Diaspora Si Forc e Zhvillimit Ekonomik

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    DIASPORA SI FORC SHTYTSE PR ZHVILLIM N KOSOV

    Kolegji BIZNESI PrishtinDoc.Dr.Nevruz Zogu

    Hyrje:

    Edhe pse migrimi sht pa dyshim karakteristik strukturore e Shoqris s Shqiptarve t Kosovs me

    dekada, vetm pak studimejan kryer me ambicjen pr ta kuptuar shtjen emigrimit dhe t1zhvillimit t Kosovs. Ka vetm paknjohuri empirike pr t treguar efektet e migrimit n

    varfrin, n t ardhurat dhe n faktort tjer. Nj studim i prqendruar n nivelin mikro-lokal, i

    cili e analizon ndikimin e migrimit n modernizimin shoqror-ekonomik n familjet eKosovs (ESI 2006). Rezultatet kryesore t ktij studimi jan vmendjetrheqse, sidoqoft,

    qllimi i studimit mbetet lokal. S fundi nj studim tjetri ka hulumtuarlidhjet ndrmjet

    paksimit t varfris dhepolitikave t migrimit n Kosov (Vathi & Black2007). Ky studim

    paraqet nj rrug shpjeguese n at drejtim, sidoqoft, aiprqendrohet kryesisht n aspektet

    historike t migrimit n Kosov. Ky studim bazohet kryesisht n burimet dytsore. N

    prfundim, lidhja ndrmjet zhvillimit dhe migrimit n Kosov ka qen deri tash vetm

    siprfaqsisht e analizuar.

    N dhjetor 2007, Agjencia Zvicerane prZhvillim dhe Bashkpunim (SDC) n Prishtin e ngarkoi

    Forumin pr Iniciativ Demokratike (FID) pr ta zbatuar projektin Vlersimi i Ndikimit t

    Migrimit n Zhvillimin e Kosovs, me synimin e prgjithshm prta inicuardebatinpolitikme vendimmarrsit, partnert shoqror, mediat, organizatat jo-qeveritare (OJQ-t), akademin dhe

    publikun n prgjithsi n Kosov mbi ndikimin e migrimit n zhvillimin e Kosovs duke dhn

    informacion t sakt dhe tbesueshm t bazuar n krkim multidimensional. Ambicja e ktij

    raporti pra ishtepr taplotsuarnjpjes t zbraztis q ekziston lidhurme ndikimin e Diaspors

    n zhvillimin e Kosovs duke ofruar njpasqyr t sakt dhe shkencore t ksaj dukurie. Qllimi

    i hulumtimit, kriteret e rrepta metodologjike t prcaktuar pr ta kryer kt studim dhe

    11Adams, R.H. (1998) Remittances, Investment and Rural Asset Accumulation. Economic Development and

    Cultural Change. 47, October, 155-173.

    Appleyard, R. T (1996). "Migration and development : a critical relationship", in Theories of migration / ed. by RobinCohen. - Cheltenham : E. Elgar, cop. 1996. - P. 264-281.

    Baletic, Zvonimir (1982). "International Migration in Modern Economic Development. With special Reference to

    Yugoslavia." International Migration Review, 6(4): 736-756.

    Bank, World (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications ofRemittances and Migration. Washington: The

    World Bank.

    Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2005), Ethnic conflict and economic disparity: Serbians and Albanians in

    Kosovo, Discussion PaperNo. 1772,Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.

    Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun(2007), Rationality as a Barrierto Peace: Micro-evidence from Kosovo, Discussion Paper

    No. 2682, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.

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    prmbushja e nj fushe t gjer t krkimit n Kosov dhe Zvicr do t ofrojn t dhna dhe

    informacione t rndsishmeprvendimmarrsit n Kosovprt'iprkufizuardhe zbatuar

    politikat publike duke e prdorur migrimin n mnyr efektive dhe lidhjen e saj pasuese si strategji

    przhvillim.2

    shtja kryesore q ky krkim (studim) synonte t'iprgjigjej ishte: Cilisht ndikimi i Diaspors

    n zhvillimin e Kosovs?Objektivat kryesore t studimit ishin:

    Pr t dshmuar kontributin dhe ndikimin e mrgimtarve, Diaspors dhe familjeve t

    tyre n zhvillimin e Kosovs,

    Prt'i idnetifikuarkushtetpolitike, ekonomike dhe ligjore q mrgimtart, Diaspora dhe

    familjet e tyre i hasin n vendin mikprits dhe tprejardhjes dhe prrekomanduar

    ndryshimetpr ta prmirsuar ndikimin n zhvillim,

    Prtaprkrahurpotencialin e mrgimtarve, Diaspors dhe t familjeve t tyre n

    kontribuimin pr zhvillimin (e qndrueshm) n Kosov,

    Analiza jonbazohet n vet mrgimtart (kapitalin e tyre njerzor) dhe t familjeve t tyre, kushtetsociale n vendet pranuese (studim i rastit n Zvicr) dhe integrimi i tyre shoqror atje. Ai gjithashtu

    vlerson nivelin dhe llojet e investimit nga mrgimtart dhe format shoqrore t organizimit t

    mrgimtarve n vendin pranues (studim i rastit n Zvicr) duke prfshir ndikimin e tyre n

    jetn politike n vendin mikprits dhe t prejardhjes.

    MADHSIA E DIASPORS :

    Ende nuk ekzistojn t dhna t besueshme t regjistrimit mbi migrimin n Kosov, prandajmbetet jashtzakonisht vshtir pr t marr informacion t sakt lidhur me Diasporn e

    Kosovs. Madhsia e saj mbetet e panjohur. Nj vlersim i prgjithshm ende i kontestuar sht

    800,000 vet. Gjermania me prafrsisht 270.000 dhe i strehojn bashksit m t mdha t

    konstatuara. Shifra pr Zvicrn prshin pjestart e natyralizuar t Diaspors s Kosovs.

    Bashksit tjera m t mdha jan themelauar n n Shtetet e Bashkuara t Ameriks, vendet

    skandinave,Mbretrin e Bashkuar, Franc, Belgjik dhe Austri, ndrsa bashksi m t vogla

    jan gjetur deri n Australi dhe Zeland t Re.. Duke supozuar se madhsia e vlersuar e

    diaspors sht e sakt dhe se vlersimi i Zyrs Statistikore t Kosovs se n Kosov sot jetojn

    2

    Appleyard, R. T (1996). "Migration and development : a critical relationship", in Theories of migration / ed. by RobinCohen. - Cheltenham : E. Elgar, cop. 1996. - P. 264-281.

    Baletic, Zvonimir (1982). "International Migration in Modern Economic Development. With special Reference to

    Yugoslavia." International Migration Review, 6(4): 736-756.

    Bank, World (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications ofRemittances and Migration. Washington: The

    World Bank.

    Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2005), Ethnic conflict and economic disparity: Serbians and Albanians in

    Kosovo, Discussion PaperNo. 1772,Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.

    Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun(2007), Rationality as a Barrierto Peace: Micro-evidence from Kosovo, Discussion Paper

    No. 2682, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.

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    2.1 milion banor sht gjithashtu i sakt, mund t prfundohet se pothuajse do i treti kosovar

    sot jeton jasht vendit.3

    Krkim (Hulumtime)

    Duhet t themelohet nj qendr e krkimit dhe e dokumenteve prt'i shqyrtuar t gjitha shtjet q

    kan t bjn me Diasporn e Kosovs.N mnyr q qeveria ta prgatis nj strategji t prshtatshme t

    zhvillimit, ajo duhet t ket t dhna t mjaftueshme mbi dukurin e migrimit (shkuarjet, ardhjet, t

    ndar pr shkak t puns, gjinia, mosha, rajoni, etj.) si dhe ndikimet q migrimi i ka n zhvillimin m

    t gjer shoqror (zyrtar dhe jozyrtar) t ekonomis, punsimin, stabilitetin shoqror,

    shndetsin, arsimin, varfrin, etj si dhe t dhnat mbi zhvillimin. Kjo qendrmund tshfrytzoj ambasadat e hapura rishtaspr ta shnuarn hart Diasporn. Me informacion dhe

    analiz adekuate, dhe me kapaciteteprkatse pr ta prdorur informacionin, qeveria do t jet

    m mir e pajisur pr t'i planifikuarstrategjitprkatse. sht me rndsi tprmirsohen t dhnat mbi drgesat n t holla prt'i kuptuar faktort

    q i shtyjn ato, dhe pr ta informuar politikn zhvillimore e cila synon ta rris n

    maksimum ndikimin e vet n zhvillim.

    Qarkullimi i ekspertve t Diaspors s Kosovs (p.sh. kruesit,profesort, studentt)duhet t nxiten pr t krijuar m tepr debat akademik prshtjen dhe mundsisht t

    promovoj m tepr krkimn kt fush n mesin e institucioneve vendore..

    Dergimi i Parave :

    Sondazhi i SMSJ 2.880 familje 30% e familjeve marrin drgesa n t t holla nga jasht t

    hollave ose mallrave n zonat rurale numrin m t madh t mrgimtarve nga zonat rurale

    madhsin m t madhe t familjes mesatare n zonat rurale vjetore Gjermania Zvicra shuma e

    trsishme 275milion Euro nmallra 40 milion Euro fondet e drguara nga jasht prbnin deri

    n 17%t GDP-s nga viti 2000 i ekzaminoi n Kosov. Sipas sondazhit, m pak se n Kosov.

    33Adams, R.H. (1998) Remittances, Investment and Rural Asset Accumulation. Economic Development and

    Cultural Change. 47, October, 155-173.

    Appleyard, R. T (1996). "Migration and development : a critical relationship", in Theories of migration / ed. by RobinCohen. - Cheltenham : E. Elgar, cop. 1996. - P. 264-281.

    Baletic, Zvonimir (1982). "International Migration in Modern Economic Development. With special Reference to

    Yugoslavia." International Migration Review, 6(4): 736-756.

    Bank, World (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications ofRemittances and Migration. Washington: The

    World Bank.

    Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2005), Ethnic conflict and economic disparity: Serbians and Albanians in

    Kosovo, Discussion PaperNo. 1772,Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.

    Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun(2007), Rationality as a Barrierto Peace: Micro-evidence from Kosovo, Discussion Paper

    No. 2682, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.

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    Ka m tepr prfitues t drgesave financiare se sa n zonat urbane (33% n4krahasime 26%).

    Kjo shpjegohet n radh t par me , por edhe (8.9 vet pr familje n krahasimme 5.5

    vet).Shuma e marr mund t sillet prej m pak se 500 Euro (20%) deri n m tepr se 5.000

    Euro (15%) dhe shumica e transfertave ndrkombtare vinin nga (49%) dhe (23%) dhe vendet e

    tjera europiane (20%).Vlersohet se e fondeve t drguara nga jasht n vitin 2000 ishte

    prafrsisht 550 milion Marka Gjermane, t cilat prfaqsonin n at periudh t sondazhit

    .Duke ia shtuar ksaj shume prafrsisht 40milion (ose ), dhe duke pasur parasysh GDP e

    Kosovs prej 3 miliard (pa fondet e drguara nga jasht vendit), rrjedh se t vendit n vitin

    2000.

    Investimet e drejtprdrejta:

    M pak se q sht pritur pa shenja t prmirsimit .Mrgimtart dhe Diaspora mund t

    kontribuojn n zhvillimin ekonomik n vendet e prejardhjes n shum mnyra prve vetm

    drgimit t t hollave. Ata do t mund t kontribuonin n zhvillimin ekonomik duke themeluar

    vet ndrmarrje ose duke iu ndihmuar familjeve dhe t afrmve pr t vepruar ashtu nprmjet t

    bartjes prfituese t njohurive dhe zotsivei ashtuquajturi fitim I trurit.Nj faktor tjetr q

    duket se ka ndikuar n qndrimin ndaj t hollave t drguara nga jasht ndrlidhet me mundsit

    e prmirsuara t ushtimit dhe komunikimit. Kjo i ka br shum pjestar t Diaspors t

    ndrgjegjshm se dhe se n shum raste ato prdoren pr mallra luksoze dhe t kohs s lire t

    ciln ata vetmadje nuk e kan.Prfundimisht, pasi i kan e tyre n drejtimt m t mire n

    shoqrin mikpritse, ata shpenzojn m tepr t holla pr t'I mbshtetur prpjekjet e tyre pr

    integrim, si arsimimi i fmijve t tyre dhe investimet n nj shtpi n Zvicr, dhe nuk mund t'ia

    lejojn vetes t drgojn t holla si kan drguarm par.t hollat q ata i drgojn n Kosov

    nuk prdoren si duhet ndrruar prparsit integrimit Diskutimet e grupit t fokusit n Kosov500 pronar t bizneseve n shtat rajone t Kosovs jan intervistuar pr t'I kuptuar nivelet e

    vrteta t investimeve monetare dhe n natyr t Diaspors n themelimin e ndrmarrjeve t

    vogla dhe t mesme (NVM-ve) n Kosov.me fondet e pjesrishme ose t plota (ose nga puna

    personale e pronarve t bizneseve, puna e antarve t familjes styre ose nga t dyja).

    44Adams, R.H. (1998) Remittances, Investment and Rural Asset Accumulation. Economic Development and

    Cultural Change. 47, October, 155-173.

    Appleyard, R. T (1996). "Migration and development : a critical relationship", in Theories of migration / ed. by RobinCohen. - Cheltenham : E. Elgar, cop. 1996. - P. 264-281.

    Baletic, Zvonimir (1982). "International Migration in Modern Economic Development. With special Reference to

    Yugoslavia." International Migration Review, 6(4): 736-756.

    Bank, World (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications ofRemittances and Migration. Washington: The

    World Bank.

    Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2005), Ethnic conflict and economic disparity: Serbians and Albanians in

    Kosovo, Discussion PaperNo. 1772,Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.

    Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun(2007), Rationality as a Barrierto Peace: Micro-evidence from Kosovo, Discussion Paper

    No. 2682, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.

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    Hulumtimet pr diasporn n theks veqant Zvicrra :

    N dhjetor 2007, Agjencia zvicerane pr zhvillim dhe bashkpunim (SDC) n Prishtin e ngarkoi

    Forumin pr Iniciativ Demokratike (FID) pr ta zbatuar projektin Vlersimi i ndikimit t

    5migrimit n zhvillimin e Kosovs, me synimin e prgjithshm pr ta inicuar debatin politikme vendimmarrsit, partnert shoqror, mediat, organizatat joqeveritare, akademin dhe

    publikun n prgjithsi n Kosov mbi ndikimin e migrimit n zhvillimin e Kosovs duke dhn

    informacion t sakt dhe t besueshm t bazuar n krkim multidimensional. Ambicja e ktij

    raporti pra ishte pr ta plotsuar nj pjes t zbraztis q ekziston lidhur me ndikimin e

    diaspors n zhvillimin e Kosovs duke ofruar nj pasqyr t sakt dhe shkencore t ksaj

    dukurie. Qllimi i hulumtimit, kriteret e rrepta metodologjike t prcaktuar pr ta kryer kt

    studim dhe prmbushja e nj fushe t gjer t krkimit n Kosov dhe Zvicr do t ofrojn t

    dhna dhe informacione t rndsishme pr vendimmarrsit n Kosov pr ti prkufizuar dhe

    zbatuar politikat publike duke e prdorur migrimin n mnyr efektive dhe lidhjen e saj pasuese

    si strategji pr zhvillim. shtja kryesore q ky krkim (studim) synonte ti prgjigjej ishte: Cili

    sht ndikimi i diaspors n zhvillimin e Kosovs? Objektivat kryesore t studimit ishin: Pr t

    dshmuar kontributin dhe ndikimin e mrgimtarve, diaspors dhe familjeve t tyre n zhvillimin

    e Kosovs, pr ti identifikuar kushtet politike, ekonomike dhe ligjore q mrgimtart, diaspora

    dhe familjet e tyre i hasin n vendin mikprits dhe t prejardhjes dhe pr rekomanduar

    ndryshimet pr ta prmirsuar ndikimin n zhvillim si dhe pr ta prkrahur potencialin e

    mrgimtarve, diaspors dhe t familjeve t tyre n kontribuimin pr zhvillimin (e qndrueshm)

    n Kosov. Analiza jon bazohet n vet mrgimtart (kapitalin e tyre njerzor) dhe t familjeve

    t tyre, kushtet sociale n vendet pranuese (studim i rastit n Zvicr) dhe integrimi i tyre

    shoqror atje. Gjithashtu analiza vlerson nivelin dhe llojet e investimit nga mrgimtart dheformat shoqrore t organizimit t mrgimtarve n vendin pranues (studim i rastit n Zvicr)

    duke prfshir ndikimin e tyre n jetn politike n vendin mikprits dhe t prejardhjes. Ky

    hulumtim u prezantua ne konferencen nderkombtare e cila u mbahjt n Prishtine, gjat muajit t

    kaluar, n organizim te FID-it, Zyrs s Diapors pran Zyrs se Kryeministrit t Kosovs,

    Agjensionit pr Promovimin e Bizneseve t Kosovs dhe n mbshtetje t SDC-Prishtin.

    55Adams, R.H. (1998) Remittances, Investment and Rural Asset Accumulation. Economic Development and

    Cultural Change. 47, October, 155-173.

    Appleyard, R. T (1996). "Migration and development : a critical relationship", in Theories of migration / ed. by RobinCohen. - Cheltenham : E. Elgar, cop. 1996. - P. 264-281.

    Baletic, Zvonimir (1982). "International Migration in Modern Economic Development. With special Reference to

    Yugoslavia." International Migration Review, 6(4): 736-756.

    Bank, World (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications ofRemittances and Migration. Washington: The

    World Bank.

    Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2005), Ethnic conflict and economic disparity: Serbians and Albanians in

    Kosovo, Discussion PaperNo. 1772,Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.

    Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun(2007), Rationality as a Barrierto Peace: Micro-evidence from Kosovo, Discussion Paper

    No. 2682, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.

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    Organizimi i Diaspors

    Autoritetet qeveritare n Kosov duhet t'i angazhojnbashksit e Diaspors si partnert rndsishm pr zhvillimin e vendit. Dialogu ndrmjet Qeveris s Kosovs dhe

    bashksive t Diaspors duhet t institucionalizohet dhe t oj nbashkpunim konkret,

    bazuarn potencialin e vrtet t Diaspors.6

    Vendet mikpritse duhet t'i mbshtesin rrjetet e reja t Diaspors dhe ta financojnngritjen e kapaciteteve t organizatave t Diaspors krahas krijimit t lidhjeve t

    qndrueshme me aktort e

    provuar t zhvillimit. Rilindja e shoqatave t Diaspors s Kosovspor me nj mandat

    dhe mision krejtsisht t ndryshm duhet gjithashtu t jet njra prej prparsive t

    Ambasadave t Kosovs. Ekziston nj nevoj e madhe pr Diasporn t bhet m e zshme

    pr t drejtat dhe detyrimet e veta. Sidoqoft, iniciativat q i formojn Prfaqsit duhet t

    mbajn drejtpeshimin n mes t forcimit dheprkrahjes s organizatave t Diaspors. Pr Qeverin Zvicerane ky sht moment vendimtar pr t dhn ndihmn q do t

    mund t mundsonte integrimin ebashksis s Shqiptarve t Kosovs n shoqrin

    zvicerane. Vullneti n ann e Shqiptarve t Kosovs duket t jet n kulm dhe ai duhet t

    shfrytzohet.

    Vmendje e veant duhet t'i kushtohet imigrantve t gjenerats s dyt. Ata duken tken nj interesim t fort pr t qen t involvuar n zhvillimin e Kosovs. Kosova

    dhe Zvicra duhet t punojn sbashku n lehtsimin e qarkullimit t trurit

    (inteligjencs).Dukepasur parasysh njohurit e kufizuara pr t drejtat e veta n mesin e pjestarve t

    Diaspors,Ambasadat e Kosovs duhet t zhvillojn dhe shprndajn materiale t kapshme t cilat

    shpjegojn t drejtat e mrgimtarve dhe t Diaspors.

    66Adams, R.H. (1998) Remittances, Investment and Rural Asset Accumulation. Economic Development and

    Cultural Change. 47, October, 155-173.

    Appleyard, R. T (1996). "Migration and development : a critical relationship", in Theories of migration / ed. by RobinCohen. - Cheltenham : E. Elgar, cop. 1996. - P. 264-281.

    Baletic, Zvonimir (1982). "International Migration in Modern Economic Development. With special Reference to

    Yugoslavia." International Migration Review, 6(4): 736-756.

    Bank, World (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications ofRemittances and Migration. Washington: The

    World Bank.

    Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2005), Ethnic conflict and economic disparity: Serbians and Albanians in

    Kosovo, Discussion PaperNo. 1772,Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.

    Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun(2007), Rationality as a Barrierto Peace: Micro-evidence from Kosovo, Discussion Paper

    No. 2682, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.

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    REKOMANDIMET

    Aspektet ekonomike

    Themelimi i one stop shop-eve (kshillimoreve praktike) ku investitort mrgimtar7potencial do t mund t'i msonin t gjitha aspektet ligjore dhe financiarepr tbr biznes

    n Kosov. Prkundrporosivejopremtuesenga pjestart e Diaspors, ata duhet megjithat

    t inkurajohen t investojn, sepse atajan investitort eparpotencial thuaj n

    Kosov, t cilt mund t'iu drgojn sinjale investitorve t tjer t huaj se Kosova sht vend i

    sigurt.

    Qeveria nuk mund t bj shumpr taprkrahurinvestimin e Diaspors prve

    prmirsimit t klims s prgjithshme investuese, duke mundsuar marrjen e kredive,

    duke mbajtur politika t favorshme fiskale dhe duke promovuar Kosovn si vend i sigurt pr

    investim. Sidoqoft, Qeveria e Kosovs do t mund t lehtsosnteprocesin ebashkrenditjes n

    mes tbizneseve q veprojn n t njjtin sektorn Zvicr. Themelimi i fondit t

    prbashktprinvestim

    ishte n mesin e prparsive t krkuara nga pjestart e Diaspors.

    Vnia e fuqishme e theksit n eksportin e ushqimit tradicional t Kosovs (nostalgjia e

    ushqimit n mesin eDiaspors) duhet tjet prparsiprsektorin vendor t prpunimit t

    ushqimit n Kosov. Sigurisht, kto prodhime duhet t'i ruajn karakteristikat e cilsis

    dhe t ken standarde t larta t prodhimit ngase konsumatort potencial mund t gjenden

    prtej Diaspors s Kosovs.

    77Adams, R.H. (1998) Remittances, Investment and Rural Asset Accumulation. Economic Development and

    Cultural Change. 47, October, 155-173.

    Appleyard, R. T (1996). "Migration and development : a critical relationship", in Theories of migration / ed. by RobinCohen. - Cheltenham : E. Elgar, cop. 1996. - P. 264-281.

    Baletic, Zvonimir (1982). "International Migration in Modern Economic Development. With special Reference to

    Yugoslavia." International Migration Review, 6(4): 736-756.

    Bank, World (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications ofRemittances and Migration. Washington: The

    World Bank.

    Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2005), Ethnic conflict and economic disparity: Serbians and Albanians in

    Kosovo, Discussion PaperNo. 1772,Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.

    Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun(2007), Rationality as a Barrierto Peace: Micro-evidence from Kosovo, Discussion Paper

    No. 2682, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.

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    Referencat:

    Adams, R.H. (1998) Remittances, Investment and Rural Asset Accumulation. EconomicDevelopment and

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