 .1

2 20 ?

2 20 , u2 E , u2 > E , , , ,

ud = u2 , id = ( ud - E)?R u2 E , , ud = E , , , , 2 20b ,

= arcsin E2 U2

( 2 42 )

Ud = E +1

-

( 2 U2 sint - E) d(t)

( 2 43 ) < , - , ; , = 2 20c id , , , , ,

2 .7 .2

, , , , 2 21 , u2 > E , , , ; u2 E , , ,

65

2 21 Q

, id = 0 , ud = E , , , , 2 21c , , Ud , 180, ud id , ud , :

L = 2 .87 10 - 3 U2Idmin

(2 44)

, Idmin , A ; U2 V ; L H

, 2 22 , EM , , 2 22b , id , u2 = EM + uL + Id R, uL , R ; id , u2 + uL = EM + Id R; u2 , uL = EM + u2 + Id R , EM , , , 2 22c, 2 22c , , , , I d , , , id = ( ud - EM )?R , EM , EM = Cen, , , ( )

L = 1 .46 10 - 3 U2Idmin ( 2 45)

L = 0 .693 10 - 3 U2Idmin ( 2 46)

, U2 , V ; L H 2 3 , U2 = 200 V , E = 200 VR =

1Lm R = 60 ,

(1 )Ud = 2 .34 U2 cos = 257 .4 ( V )

Id =Ud - E

R =257 .4 - 200

1 = 57 .4 (A )

(2 )

752

2 22 ( a) ; ( b) ; (c)

IdVT

= Id?3 = 19 .1( A)

IV T = Id? 3 = 33 .1( A) (3 )

I2 =23 Id = 46 .9( A)

(4 ) Lm R ,

P = I2d R + EId = Ud Id = 14 774 .8 ( W)

S = 3 U2 I2 = 30 954 (VA ) cos?= P?S= 0 .48

85

2 .8

, , , Id , Id , , LB , ,

2 .8 .1

2 23 ?

, , ( Leakage Inductance) , 2 23 , VT1 , ud = uu t1 VT2 , LB , VT2 Id , VT1 Id , VT1 VT2 , uv uv - uu , , ik , , , iu = Id , iv = 0 , iu = Id - ik , iv = ik Id , iu =0 , VT1 , VT2 ,

uv - uu = 2 LBd ikd t ( 2 47)

ud = uu + LBd ikd t = uv - LB

d ikd t =

uu + uv2 ( 2 48)

, uu , uv , , ud 2 23 , VT2 ud = uv , ,

952

LBd ikd t

, m ,

( ) :

Ud = m2+

LB

d ikd td(t) =

m2

Id

0LB dik

=m

2LB I d =m

2XB Id ( 2 49)

, , ( CommutatingOverlap Angle) ; XB = LB LB , ,

XB =U2I2

Uk %100 ( 2 50)

, U2 I2 ; Uk % , 5 (2 49) , , , m= 2;

, m= 3; , m= 6 ( 2 49 ) , Ud mXB?(2) , Id ,

: , , VT1 VT3 VT4 VT2 , , 2 24 VT1 VT4 , t =+ VT2 VT3 , , , ud = 0 , u2 ik , - Id , Id ,

Ud = 22+

LB

d ikdt

d(t) = 22Id

- Id

LB dik

=2LB Id =

2 XB Id ( 2 51)

2 24

, ,

06

, , ,

2 .8 .2

, (= 0) , VT1 VT2 m , uu uv

uu = umax cos t + m

uv = umaxcos t - m

uv - uu ?= umax cos t - m - cos t +m

= 2 umax sin msint

uv - uu = 2 LBd ikd t ,

d ikd t

=

umaxLB

sin m

sint ( 2 52)

(2 52)

ik =umaxLB sinmsintd t + C =umaxLB sin

m

( - cost) + C

: t= , , ik = 0 C ,

C =umaxLB sin

mcos =

umaxXB

sinmcos

, ( 2 52 )

ik =umaxXB

sinm( cos - cost)

t = + , ik = Id , ,

Id =umaxXB

sin m

[cos - cos(+ ) ] ( 2 53)

cos - cos(+ ) = I d XBumax sin

m

( 2 54)

, , m= 3 , (2 54)

cos - cos(+ ) = 2 Id XB6 U2

( 2 55)

, , m= 6 , ( 2 54 ) , , ( 2 55 )

,

162

cos - cos(+ ) = Id XB2 U2

( 2 56)

cos - cos(+ ) = 2 Id XB2 U2

( 2 57)

2 4 ,Lm R , R = 5, LB = 2 mH , 220 V = 30 ,

(1 )Ud - Ud = RId

, Ud = 2 .34 U2 cos = 2 .34 220 cos30= 445 .56( V )

Ud = m2LB Id =6

22 50 2 10- 3 Id = 0 .6 Id

445 .56 - 0 .6 Id = 5 Id(2 ) I d = 79 .56 (A )(3 ) Ud = 0 .6 Id = 47 .74( V )(4 ) Ud - Ud = 397 .82 ( V )(5 )

IdV T

= Id?3 = 26 .52( A)

IV T = Id? 3 = 45 .94 (A) (6 )

cos - cos(+ ) = 2 Id XB6 U2

cos30- cos(30+ ) = 2 79 .56 2 50 2 10- 3

6 220= 0 .1855

= 17 .1

2 .9

, , , ( Mechanical Characteristic) ,

2 .9 .1

, mXB Id?( 2) Id RB ( RB ,

26

)Id RM U ,

Ud ?= EM + RB + RM +mXB2 Id + bU

= EM + R Id + bU ( 2 58)

, R = RB + RM +mXB2 , ;U , 1 V

, , b= 1 , b= 2

2 .9 .2

, ( Id ) ,id ,

EM = Cen ( 2 59) , Ce ; ,Wb; n , r?min

, Ud = 1 .17 U2 cos, ( 2 58 ) , EM = 1 .17 U2 cos - R Id - U ( 2 60)

,

n=1 .17 U2 cos

Ce -R Id +U

Ce ( 2 61)

(2 61) , , 2 25 3 XB?(2) , , , , , ,

2 25

,

n=2 .34 U2 cos

Ce -R Id + 2U

Ce ( 2 62)

2 .9 .3

, , , ,

362

, , , 2 26 U , , R Id ,

uu = 2 U2 sint = EM + Ld iddt

, L

2 26

id = -2 U2L cost -

EM tL + C

:t1 = 6 + , id = 0 , C , C id

id = -2 U2L cost - cos

6 + -

EM tL +

EML

6 + ( 2 63)

I d = 12?36 + +

6

+ id d(t)

Id = 322 U2L cos

6 + +

2 cos

2 - 2sin

2 ( 2 64)

t2 = 6 + + , id , (2 63)

n =2 2 U2Ce sin

6 + +

2 sin

2 ( 2 65)

( 2 64 ) ( 2 65) , , , n Id , , 2 27 , , , , n0 , = 60 ,

( 2 61) , n0 = 0 .585 U2Ce , 2 27 3 ( )

46

n0 Id Idmin , ,

2 U2 , ( 2 60 ) 0 .585 U2 , , , n0 EM = 2 U2 , id ,

n0 =2 U2Ce , ud

60 , , 2 U2Ce ud

> 60 , ud ,

n0 = 2 U2 sin( 6 + )?( Ce)

n0 , n0 , 2 27

2 27

, , 2 , n0 =2 U2Ce ; >

2 ,

n0 =2 U2 sin

Ce , 6 , n0 =

6 U2Ce ; >

6 ,

n0 =6 U2 sin(3 + )

Ce

2 27 , , , , , , , , Id , ,

, , ,

562

2 .10

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

2 .10 .1

2 .10 .1 .1 , , ,

(Balanced Reactor) , 2 28a , , 180, , uu uvuw uuuvuw , , , 2 28b Lp , , , , , ,

2 28

1 . ( ) 2 28a Lp , nn1 n2 ,

uu uwuvuuuw uv , 60,

66

, , , = 0 2 29 , ud ,

Ud =1

2?63 + +

3

3 +

2 U2 sintd(t) = 1 .35 U2 cos ( 2 66)

Ud0 = 1 .35 U2 , 1 .17 U2 60,

Id?6 Id? 6 , Id ,

2 29 Lp = 0

, 1?6 , , ,

2 .

2 30

= 0 t1 , VT1 VT2 , t1 t2 uu > uw, 2 30a, Lp , VT1 , VT2 VT1 , VT1 , VT1 iu , Lp nn1 unn

1, , 2 30b unn

1

762

uu , VT1 Lp , Lp nn2 unn

2, unn

2 uw , VT2

, VT1 VT2 up ud

ud = uu - unn1

= uw + unn2

unn1

= unn2

=12 ( uu - uw) up = ud1 - ud2 ( 2 67)

ud = uu -12 ( uu - uw) = uw +

12 ( uu - uw) =

12 ( uu + uw)

ud = ( ud

1+ ud

2)?2 ( 2 68)

, ud1 uu , ud

2

uw , (2 68) , ud , 2 30a

, 2 31a up , 231f , ip , ,

2 31 = 0

VT1 VT2 , , ip VT1 VT2 ( Id?2) + ip ( Id?2) - ip ,

86

, Lp , ip = ( 1%2% ) Id t2 ( 2 30a) , uu = uw , up = 0 , t2 t3 ,

uw > uu , ip , Lp 2 30b , VT1 , VT2 , t3 , VT2 VT3 , VT2 VT3 ,VT3 VT1 , 60120 , VT6 VT1 VT1 VT2 VT2 VT3 VT3 VT4 VT4 VT5 VT5 VT6 VT6 VT1

2 32 = 30= 60= 90 , , , f = 300 Hz= 90 ,ud , Ud = 0 , 90 , ud , = 120 , Ud = 0 , 120

2 32 = 306090

3 . , ( 2 68 ) ,

ud =12 ( uu + uw) =

12 2 U2 sint + 2 U2 sin t +

3

=

6 U22 sin t +

6

962

Ud =1

2?62 +

6

+ ud d( t) = 3

2 +

6

+

6 U22 sin t +

6 d(t)

= 1 .17 U2 cos ( 2 69) Lm R , Id Id

VT IV T

Id = Ud?R ( 2 70)

IdVT

=13

12 Id =

16 Id ( 2 71)

IV T = I2 =1

256

+

6 +

12 Id

2

d(t) = 12 3

I d = 0 .289 Id ( 2 72)

, UDm = URm = 6 U2 2 .10 .1 .2

, , , 2 33

2 33

, , ; , , 30 , 2 13d , , 2 34 , , Ud

1 Ud

2 ,

, ud1 ud

2 , ,

, , , ,

, , , , ,

ud ,

ud =12 ( ud1 + ud2 ) =

12 2 3 U2 sint + 2 3 U2 sin t +

6

= 6 U2 cos 12sin(t +12 ) ( 2 73)

07

2 34

(2 73)

Ud =1

2?122 +

3 +

6 U2 cos12sin t +

12 d(t)

= 2 .34 U2 cos ( 2 74) , ud

1 ud

2,

( ud1

+ ud2

)?2 , , 12 , , f = 1250 Hz= 600 Hz, , ,

6 U2

2 .10 .2

, , ,

2 35 , , 2 34 30,

ud = ud1

+ ud2

= 6 U2 sint + 6 U2 sin t + 6

= 2 6 U2 cos12sin t +

12 ( 2 75)

Ud =1

2?122 +

3 +

2 6 U2 cos12sin t +

12 d(t)

= 4 .68 U2 cos ( 2 76) , , , , 20,

172

2 35

, ud 18 , ud 3 , , ud

, , , , , , ,

, , , Lm R , , , , ,

, ; ,

, , ,

, , 4 kW , , ,

, ,

, ,

27

, , ,

, , , ,

2 1 , , 2 36 5, 0 .2 H , 10A , 220 V ,

2 36

2 2 , , , , FU ?

2 3 , = 0= 45 , S ?

2 4 : ; A - K ; uVT ud

2 5 R = 0 .8, 024 V 220V 60 V , , , ?

2 6 2 37 ( ) , ? : 2 U2 , 2 2 U2 ; ,

2 37

2 7 , , R = 10, L , U2 = 110 V , =30 Ud , Id , 220 V , I1 , udiVT1 iVT2 iVDR

372

2 8 , U2 = 100 V , R = 2, L , E = 50 V= 30 , Ud Id Id

VT IVT

220 V , , S, udid i2 2 9 , ,2 10 , ,

, ? ?2 11 , , , ,

220 V ,= 60 Id = 20 A , , I2 S

2 12 2 38 , U2 = 100 V , , R = 2, L = 60 , , udidiVTiVD

2 38

2 13 2 39 , , R = 5, L = 60( VT , 180) , , ? 220 V ,

2 39

2 14 ,= 30, u , ud

2 15 , , ( uG1 5)

( uG1 uu uw ) 15, ? ? ud

2 16 , , VT1 ,= 3090 ud

2 17 , uv ? , ?

2 18 , , , , u , ?

47

2 19 , , R = 5, L , U2 = 100 V= 60 , udid iVT

1 ; UdIdId

VT IVT

2 20 , , R = 5, L , LB = 1 mH , U2 = 110 V , U1= 220 V= 0 , IdI2 I1 , udidiVT1

2 21 , , U2 = 100 V , R = 1, L = , LB = 1 mH= 30E = 50 V UdId, ud iVT

2 22 , 220V , 28A , , U1 = U2 = 220 V , 50 A , 2 .5 A , ,

2 23 , , E = 200 V , R = 1, L = , U2 = 220 V ,= 60 LB = 0 LB = 1 mH , UdId , , ud iVT

2 24 220 V305 A , , 380 V 220 V , 600 A , 20 A ,

2 25

572

3 , , ,

, , ( Invert) , , ( Converter)

, , , ( Regenerative Invert) , , , ( Reactive Invert) ,

3 .1

, , , ,

3 .1 .1 ,

, 090 , , 31a ud EM , Ud = 0 .9 U2 cos , EM ,

Id = ( Ud - EM )?R R , , Ud EM Id Ud , EM , ,

3 .1 .2 ,

, , , , , EM , (< 90) , Ud , EM Ud , Id = ( Ud + EM )?R , , Ud

3 1 ( a) ; ( b)

, , 3 1b Ud , ud , > 90 , , , , | EM | > | Ud | ,

Id =Ud - EM

R

Ud EM ,

Id =- Ud - ( - EM )

R =EM - Ud

R (3 1)

: , , , , 50 Hz ,

Id , , , ,

3 1b ,

Ud =1

+

2 U2 sintd(t) = 0 .9 U2 cos

> 90, , ( Inversion Angle) ,+ == , = 0 , , , Ud

Ud = 0 .9 U2 cos = 0 .9 U2 cos( - ) = - 0 .9 U2 cos (3 2)

773

, , , EM Ud EM , Ud , Ud , 0?2

, , , :(1 ) , ,

,(2 )< 90(> 90) , Ud ,

, ,

,

3 .2

,

3 .2 .1

3 2a , , 090 , 3 2bc Ud > 0 ,

, , Ud > EM ,

, 900 , , , 120 , , Ud < 0 , 3 2ef , , | EM | > | Ud | , , EM , Ud , ,

Ud =1

2?36 + +

23

6 +

2 U2 sintd(t) = 1 .17 U2 cos

= - 1 .17 U2 cos (3 3) Id

VT= Id?3 , IV T = I2 = Id? 3

uV T , ,

6 U2 , , ,

, Id ,

87

3 2 ( a) ; ( b) ( c) ud ; ( d)== 90 ud ; ( e) ( f ) ud ; ( g) ud

, , , 3 2g

, , , , , ,

3 .2 .2

3 3 , , , 120, 60 ,

t1 VT5 VT6 , 3 3b t1 ,= 60, VT1 , u w , VT1 VT5 ,

973

3 3

ud = uuv t1 t2 , uuv , EM , VT6 VT1 , id EM , VT6 v , u , VT1 EM ,

t2 , VT2 , w v , , , VT2 VT6 , ud = uuw , ,

3 4 , , 1?3 VT1 , , VT1 , uV T

1= 0VT3 120 , VT1 ,

uuv VT5 , uuw , , , , , 6 U2

3 4 tq , , , , tq , = 0 ,tq , , , ,

, ,

08

3 4 ( a)= 30; ( b)= 60; (c)= = 90; ( d)= 60; ( e)= 30

Ud = 2 .34 U2 cos = - 2 .34 U2 cos (3 4) ( 3 1 ) Id

VT= Id?3 ,

IV T = Id? 3 I2 = 2 IV T = 0 .816 Id

Pd = R I2d + EM Id (3 5)

, EM , Pd , 3 1 , U2 = 110V ,

EM = 200 V , R = 1, Lm R, LB = 1 mH, = 120 , ,

(1 )Ud = 2 .34 U2 cos = 2 .34 110 cos120= - 128 .7( V )

Id =Ud - EM

R=

- 128 .7 - ( - 200 )1 = 71 .3 (A)

P = Ud Id = ( - 128 .7 ) 71 .3 = - 9176 ( W) = - 9 .18 kW , EM , ; P

(2 )

183

Ud = m2LB Id =6

22 50 1 10- 3 Id = 0 .3 Id

Id =Ud - Ud - EM

R=

2 .34 U2 cos - 0 .3 Id - EMR

Id =2 .34 U2 cos - EM

0 .3 + R =- 128 .7 - ( - 200)

0 .3 + 1 = 54 .84(A )

Ud = Ud - Ud = 2 .34 U2 cos - 0 .3 I d = - 128 .7 - 0 .3 54 .84 = - 145 .15 ( V )

mXB?( 2) , ,P = I2d R + EM I d = 54 .842 1 + ( - 200) 54 .84 = - 7 960 ( W) = - 7 .96 kW

= arccos cos -2 Id XB

6 U2-

= arccos cos120- 2 54 .84 2 50 1 10- 3

6 110 - 120

= 8 .9

3 .3

, , , , , , , , , ; , ,

3 .3 .1

, , 3 51 . , ,

3 5b v uG2 t1 , VT1

, u uu , uu EM , 3 5c v uG

2 t1 t2 ,

< 0 , uv < uu , VT2 , VT1 , uu , uu EM

2 . , , 3 5d

28

3 5 ( a) ; ( b) ; (c) ; (d)

t1 , VT3 EM uw , , t1 , VT1 VT2 , VT3 , VT2 , uw EM

3 . , , ,

,

3 6 ( a) ; ( b)<

4 . , , min

3 .4

, , , , , , , ; , , ,

3 .4 .1

,

48

3 7

3 .4 .1 .1 ,

bU ( 2 58 ) , Ud - EM = R Id Ud =- Ud0 cos, , ,

EM = - ( Ud0 cos+ R Id ) (3 8 )

n= -1

Ce( Ud0 cos+ R Id ) (3 9 )

(3 9 ) , , , , , 3 7 ,3 .4 .1 .2

, ( 2 64 )( 2 65) , = - ,

Id =3 2 U22L cos

76 - +

2 cos

2 - 2sin

2 ( 3 10)

n =2 2 U2Ce sin

76 - +

2 sin

2 ( 3 11)

, , , , , , 3 7 , : , ; , n0 , (3 10) , 0 , I d0 , n n0 , n0 ,

lim 0

n = n0 =2 U2Cesin -

6 ( 3 12)

?6 , n0 < 30 , n0 < 0; = 30 , n0 = 0 ; > 30 , n0> 0; = 90 , , , , 3 .4 .1 .3

, , , , 3 8

583

, ,

3 8

3 .4 .2

( ) , 39a , , 39b

: , , ,P

3 9

, Id = 90 , n= 0 , >90, < 90, , , , , ( ) ( ) ( )

,

3 .5

, ( Harmonics) , , , ,

3 .5 .1

, , , ,

783

, , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , ,

, , , , ud :

ud = Ud +

n = 1an sinnt +

n = 1bn cosnt ( 3 13)

1 , 2 ,

Ud =1

22

0ud d(t) = 12

2

1

ud d(t) ( 3 14)

an =1

2

0udsinntd(t) = 1

2

1

udsinntd(t) ( 3 15)

bn =1

2

0udcosntd(t) = 1

2

1

ud cosntd(t) ( 3 16)

3 10 P= 0 m

m , = 03 10 , - ?m?m , , ud , ud0 , an = 0 , ud0 ud0 2?m , cosnt = cosn(t + 2?m) = cos( nt + 2 n?m)

2 n?m= 2k( k = 1 , 2 , 3 , ) , n= mk m , ud0

3 ud0 = 2 U2 cost (3 14 )( 3 16 ) , Ud0 bn

Ud0 = 2 U2 msinm ( 3 17)

bn = -2coskn

2- 1

Ud0 ( 3 18)

ud0 = Ud0 1 -

n = mk

2coskn2 - 1cosnt ( 3 19)

m= 3 , , ( 3 17 ) (3 19 ) ,

88

ud0 = 1 .17 U2 1 + 2cos3t2 4 -2cos6t

5 7 +2cos9t8 10 - ( 3 20)

m= 6 , , , 3 10 (3 17) ,

ud0 = 2 .34 U2 1 +2cos6t

5 7 -2cos12t11 13 +

2cos18t17 19 - ( 3 21)

, m ,

U = m2m

-

m

( 2 U2 cost)2 d(t) = U2 1 + m2sin2m

( 3 22)

UR =

n = mk

U2n = U

2- U

2d0 ( 3 23)

, ud , u , UR Ud0 , (3 17) ( 3 22 ) (3 23) ,

u =URUd0

=

12 +

m4sin

2m

-

m2

2 sin2

m

1?2

msin

m

( 3 24)

m ,u 2 35 , m= 12 , u = 0 .994 , ,

0, , m , : ud , = 90 , , ,

3 .5 .2

, , , , ,

, Lm R , , 2 5 ,

i2 =4 Id sint +

13 sin3t +

15 sin5t +

=4 Id

n = 1 , 3 , 5 ,

1nsinnt =

n = 1 , 3 , 5 , 2 In sinnt ( 3 25)

, In ,

983

In =2 2 Id

n ( 3 26)

(3 25) (3 26) , ; ,

, 6 k1 ( k ) , ,

3 .5 .3

, , u2 , i2 , 3 11a

S = U2 I2 ( 3 27) , U2 ; I2

3 11 ( a) ; ( b)

,P = U2 I2 1 cos?1 ( 3 28)

, I21 i21 ; cos?1 ( DisplacementFactor) , i21 u2

,

= PS =U2 I21 cos?1

U2 I2= cos?1 ( 3 29)

,= I21?I2 , (Fundamental Factor) (Distortion Factor) , ,

, i2 I2 = Id ; ( 3 26 ) , i2 I2 1 =

09

2 2 Id? ,

= I21I2

=2 2 = 0 .9 ( 3 30)

3 11a ,, cos?1 = cos,

= cos?1 = 0 .9cos ( 3 31) ,= 0 .955 , = 0 .955cos

, u2 90, 3 11b = 0 , , ;= 90 , , , , , , ; , , , , ,

, , ,

3 .5 .4

1 .

3 12 ( a) ; ( b)

, , , , , , , , , 2 35 ,

2 . , , ,

1 ,3 . ,

, LC , 3 12a 5711 ,

193

3 12b

, , , , ,

, , , , , ,

, ,

, , ,

3 1 ?3 2 ? ,

, , , , , ,

3 3 3 13 , , UdEM id ; EM Ud ; 30 , ?

3 13 (a) ; ( b)

3 4 , , , ? ? , ? ?

3 5 3 14 , , ?

3 6 , , R = 1, L = , U2 = 100 V , L = 0 .5 mHEM = - 99 V= 60 , UdId

29

3 14

3 7 , U2 = 220V , EM = - 100V , R = 2, = 30 ? ?

3 8 , , R = 1, L = , U2 = 100 V , L = 1 mH EM =- 150 V= 30 , UdId , VT1 iVT1

3 9 , , R = 1, L = , U2 = 220 V , L = 1 mH EM =- 400 V= 60 , UdId , ?

3 10 , , VT2 uG2 , ?

(= 30)3 11 ? ? ?3 12 ? ?3 13 , , , = 90 ,

,

393

4 ,

, , , , , ;

( ) , ,

, du?d td i?d t ,

4 .1

, , ,

4 .1 .1

4 .1 .1 .1

4 1 ( a) ; ( b)

, , PN , , 4 1 N , , b1 b2 , b2 P , e

4 1a , VD PN , b2 - b1 Ub , H b1

UH =Rb1

Rb1 + Rb2Ub = Ub (4 1)

, , 0 .30 .9 e - b1 Ue , Ue < UH , VD ,

, Ue = Ub + UV D = UP , VD , UP , VD Ie

4 2

IP VD , Rb1 ,UH , Ie IV , Ue = UV , UV , IV , 4 2 P - V , , Ue < UV , Rb1 ,4 .1 .1 .2

4 3a , U , C , uC = UP , VG ,C R2 , R2 uG VT uC < UV , VG , C , uC = UP , VG , , R2 , 4 3b

4 3 (a) ; ( b)

C 1 = Re C , ( uG ) , 2 =( Rb1 + R2 )C( )1 > 2 , uC

Re , Re uC UP , Ie > IP ; uC UV , Ie < IV ,

U - UPIP

Re U - UV

IV(4 2)

f = 1T

=1

Re Cln1

1 - (4 3)

4 1 4 3 , IP = 5A ,= 0 .7 , UV = 3 .8 V , IV = 2 .5 mA , U = 20 V : Re ; C= 0 .33F , f

UP = U + UV D = 0 .720 + 0 .7 = 14 .7 ( V )

594

?U - UPIP

ReU - UV

IV

20 - 14 .7510 - 6 Re

20 - 3 .82 .510 - 3

1 .06 (M) Re6 .84( k)

?fmax = 1ReminCln 1 - 11 -

=1

6 .84103 0 .3310 - 6 ln 11 - 0 .7= 392 (Hz)

fmin =1

RemaxCln 1 - 11 - =

1

1 .06106 0 .3310 - 6 ln 11 - 0 .7= 2 .4 (Hz)

f 2 .4392 Hz

4 .1 .2

, , , ,

4 4 ,

4 4

4 .1 .2 .1 4 4 , V4 V5 , V7 V8 uk , uk

= 0 , V4 , V5 , V7 V8 , , C3 ( + ER9 C3V5 V6 VD1 0 - E) , uC

32 E

69

uk , V4 , V5 , V7 V8 , TP C3 ( + ER1 1 C3 VD4 V4 0V ) , B , uB > - E, V5 , V7 V8 , C3 R11 C3 4 .1 .2 .2

4 4 V1 V2 RP2 R3 R4 C2 , V3 ue3 uk uP R6 R7 R8 V4 b4 , V4 ub4 , V4

uP uk = 0 , ( ) = 90, uP ue3 , , , = 90

4 5 w

uk ue3 ( uP ) , uk > 0 , N ,< 90, ; uk < 0 , N ,> 90, 180, 2404 .1 .2 .3

uG 4 4 , TS V2 uS TS uTS V2 , C2 , V2 C2 , V2 C2 ,

uTS V2 , , , C1 R1 C1 4 .1 .2 .4

1 .

, , , 4 4

, ( VD11VD1 4 ) 50 V V8 , C6 , D 50 V V8 , C6 , D , uD < 15 V , VD15 , 15 V , 4 5 V8 , C6 uD = 50V ,

2 .

794

, : 60 , ,; , , 4 4 V5 V6 , V5 V6 , V7 V8 ,; V5 V6 , V7 V8 , , V5 V6 ,

V4 V5 V7 V8 ; 60 V6 , , V7 V8 60 , VD4 R17

, VT1 VT2 VT6 VT1 , 60 , 4 4 X Y 4 6 , Y X

4 6

4 .1 .3

4 7 ,

4 7

4 7 , us , uk , uu min min V1 uuus , , u us (?3 ) , u

89

4 8 ? us uk V1 uG

us (?3 ) , R3 C3 R2 C2 R1 C1 , uuus

, uu uk = 0 , , Ud = 0 , , = 90 uk= 0 , us V1 us V1 , V2 , V3 , , 120 us , RC 60, us 60 uk , , uk > 0 ,< 90; uk < 0 , > 90 , 4 8

, uu min min 30

4 9 A1 A2 A3 A4 1?4 L M 324

4 .1 .4

4 9 , LM324

994

J 556 , , 0180

1 . 4 9 , A1 A2 , us ,

LM324 A > 1105 , 15 V , L M324 u1 ( u2 ) 13 V ,

us = U1?A = 13?105 = 0 .13 ( mV ) (4 4) , us 0 .13 mV - 0 .13 mV , A1 A2 13 V 0 V , u1 u2 180 , us , 4 10

4 10

2 . 4 9 , A3 R1 R2 R3 R4

, V1 , V1 , C2 , C2 ; V1 , C2 C2 , , C2 u4 V1 u1 u2 u3 A3 u ,

3 . 4 9 A4 , A4

uk , u4 , u4 < uk , A4 u5 = 13 V ; u4 > uk , u5 = 0 V u5 , u4 , u4 uk M , 4 10 uk , u5 u4 uk M u5 u6 , uk uk ( < uk ) , , , uk

4 . , J 556

, u6 68 , 410 410 A1 A2 ( u1 u2 ) 410 1 , ; 410 0 , u1 u2 180, 59 180

001

4 .1 .5

, , KC KJ , ,

4 11 KC04 , , , KC04 180 ,

4 11 KC 04

4 .1 .6

, ,

, , ,

60, 60 ( u ) ,

VT1 , + uu , VT1 0180

1014

4 12 t1 t3

4 12

4 5 , 240, 4 .1 .3 , = 90, , uk = 0 , Ud = 0 4 12 ,= 90 t = 120 , =90 , 90 , 90< 90 , > 90

4 12 , , VT1 + uu , - uu ,

4 13 ( a) ; ( b)

Y?Y - 12 , Y?Y - 6 - uu - uv- uw , Y?Y - 12 + uu + uv + uw ,

4 13 Y 4 1

201

4 1

VT1 ?VT2 ?VT3 7VT4 eVT5 ?VT6 ?

+ Uu - Uv + Uw - Uu + Uv - Uw

- USU + USV - USW + USU - USV + USW

4 .2 GTO

GTO , , GTO ,

4 .2 .1

GTO du?d t( - du?d t) tw UG ( - UG ) - du?d t( du?d t) , 4 14

4 14 4 15 ( a) ; ( b)

( ) , , ; , 4 15 GTO ,

4 .2 .2

GTO :1 . GTO ,2 .GTO , , 3 . , GTO , , , , GTO

,

3014

4 .2 .3 GTO

GTO GTO , ,

1 . 4 16a V1 GTO ; V2

, E2 GTO GTO

4 16 ( a) ; ( b)

2 . 4 17a V , C

GTO , GTO , C VT , C UC GTO GTO , EG

4 17 ( a) ; ( b)

3 . , , 4

401

18a

4 18 ( a) ; ( b)

GTO , 4 19

4 19 GTO ( a) ; ( b)

TP U1 , TP U2 U3 VD2 VD3 C1 C3 , uC

3> uC

2

GTO , ug2 > 0 , Ug3 > 0 , V2 V3 , , uC3 , 3 U2 , IC3 ; IC3 , V2 IC2 , GTO , 4 19b

GTO , ug2 = 0 , ug3 = 0 , ug1 > 0 , V1 , C4 UC4 , GTOV1 , C4 R4 GTO ,

5014

4 .3 GTR

4 .3 .1

4 20 GTR

GTR , , du?d tGTR ; , , ; , GTR 4 20

4 .3 .2

4 21 GTR

GTR 4 21 , V1 , V2 , GTR , GTR ; V1 , V2 , GTR E2 , GTR 4 22 UAA4002 GTR , GTR 4 22a UAA4002 , 4

22b , HCT UAA4002 : 16 GTR , 0 .5 A ,

- 3 A , GTR , ,

: ; ( UC Esat = 15 .5 V ) ; ( tonmin 112s ) ; ; ( ) ; ( ) ;

,

UAA4002 , UAA4002 :14 (1015 V ) ;2 ( - 5 V ) ;9 ;

601

4 22 UAA4002 ( a) ; ( b)

7 RT , RT tonmin , tonmin 112s ;

8 CT , CT RT tonmaxtonmax (s) = 2 RT ( k) CT ( nF )

, 8 ;10 RD , TD , TD (s)

RD ( k) ;TD 120s , , 10 ;

6 R - ( 2 ) , R - RT | U - | min ,

R- =RT2 1 +

| U- |mi n5 ( k)

, 6 ;

7014

11 RSD , RSD URSD :

URSD

= 10 RSD?RT (V ) 13 UCEsat > UR

SD , 15 .5 V ,

11 , 5 .5 V , , 11 ;4 , , ;5 ;13 ;12 , ( ) ,

( , > 0 .2 V , ) , , ;

15 R 14 , , R , ;

16 , RB ;1 , ;3 , , 4 22b , , V1 V2 ,

6 A , , 300A GTR V1 V2 , RB , , L , V2 , , d ib2?d t, UAA4002 , GTR , MOSFET

4 .4 MOSFET IGBT

MOSFET IGBT MOSFET , , , ,

, MOSFET IGBT 4 23 M57918L MOSFETM57918L , , 3050 A MOSFET , MOSFET

4 24 IGBT , , V1 , V2 , IGBT ; V1 , V2 , IGBT , IGBT RC ,

EXB850EXB851EXB840EXB841 IGBT , 4 25 , 4 26 C1 C2

801

4 23 M57918L (a) ; ( b) ; ( c)

4 24 4 25 EXB840841

9014

, , 6 IG-BT UCE , IGBT IC UCE , 6 , 5 , HU , , V , V , 3 , IGBT

4 26 IGBT EXB850: I i = 4 mA , C1 = C2 = 33F; EXB851: I i = 4 mA , C1 = C2 = 47F

EXB840: I i = 10 mA , C1 = C2 = 33F ; EXB841: I i = 10 mA , C1 = C2 = 47F

EXB850EXB851 , 4s, 10 kHz, 150 A?600 V75 A?1200 V400 A?600 V 300 A?1 200 V IGBT

EXB840EXB841 ,1s, 40 kHz, 150A?600 V75 A?1200 V400 A?600 V300 A?1 200 V IGBT , 4 25 RG 4 2

4 2 RG

IGBT

600 aV 10 ?A 15 ?A 30 ?A 50 `A 75 ?A 100 ?A 150 FA 200 ?A 300 ?A 400 ?A

1 ?200 V 8 ?A 15 ?A 25 `A 50 ?A 75 /A 100 ?A 150 ?A 200 ?A 300 ZA

RG? 250 ?150 ?82 @50 ?33 ?25 ?15 T12 ?8 ?.2 5 ?3 #.3

4 .5

4 .5 .1

, di?dt , d i?d t; , du?d t ,

011

- RC , 4 27ab , 4 27c

4 27 ( a) di?dt; ( b) d u?d t; ( c)

GTRGTOMOSFETIGBT , , , GRT , di?dtdu?d t,

4 .5 .2

1 .GTR 4 28a GTR Cs VDs GTR ( V )

V , VDs Cs , GTR , Cs , V du?d t , 4 28b

Cs Ucc , 12 Cs U2cc

4 28 GTR ( a) ; ( b)

4 28 L s Rs VDr V , , , L s d i?d t; , Cs Rs VDrLsV , Rs , GTR ,

1114

,

4 29 GTO (a) ; ( b)

2 .GTO 4 29a GTO , Lk d i?d t; du?dt GTO

4 30 MOSFEF

RCD , Ls Lk Cs , , GTO GTO 4 29b

3 .MOSFET IGBT MOSFET IGBT

d i?d t, du?d t , GTR , GTO , 4 30 MOSFET , RCD ; 4 31 IGBT ; 431b

4 31 IGBT (a) ; ( b)

211

4 .6

4 .6 .1

4 .6 .1 .1 (1 ) , ;(2 ) ( ) , ;(3 ) , , ,

4 .6 .1 .2 1 . :(1 ) I2 t I2 t ;(2 )2 . 4 32a GTR UBE , UBE IC

, 4 32b UBE UR , N , V , GTR

4 32 (a) ; ( b) UBE IC

4 33a GTR UCE , UCE IC 4 33b , UCE , V , GTR

GTO IT AO , , 4 34

VT1 GTO , SA1 , VT1 , E GTO , C1 GTO ITA O , VT3 , VT2 , C1 VT2 , VT1 , GTO

3114

4 33 (a) ; ( b) UCE IC

4 34 SCR

4 .6 .1 .3 LEM LEM ,

: 0500 kA , 06400 V , 0100 kHz 0 .5% , 1sLEM 4 35a , 4 35b

LEM , IP , , , , IS , IS IP , , IS , IP , IS , ,

NP IP + NS IS = 0 (4 5) , NP ; NS

, IS , IP

411

4 35 LEM ( a)L EM ; ( b)

LEM , U 15 V , Rm :

Rm 0 .133 , (2 )

Uo = E = ( t1?T) E = 0 .4 110 = 44( V ) (3 )

Io =Uo - EM

R =44 - 11

0 .25 = 132 (A )

(4 ) ( 5 6) ( 5 7) I0min I0 max , = 0 .40 .625 = 0 .25

I1 0 = I0mi n =e - 1e - 1 - m

ER

=e0 .25 - 1e0 .625 - 1 - 0 .1

1100 .25 = 99 .94 (A )

I2 0 = I0max =1 - e-

1 - e- - mER

=1 - e- 0 .2 5

1 - e- 0 .6 25 - 0 .11100 .25 = 165 .4(A )

5 .1 .2

( Boost Chopper, Step Up Chopper) 5 2

221

, L , V , L I1 , t1 , L EI1 t1 C R , , uo , Uo V , L , C t2 , L I1 , , L ( Uo - E) I1 t2 T ,

EI1 t1 = ( Uo - E) I1 t2 ( 5 13)

Uo =t1 + t2

t2E = Tt2

E ( 5 14)

(5 14) T?t2 > 1 , , , Uo

5 2 (a) ; ( b)

, , EI1 = Uo Io ( 5 15)

,

5 .1 .3

, , 5 3a, 5 3bc 5 2 , 5 2 , ,

V , L , i1 ,

Ld i1d t + Ri1 = EM ( 5 16)

i1 I10 ,

i1 = I10 e- t?

+EMR

(1 - e- t? ) ( 5 17)

V , , i2 ,

Ld i2dt + Ri2 = EM - E ( 5 18)

3215

5 3 (a) ; ( b) ; (c)

i2 I20 ,

i2 = I20 e- t?

+E - EM

R ( 1 - e- t?) ( 5 19)

t= t1 , i1 = I2 0 , t T , i2 = I1 0 , ( 5 17 ) ( 5 19) , = t2?T ,

I10 =EMR -

1 - e- t2?

1 - e- T?ER =

m - 1 - e-

1 - e- ER ( 5 20)

I2 0 =EMR -

e- t

1?

- e- T?

1 - e- T?ER =

m - e-

- e-

1 - e- ER ( 5 21)

, ,

I10 = I2 0 = ( m - ) ER ( 5 22)

L Io ,

Io =EM - Uo

R =EM - ( t2?T) E

R =EM - E

R = ( m - )ER

,

m = 1 - e-

1 - e- ( 5 23)

5 .1 .4

( Boost-Buck Chopper, Step Up& Down Chopper) , , ,5 4

V , , VD , uL = E , i1 C , R V ,

421

5 4 (a) ; ( b)

, i2 , , , uL = - uo , , ,

Et1 = Uo t2 ( 5 24) Uo

Uo =t1t2

E =t1

T - t1E = 1 - E ( 5 25)

0 < < 1?2 , Uo , ; 1?2 < < 1 , Uo , I1 I2 , :

I1?I2 = t1?t2 ,

I1 =t1t2

I2 =

1 - I2 ( 5 26)

,EI1 = Uo I2 ( 5 27)

,

5 .1 .5

: , ; , ; 5 5a Cuk , ( Cuk Chopper) , , , , L1 L2 , C , VD ,

V , V L1 , C V L2 R V , E L1 VD C , L2 VD R , , uo C 5 5a 5 5b 5 5c 5 5b 5 5c 5 2a 5 1a , , Cuk 5 5bC , ( 5 14 )

5215

5 5 Cuk (a) ; ( b) ; (c)

5 6 Cuk

UC =Tt2

E = TT - t1E = 11 - E

( 5 28 ) 5 5c , UC , (5 1 )

Uo = UC ( 5 29 ) (5 28) (5 29)

Uo =

1 - E

(5 25) , Cuk 5 6 , ,

5 .2

, ( Reversible Chopper) ; , ( Multi-Phase Multiplex Chopper) ,

5 .2 .1

5 .2 .1 .1 , ,

, , ( Current Reversible Chopper) , 5 7a , ,

: V1 VD1 , V2 VD2 , , ,

621

5 7 (a) ; ( b)

V2 VD2 , V1 VD1 , , , ,

V1 , , L ; V1 , L , , , , V2 , EM , L ; V2 , EM L VD2 , L , , V1 , 5 7b , V1 V2 , ,5 .2 .1 .2

, , , , ( Bridge Reversible Chopper) , 5 8

5 8

V4 , V1 V2 VD1 VD2 , 5 7a V1 VD1 , , ; V2 VD2 , ,

V2 , V3 V4 VD3 VD4 V3 VD3 , , ; V4 VD4 , ,

7215

V1 V2 V3 V4 ,

5 9 ( a) ; ( b)

5 .2 .2

, , ,

5 9 , uo io , 3 , , , ,

, , , ,

5 .3

, [ 3 ]

5 .3 .1

(5 1 ) , , ,

1 . , , ,

( Pulse Width Modulation, PWM ) ,

2 . ,

,

821

3 . , ,

, 5 10

5 10a , u , uin uo u uin PWM 5 10bc , uin (0 < uin < u m ) uo uo u , 5 10b 5 10c , 5 10c , , uo , uo , , 5 10d

5 10 (a) ; ( b)(c) ; ( d)

5 .3 .2

, , , , , , 5 11 ,

9215

,

5 11 ( a) ; ( b)

5 .3 .3

, , , , , , , [ 20 ] 8 .3 5 12 , , , , , , , , , , , , 5 12b , ,

5 12 ( a) ; ( b)

5 .4

( Commuta-tion) , , , ,

031

, ( ) , ; , , , , ,

5 .4 .1

5 13 ?

( a) ; ( b)

5 .4 .1 .1 ,

( Line Commutation) , , , , ,5 .4 .1 .2

( LoadCommutation) , , ,

5 13a , , R < 2 L?C ,RLC 513b 0 t1 , VT1 VT4 , , , t1 t2 , io , VD1 VD4VD1 VD4 , VT1 VT4 ,VT2 VT3 ,

, , 7 .2 .1 5 .4 .1 .3

RL , , ,

1315

, , , ( Forced Commutation) , ,

5 14

1 . ( ) ,

5 14 VT , S , , , S ,

2 . ( )

5 15

, 5 15 VT , , 515a, S , LC , VT , VT , VD, VD VT , 5 15b, S , LC VT , , LC , VT , VT , , VD VT

5 .4 .2

5 .4 .2 .1

5 16

5 16 , 5 1 ,

S, R C , UC = E , VT1 , , C VT1 L1 VD1 ; iC , UC ; iC , UC , UC = E , , VD VT1 , VT2 , VT1 , VT1 , , VT2 , E , ,

231

5 .4 .2 .2

5 17

5 17 S, VD2 L1 C , VT1 , VT1 , VT2 , C VT2 L1 , C , , VT1 , VT1 , VT1 , CL1 VD1 VD2 , ,VD1 , VT1 ,

5 18

5 .4 .3

(DC Power Electronic Switch) , , , , , ( ) , 5 18 , VT1 , RCVT2 , VD ,

,

, ( ) ,

,

, , , , ; ,

3315

5 1 5 2 5 1a , E = 110V , L = 1 mH, R = 0 .25, EM = 11 V , T = 2500s, t1 =

250s ,

5 3 5 4 5 2a , E = 50 V , L C , R = 20, T = 40s, t1 = 25s,

Uo Io5 5 Cuk , ?5 6 5 7a , E = 110 V , R = 0 .2, EM = 50 V , T = 4000s, L

, 100 A , ,

5 7 ?5 8 ?5 9 ? ?5 10

431

6 ( AC Voltage

Controller) : , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , ,

6 .1

6 .1 .1

6 1 VT1 VT2 ui = 2 U1 sint, 2 k+ VT1 , ui R , io , VT1 ( 2 k + 1 )+ VT2 , , Id

VT IV T , R Uo Io

cos?

IdVT

=1

2

2 U1R

sintd(t) = 2 U12R (1 + cos) (6 1)

IV T =1

2

2 U1R sint

2

d(t) = U1R

12 1 -

+

sin22 (6 2)

Uo =1

( 2 U1 sint)2 d( t) = U1 12sin2+

- (6 3)

Io = Uo?R (6 4)

cos? = Uo IoUi Io

=

UoUi

=1

2sin2+ - (6 5)

, Ui

6 1

( 6 3) ,= 0 , Uo = Ui ; = , Uo = 0; 0 , Ui , 180

6 2 = cos?

cos? 6 2 , , , ,= 0 , cos?= 1 ; = 180,cos?= 0

, 6 1e uo , , , , , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , , ,

, , ,

631

6 .1 .2

6 3 , io , , , , VT1 ,

ui = 2 Ui sin(t + ) (6 6) VT1 (0t) ,

2 Ui sin( t + ) = L d iod t + Rio (6 7)

, io (0 ) = 0 ,

io ( t) = i1 ( t) + i2 ( t) = 2 U1Z sin(t + - ) -2 U1Z e

- t?sin( - ) (6 8)

, Z= R2 + (L )2 ;= L?R ;= arctan(L?R)

6 3

(6 8 ) i1 , u1 ; i2 , - ioi1 i2 6 3d t = io ,io () = 0 VT1 , ( 6 8)

7316

sin(+ - ) = e- ctansin( - ) (6 9)

6 4 #

, (6 9 ) 6 4

VT2 , , io , 180

1 .= =, i2 = 0 , ,

uo = ui , io = i1 =2 UiZ sint, io uo

6 5c , ,

2 . <

Uo IV T Io

Uo =1

0[ 2 Ui sin( t + ) ]2 d(t) = Ui +

12[sin2 - sin(2+ 2) ]

( 6 10)

IV T =1

0i2o d(t) = UiZ

-

sincos( 2+ + )cos ( 6 11)

Io = 2 IVT ( 6 12) 3 . 0 < <

(6 9 ) > VT1 VT2 , VT2 , , VT2 VT1 , VT2 , VT2 VT1 , VT1 , io uo 6 5d ,

4 . 0 < < , - 180, VT1 , VT2

, VT2 VT1 , > , VT2 < 180 , VT1 , VT2 , , , = 180= ,

6 1 , Ui = 220 V , f = 50 Hz, R = 10, L = 10,= 90, Uo Io cos?

?Z= R2 + (L )2 = 102 + 102 = 14 .1 ()= arctan(L?R) = arctan( 10?10 ) = 45

(1 ) = 45= 90, 6 4 = 130= 2 .27 ( rad)

(2 ) ( 6 10 )

Uo = Ui +

12[sin2 - sin(2+ 2) ]

= 220 2 .273 .14 +12[sin2 90- sin( 2 90+ 2 130) ] = 165 .4( V )

(3 ) ( 6 12 )

Io =2 UiZ

-

sincos(2+ + )cos

=2 22014 .1

2 .273 .14 -

sin130cos(2 90+ 45+ 130) cos45 = 11 .55( A)

(4 ) ,

9316

cos? = UoUi

=165 .4220 = 0 .752

6 .2

6 .2 .1

[ 9 ] , 6 6 ,

6 6 (a) Y N ; ( b) Y ; ( c) ; ( d) ; (e) Y

6 6a (Y N ) , , , 180 , , , ,

6 6c , , 3 3 , , 6 ,

6 6b (Y ) , , ,

6 6de ,

041

,

6 .2 .2 Y

Y 6 7 6 7a , , , , , , 60 , , Y , UVW VT1 VT3 VT5 120, VT4 VT6 VT2 120, 180, 60 , , Y

6 7 Y ( a) ; ( b)= 0

, , , , = 0

1 .= 0 t = 0 , uG

1uG

6, uUV > 0 , VT1 VT6

1416

, UV , uRU = uRV = 0 .5 uUV , uR W = 060 uG

2 , VT2 , UVW , uRU = uU uRV = uV uRW = uW

t = 120 , uV VT6 , VT3 uG3 ,

, 6 7b , t= 60 , ,

2 .= 30 , uRU , 6 8 t = 0 , uG

6 ,

t = 30 , uG1 , uG

6 , VT1 VT6 , uRU = 0 .5 uUV t= 90

, uG2 , VT2 , t= 120, uRU = uU t = 120 , uV

, VT6 , UW , uRU = 0 .5 uUW t = 150 , uG3

, VT3 , , uRU = uU t = 180 , uU , VT1 , VW , uRU = 0 ,

6 8 Y = 30

3 .60= 60= 90= 120 uRU 6 9 = 150 , uG

1

uG6 uU = uV , uU < uV , VT1 VT6 ,

, uRU = 0 , Y , 150,

, , 4 . , ,

; , , ; > , ; 150 ,

241

6 9 Y 60(a)= 60; (b)= 90; (c)= 120

6 .3

6 .3 .1

(AC Chopping Circuit) 6 10 , ,

6 10

6 .3 .1 .1 ui , V1

, ui V2 (V1 V2 ) t1 , T , = t1?T , 6 11 uo ( ) ii , T , 6 .3 .1 .2

, V1 , V4 , V2 V3 :1 , V2 ,

3416

6 11

V1 ;2 , , V1 , V3 , V2 , V3 , V1 V4 , 6 1

6 1

1 ?2 ?1 $2 ;

1 Q2 h1 ?2 ?

V1 ? V3 ?

V2 ? V4 ?

6 12

6 12

441

6 .3 .2

(AC Power Controller) , , , , , =0, , , , ,

, 6 13a b TC , T , TC m , n ,

Uo =1

2( m + n)2 m

0u

2d(t) = mm + nU = DU ( 6 13)

, U ; D = m?( m+ n)

6 13

Io = DI ( 6 14)

, I Po = Uo Io = DUI ( 6 15)

, D ,

cos? ,

cos? = PoUI = D ( 6 16) 6 1 , VT1 VT2 ,

IdVT

=m

2( m + n)

02 Isintd(t)

5416

=2 DI =

2 DUR ( 6 17)

, , m , D = 1

, , 34 ; , , m , ( 6 13 ) ( 6 14 )

6 .3 .3

( AC Power Electronic Switch) , , , , ,

6 14a S , , , S , , , , S , , , S ,

6 14

VTB, 6 14b S , VTB + , - , , S , , VTB , ,

, , , ,

, , , , Y

641

6 1 220 V10 kW , 5 kW ,

6 2 , 220 V , R = 0 .5, L = 2 mH : , , , = 90

6 3 6 15

6 15

6 4 Y = 306 5 6 6 ? ? ?6 7 , R = 2, 15 , 9

, 220 V , , ,

7416

7 ,

, ; , (Frequency Conversion)

: , , , ( AC?DC?AC Frequency Converter) ; , ( AC?AC Frequency Converter) ( Cycleconverter) , ,

, , , , , ; , , , ,

, , ;

, ; GTRIGBT ; , ,

7 .1

7 .1 .1

( Voltage Source Type Inverter, VSTI ) 7 1aC , , , , , , , ( VVVF ) , 1 4 , 2 3 , IGBT V1 , 4 V2 , 3 , VD2 , 3 VD1 , 4 , 7 .1 .1 .1

V1 , 4 V2 , 3 , ,

, 7 1bc ,1 .

7 1 ?

t= t1 , V1 V4 , ,

Ld iod t + Rio = Ud t t1 (7 1 )

io ( t1 ) = 0

io ( t) = ER 1 - e- ( t - t

1)?

t t1

(7 2 ) ,= L?R, , 7 1a , 7 1e t1 t2 , Uo = Ud

2 . t= t2 V1 V4 ,

; V2 V3 , io , VD2 VD3 , io , , V2 V3 VD2 VD3 VD2 VD3 , Uo =- Ud , ,

Ldiod t + Rio = - Ud t t2 (7 3 )

io ( t2 ) = ER 1 - e- ( t

2- t

1)? (7 4)

(7 3 )

io ( t) = - ER +ER 2 - e

- ( t2

- t1

)? e- ( t - t2 )? t t2 (7 5)

t = t3 io ( t3 ) = 0 VD2 VD3 , V2 V3 7 1e t2 t3

3 . t= t3 , V2 V3 , Uo = - Ud , ( 7 3 ) , io ( t3 ) = 0

io ( t) = - ER (1 - e- ( t - t

3)? ) t t3 (7 6)

(7 2 ) , , t3 - t1 = T?2 ,4 .

9417

t= t4 , V2 V3 , VD1 VD4 ,V1 V4 Uo = Ud , (7 1 ) , io ( t) , T?2 , ,

io ( t) = ER -ER

2 - e- ( t4 - t3 )? e- ( t - t4 )? t t4 (7 7)

, 7 1f , , , V1 , 4 V2 , 3

V1 V4 , RL 7 .1 .1 .2

1 . 7 1 , ,

uo ,

Uo =2T

T?2

0U2d d(t) = Ud

uo ( t) = 4 Ud sint +13 sin3t +

15 sin5t + (7 8)

uo1 Uo1

uo1 =4 Ud sint (7 9)

Uo1 =4 Ud

2= 0 .9 Ud ( 7 10)

, RL , n io n ( t)Io nn :

ion ( t) = 2 UonR

2+ ( nL )2

sin( nt - n ) = 2 UonZn sin( nt - n ) ( 7 11)

Ion =Uo n

R2 + ( nL )2=

Uo nZn

( 7 12)

n = arctan nLR ( 7 13)

, Uo n =4 Ud2 n

n ; Zn n n

io1 ( t) = 2 Uo1R2 + (L )2

sin t - arctanLR ( 7 14)

051

io ( t) =

n = 1 , 3 , 5 ,

4 UdnZn sin( nt - n ) ( 7 15)

Io =

n = 1 , 3 , 5 ,

4 Ud2 nZn

2

= I2o1 + I

2o3 + I

2o5 + ( 7 16)

, Io1 Io3 Io5 ,2 . , , , ,

Idv Iv

Idv =12

ER ( 7 17)

Iv =E

2 R( 7 18)

, , T?4 , , , IdV D IV D

IdVD =1T

T?4

0

UdL td t =

Ud T32 L ( 7 19)

IVD =1T

T?4

0

UdL t

2

d t =3 Ud T24 L ( 7 20)

Ud 7 1 7 1a ud = 110V , f = 100 Hz, R = 10, L = 0 .02 H

Uo1 , Io1 , Io Po

(1 ) Uo1 = 4 Ud2

=4110

2= 99( V )

(2 ) Z1 = R2 + (L )2 = 102 + ( 21000 .02)2 = 18 .59 ()Io1 = Uo1?Z1 = 99?18 .59 = 5 .33(A )

(3 ) ?Z3 = R2 + ( 3L )2 = 102 + (321000 .02 )2 = 39 ()Z5 = R

2+ ( 5L )2 = 102 + (521000 .02 )2 = 63 .6 ()

Z7 = R2

+ ( 7L )2 = 102 + (721000 .02 )2 = 88 .56()Io3 = Uo3?Z3 = 4110?(3 239 ) = 0 .85( A)Io5 = Uo5?Z5 = 4110?(5 263 .6 ) = 0 .31( A)Io7 = Uo7?Z7 = 4110?(7 288 .56) = 0 .16 (A )

Io = I2o1 + I2o3 + I2o5 + I2o7 = 5 .332 + 0 .852 + 0 .312 + 0 .162 = 5 .41 (A )(4 ) Po = I2o R = 5 .412 10 = 292 .6( W ) , , ,

1517

,

7 .1 .2 180

7 2

, 7 2 , , IGBT 60 ,

, 180 120 , 180 120 , 180 120180 , , , 120, , ,

7 3 180

251

7 .1 .2 .1 7 3af , ,

180, 120, 60

060 , uGE1uGE

5uGE

6, V1 V5

V6 , 7 4 60120 , uGE5

= 0 uGE2

> 0 , V1

V2 V6 , V5 V2 7 4 U , V1 , U N uUN = Ud?2 V4 , uUN = - Ud?2 uUN Ud?2 , VW uV NuWN uU N , 120 7 3ghi

7 4 180

uU V uV W uWU :uU V = uUN - uV N

uV W = uV N - uWN

uWU = uWN - uU N

( 7 21)

7 3j uU V N N uNN ,

uUN = uUN - uNN

uV N = uV N - uNN

uWN = uWN - uNN

( 7 22)

uU N + uV N + uWN = 0 , uNN = ( uUN + uV N + uWN)?3 ( 7 23)

uNN , uUN 3 , 1?3 , Ud?6 , 7 3k (7 22) ( 7 23 ) uUN uV N uWN , 120,

7 3lmn

3517

,?3 , , , , ,

, , , V1 V6 ,

180 , , , , 7 .1 .2 .2

, 7 3p

UUV1m UUV

1

UU V1m

=

2 3 Ud = 1 .1 Ud ( 7 26)

UUV1

=

UU V1m

2=

6 Ud = 0 .78 Ud ( 7 27)

U uUN

uU N =2 Ud sint +

15 sin5t +

17 sin7t +

111sin11t +

113sin13t -

=

2 Ud sint +

n

1nsinnt ( 7 28)

, nk UUN

UUN =1

22

0u

2U N d(t) = 0 .471 Ud ( 7 29)

UUN1m UUN

1

UUN1m

=

2 Ud = 0 .637 Ud ( 7 30)

UU N1

=

UUN1m

2= 0 .45 Ud ( 7 31)

180 , , , , , ,

7 .1 .3 120

7 6 ? 120

, 120, , , 7 6 , , 7 7

, 120, , , , ,

180 , : UUV = 0 .707 UdUUV

1m= 0 .955 Ud

UU V1

= 0 .675 Ud ; UUN =

5517

7 7 120

0 .408 UdUUN1m

= 0 .55 UdUU N1

= 0 .39 Ud 180 , Ud

, 180 , 120 ,

, , ,

7 .2

, , , ( Current Source Type Inverter, CSTI )

, , , , , ,

7 .2 .1

, (Paralled-Resonant Inverter) ( ) , , 7 8

, , Ld Ld , , Ld

651

7 8

7 9

, L T , d i?d t, L T , , , 0 .050 .3 , ,

C RL , , , , , , , , 7 .2 .1 .1

7 9 t1 t2 VT1 VT4 , io = Id , t2 C AB ,

t2 VT2 VT3 , t2 VT2 VT3 , , VT2 VT3 , LT , VT1 VT4 , t2 , , 7 8 , VT1 VT4 , VT2 VT3 ; t = t4 , VT1 VT4

7517

, Id VT1 VT4 VT2 VT3 , t4 - t2 = tr , , Ld ,

, VT1 VT4 t , t =t5 - t4 tq

, VT2 VT3 t2 uo t5 , t = t5 - t2 , , 7 9 t = t + t io uo t = ( t?2) + t t ( )

= t2 + t =2 + ( 7 32)

, ; tt ;

t5 t6 VT2 VT3 t6 VT2 VT3 VT1 VT4 ,

7 9 uG1 uG

4, uV T

1 uV T

4

ui , LT , , , ui = 0 , ui 2 ui , C , Ld

7 8

Z =( R + jL ) - j 1C

R + jL - j 1C=

LC

1 + RjL

R + j L - 1C R , , R L ,

Z LC 1

R + j L - 1C=

LC

R - j L - 1CR2 + L - 1C

2 ( 7 33)

, L > 1C , > 1? LC = 0 ,

7 .2 .1 .2

1 . , ,

io =4 Id sint +

13 sin3t +

15 sin5t + ( 7 34)

Io1 =4 Id2

= 0 .9 Id ( 7 35)

2 .

851

, , ,

P = Uo Io1 cos = Ud Id ( 7 36) (7 35) (7 36) Uo

Uo =Ud Id

Io1 cos = 1 .11Ud

cos ( 7 37)

3 . iV T

7 10

7 10 , t = 0 , uo

= 2 Uo , uo = 2 Uo cost VT1 VT3 , , LT

1

LT3 ,

2 LTd iV Td t = 2 Uo cost ( 7 38 )

(7 38)

iV T =2 Uo

2LT sint + A

t = 90- (+ ) VT3 , t = 90- (+ ) iV T = 0 , A , iV T

iV T =2 Uo

2LT [sint - cos(+ ) ] ( 7 39)

4 . t 7 10 , t = 90- , , iV T = Id , ( 7 39 )

Id =2 Uo

2LT [cos - cos(+ ) ] ( 7 40)

= arccos cos -2LT Id

2 Uo- ( 7 41)

, , d iVT?d t ,

t =Id

diV T?d t

= t = 2fId

diVT?dt ( 7 42)

, di?dt d iVT?d t ,

5 . LT

9517

(7 40)

LT =2 Uo

2Id [cos - cos(+ ) ] ( 7 43)

6 . C ,

L , ( ) ,

QC =P

cosL sinL +P

cossin = P ( tanL + tan) ( 7 44)

C =P

U2o ( tanL + tan) ( 7 45)

7 2 KGPS 100 1 .0 , P = 1 000 kW, f =1 000 Hz, Ud = 500 V , Id = 250 A , cos= 0 .8 , cosL = 0 .1

(1 )

Uo = 1 .11Ud

cos = 1 .115000 .8 = 694( V )

UN = (2 3 ) 2 Uo = 1 963 2 944 (V )

, iV T ,

IV T = Id? 2 = 250? 2 = 177(A )

IT ( A V ) = (1 .5 2 ) 1771 .57 = 169 255(A )

220 A2 400 V (2 ) d i?d t= 20 A?s, ( 7 42 )

= 2f Idd iV T?d t = 2 103 250

20 106 = 0 .0785( rad) = 4 .5

= 2 + ,

= - ?2 = arccos0 .8 - 4 .5?2 = 34 .61 (7 43)

LT =2 Uo

2Id [cos - cos(+ ) ]

=2 694

2 2 103 250 (cos34 .61- cos39 .11) = 14 .7(H)

(3 )QC = P ( tanL + tan) = 1 000 ( tanarccos0 .1 + tanarccos0 .8) = 1 070( kVA)

RY SO75 90 1 , 750 V

061

90 kVA1000 Hz250F 700 V ,

Q1 = U2o C = 7002 2 103 25 10 - 6 = 77 ( kVA )

QC?Q1 = 1070?77 = 14( )

7 .2 .2

7 11 , VT1 VT6 60 , 120, 7 12

7 11 7 12 ?

C1 C6 , VD1 VD6 7 .2 .2 .1

, Ld , , : , ( VT1 ) ( C1 C5 ) , , UC 0 , ( C3 ) ; ,

1 . , VT1 VT3 ,

C13 C3 C5 C1 C1 C6 C , C13 = 3 C2

1617

VT1 VT2 , VT1 VT2 , C13 UC0 , , 7 13a

7 13

VT3 , C13 , VT3 VT1 Id VT1 VT3 , C13 UC 0 VT3 VD1 U WVD2 VT2 Id , , 7 13bC13 , VT1 , ,

7 14

C13 , , VD3 iV , VD1 iU = Id - iV , C1 3 C13 , , iV , iV = I d , VD1 , C13 UC0 , VT3 , 7 13c

, U V , VT2 VT3 , 713d ,

261

7 15 C

2 .

, C1 C5 UC 0 , , C3 t1 ( 7 15 ) VT3 , C1 UW ; C3 C5 UW , C3 , C5 , 7 14a C1 2 I d?3 , C3 Id?3 C3 C5 C1 C1 ( t2 ) , , C3 C5 UC 0?2 , , 7 14b C1 , C3 , C5 ( t3 ) , , C1 C3 , C5 iU iV 7 15

3 . 7 15 , uC 1 UC0 VT1 tF

tF = t2 - t1 =C1 UC 02 Id?3 =

C1 3 UC0Id

( 7 46)

7 13c, , iV L ,

1C13

t

0( Id - iV ) d t + L d( Id - iV )d t = L

d iVd t

2 L d iVd t +1

C13t

0( iV - Id ) d t = 0

iV = 0 , uC13

= 0 iViV = Id (1 - cos0 t) ( 7 47)

,0 = 1? 3 LC VD1 VD3

iVD1

= Id - iV = Id cos0 t ( 7 48)iVD

3= iV = Id (1 - cos0 t) ( 7 49)

, iV = iV D3

= Id , iV D1

= 0 , VD1 ( 7 48 ) tC

0 tC = ?2

tC = ?20 = 3 LC?2 ( 7 50) C13

uC13

=1C13

t

0( Id - iV ) d t = Id 2 LC1 3 sin0 t ( 7 51)

3617

,

UC 0 = Id2 LC13

= Id4 L3 C ( 7 52)

7 .2 .2 .2

7 16

, t2 uC1

= 0 ,

eV U > 0 , VD3 , 7 16 C1 uC

1 eV U , t2 > t2 , VD3

,

cos, V eV =Em sint, Em V iV

1

eV , eV U eV 30 120 , iV iV1 30, iV ( ) t2 eV U , , eV U =

3 Emsin 7 16

, ,

UC0 =4 L3 CId + 3 Em sin ( 7 53)

UVT = UC 0 =4 L3 CId + 3 Emsin ( 7 54)

UVD = UC 0 + 3 Em sin = 4 L3 CId + 2 3 Em sin ( 7 55)

7 17

UC0 3 Em sin,

tF =C1 3 UC0

Id

= 3 LC + 3 32 Id CEmsin ( 7 56 )

, tF

461

, , , ,

, , , , 7 17 , ,

7 .2 .3

GTO 7 18a , ,

7 18 ( a) ; ( b)

7 18b uUV , , , 120, 180, 60 Id 120 ,

I1 Id I1 = 6 Id?

7 .2 .4

1 . , , ;

,2 . ,

, 7 19a , , 7 19b , , , ,

3 . ,

5617

7 19 ( a) ; ( b)

, , , , , , ( 7 20a b ) , , , , , , , ( 7 20c d ) ,

7 20 ( a) ; ( b) ;(c) ; ( d)

4 . , ,

, , 5 . , ,

; , 6 . ,

; , , PWM ,

661

,7 . , ;

,8 . ,

,

7 .3

7 .3 .1

( CVCF ) , , , , , ( VV VF )

, , , , , , , ; , , , , ,

7 21 I

, 7 1a , IGBT 180 , 180 , V1 V2 V3 V4 V3 V1 ,< 180, V3 V4 V2 V1 , 7 21ad

t1 V1 V4 , uo= Ud t1 V3 V4 , V4 , io , V3 , VD3 V1 VD3 , t2 V1 V2 , V1 , , V2 , VD2 ,

7617

VD3 , uo = - Ud , VD2 VD3 , V2 V3 , uo - Ud t3 V3 V4 , V3 , V4 , VD4 , uo 7 21e , uo ,

: , , , , , , , , (PWM ) , , ,

7 .3 .2

( Multiplex) , , , , ,

, ; , 7 .3 .2 .1

1 . 7 22a ,

, 30, 7 22b

7 22 (a) ; ( b)

, , , [ 3 ] , , ,

7 23 ,

861

f (t) =

n = 1Fn sinnt ( 7 57)

Fn =2

0f (t)sinntd(t) = 4nsin

n2 sin

n3 ( 7 58)

,

f( t) =

n = 1

1n

sinnt 4sinn2 sin

n3

=2 3 sint -

15 sin5t -

17 sin5t +

111sin11t +

113sin13t - ( 7 59)

7 23

(7 59) , n= 6 k1 , k 5 7 , ,

, 30,

i (t) = Id f t - 12 + Id f t +12

=4 2 Id sintcos

12 -

15 sin5tcos

512 -

17 sin7tcos

712 +

=4 3 cos

12 Id (sint - 0 .0536sin5t + 0 .0383sin7t -

0 .0909sin11t - 0 .0769sin13t + ) ( 7 60) (7 60) , n = 6 k1 , , 5 7 , 11 13

, , ,

2 . , ,

, , 7 24a , , 11 11? 3 Y , y12 D, y11 30

9617

Id , 120 7 24b

7 24 (a) ; ( b)

7 25

7 25 , ( U ) U iU

2

, 120 60 VT6 VT1 , U 2 Id?3 , Id?3 VW ; 60 VT1 VT2 , UV Id?3 , W 2 Id?3 VT1 60 VT2 VT3 , U , U

- Id?3 , ,

3 iu2

U iU1 120 , iU

230 11 Y , y1 2

iu1

, iU1 U , iu

1 iu

2 ,

iu

iu (t) = Id f (t) + 13

Id f t - 6 +13

Id f t + 6

=2 3 Id sint -

15 sin5t -

17 sin7t +

111sin11t +

113sin13t + +

071

2 3 Id sint +

15 sin5t +

17 sin7t +

111sin11t +

113sin13t +

=4 3 Id sint +

111sin11t +

113sin13t +

123sin23t +

125sin25t + ( 7 61)

, n= 12 k1 , k ,7 .3 .2 .2

7 26

7 26 [ 1 ] ,30 180 , 120 T1 D?Y

, 1 3 ( ) T2 ; , , , 7 26 , T1 T2 UU

1

UU2 T2

( 7 27a) , v22 - Uv22

u21 Uu21

60

7 27 ( a) T 2 ;

( b) u

30, Uu21 T1 u1

Uu1

30, UU1 Uu

1 UU

2=

Uu21

+ ( - Uv22

) 7 27b , UU1

UU2 u

UU N = UU1

+ UU2 UU

1 UU

2

, T1 T2 ,

31 7 28 UU

1UU

2UU N

, UUN UU1

, n = 12 k1 ,

1717

7 28

7 .4

, , ,

7 .4 .1

, , , ,

7 29a VT1 VT2 , , , 7 29b

, , , 7 30a , P N 7 30b , , 1?5 , , 7 30c , 90 , 90, P , N

271

7 29

7 30

3717

, d , 7 30e , , , ,

7 31 ?

, , , , , ,

, 7 31a , , 7 31b , io , uo , io , uo , io ; io uo , , uoio , 0 t1 t2 t3 , , , ; , uoio , t1 t2 t3 t4 , , , , ,

7 32 , , uo io

7 .4 .2

, , , , 7 33 7 31a

u1 u6 uUV uUW uV W uV U uWU uWV ,

471

7 32

7 33

60, = 0 uR

uR = 2 Uo sino t , Uo o

VT1 , u1 , uR - u1 u2 - uR ( u1 u2 ) , ; u2 - uR ( u1 u2 ) , ,

uR - u1 = u2 - uR

uR =u1 + u2

2 ( 7 62)

u1 u2 , ( u1 + u2 )?2 , u2 = 0 ,= 90 , u2

5717

, u2 , uT2 ,

uT2

= Ud0cos ( 7 63)

Ud0= 0 uT

2

uR = uT =ui + ui + 1

2 ( 7 64)

uR uT , a f ,

, = 0

7 34 ?

7 34 , VT1 VT6 , VT1 VT6 7 34a ( ) 734b , , uR , io uR

, io , 6 uR A , VT6 , A , a, VT6 B , uR 1 , VT1 , , VT6 , io , , t0 , t0 ,

io , , uR 4 C , VT4 , C , , uR DEF , VT5 VT6 VT1 , DEF ,

, uR , , , G io , t0 , , , VT6 VT1 VT2 HIJ ,

, ,

671

, , ,

, , , ,

, , , , , , , 1?31?2 50 Hz , 20 Hz

7 .5

120 ,

7 .5 .1

, , , , , , , , , , 7 35 , ,

7 35

, , 7 36 120 , , , , ,

7717

7 36 7 37

, 7 37 , , , , , , , ,

7 .5 .2

, , , , , , , , , ,

, iG = Im sintt 0180 , , , , t= 180 , iG = 0 ,= 150 , , , , iG t = 360 , , , , ,

871

7 .5 .3

, 7 38 , , T?6 ( T ) , T?3 , , 7 39 7 40 , 120 , , ; Id , , , [ 20 ]

7 38

7 39

, , , , , ,

9717

7 40

7 .5 .4

:(1 ) , ,

, , (2 ) , (3 ) , :(1 ) , 1?21?3 ,

, 2(2 ) , 36 , ,

(3 ) , , , ,

7 .6

( Matrix Frequency Converter) [ 7 ] [ 10 ] , , , 1 , ; , ; , ,

, 7 41a uU

1uV

1uW

1, uU

2uV

2uW

2 33 ,

, , 741b

081

7 41 (a) ; ( b)

uS , PWM , , uo

uo = ( ton?TC )?uS = uS ( 7 65)

7 42 (a) ; ( b)

, TC ; ton ;

, uS uo uS , uo , 7 41a S11 S12 S13 U , 742 ,

S11 S12 S13 , , , , , , U uU

2

uU2

= 1 1 uU1

+ 12 uV1

+ 13 uW1

( 7 66) ,11 12 13 S11 S12 S13

1 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 = 1 ( 7 67)

, ( 7 66 ) uV2uW

2

, ,

1817

uU2

uV2

uW2

=

1 1 12 132 1 22 233 1 32 33

uU1

uV1

uW1

( 7 68)

uo = ui ( 7 69)

,uo = uU2 uV2 uW2

T

ui = uU1 uV1 uW1T

=11 12 1 321 22 2 331 32 3 3

, , , , ,

, , iU1iV

1iW

1 iU

2iV

2

iW2 ,

,iU

1

iV1

iW1

=

1 1 21 311 2 22 321 3 23 33

iU2

iV2

iW2

( 7 70)

ii = T io ( 7 71)

,ii = iU1 iV1 iW1

T

io = iU2 iV2 iW2T

(7 68) ( 7 70 ) , ,

uU1

uV1

uW1

=

Uim cosi tUim cos(i t - 2?3)Uim cos(i t - 4?3)

( 7 72)

iU2

iV2

iW2

=

Iom cos(o t - o )Iom cos(o t - 2?3 - o )Iom cos(o t - 4?3 - o )

( 7 73)

, Ui mIom ; i o ; o

281

uU

2

uV2

uW2

=

Uom coso tUom cos(o t - 2?3 )Uom cos(o t - 4?3 )

( 7 74)

iU1

iV1

iW1

=

Iim cos(i t - i )Iim cos(i t - 2?3 - i )Iim cos(i t - 4?3 - i )

( 7 75)

, UomIim ;i 1 ,i = 0 ( 7 72) (7 75) (7 68 ) ( 7

70 ) , Uom coso tUom cos(o t - 2?3 )Uom cos(o t - 4?3 )

= Uim cosi tUim cos(i t - 2?3)Uim cos(i t - 4?3)

( 7 76)

Iim cosi tIim cos(i t - 2?3)Iim cos(i t - 4?3)

= TIom cos(o t - 0 )Iom cos(o t - 2?3 - o )Iom cos(o t - 4?3 - o )

( 7 77)

(7 76) (7 77 ) , ,

Ii m cosi t = m Iomcoso cosi t ( 7 78) ,m = Uom?Ui m ,

, , 18 , , , ,

, , ; , , , ,

, , , , , , , , ( ) ; , , , ,

3817

,

, ( , ) , , , ,

,

, , , , , ,

, , ,

, , , ,

, ,

, ,

1?21?3 , ,

7 1 :( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3)7 2 ? ?7 3 ? ?7 4 , ?7 5 180 120 ?7 6 , ?7 7 180 , Ud = 100 V UUN1m

UUN1 UUV1m UUV1 , UUV5

7 8 , , 4 .5 kW, U1e = 380V , I1e = 10 .2 A , cos= 0 .85 , L = 11 mH 15A , cos= 0 .84 400 V , 300s ( : Id )

7 9 ? , ?

481

7 10 ? ?7 11 ? ?

?7 12 7 13 ?7 14 ? ? ?7 15 7 16 ? ?7 17 7 18 ? ?7 19

5817

8 ( PWM ) 8 .1 PWM

, ( Pulse Width Modulation, PWM ) ,

PWM , PWM , PWM PWM

8 .1 .1 PWM

: , , 8 1ab , , ( )

8 1 (a) ; ( b)

8 2 (a) ; ( b) SPWM

, 8 2a n , n , , , 8 2b , PWM , PWM 8 2a PWM SPWM ( PWM )

8 .1 .2 PWM

PWM , , , PWM , , , PWM , , , ,

uc ( ) ur ( ) , PWM , 8 3a ur , PWM , 8 3b ur , PWM

8 3 PWM ( a) ; ( b) PWM

8 4 PWM 8 5 PWM

7818 ( PWM )

8 4 ur , PWM ur , PWM 8 4 , , ur uc PWM ; | ur | > | uc | PWM

8 4 , uc , PWM , PWM

8 5 , uc ur , , PWM PWM

, 8 6 , PWM , uruurvurw , 120 , uc , 8 7

8 6 PWM

8 .1 .3 PWM

uc fc , ur fr , fc? fr = N , N , fc fr N , PWM

(1 ) , N = , uc fc ur fr ,

N (2 ) , N , fc fr ,

N 8 8 , 8 8ab

; 8 8cd 8 8ac , N ,

8 8c , , ,

881

8 7 SPWM

8 8

8 8bd , N fc , fr N , , N , , ,

, , , , , ( ) ,

9818 ( PWM )

, N , N , , N HET4752 , N ( f )

8 1 8 9 N f

8 1 N f

f?Hz N

62 t32 18 ?

31 t16 36 ?

15 ?8 72 ?

7 F.54 144 ?

8 9 fc f

8 .2 SPWM

8 .2 .1

8 10

, SPWM , SPWM , 8 10 , SPWM

8 10 , A , tA , B , tB A B t2 () t1 t3 , t1 t3 , Tc =t1 + t2 + t3 8 10 ucm , urm

urm ucm M , M 01 1 ucm ,

ur = M sinr t (8 1) ,r ur

:

= Tc2 1 +M2 (sinr tA + sinr tB ) (8 2)

091

(8 2 ) tA tB , , , ,

8 .2 .2

8 11