Diez preguntas transdiciplina

RET Revista de Estudios TransdisciplinariosINSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS AVANZADOS IDEA

Vol.2 Nº1Caracas, enero-abril 2010

MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULARPARA CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA E INDUSTRIAS INTERMEDIAS

MINISTRO DE CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA E INDUSTRIAS INTERMEDIAS

VICEMINISTRO DE DESARROLLO CIENTÍFICO Y TECNOLÓGICO

VICEMINISTRO DE FORMULACIÓN DE POLÍTICASY PLANES DE CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA E INDUSTRIAS

VICEMINISTRA DE DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL

VICEMINISTRO DE TELECOMUNICACIONES

VICEMINISTRA DE SEGUIMIENTO Y CONTROLDE CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA E INDUSTRIAS

IDEAFUNDACIÓN INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS AVANZADOS

PRESIDENTE

VICEPRESIDENTE EJECUTIVO

COMISIÓN DE PUBLICACIONES DEL FONDO EDITORIAL IDEA

Mercedes PardoSin título, 1989Serigrafía (P/A)55 X 48 cm (I)77 X 57 cm (S)Colección Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzados IDEAFotógrafo: Álvaro González Bastidas

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RET Revista de Estudios TransdisciplinariosINSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS AVANZADOS IDEA

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RET Revista de Estudios Transdiciplinarios. Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzados. Apartado Postal 17606. Caracas, Venezuela. Direcciones electrónicas: [email protected] Tlfs.: (58 212) 903 51 51 / 903 50 04 Fax: (58 212) 903 50 03 / www.idea.gob.ve

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SUMARIO

Miguel Ángel Pérez Pirela

Editorial

ARTÍCULOS

Rigoberto Lanz

Diez preguntas sobre transdisciplina

Ten Questions about Transdiscipline

Miguel Ángel Pérez Pirela

Del Estado venezolano al paraEstado venezolano: consideraciones sobre una injerencia silenciosa

From the Venezuelan State to the Venezuelan para-State: Considerations on a Silent Inherency

Ximena González Broquen

Étude sur la notion d´État dans la pensée de Pierre Clastres

Estudio sobre la noción de Estado en el pensamiento de Pierre Clastres

Lilia Ramírez

Cultura del espectáculo y praxis universitaria: ¿apocalípticos, integrados o transformadores?

Show Culture and University Praxis: Apocalyptic, Integrated, or Transforming?

Iraida Vargas Arenas

Análisis del llamado “arte rupestre” en la cuenca del río Caroní desde la perspectiva de género

Analysis of the so-called “Rock art” in the Caroní River Basin from the Gender Perspective

Xenón Serrano-Martín

Quimioterapia contra la leishmaniasis: estado del arte, retos y nuevas propuestas desde Venezuela

Chemotherapy against Leishmaniasis: State of the Art, Challenges and New Proposal from Venezuela

Leandro Balzano y Nardy Diez

Mecanismos asociados a la agresividad tumoral y su empleo para diagnosticar este fenómeno

Tumor Aggressiveness and other Related Mechanisms and their Use to Diagnose this Phenomenon

Silvia Alemán, Amalia Domínguez, Diamarys Domínguez, Leticia Fuentes, Kelhy Miranda,

Yunel Pérez, Beatriz Pernía, Daynet Sosa, Maryla Sosa y Diógenes Infante

Estudio anatómico y bioquímico en materiales cubanos y venezolanos de Phaseolus vulgaris L.

bajo condiciones de estrés hídrico

Anatomical and Biochemical Studies in Cuban and Venezuelan Phaseolus vulgaris L. Varieties under Hydric Stress

Moisés Gomero, Alexander Laurentin, Carolina Bernal, Iván Galindo y Nardy Diez

Toxicidad in vivo y proteómica comparativa para el estudio de la expresión de proteínas

con actividad insecticida presentes en semillas de Phaseolus vulgaris L.

In vivo Toxicity and Comparative Proteomics for the Study of Insecticidal Protein Expression

in Seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

RESEÑA Iwariwë, el señor del fuego

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Ten Questions about Transdiscipline Rigoberto LanzCIPOST. UCV

Palabras clave

Words are not neutral, so we should be aware about the indiscriminate use of notions moving comfortably in academic environments. It is true that the term “transdiscipline” does not cause intellectual constipation in many people who would rather sit in the calm waters of methodology manuals. It is positive that everywhere people talk normally about “transdiscipline”. Problems begin when one inquires into what is meant by that. Confusion and misunderstanding are obvious. There is not only a diversity of approaches behind the use of this term (which is entirely natural and inevitable) but also a basic misunderstanding prevails about the epistemological spirit of a transdisciplinary view of knowledge. It is precisely in this direction that this essay aims at: to ensure the demarcation of the different meanings of the idea of “transdiscipline” to clearly outline the contents of a particular epistemological stance. It is not a chronicle of the trajectory of this concept but a placement of its precise role within a matrix of thought that is, at the same time, deconstructionist-archaeological-genealogical-complex-transdisciplinar-postmodern. It is by taking seriously this intermingling of cognitive strategies that we can regain a distinctive sense of the transdiscipline category. This is not at all obvious at first. It requires a certain road-clearing work, a delimitation of fields, the development of substantial content.What follows is a brief review of the problems having more impact on the characterization of what can be properly called a transdisciplinary look at knowledge.

Keywords Transdiscipline, complexity, postmodernism, Academia, epistemology.

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¿Cuál es la agenda del debate sobretransdisciplina?

¿Cómo salir de la lógica disciplinaria?

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Multidisciplina: ¿cuál es la diferencia?

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¿Transdisciplina o interdisciplina?

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¿Cuáles son los nexos entre transdisciplinay complejidad?

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¿Un paradigma transdisciplinario?

¿Una metodología transdisciplinaria?

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¿Qué es una perspectiva transdisciplinaria?

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¿Cuáles son los nexos con laposmodernidad?

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¿Una óptica transdisciplinaria para otro modo de pensar?

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20Breve epílogo: la transcomplejidad(posmoderna)

Referencias bibliográficas

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From the Venezuelan State to the Venezuelan para-State:Considerations on a Silent Inherency Miguel Ángel Pérez PirelaÁrea de Sociopolítica y Cultura. IDEA

Palabras clave

Today, Venezuela is the scene not only of paramilitary activity but also of very specific actions aimed at building a silent “para-state” in Venezuela to the image and likeness of Colombian para-states. The strategy of building parallel states to the traditional figure of the state, characterized by: defined borders, united armed forces and a unique, common and recognizable head, is part of the mechanisms of U.S. inherency in Latin America in order to deconstruct nation-states and strengthen its position in the world. The players in this inherency system are mainly the DAS-CIA and the paramilitary and Colombian oligarchy financed through drug trafficking. So far, crimes such as hired killers, express kidnapping, a variety of blackmail systems (the so-called vaccines), neighborhood delinquents (“azotes de barrio”) and massacres with a heightened level of violence have been the first demonstrations of such para-state, since it is through them that it seeks to destabilize society. But there are two links that are far more alarming, because they deal not only with the structural point of view but also with a situational point of view of the life of Venezuelans: to overthrow the government and deconstruct the Venezuelan state. In this context we can say that the existence of the Venezuelan state is not only at stake, but also its existence based on the model of participatory democracy.

KeywordsPara-state, para-nation, paramilitary, inherency, participatory democracy.

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Introducción

El Estado tradicional:fronteras definidas/Fuerzas Armadas unidasy únicas/cabeza común y reconocida

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El objetivo de la injerencia es desestructurar los Estados latinoamericanos: caso Bolivia. Media luna/Europa del Este. Revoluciones de colores/Venezuela. Paramilitarismo

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Bodin (1576) y los elementos teóricos de lasoberanía: autonomía de decisión de lasfronteras hacia adentro (relación asimétrica entre Estados-ciudadanos)/respeto de laautonomía de las fronteras hacia afuera(relación simétrica entre Estados-Estados)

Sistema y objetivos de la injerenciaestadounidense: debilitar el Estado y susoberanía/creación del paraEstado venezolano

DAS6-CIA

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Paramilitarismo

Oligarquía colombiana

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La droga es el petróleo del paraEstado: DAS, paramilitarismo y oligarquía tienen como fuen-te de financiamiento fundamental el fenómeno de la droga

Objetivos y estrategias de la injerencia colom-bo-estadounidense en Venezuela:estrategias de injerencia/el delito es sólo el primer eslabón táctico de una estrategia más compleja

Primer eslabón (desestabilizar la sociedad):delitos y modus operandi exportados desdeColombia/sicariato/cárteles de la droga nacidos en los años ochenta/secuestro express/latifundio/bingos legales e ilegales/cobro de vacunas/azotes de barrio paramilitares/masacres con metodologíaparticularmente violenta

Segundo eslabón (derrocar al gobierno):objetivo magnicidio

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Tercer eslabón (destruir el Estado venezolano): cons-trucción del paraEstado/creación de FFAA paralelas

La nación colombiana está constituida por tres paraEstados: tres Estados en lo que llamamos el territorio colombiano

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Estado venezolano: ¿próximo paraEstadode la región?

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Donde hay paramilitares no hay democracia participativa ni protagónica: la estructuradel paramilitarismo desestructura al pueblo organizado

Desafíos: perennizar un Estado débil

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Conclusiones: no se trata de un problema de delitos. Se trata de un problema desoberanía


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Estudio sobre la noción de Estado en el pensamientode Pierre ClastresXimena González BroquenCentro de Estudio de la Ciencia. IVIC

Mots clefs

¿Será posible un cuestionamiento serio a propósito del poder? Tal es la pregunta que abre la reflexión de Clastres sobre el poder, y a través de la cual nos invita a efectuar un verdadero ejercicio de apertura intelectual. ¿Será posible ver en la noción de poder otra cosa que lo que la civilización occidental ve en ella? ¿Tendrá sentido interrogarse sobre otras sociedades, y sobre lo que el poder significa en éstas? Todo el trabajo de Pierre Clastres lo demuestra, revelando la gran riqueza de pensar sobre y a partir de lo que es radicalmente el otro.

Palabras claveEstado, poder, violencia, coerción.

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38Vers une définition de l’État

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De l’ethnocide : la violence en jeu dansla question de l’autre

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La question de l’économie

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La question de l’origine de l’État:de la servitude volontaire

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Conclusion: la force efficiente de la parolecomme mot d’ordre, symbole de la sociétédivisée

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Références bibliographiques

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Show Culture and University Praxis:Apocalyptic, Integrated, or Transforming? Lilia RamírezUNESUR

Palabras clave

Show culture has been defined as a social and cultural environment characterized by setting reality as a stage, as a media hyper-representation of life, built from the point of view of a hegemonic group that uses media and other resources as a medium of representation in order to develop some kind of consumption reality: a reality that can be consumed and sold. Therefore, a continuous show emerges, and within it the challenge of building minds, deformed by a paradigm that is not completely understood yet, has to be faced. In view of this phenomenon, it is possible to take, and it has been done, the position of those who claim the impossibility of a change and the consequent end of times. It is also possible to flow with the river, offering neither resistance nor historical consciousness, knowing the imminence of the inevitable fall. Finally, it is possible to assume a critical, non-dichotomist perspective, which allows taking realistic actions in and with the environment as transforming, changing beings. From the critical revision of the features of show culture, different praxis in university teaching will be identified in this essay, so as to discuss some thoughts and identify points of support or departure in this landscape that frames teaching.

KeywordsShow culture, university, critical consciousness, freedom education.

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Cultura del espectáculo

Caracterización de la cultura del espectáculo

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Potenciación de lo sensorial

Potenciación de lo narrativo

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Potenciación de lo dinámico

Potenciación de lo emotivo

Potenciación de lo sensacional

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De-semantización de los contenidos

Y ahora… ¿quién podrá educarnos?

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Analysis of the so-called “Rock art” in the Caroní River Basinfrom the Gender PerspectiveIraida Vargas ArenasInstituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales, UCV

Palabras clave

Between 2002 and 2003, Mario Sanoja and his associates carried out the archaeological rescue project of the Caruachi hydroelectric dam, at the Lower Caroni River, the main affluent of the Orinoco River, built by the CVG-EDELCA consor-tium (Corporación Venezolana de Guayana-Electricidad del Caroni). The Project produced new data on the aboriginal occupations that settled in the area 10.000 years BP, until the beginning of the XIX century. The so call Rock art tradition was one the main creative graphic expressions of the early hunters and gatherers of the Lower Caroni. In this paper, we deal with the notion of social and historical character of the aesthetics of rock art paintings and engravings found in several caves and rock shelters that were produced by women and men, opposite to the current assumption that only men were rock artists.

KeywordsFeminist archaeology, gender history, rock art, women’s visibility.

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Introducción

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El papel de la estética rupestre entrelas sociedades ágrafas

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Petroglifos y pinturas en la cuencadel río Caroní

MAPA 1.

FIGURA 1.

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Cronología de la estética rupestre

MAPA 2.

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FIGURA 8.

FIGURA 7.

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FIGURA 4. FIGURA 5.

FIGURA 3.

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El inicio de la estética rupestre en la región

Las zonas sagradas de la subregión Caruachi

FIGURA 6.

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Estética rupestre y género

FIGURA 9.

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Chemotherapy against Leishmaniasis: State of the Art,Challenges and New Proposal from VenezuelaXenón Serrano-MartínÁrea de Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud. IDEA

Palabras clave

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease generated by some pathogenic species of Leishmania genus. The WHO considers that this disease represents one of the six parasithosis producing more deaths worldwide per year. In Venezuela, during 2006, the rate of Leishmaniasis outbursts was 9.97 per 100.000 inhabitants, spread out along the whole national territory and being more frequent in mountainous regions: the Andes and the Cordillera de la Costa. In Venezuela, Glucantime is the drug used at present for the treatment of all types of Leishmaniasis, in spite of the secondary toxic effects on patients treated with the drug. Nowadays, the study model of Leishmaniasis that resembles the human being is the laboratory mouse. However, the marked differences between these two organisms hinder the validation of alternative drugs for the treatment of this disease. Taking into account the above considerations, there is a need to develop new models of biological studies to allow the evaluation and validation of new alternative drugs for the treatment of the cutaneous Leishmaniasis. One possibility would be to develop a cutaneous Leishmaniasis infection model, using athymic mice with human skin implants. This study model would be useful in alternative drug validation for the treatment of this pathology, thus setting the basis for a future solution for cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Venezuela and the world.

KeywordsChemotherapy, leishmaniasis, athymic mice, drugs, Venezuela.

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Introducción

Leishmania y leishmaniasis:características generales

Leishmaniasis en Venezuela

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¿Con cuáles fármacos contamos parahacerle frente a la leishmaniasis actualmente?

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Posibles alternativas a largo plazopara el tratamiento de la leishmaniasis

El alkil-lisofosfolípido miltefosina:breve historia del mayor avance contrala leishmaniasis en la actualidad

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μ

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Combinación de fármacos contra laleishmaniasis. ¿Es ésta la estrategia correcta?

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Modelos de estudio de leishmaniasis.Aproximación a un nuevo modelo deestudio para leishmaniasis cutánea

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Conclusión general

Agradecimientos


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Tumor Aggressiveness and other Related Mechanismsand their Use to Diagnose this PhenomenonLeandro Balzano y Nardy DiezÁrea de Agricultura y Soberanía Alimentaria. IDEA

Palabras clave

Cell cycle regulation is one of the key factors to maintain individual homeostasis. Basically, sometimes somatic cell repli-cation generates mutations in protein-related sequences; these mutations are detected by oncosuppressor proteins that trigger apoptosis mechanisms in the abnormal cell and its consequent death to maintain the individual steady state. These control mechanisms could eventually fail, and thus, beginning the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells and the concomitant mutation accumulation. However, for abnormal cells to survive, these mutations must add new functions to avoid control mechanisms. The more relevant the mutated route, the more significant the effect and the higher the growth rate, a concept that is called tumor aggressiveness. Knowing what is happening in a tumor makes it possible to predict its aggressiveness level, although much research is still needed in this regard. This work evaluates if it is possible to determine how aggressive a tumor is by studying multiple cell cycle-related mechanisms, and how mutations affect these mechanisms.

KeywordsTumorigenesis, proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, tumor aggressiveness, cancer.

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Introducción

Protooncogenes y genes supresoresde tumores. Reguladores del ciclo celular

Proliferación celular descontrolada.Se inicia la tumorogénesis

Agresividad tumoral.Múltiples mecanismos están involucrados

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1. Autosuficiencia de señales de proliferación

αα

2. Insensibilidad a señales antiproliferativas

FIGURA 1.

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β β

β

β

β

β

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FIGURA 2. β

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FIGURA 3.

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3. Evasión de la apoptosis

FIGURA 4. FIGURA 5.

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4. Potencial replicativo ilimitado

TABLA I. in vivo mTR-/-

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5. Angiogénesis sostenida

FIGURA 6.

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Conclusiones

FIGURA 7.

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Phaseolus vulgaris

Anatomical and Biochemical Studies in Cuban and Venezuelan Phaseolus vulgaris L. Varieties under Hydric Stress Silvia Alemán,1 Amalia Domínguez,1 Diamarys Domínguez,3 Leticia Fuentes,1 Kelhy Miranda,3 Yunel Pérez,1 Beatriz Pernía,2 Daynet Sosa,3 Maryla Sosa1 y Diógenes Infante*3

Palabras clave

Drought is one of the factors having a negative effect on the cultivation of legumes. The objective of this work was to study the response of P. vulgaris, in Cuba and Venezuela, to water stress. Seeds were previously disinfected and grouped into three treatments: 70 %, 40 % and 20 % field capacity (FC). Results correspond to three replicates per treatment. After a week of applying these treatments, different parameters of foliar anatomy were evaluated: relative water content (RWC), relative chlorophyll and proline content. When comparing the effects of the treatments applied, some morpho-logical and biochemical changes were observed. An example of these was the changes in the structure of the mesophilic intolerant or moderately tolerant varieties. However, in sensitive or highly sensitive varieties to water stress, the separation of the chlorophyll parenchyma in Palisade cells was evident, increasing intercellular spaces under stress conditions. RWC values presented a significant reduction under drastic conditions (20% FC) in most water-stress susceptible varieties, as well as contents of a, b and total chlorophyll. The content of free proline was significantly higher (p<0.01) in stressed leaves of the same phenotype, compared to non stressed leaves; as well as in susceptible over tolerant varieties. The re-sults obtained showed morphological, anatomical and biochemical significant differences among the varieties evaluated under water stress conditions. These findings allow us to discriminate between resistant and susceptible varieties, in order to continue further research concerning the genetic improvement of species.

KeywordsPhaseolus vulgaris L., water stress, drought, legumes, chlorophyll, proline.

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Introducción

Materiales y métodos

Material vegetal

Estudios anatómicos

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Determinación del peso fresco (Pf),peso seco (Ps) y Contenido Relativo de Agua (CRA)

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Determinación de la concentraciónde clorofila a, b y total

Determinación de prolina libre

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Resultados y discusión

TABLA I.

Nº.

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Genotipos

CC 259–colorado C5E8 T-1551

CC 259–negro C6E11 T-1567

“Milagro Villaclareño” negro C5E3 T-1460

Bat-58 C5E7 T-1380

MGM–08-02-072 negro 2261

MGM–08-02-026 La Poncha blanco 2239

MGM–08-02-023 rojo 2238

MGM–08-02-066 negro 2256

MGM–10-02-011 Negro 2288

MGM–10-02-012 Negro 2289

MGM–10-02-029 Negro 2305

MGM–10-02-078 Rosada con pinta 2350

MGM–10-02-083 Rosada 2215

MEM–03-02-002 Poncha; Negro 2215

MEM–03-01-01 Plomito; Negro 2150

MGM–09-02-01 Negro 2279

MGM–03-99-03 Vaina Blanca Negro 2025

DP–03-01-009 Negro Vaina Blanca 2141

DP–03-01-026 Negro de Macaira 2148

Tacarigua Negro 07-875

Montalbán Negro 07-875

MGM–03-02-004 Negro 2216

Respuestaestado hídrico

Tolerante (T)

Susceptible (S)

Medianamente Tolerante (1/2T)


Susceptible (S)

Tolerante (T)

Tolerante (T)

Muy Susceptible (MS)

Tolerante (T)


Tolerante (T)

Tolerante (T)

Susceptible (S)


Susceptible (S)


Tolerante (T)


Tolerante (T)

Susceptible (S)

Susceptible (S)


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Observaciones generales de la anatomía de las hojas

Efecto del estrés hídrico sobre la estructuradel mesófilo de la hoja

FIGURA 1.

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Índice estomático

FIGURA 2.

FIGURA 3.

FIGURA 4.

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Determinación del peso fresco, peso secoy Contenido Relativo de Agua

FIGURA 5.

FIGURA 6.

FIGURA 7.

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Concentración de clorofila a, b y total

Contenido de prolina libre en hojas

FIGURA 9.

FIGURA 10.

FIGURA 8.

FIGURA 11.

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Conclusiones

FIGURA 13. FIGURA 12.

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Agradecimientos


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in vivo

Phaseolus vulgarisIn vivo Toxicity and Comparative Proteomics for the Studyof Insecticidal Protein Expression in Seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris L.Moisés Gomero,1 Alexander Laurentin,1 Carolina Bernal,2 Iván Galindo3 y Nardy Diez3

α

Palabras clave

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the most important Fabaceae in the world for some of its nutritional facts such as proteins. These characteristics make the seeds of Phaseolus susceptible to the attack of insects such as Acanthoscelides obtectus and Zabrotes subfasciatus. This harvest plagues affect the quality and quantity of seed production. Therefore, it is time for the development of new defense strategies against plagues. Some kinds of proteins present in Fabaceaes are toxic for the insects and confer resistance to seeds. Using bidimensional gel, we observe the proteome of different endosperms in commercial Phaseolus vulgaris varieties; the proteins were localized and compared to the expression. The bioassay with rice plague (Sitophilus oryzae) was used as a model to estimate the toxicity of the seeds. Three groups of seeds were obtained as a result: high-toxicity seeds, moderate-toxicity seeds and low-toxicity seeds; thus, the varieties Tacarigua, Victoria and MGM-08-02-026, were the most toxic for the rice plague. Bidimensional electrophoresis shows some groups of similar proteins in toxic seeds that are not observed in non toxic varieties. We assumed there was some kind of association between the expression of insecticidal proteins and its toxicity over plagues. With this proteomic approximation we can identify varieties that are resistant to harvest plagues in Venezuelan seeds of P. vulgaris.

KeywordsPhaseolus vulgaris L., lectins, comparative proteomics, bioassay, harvest plagues.

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Introducción

αα

Materiales y métodos

Germoplasma

Bioensayo con el gorgojo de arroz

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Análisis estadístico de los resultados

Extracción de las proteínas del endospermo

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Determinación de la concentración de proteínas

Geles de poliacrilamida

Geles bidimensionales (2-DE)

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Análisis bioinformático

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Resultados y discusiónFIGURA 1.

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FIGURA 2. P. vulgaris. FIGURA 3.

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FIGURA 4. P. vulgaris.

TABLA I. P. vulgaris.

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Conclusiones

Agradecimientos

TABLA II.

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Iwariwë

Iwariwë

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Instrucciones dirigidas a los autores para lapostulación de manuscritos ante la Revistade Estudios Transdisciplinarios, RET

RET

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1. Normas generales

1.1.

1.2.

1.3.

RET

2. Normas para la preparación de manuscritos

2.1. RET

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2.2.

2.3.

2.4.

RET Revista de Estudios Transdiciplinarios. Fundación Instituto de

Estudios Avanzados. Apartado Postal 17606. Caracas, Venezuela.

Direcciones electrónicas: [email protected]

Tlfs.: (58 212) 903 51 51 / 903 50 04 Fax: (58 212) 903 50 03

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