75
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester 3 P.Rajasekar & C.M.T.Karthigeyan Asst. Professor SRM University, Kattankulathur School of Computing, Department of IT 8/22/2011 1

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203Semester ‐ 3 

P.Rajasekar & C.M.T.KarthigeyanAsst. Professor

SRM University, Kattankulathur

School of Computing, Department of IT 8/22/2011 1

Page 2: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Disclaimer

The contents of the slides are solely for the purpose of teaching students at SRM University. All copyrights and Trademarks of organizations/persons apply even if not specified explicitly. 

2School of Computing, Department of IT 8/22/2011

Page 3: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

UNIT 1 ‐ FUNDAMENTALS

8/22/2011School of Computing, Department of IT 3

Page 4: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Overview

Digital Systems and Computer Systems

Information Representation

Number Systems [binary, octal and hexadecimal]

Arithmetic Operations

Base Conversion

Decimal Codes [BCD (binary coded decimal), parity]

Gray Codes

Alphanumeric Codes

4

Page 5: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Digital System

• Takes a set of discrete information inputs and discrete internal information (system state) and generates a set of discrete information outputs.

5

System State

DiscreteInformationProcessingSystem

DiscreteInputs Discrete

Outputs

Page 6: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Types of Digital Systems

• No state present– Combinational Logic System– Output = Function(Input)

• State present– State updated at discrete times

=> Synchronous Sequential System– State updated at any time

=>Asynchronous Sequential System– State = Function (State, Input)– Output = Function (State) or Function (State, Input)

6

Page 7: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Digital System Example:

7

A Digital Counter (e. g., odometer):

1 30 0 5 6 4Count Up

Reset

Inputs: Count Up, Reset

Outputs: Visual Display

State: "Value" of stored digits

Synchronous or Asynchronous?

Page 8: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Number Systems – Representation

• Positive radix, positional number systems

• A number with radix r is represented by a string of digits:

An ‐ 1An ‐ 2 … A1A0 . A‐ 1 A‐ 2 … A‐m + 1 A‐m

in which 0 ≤ Ai < r and . is the radix point.• The string of digits represents the power series:

8

( ) ( )(Number)r =  ∑∑ +j = ‐m

jj

i

i = 0i rArA

(Integer Portion)   + (Fraction Portion)

i = n ‐ 1 j = ‐ 1

Page 9: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Number Systems – Examples

9

General Decimal BinaryRadix (Base) r 10 2Digits 0 => r - 1 0 => 9 0 => 1

0123

Powers of 4 Radix 5

-1-2-3-4-5

r0

r1

r2

r3

r4

r5

r -1

r -2

r -3

r -4

r -5

1101001000

10,000100,000

0.10.010.0010.00010.00001

124816320.50.250.1250.06250.03125

Page 10: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Special Powers of 2

10

210  (1024) is Kilo, denoted "K"

220 (1,048,576) is Mega, denoted "M"

230 (1,073, 741,824)is Giga, denoted "G"

Page 11: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Positive Powers of 2 

• Useful for Base Conversion

11

Exponent Value Exponent Value0 1 11 2,0481 2 12 4,0962 4 13 8,1923 8 14 16,3844 16 15 32,7685 32 16 65,5366 64 17 131,0727 128 18 262,144

19 524,28820 1,048,57621 2,097,152

8 2569 51210 1024

Page 12: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Converting Binary to Decimal

• To convert to decimal, use decimal arithmetic to form Σ (digit × respective power of 2).

• Example:Convert 110102 to N10:

12

Page 13: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Converting Decimal to Binary

Method 1Subtract the largest power of 2 that gives a positive remainder and record the power.Repeat, subtracting from the prior remainder and recording the power, until the remainder is zero.Place 1’s  in the positions in the binary result corresponding to the powers recorded; in all other positions place 0’s.

Example: Convert 62510 to N2

13

Page 14: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Commonly Occurring Bases

14

Name Radix Digits

Binary 2 0,1

Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

The six letters (in addition to the 10

integers) in hexadecimal represent: 

Page 15: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Numbers in Different Bases

• Good idea to memorize!

15

Decimal (Base 10)

Binary (Base 2)

Octal (Base 8)

Hexa decimal (Base 16)

00 00000 00 0001 00001 01 0102 00010 02 0203 00011 03 0304 00100 04 0405 00101 05 0506 00110 06 0607 00111 07 0708 01000 10 0809 01001 11 0910 01010 12 0A11 01011 13 0B12 01100 14 0C13 01101 15 0D14 01110 16 0E15 01111 17 0F16 10000 20 10

Page 16: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Conversion Between Bases

16

Method 2  To convert from one base to another:

1) Convert the Integer Part

2) Convert the Fraction Part

3) Join the two results with a radix point

Page 17: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Conversion Details

To Convert the Integral Part:Repeatedly divide the number by the new radix and save the remainders. The digits for the new radix are the remainders in reverse order of their computation. If the new radix is > 10, then convert all remainders > 10 to digits A, B, … 

To Convert the Fractional Part:

Repeatedly multiply the fraction by the new radix and save the integer digits that result.  The digits for the new radix are the integer digits in order of their computation. If the new radix is > 10, then convert all integers > 10 to digits A, B, … 

17

Page 18: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Example: Convert 46.687510  To Base 2

• Convert 46 to Base 2

• Convert 0.6875 to Base 2:

• Join the results together with the radix point:

18

Page 19: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Additional Issue ‐ Fractional Part

Note that in this conversion, the fractional part became 0 as a result of the repeated multiplications. In general, it may take many bits to get this to happen or it may never happen.Example: Convert 0.6510 to N20.65 = 0.1010011001001 …The fractional part begins repeating every 4 steps yielding repeating 1001 forever!

Solution: Specify number of bits to right of radix point and round or truncate to this number.

19

Page 20: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Checking the Conversion

To convert back, sum the digits times their respective powers of r.From the prior conversion of  46.6875101011102 = 1∙32 + 0∙16 +1∙8 +1∙4 + 1∙2 +0∙1

=  32 + 8 + 4 + 2=  46

0.10112 = 1/2 + 1/8 + 1/16= 0.5000 + 0.1250 + 0.0625

= 0.6875

20

Page 21: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Why Do Repeated Division and Multiplication Work?

Divide the integer portion of the power series on slide 11 by radix r. The remainder of this division is A0, represented by the term A0/r. Discard the remainder and repeat, obtaining remainders A1, …Multiply the fractional portion of the power series on slide 11 by radix r. The integer part of the product is A‐1.Discard the integer part and repeat, obtaining integer parts A‐2, …This demonstrates the algorithm for any radix r >1.

21

Page 22: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Octal (Hexadecimal) to Binary and Back

• Octal (Hexadecimal) to Binary:– Restate the octal (hexadecimal) as three (four) binary digits starting at the radix point and going both ways.

• Binary to Octal (Hexadecimal):– Group the binary digits into three (four) bit groups starting at the radix point and going both ways, padding with zeros as needed in the fractional part.

– Convert each group of three bits to an octal (hexadecimal) digit.

22

Page 23: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Octal to Hexadecimal via Binary

Convert octal to binary.Use groups of four bits and convert as above to hexadecimal digits.Example: Octal to Binary to Hexadecimal

6     3     5  . 1     7     7   8

Why do these conversions work? 

23

Page 24: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

A Final Conversion Note

• You can use arithmetic in other bases if you are careful:

• Example:   Convert 1011102 to Base 10 using binary arithmetic:Step 1   101110 / 1010  = 100  r  0110

Step 2         100 / 1010  =     0  r  0100

Converted Digits are 01002 | 01102or      4      6  10

24

Page 25: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Binary Numbers and Binary Coding

Flexibility of representationWithin constraints below, can assign any binary combination (called a code word) to any data as long as data is uniquely encoded.

Information TypesNumericMust represent range of data neededVery desirable to represent data such that simple, straightforward computation for common arithmetic operations permittedTight relation to binary numbers

Non‐numericGreater flexibility since arithmetic operations not applied.Not tied to binary numbers

25

Page 26: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Non‐numeric Binary Codes

Given n binary digits (called bits), a binary code is a mapping from a set of represented elements to a subset of the 2n binary numbers.

Example: Abinary codefor the sevencolors of therainbow

Code 100 is not used

26

Binary Number000001010011101110111

ColorRedOrangeYellowGreenBlueIndigoViolet 

Page 27: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Number of Bits Required

• Given M elements to be represented by a binary code, the minimum number of bits, n, needed, satisfies the following relationships:

2n > M > 2(n – 1) n = log2 Mwhere  x , called the ceiling function, is the integer greater than or equal to x.

• Example: How many bits are required to represent decimal digits with a binary code?

27

Page 28: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Number of Elements Represented

• Given n digits in radix r, there are rn distinct elements that can be represented.

• But, you can represent m elements, m < rn

• Examples:– You can represent 4 elements in radix r = 2 with n= 2 digits: (00, 01, 10, 11).  

– You can represent 4 elements in radix r = 2 with n= 4 digits: (0001, 0010, 0100, 1000).

– This second code is called a "one hot" code.

28

Page 29: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Binary Codes for Decimal Digits

29

Decimal 8,4,2,1 Excess3 8,4,‐2,‐1 Gray0 0000 0011 0000 00001 0001 0100 0111 01002 0010 0101 0110 01013 0011 0110 0101 01114 0100 0111 0100 01105 0101 1000 1011 00106 0110 1001 1010 00117 0111 1010 1001 00018 1000 1011 1000 10019 1001 1100 1111 1000

There are over 8,000 ways that you can chose 10 elements from the 16 binary numbers of 4 bits.   A few are useful:

Page 30: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

The BCD code is the 8,4,2,1 code.

This code is the simplest, most intuitive binary code for decimal digits and uses the same powers of 2 as a binary number, but only encodes the first ten values from 0 to 9.

Example:  1001 (9) = 1000 (8) + 0001 (1)

How many “invalid” code words are there?

What are the “invalid” code words?

30

Page 31: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Excess 3 Code and 8, 4, –2, –1 Code

• What interesting property is common to these two codes? 31

Decimal Excess 3 8, 4, –2, –10 0011 00001 0100 01112 0101 01103 0110 01014 0111 01005 1000 10116 1001 10107 1010 10018 1011 10009 1100 1111

Page 32: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Gray Code

• What special property does the Gray code have in relation to adjacent decimal digits?

32

Decimal 8,4,2,1 Gray0 0000 00001 0001 01002 0010 01013 0011 01114 0100 01105 0101 00106 0110 00117 0111 00018 1000 10019 1001 1000

Page 33: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Gray Code (Continued)

• Does this special Gray code property have any value?

• An Example: Optical Shaft Encoder

33

B0

111

110

000

001

010

011100

101

B1

B2

(a) Binary Code for Positions 0 through 7

G 0G 1

G 2

111

101

100 000

001

011

010110(b) Gray Code for Positions 0 through 7

Page 34: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Gray Code (Continued)

• How does the shaft encoder work?

• For the binary code, what codes may be produced if the shaft position lies between codes for 3 and 4 (011 and 100)?

• Is this a problem?

34

Page 35: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Gray Code (Continued)

• For the Gray code, what codes may be produced if the shaft position lies between codes for 3 and 4 (010 and 110)?

• Is this a problem?

• Does the Gray code function correctly for these borderline shaft positions for all cases encountered in octal counting?

35

Page 36: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Warning: Conversion or Coding?

• Do NOT mix up conversion of a decimal number to a binary number with coding a decimal number with a BINARY CODE.

• 1310 = 11012 (This is conversion)• 13  ⇔ 0001|0011 (This is coding)

36

Page 37: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Binary Arithmetic

• Single Bit Addition with Carry

• Multiple Bit Addition

• Single Bit Subtraction with Borrow

• Multiple Bit Subtraction

• Multiplication

• BCD Addition

37

Page 38: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Single Bit Binary Addition with Carry

38

Given two binary digits (X,Y), a carry in (Z) we get the following sum (S) and carry (C):

Carry in (Z) of 0:

Carry in (Z) of 1:

Z 1 1 1 1X 0 0 1 1

+ Y + 0 + 1 + 0 + 1C S 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1

Z 0 0 0 0X 0 0 1 1

+ Y + 0 + 1 + 0 + 1C S 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

Page 39: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Multiple Bit Binary Addition

• Extending this to two multiple bit examples:

Carries 0 0Augend 01100     10110 Addend      +10001 +10111Sum• Note:  The 0 is the default Carry‐In to the least significant bit.

39

Page 40: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Single Bit Binary Subtraction with Borrow

• Given two binary digits (X,Y), a borrow in (Z) we get the following difference (S) and borrow (B):

• Borrow in (Z) of 0:

• Borrow in (Z) of 1:  

40

Z 1 1 1 1

X 0 0 1 1

‐ Y ‐0 ‐1 ‐0 ‐1

BS 11 1 0 0 0 1 1

Z 0 0 0 0

X 0 0 1 1

‐ Y ‐0 ‐1 ‐0 ‐1

BS 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

Page 41: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Multiple Bit Binary Subtraction

• Extending this to two multiple bit examples:

Borrows 0 0

Minuend 10110     10110 

Subtrahend ‐ 10010 ‐ 10011Difference• Notes: The 0 is a Borrow‐In to the least significant bit. If the Subtrahend > the Minuend, interchange and append a – to the result. 

41

Page 42: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

The binary multiplication table is simple: 0 ∗ 0 = 0 | 1 ∗ 0 = 0 | 0 ∗ 1 = 0 | 1 ∗ 1 = 1

Extending multiplication to multiple digits: Multiplicand 1011Multiplier x 101Partial Products 1011 0000 - 1011 - -Product 110111

Binary Multiplication

42

Page 43: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

BCD Arithmetic

43

Given a BCD code, we use binary arithmetic to add the digits:8 1000 Eight

+5 +0101 Plus 5 13 1101 is 13 (> 9)Note that the result is MORE THAN 9, so must berepresented by two digits!To correct the digit, subtract 10 by adding 6 modulo 16.8 1000  Eight

+5 +0101  Plus 5 13 1101  is 13 (> 9)

+0110  so add 6carry = 1 0011 leaving 3 + cy

0001 | 0011 Final answer (two digits)If the digit sum is > 9, add one to the next significant digit

Page 44: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

BCD Addition Example

• Add 2905BCD to 1897BCD showing carries and digit corrections.

44

0001    1000    1001    0111+ 0010 1001 0000 0101

0

Page 45: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Error‐Detection Codes

Redundancy (e.g. extra information), in the form of extra bits, can be incorporated into binary code words to detect and correct errors.   

A simple form of redundancy is parity, an extra bit appended onto the code word to make the number of 1’s odd or even. Parity can detect all single‐bit errors and some multiple‐bit errors.

A code word has even parity if the number of 1’s in the code word is even.

A code word has odd parity if the number of 1’s in the code word is odd.

45

Page 46: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

4‐Bit Parity Code Example

Fill in the even and odd parity bits:

The codeword "1111" has even parity and the codeword "1110" has odd parity.   Both can be used to represent 3‐bit data. 46

Even Parity Odd Parity

Message  ‐ Parity Message  ‐ Parity

000  ‐ 000  ‐001  ‐ 001  ‐010  ‐ 010  ‐011  ‐ 011  ‐100  ‐ 100  ‐101  ‐ 101  ‐110  ‐ 110  ‐111  ‐ 111  ‐

Page 47: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

ASCII Character Codes

American Standard Code for Information InterchangeThis code is a popular code used to represent information sent as character‐based data.   It uses 7‐bits to represent:94 Graphic printing characters.34 Non‐printing characters

Some non‐printing characters are used for text format (e.g. BS = Backspace, CR = carriage return)Other non‐printing characters are used for record marking and flow control (e.g. STX and ETX start and end text areas).

47

(Refer to Table 1 ‐4 in the text)  

Page 48: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

ASCII Properties

48

ASCII has some interesting properties:

Digits 0 to 9 span Hexadecimal values 3016 to 3916 .Upper case A ‐Z span 4116 to 5A16 .Lower case a ‐z span 6116 to 7A16 .• Lower to upper case translation (and vice versa) occurs by flipping bit 6.

Delete (DEL) is all bits set, a carryover from when punched paper tape was used to store messages.   Punching all holes in a row erased a mistake!

Page 49: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

UNICODE

• UNICODE extends ASCII to 65,536 universal  characters codes

– For encoding characters in world languages

– Available in many modern applications

– 2 byte (16‐bit) code words

49

Page 50: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Binary Logic and Gates

Binary variables take on one of two values.

Logical operators operate on binary values and binary variables.

Basic logical operators are the logic functionsAND, OR and NOT.

Logic gates implement logic functions.

Boolean Algebra: a useful mathematical system for specifying and transforming logic functions.

We study Boolean algebra as foundation for designing and analyzing digital systems!

50

Page 51: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Binary Variables

• Recall that the two binary values have different names:– True/False– On/Off– Yes/No– 1/0

• We use 1 and 0 to denote the two values.• Variable identifier examples:

– A, B, y, z, or X1 for now– RESET, START_IT, or ADD1 later

51

Page 52: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Logical Operations

• The three basic logical operations are:– AND 

– OR

– NOT

• AND is denoted by a dot (∙). 

• OR is denoted by a plus (+).

• NOT is denoted by an overbar ( ˉ ), a single quote mark (') after, or (~) before the variable.

52

Page 53: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Notation Examples

Examples:

is read “Y is equal to A AND B.”

is read “z is equal to x OR y.”

is read “X is equal to NOT A.” 

53

Note: The statement: 1 + 1 = 2 (read “one plus one equals two”)

is not the same as1 + 1 = 1 (read “1 or 1 equals 1”).

= BAY ⋅

yxz +=

AX =

Page 54: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Operator Definitions

54

Operations are defined on the values "0" and "1" for each operator:

AND

0 ∙ 0 = 00 ∙ 1 = 01 ∙ 0 = 01 ∙ 1 = 1

OR

0 + 0 = 00 + 1 = 11 + 0 = 11 + 1 = 1

NOT

10 =01 =

Page 55: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Truth Tables

• Truth table − a tabular listing of the values of a function for all possible combinations of values on its arguments

• Example: Truth tables for the basic logic operations:

55

01

10

X

NOT

XZ =

111

001

010

000

Z = X∙YYX

AND ORX Y Z = X+Y0 0 00 1 11 0 11 1 1

Page 56: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Logic Diagrams and Expressions

Boolean equations, truth tables and logic diagrams describe the same function!Truth tables are unique; expressions and logic diagrams are not. This gives flexibility in implementing functions.

56

X

Y F

Z

Logic Diagram

Equation

ZYX F +=

Truth Table

11 1 1

11 1 0

11 0 1

11 0 0

00 1 1

00 1 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

X Y Z ZYX F ⋅+=

Page 57: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Boolean Algebra

57

1.

3.

5.

7.

9.

11.

13.

15.

17.

CommutativeAssociative

Distributive

DeMorgan’s

2.

4.

6.

8.

X . 1 X=

X . 0 0=

X . X X=

0=X . X

An algebraic structure defined on a set of at least two elements, B, together with three binary operators (denoted +, ∙  and  ) that satisfies the following basic identities:

10.

12.

14.

16.

X + Y Y + X=

(X + Y) Z+ X + (Y Z)+=X(Y + Z) XY XZ+=

X + Y X . Y=

XY YX=

(XY) Z X(Y Z)=

X + YZ (X + Y) (X + Z)=

X . Y X + Y=

X  + 0 X=

+X 1 1=

X + X X=

1=X + X

X = X

Page 58: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Some Properties of Identities & the Algebra

58

The identities above are organized into pairs. These  pairs have names as follows: 1‐4 Existence of 0 and 1 5‐6 Idempotence7‐8 Existence of complement    9 Involution

10‐11 Commutative Laws             12‐13 Associative Laws14‐15 Distributive Laws                16‐17 DeMorgan’s Laws

If the meaning is unambiguous, we leave out the symbol  “∙”

The dual of an algebraic expression is obtained by interchanging + and ∙ and interchanging 0’s and 1’s.

The identities appear in dual pairs. When there is only one identity on a line the identity is self‐dual, i. e., the dual expression = the original expression. 

Page 59: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Some Properties of Identities & the Algebra (Continued)

Unless it happens to be self‐dual, the dual of an expression does not equal the expression itself.

Example: F = (A + C) ∙ B + 0

dual F =  (A ∙ C + B) ∙ 1 = A ∙ C  + B

Example: G = X ∙ Y + (W + Z)

dual G = 

Example: H = A ∙ B + A ∙ C + B ∙ C

dual H = 

Are any of these functions self‐dual?59

Page 60: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Some Properties of Identities & the Algebra(Continued)

• There can be more that 2 elements in B, i. e., elements other than 1 and 0. What are some common useful Boolean algebras with more than 2 elements? 1.

2.

• If B contains only 1 and 0, then B is called the switching algebra which is the algebra we use most often.

60

Algebra of Sets

Algebra of n‐bit binary vectors

Page 61: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Boolean Operator Precedence

61

The order of evaluation in a Booleanexpression is:1. Parentheses2. NOT3. AND4. ORConsequence: Parentheses appeararound OR expressionsExample: F = A(B + C)(C + D)

Page 62: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Example 1: Boolean Algebraic Proof

A + A∙B = A (Absorption Theorem)Proof Steps Justification (identity or theorem)A + A∙B

= A ∙ 1 + A ∙ B X = X ∙ 1

= A ∙ ( 1 + B)      X ∙ Y + X ∙ Z = X ∙(Y + Z)(Distributive Law)

= A ∙ 1 1 + X = 1

= A X ∙ 1 = X

Our primary reason for doing proofs is to learn:Careful and efficient use of the identities and theorems of Boolean algebra, andHow to choose the appropriate identity or theorem to apply to make forward progress, irrespective of the application. 

62

Page 63: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Example 2: Boolean Algebraic Proofs

• AB + AC + BC = AB + AC (Consensus Theorem)Proof Steps= AB + AC + BC= AB + AC + 1 ∙ BC= AB +AC + (A + A) ∙ BC= AB + AC + ABC + ABC= AB(1+C)+ AC + ACB=AB + AC(1+B)=AB + AC

63

Page 64: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Useful Theorems

••••

64

x y⋅y

( )( ) ninimizatioMyyyxyyyx =++=⋅⋅

( ) tionSimplificayxyxyxyx ⋅=+⋅+=⋅+

( ) Absorption xyxxxyxx =+⋅=⋅+

Consensuszyxzyzyx ⋅+⋅=⋅+⋅+⋅

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )zyxzyzyx +⋅+=+⋅+⋅+

LawssDeMorgan'xx ⋅=+

+ x x

x x

x x

x x

y x= + y

Page 65: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Proof of Simplification

65

( )( ) yyyxyyyx =++=⋅⋅ x+ x

Page 66: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Proof of DeMorgan’s Laws

66

+ yx x= y⋅ yx ⋅ yx +=

Page 67: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Boolean Function Evaluation

67

x y z F1 F2 F3 F4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1

zxyxF4xzyxzyxF3

xF2xyF1

+=+=

== z

yz+y+

Page 68: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Complementing Functions

• Use DeMorgan's Theorem to complement a function:1. Interchange AND and OR operators2. Complement each constant value and literal

• Example: Complement F =

F = (x + y + z)(x + y + z)

68

x+ zyzyx

Page 69: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Duality

69

Any theorem or identity in switching algebraremains true if 0 and 1 are swapped and • and + are also swapped throughout.

Example:X + X • Y = XX • X + Y = X (duality)X + Y = X (using idempotency)

what is wrong?

We must keep the operatorprecedence of the originalexpression, therefore:X + X • Y = XX • (X + Y) = X (duality)

Page 70: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Equivalence Gate

70

(X ≡ Y) = XY + X’Y’X Y C0 0 10 1 01 0 01 1 1

If X=Y then C=1,otherwise C=0

(X ≡ Y) = (X ⊕ Y)’

XY C

Page 71: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Positive and Negative Logic

71

Positive Logic: the higher voltage (+V) represents 1 and the lower voltage (0V) represents 0

Negative Logic: the higher voltage (+V) represents 0 and the lower voltage (0V) represents 1

Page 72: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Positive and Negative Logic (example)

72

LogicGatee2

e3

e1eo

The same physical circuit implements different logicfunctions. The function implemented depends on the logic used to interpret the inputs and outputs.

e1 e2 e3 eo0V 0V 0V 0V0V 0V +V 0V0V +V 0V 0V0V +V +V 0V+V 0V 0V 0V+V 0V +V 0V+V +V 0V 0V+V +V +V +V

+

Electric Voltages

e1 e2 e3 eo0 0 0 00 0 1 00 1 0 00 1 1 01 0 0 01 0 1 01 1 0 01 1 1 1

+

Positive Logic

e1 e2 e3 eo1 1 1 11 1 0 11 0 1 11 0 0 10 1 1 10 1 0 10 0 1 10 0 0 0

+

Negative Logic

Page 73: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

bibliography

• Charles H. Roth‐ Jr., Fundamentals of logic design, Thomson Asia,5th edition‐2004 (CH1,CH2,CH3,CH4,CH5,CH6,CH7,CH9,CH11,CH12) 

• M. Morris Mano, Digital Logic and Computer Design, Prentice Hall of India 

• Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, Universal Book Stall, 3rd Edition,1986 

• Morris Mano, Digital Design, Prentice Hall of India, 2nd Edition 1991 8/22/2011

School of Computing, Department of IT 73

Page 74: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Review questions

1. Difference between analog and digital systems.

2. Define base/radix.

3. List different binary codes.

4. Convert 2456 to base 7.

5. State Demorgan’s Theorem.

6. Importance of parity bit.

7. Define truth table.74

Page 75: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IT0203 Semester 3 1.pdf · DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & IT0203 Semester ‐3 ... 0100. 0111. 0100. 0110. 5. 0101. 1000. 1011. ... decimal number with a BINARY CODE

Review questions

8. What is an alphanumeric code?

9. List down 5 simplification theorems.

10.How dual of an expression differ from the complement?

11.List three laws or theorems which are useful when multiplying out or factoring.

75