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7/28/2019 Diaspora Si Forc e Zhvillimit Ekonomik
1/9
DIASPORA SI FORC SHTYTSE PR ZHVILLIM N KOSOV
Kolegji BIZNESI PrishtinDoc.Dr.Nevruz Zogu
Hyrje:
Edhe pse migrimi sht pa dyshim karakteristik strukturore e Shoqris s Shqiptarve t Kosovs me
dekada, vetm pak studimejan kryer me ambicjen pr ta kuptuar shtjen emigrimit dhe t1zhvillimit t Kosovs. Ka vetm paknjohuri empirike pr t treguar efektet e migrimit n
varfrin, n t ardhurat dhe n faktort tjer. Nj studim i prqendruar n nivelin mikro-lokal, i
cili e analizon ndikimin e migrimit n modernizimin shoqror-ekonomik n familjet eKosovs (ESI 2006). Rezultatet kryesore t ktij studimi jan vmendjetrheqse, sidoqoft,
qllimi i studimit mbetet lokal. S fundi nj studim tjetri ka hulumtuarlidhjet ndrmjet
paksimit t varfris dhepolitikave t migrimit n Kosov (Vathi & Black2007). Ky studim
paraqet nj rrug shpjeguese n at drejtim, sidoqoft, aiprqendrohet kryesisht n aspektet
historike t migrimit n Kosov. Ky studim bazohet kryesisht n burimet dytsore. N
prfundim, lidhja ndrmjet zhvillimit dhe migrimit n Kosov ka qen deri tash vetm
siprfaqsisht e analizuar.
N dhjetor 2007, Agjencia Zvicerane prZhvillim dhe Bashkpunim (SDC) n Prishtin e ngarkoi
Forumin pr Iniciativ Demokratike (FID) pr ta zbatuar projektin Vlersimi i Ndikimit t
Migrimit n Zhvillimin e Kosovs, me synimin e prgjithshm prta inicuardebatinpolitikme vendimmarrsit, partnert shoqror, mediat, organizatat jo-qeveritare (OJQ-t), akademin dhe
publikun n prgjithsi n Kosov mbi ndikimin e migrimit n zhvillimin e Kosovs duke dhn
informacion t sakt dhe tbesueshm t bazuar n krkim multidimensional. Ambicja e ktij
raporti pra ishtepr taplotsuarnjpjes t zbraztis q ekziston lidhurme ndikimin e Diaspors
n zhvillimin e Kosovs duke ofruar njpasqyr t sakt dhe shkencore t ksaj dukurie. Qllimi
i hulumtimit, kriteret e rrepta metodologjike t prcaktuar pr ta kryer kt studim dhe
11Adams, R.H. (1998) Remittances, Investment and Rural Asset Accumulation. Economic Development and
Cultural Change. 47, October, 155-173.
Appleyard, R. T (1996). "Migration and development : a critical relationship", in Theories of migration / ed. by RobinCohen. - Cheltenham : E. Elgar, cop. 1996. - P. 264-281.
Baletic, Zvonimir (1982). "International Migration in Modern Economic Development. With special Reference to
Yugoslavia." International Migration Review, 6(4): 736-756.
Bank, World (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications ofRemittances and Migration. Washington: The
World Bank.
Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2005), Ethnic conflict and economic disparity: Serbians and Albanians in
Kosovo, Discussion PaperNo. 1772,Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.
Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun(2007), Rationality as a Barrierto Peace: Micro-evidence from Kosovo, Discussion Paper
No. 2682, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.
7/28/2019 Diaspora Si Forc e Zhvillimit Ekonomik
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prmbushja e nj fushe t gjer t krkimit n Kosov dhe Zvicr do t ofrojn t dhna dhe
informacione t rndsishmeprvendimmarrsit n Kosovprt'iprkufizuardhe zbatuar
politikat publike duke e prdorur migrimin n mnyr efektive dhe lidhjen e saj pasuese si strategji
przhvillim.2
shtja kryesore q ky krkim (studim) synonte t'iprgjigjej ishte: Cilisht ndikimi i Diaspors
n zhvillimin e Kosovs?Objektivat kryesore t studimit ishin:
Pr t dshmuar kontributin dhe ndikimin e mrgimtarve, Diaspors dhe familjeve t
tyre n zhvillimin e Kosovs,
Prt'i idnetifikuarkushtetpolitike, ekonomike dhe ligjore q mrgimtart, Diaspora dhe
familjet e tyre i hasin n vendin mikprits dhe tprejardhjes dhe prrekomanduar
ndryshimetpr ta prmirsuar ndikimin n zhvillim,
Prtaprkrahurpotencialin e mrgimtarve, Diaspors dhe t familjeve t tyre n
kontribuimin pr zhvillimin (e qndrueshm) n Kosov,
Analiza jonbazohet n vet mrgimtart (kapitalin e tyre njerzor) dhe t familjeve t tyre, kushtetsociale n vendet pranuese (studim i rastit n Zvicr) dhe integrimi i tyre shoqror atje. Ai gjithashtu
vlerson nivelin dhe llojet e investimit nga mrgimtart dhe format shoqrore t organizimit t
mrgimtarve n vendin pranues (studim i rastit n Zvicr) duke prfshir ndikimin e tyre n
jetn politike n vendin mikprits dhe t prejardhjes.
MADHSIA E DIASPORS :
Ende nuk ekzistojn t dhna t besueshme t regjistrimit mbi migrimin n Kosov, prandajmbetet jashtzakonisht vshtir pr t marr informacion t sakt lidhur me Diasporn e
Kosovs. Madhsia e saj mbetet e panjohur. Nj vlersim i prgjithshm ende i kontestuar sht
800,000 vet. Gjermania me prafrsisht 270.000 dhe i strehojn bashksit m t mdha t
konstatuara. Shifra pr Zvicrn prshin pjestart e natyralizuar t Diaspors s Kosovs.
Bashksit tjera m t mdha jan themelauar n n Shtetet e Bashkuara t Ameriks, vendet
skandinave,Mbretrin e Bashkuar, Franc, Belgjik dhe Austri, ndrsa bashksi m t vogla
jan gjetur deri n Australi dhe Zeland t Re.. Duke supozuar se madhsia e vlersuar e
diaspors sht e sakt dhe se vlersimi i Zyrs Statistikore t Kosovs se n Kosov sot jetojn
2
Appleyard, R. T (1996). "Migration and development : a critical relationship", in Theories of migration / ed. by RobinCohen. - Cheltenham : E. Elgar, cop. 1996. - P. 264-281.
Baletic, Zvonimir (1982). "International Migration in Modern Economic Development. With special Reference to
Yugoslavia." International Migration Review, 6(4): 736-756.
Bank, World (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications ofRemittances and Migration. Washington: The
World Bank.
Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2005), Ethnic conflict and economic disparity: Serbians and Albanians in
Kosovo, Discussion PaperNo. 1772,Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.
Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun(2007), Rationality as a Barrierto Peace: Micro-evidence from Kosovo, Discussion Paper
No. 2682, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.
7/28/2019 Diaspora Si Forc e Zhvillimit Ekonomik
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2.1 milion banor sht gjithashtu i sakt, mund t prfundohet se pothuajse do i treti kosovar
sot jeton jasht vendit.3
Krkim (Hulumtime)
Duhet t themelohet nj qendr e krkimit dhe e dokumenteve prt'i shqyrtuar t gjitha shtjet q
kan t bjn me Diasporn e Kosovs.N mnyr q qeveria ta prgatis nj strategji t prshtatshme t
zhvillimit, ajo duhet t ket t dhna t mjaftueshme mbi dukurin e migrimit (shkuarjet, ardhjet, t
ndar pr shkak t puns, gjinia, mosha, rajoni, etj.) si dhe ndikimet q migrimi i ka n zhvillimin m
t gjer shoqror (zyrtar dhe jozyrtar) t ekonomis, punsimin, stabilitetin shoqror,
shndetsin, arsimin, varfrin, etj si dhe t dhnat mbi zhvillimin. Kjo qendrmund tshfrytzoj ambasadat e hapura rishtaspr ta shnuarn hart Diasporn. Me informacion dhe
analiz adekuate, dhe me kapaciteteprkatse pr ta prdorur informacionin, qeveria do t jet
m mir e pajisur pr t'i planifikuarstrategjitprkatse. sht me rndsi tprmirsohen t dhnat mbi drgesat n t holla prt'i kuptuar faktort
q i shtyjn ato, dhe pr ta informuar politikn zhvillimore e cila synon ta rris n
maksimum ndikimin e vet n zhvillim.
Qarkullimi i ekspertve t Diaspors s Kosovs (p.sh. kruesit,profesort, studentt)duhet t nxiten pr t krijuar m tepr debat akademik prshtjen dhe mundsisht t
promovoj m tepr krkimn kt fush n mesin e institucioneve vendore..
Dergimi i Parave :
Sondazhi i SMSJ 2.880 familje 30% e familjeve marrin drgesa n t t holla nga jasht t
hollave ose mallrave n zonat rurale numrin m t madh t mrgimtarve nga zonat rurale
madhsin m t madhe t familjes mesatare n zonat rurale vjetore Gjermania Zvicra shuma e
trsishme 275milion Euro nmallra 40 milion Euro fondet e drguara nga jasht prbnin deri
n 17%t GDP-s nga viti 2000 i ekzaminoi n Kosov. Sipas sondazhit, m pak se n Kosov.
33Adams, R.H. (1998) Remittances, Investment and Rural Asset Accumulation. Economic Development and
Cultural Change. 47, October, 155-173.
Appleyard, R. T (1996). "Migration and development : a critical relationship", in Theories of migration / ed. by RobinCohen. - Cheltenham : E. Elgar, cop. 1996. - P. 264-281.
Baletic, Zvonimir (1982). "International Migration in Modern Economic Development. With special Reference to
Yugoslavia." International Migration Review, 6(4): 736-756.
Bank, World (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications ofRemittances and Migration. Washington: The
World Bank.
Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2005), Ethnic conflict and economic disparity: Serbians and Albanians in
Kosovo, Discussion PaperNo. 1772,Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.
Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun(2007), Rationality as a Barrierto Peace: Micro-evidence from Kosovo, Discussion Paper
No. 2682, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.
7/28/2019 Diaspora Si Forc e Zhvillimit Ekonomik
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Ka m tepr prfitues t drgesave financiare se sa n zonat urbane (33% n4krahasime 26%).
Kjo shpjegohet n radh t par me , por edhe (8.9 vet pr familje n krahasimme 5.5
vet).Shuma e marr mund t sillet prej m pak se 500 Euro (20%) deri n m tepr se 5.000
Euro (15%) dhe shumica e transfertave ndrkombtare vinin nga (49%) dhe (23%) dhe vendet e
tjera europiane (20%).Vlersohet se e fondeve t drguara nga jasht n vitin 2000 ishte
prafrsisht 550 milion Marka Gjermane, t cilat prfaqsonin n at periudh t sondazhit
.Duke ia shtuar ksaj shume prafrsisht 40milion (ose ), dhe duke pasur parasysh GDP e
Kosovs prej 3 miliard (pa fondet e drguara nga jasht vendit), rrjedh se t vendit n vitin
2000.
Investimet e drejtprdrejta:
M pak se q sht pritur pa shenja t prmirsimit .Mrgimtart dhe Diaspora mund t
kontribuojn n zhvillimin ekonomik n vendet e prejardhjes n shum mnyra prve vetm
drgimit t t hollave. Ata do t mund t kontribuonin n zhvillimin ekonomik duke themeluar
vet ndrmarrje ose duke iu ndihmuar familjeve dhe t afrmve pr t vepruar ashtu nprmjet t
bartjes prfituese t njohurive dhe zotsivei ashtuquajturi fitim I trurit.Nj faktor tjetr q
duket se ka ndikuar n qndrimin ndaj t hollave t drguara nga jasht ndrlidhet me mundsit
e prmirsuara t ushtimit dhe komunikimit. Kjo i ka br shum pjestar t Diaspors t
ndrgjegjshm se dhe se n shum raste ato prdoren pr mallra luksoze dhe t kohs s lire t
ciln ata vetmadje nuk e kan.Prfundimisht, pasi i kan e tyre n drejtimt m t mire n
shoqrin mikpritse, ata shpenzojn m tepr t holla pr t'I mbshtetur prpjekjet e tyre pr
integrim, si arsimimi i fmijve t tyre dhe investimet n nj shtpi n Zvicr, dhe nuk mund t'ia
lejojn vetes t drgojn t holla si kan drguarm par.t hollat q ata i drgojn n Kosov
nuk prdoren si duhet ndrruar prparsit integrimit Diskutimet e grupit t fokusit n Kosov500 pronar t bizneseve n shtat rajone t Kosovs jan intervistuar pr t'I kuptuar nivelet e
vrteta t investimeve monetare dhe n natyr t Diaspors n themelimin e ndrmarrjeve t
vogla dhe t mesme (NVM-ve) n Kosov.me fondet e pjesrishme ose t plota (ose nga puna
personale e pronarve t bizneseve, puna e antarve t familjes styre ose nga t dyja).
44Adams, R.H. (1998) Remittances, Investment and Rural Asset Accumulation. Economic Development and
Cultural Change. 47, October, 155-173.
Appleyard, R. T (1996). "Migration and development : a critical relationship", in Theories of migration / ed. by RobinCohen. - Cheltenham : E. Elgar, cop. 1996. - P. 264-281.
Baletic, Zvonimir (1982). "International Migration in Modern Economic Development. With special Reference to
Yugoslavia." International Migration Review, 6(4): 736-756.
Bank, World (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications ofRemittances and Migration. Washington: The
World Bank.
Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2005), Ethnic conflict and economic disparity: Serbians and Albanians in
Kosovo, Discussion PaperNo. 1772,Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.
Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun(2007), Rationality as a Barrierto Peace: Micro-evidence from Kosovo, Discussion Paper
No. 2682, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.
7/28/2019 Diaspora Si Forc e Zhvillimit Ekonomik
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Hulumtimet pr diasporn n theks veqant Zvicrra :
N dhjetor 2007, Agjencia zvicerane pr zhvillim dhe bashkpunim (SDC) n Prishtin e ngarkoi
Forumin pr Iniciativ Demokratike (FID) pr ta zbatuar projektin Vlersimi i ndikimit t
5migrimit n zhvillimin e Kosovs, me synimin e prgjithshm pr ta inicuar debatin politikme vendimmarrsit, partnert shoqror, mediat, organizatat joqeveritare, akademin dhe
publikun n prgjithsi n Kosov mbi ndikimin e migrimit n zhvillimin e Kosovs duke dhn
informacion t sakt dhe t besueshm t bazuar n krkim multidimensional. Ambicja e ktij
raporti pra ishte pr ta plotsuar nj pjes t zbraztis q ekziston lidhur me ndikimin e
diaspors n zhvillimin e Kosovs duke ofruar nj pasqyr t sakt dhe shkencore t ksaj
dukurie. Qllimi i hulumtimit, kriteret e rrepta metodologjike t prcaktuar pr ta kryer kt
studim dhe prmbushja e nj fushe t gjer t krkimit n Kosov dhe Zvicr do t ofrojn t
dhna dhe informacione t rndsishme pr vendimmarrsit n Kosov pr ti prkufizuar dhe
zbatuar politikat publike duke e prdorur migrimin n mnyr efektive dhe lidhjen e saj pasuese
si strategji pr zhvillim. shtja kryesore q ky krkim (studim) synonte ti prgjigjej ishte: Cili
sht ndikimi i diaspors n zhvillimin e Kosovs? Objektivat kryesore t studimit ishin: Pr t
dshmuar kontributin dhe ndikimin e mrgimtarve, diaspors dhe familjeve t tyre n zhvillimin
e Kosovs, pr ti identifikuar kushtet politike, ekonomike dhe ligjore q mrgimtart, diaspora
dhe familjet e tyre i hasin n vendin mikprits dhe t prejardhjes dhe pr rekomanduar
ndryshimet pr ta prmirsuar ndikimin n zhvillim si dhe pr ta prkrahur potencialin e
mrgimtarve, diaspors dhe t familjeve t tyre n kontribuimin pr zhvillimin (e qndrueshm)
n Kosov. Analiza jon bazohet n vet mrgimtart (kapitalin e tyre njerzor) dhe t familjeve
t tyre, kushtet sociale n vendet pranuese (studim i rastit n Zvicr) dhe integrimi i tyre
shoqror atje. Gjithashtu analiza vlerson nivelin dhe llojet e investimit nga mrgimtart dheformat shoqrore t organizimit t mrgimtarve n vendin pranues (studim i rastit n Zvicr)
duke prfshir ndikimin e tyre n jetn politike n vendin mikprits dhe t prejardhjes. Ky
hulumtim u prezantua ne konferencen nderkombtare e cila u mbahjt n Prishtine, gjat muajit t
kaluar, n organizim te FID-it, Zyrs s Diapors pran Zyrs se Kryeministrit t Kosovs,
Agjensionit pr Promovimin e Bizneseve t Kosovs dhe n mbshtetje t SDC-Prishtin.
55Adams, R.H. (1998) Remittances, Investment and Rural Asset Accumulation. Economic Development and
Cultural Change. 47, October, 155-173.
Appleyard, R. T (1996). "Migration and development : a critical relationship", in Theories of migration / ed. by RobinCohen. - Cheltenham : E. Elgar, cop. 1996. - P. 264-281.
Baletic, Zvonimir (1982). "International Migration in Modern Economic Development. With special Reference to
Yugoslavia." International Migration Review, 6(4): 736-756.
Bank, World (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications ofRemittances and Migration. Washington: The
World Bank.
Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2005), Ethnic conflict and economic disparity: Serbians and Albanians in
Kosovo, Discussion PaperNo. 1772,Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.
Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun(2007), Rationality as a Barrierto Peace: Micro-evidence from Kosovo, Discussion Paper
No. 2682, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.
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Organizimi i Diaspors
Autoritetet qeveritare n Kosov duhet t'i angazhojnbashksit e Diaspors si partnert rndsishm pr zhvillimin e vendit. Dialogu ndrmjet Qeveris s Kosovs dhe
bashksive t Diaspors duhet t institucionalizohet dhe t oj nbashkpunim konkret,
bazuarn potencialin e vrtet t Diaspors.6
Vendet mikpritse duhet t'i mbshtesin rrjetet e reja t Diaspors dhe ta financojnngritjen e kapaciteteve t organizatave t Diaspors krahas krijimit t lidhjeve t
qndrueshme me aktort e
provuar t zhvillimit. Rilindja e shoqatave t Diaspors s Kosovspor me nj mandat
dhe mision krejtsisht t ndryshm duhet gjithashtu t jet njra prej prparsive t
Ambasadave t Kosovs. Ekziston nj nevoj e madhe pr Diasporn t bhet m e zshme
pr t drejtat dhe detyrimet e veta. Sidoqoft, iniciativat q i formojn Prfaqsit duhet t
mbajn drejtpeshimin n mes t forcimit dheprkrahjes s organizatave t Diaspors. Pr Qeverin Zvicerane ky sht moment vendimtar pr t dhn ndihmn q do t
mund t mundsonte integrimin ebashksis s Shqiptarve t Kosovs n shoqrin
zvicerane. Vullneti n ann e Shqiptarve t Kosovs duket t jet n kulm dhe ai duhet t
shfrytzohet.
Vmendje e veant duhet t'i kushtohet imigrantve t gjenerats s dyt. Ata duken tken nj interesim t fort pr t qen t involvuar n zhvillimin e Kosovs. Kosova
dhe Zvicra duhet t punojn sbashku n lehtsimin e qarkullimit t trurit
(inteligjencs).Dukepasur parasysh njohurit e kufizuara pr t drejtat e veta n mesin e pjestarve t
Diaspors,Ambasadat e Kosovs duhet t zhvillojn dhe shprndajn materiale t kapshme t cilat
shpjegojn t drejtat e mrgimtarve dhe t Diaspors.
66Adams, R.H. (1998) Remittances, Investment and Rural Asset Accumulation. Economic Development and
Cultural Change. 47, October, 155-173.
Appleyard, R. T (1996). "Migration and development : a critical relationship", in Theories of migration / ed. by RobinCohen. - Cheltenham : E. Elgar, cop. 1996. - P. 264-281.
Baletic, Zvonimir (1982). "International Migration in Modern Economic Development. With special Reference to
Yugoslavia." International Migration Review, 6(4): 736-756.
Bank, World (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications ofRemittances and Migration. Washington: The
World Bank.
Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2005), Ethnic conflict and economic disparity: Serbians and Albanians in
Kosovo, Discussion PaperNo. 1772,Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.
Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun(2007), Rationality as a Barrierto Peace: Micro-evidence from Kosovo, Discussion Paper
No. 2682, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.
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REKOMANDIMET
Aspektet ekonomike
Themelimi i one stop shop-eve (kshillimoreve praktike) ku investitort mrgimtar7potencial do t mund t'i msonin t gjitha aspektet ligjore dhe financiarepr tbr biznes
n Kosov. Prkundrporosivejopremtuesenga pjestart e Diaspors, ata duhet megjithat
t inkurajohen t investojn, sepse atajan investitort eparpotencial thuaj n
Kosov, t cilt mund t'iu drgojn sinjale investitorve t tjer t huaj se Kosova sht vend i
sigurt.
Qeveria nuk mund t bj shumpr taprkrahurinvestimin e Diaspors prve
prmirsimit t klims s prgjithshme investuese, duke mundsuar marrjen e kredive,
duke mbajtur politika t favorshme fiskale dhe duke promovuar Kosovn si vend i sigurt pr
investim. Sidoqoft, Qeveria e Kosovs do t mund t lehtsosnteprocesin ebashkrenditjes n
mes tbizneseve q veprojn n t njjtin sektorn Zvicr. Themelimi i fondit t
prbashktprinvestim
ishte n mesin e prparsive t krkuara nga pjestart e Diaspors.
Vnia e fuqishme e theksit n eksportin e ushqimit tradicional t Kosovs (nostalgjia e
ushqimit n mesin eDiaspors) duhet tjet prparsiprsektorin vendor t prpunimit t
ushqimit n Kosov. Sigurisht, kto prodhime duhet t'i ruajn karakteristikat e cilsis
dhe t ken standarde t larta t prodhimit ngase konsumatort potencial mund t gjenden
prtej Diaspors s Kosovs.
77Adams, R.H. (1998) Remittances, Investment and Rural Asset Accumulation. Economic Development and
Cultural Change. 47, October, 155-173.
Appleyard, R. T (1996). "Migration and development : a critical relationship", in Theories of migration / ed. by RobinCohen. - Cheltenham : E. Elgar, cop. 1996. - P. 264-281.
Baletic, Zvonimir (1982). "International Migration in Modern Economic Development. With special Reference to
Yugoslavia." International Migration Review, 6(4): 736-756.
Bank, World (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications ofRemittances and Migration. Washington: The
World Bank.
Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2005), Ethnic conflict and economic disparity: Serbians and Albanians in
Kosovo, Discussion PaperNo. 1772,Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.
Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun(2007), Rationality as a Barrierto Peace: Micro-evidence from Kosovo, Discussion Paper
No. 2682, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.
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Referencat:
Adams, R.H. (1998) Remittances, Investment and Rural Asset Accumulation. EconomicDevelopment and
Cultural Change. 47, October, 155-173.
Appleyard, R. T (1996). "Migration and development : a critical relationship", in Theories ofmigration / ed. by Robin
Cohen. - Cheltenham : E. Elgar, cop. 1996. - P. 264-281.Baletic, Zvonimir (1982). "International Migration in Modern Economic Development. Withspecial Reference to
Yugoslavia." International Migration Review, 6(4): 736-756.
Bank, World (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications ofRemittances andMigration. Washington: The
World Bank.
Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2005), Ethnic conflict and economic disparity:Serbians and Albanians in
Kosovo, Discussion PaperNo. 1772, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Bonn.Bhaumik, Sumon K., Ira N. Gang, Myeong-Se Yun (2007), Rationality as a Barrierto Peace:
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