Dijalog [godina 17, broj 1-2; 2011.]

8/13/2019 Dijalog [godina 17, broj 1-2; 2011.]

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Ăis`pgs zi dgb`z`dgjug kruũtvfnu lrgtglu

OFN[I] ZI DGB@Z@D_LI G_[]IųGTINJI

9-=, =199

Nizik li Eussfrbu

Fhzgstfnogji, stvirn`st g dglogji

N`vgjg gziz`vg p`bgtgălf dgb`z`dgjf

[u Xfgcgnh`v` nf`l`nduogjinstvù hb`mibn`c rizk`mbju







KGJIB@H 9-= (=199)Ăis`pgs zi dgb`z`dgju g kruũtvfnu tf`rgju

Gzkiviă:OFN[I] ZI DGB@Z@D_LI G_[]IųGTINJI INVMGE (ODG)_irijfv`, Mgstrgl mr. 8, tfb. =1 41 ?;, =9 17 1;, dix. =1 41 ??F-cigb Ofntri: odg-inumgeAinumge.miF-cigb ăis`pgsi: kgjib`hAinumge.mi

_ivjft ăis`pgsi:I]GD [IN@TGĄ TBIKGCG] Q]FCFO ‟ prfksjfkngl _ivjfti g kgrflt`r Ofntri zi dgb`z`dJI_CGNLI MIMGĄ-ITKG_QIEGĄ ‟ ăbin ODG_IKVKGN CV_IMFH@TGĄ ‟ ăbin ODG

Hbivng g `kh`v`rng urfkngl:VH@ TBIG_ITBJFTGĄ ‟ ăbin ODG

Zicjfngl hbivn`h g `kh`v`rn`h urfkngli:_VBFJCIN M@_[@ ‟ ăbin ODG

[fengălg sflrftir:DI[GCI L G]BGĄ

Bflt`r g l`rflt`r:_ NJFųINIĄF]GĄ

]iăunirsli `mrikiZBI[L@ FCGNIHGĄ

Ăis`pgs gzbizg tr`cjfsfăn`

ųgr` riăun Kgjib`hi jf:INVMgE 94911111918=114?]igddfgsfn minl KK MgE, _irijfv`

Zi gzkiviăi:TBIKGCG] Q]FCFO

[griž?11 prgcjfrili

šticpi:



Nizik li Eussfrbu

Fkcunk Eussfrb ‟ Qrfkcfkgtiogjf ` ip`kgltgăl`c p`ăftlu dgb

Kfin L`cfb ‟ _uvrfcfn`st dfn`cfn`b`hgjf ..........................

Ciro ]goegr ‟ @ uzvgũfn`c u p`bgtgog ......................................

Fhzgstfnogji, stvirn`st g dglogji

Qftfr D. _triws`n ‟ Ki bg jf p`st jinjf p`nflik prfkglit0 .....

Frnst [uhfnkeit, Vrsubi X`bd ‟ Fhgstfnogji ...........................

Oergst`pefr E``lwiy ‟ Jfzgl g svgjft .......................................

Kivgk Lfbb`hh Bfwgs ‟ Gstgni u dglogjg .....................................

N`vgjg gziz`vg p`bgtgălf dgb`z`dgjf

@bgvfr Ciroeirt ‟ VtfcfbjujuĈg p`st-dunkiog`nibgzic:

Q`bgtgăli `nt`b`hgji ..............................................

Niki Eirmiũ g Mfrnirk Eirmiũ ‟ Intih`ngstgăl`, ih`ngstgăl`

sgnhubirn` pburibn` p`bgtgăl` ..............................

[u Xfgcgnh`v` nf`l`nduogjinstv` u hb`mibn`c rizk`mb





Nizik li Eussfrbu





Fkcunk Eussfrb

Qrfkcfkgtiogjf ìp`kgltgăl`c p`ăftlu b`z`

Q]T@ Q@HBITBJF

VT@K: C@[GTIOGJI DGB@Z@DI Q@ĂF[NGLI V IQ_@BV[N

=5. Q]FKITINJF: GKFJI DGB@Z@DGJF V Q@TGJF_[G G C@[GT

Q@B@ųIJ _VMJFL[I L@JG Q@ĂGNJF KI DGB@Z@DG]I.

Qrfkivinji kržini prgjf m`žgĈnge prizngli u`mbgăfni sojfbgnu, u gkfjn`-p`vgjfsng uv`k u trinsofnkfntibnu df

dfn`cfn`b`ũlub`z` ju.9 V njgci jf p`vgjfst b`z` jf rizcit`nf gstf gkfjf b`z` jf l`ji jf pr`gziũbi gz s`lritsl`-pbit`nslges`stglf g l`ji jf li` svre`vgti gkfji gznutri krfęgvibi t`l svstvfn`h rizv`ji. Dgb`z` ji jf st`hi trfmibi ki prfkstivbji sp`zgz jfkn`h pĈfh, nijvgũfh g p`sbjfknjfh sic``svjfũtfnji, sic`g sic``kh`v`rn`stg n`hi l`jg sp`znijf spric uăgnili njfh`kruhgc rgjfăgci, `ni jf trfmibi mgtg znin`st l`ji jf u stinju k`privki g uz t` ‟ ungvfrzibni znin`st. Egst`rgjslg rizv`j ngjf us`vu gkfju, i p`lizitfbj tilv`h kfũivinji mgjiũf svf snižngji riz`tv`rfn`h ăis slrgvfn`h slfptgogzci. [`l v`h rizv`ji pritg

stin`j rikglibn`j lrgtgog ki mgsc` nfp`srfkn` gzvfbg ni ăgstio: gciju sv`j lrijnjg gzv`r g sv`jf jfkgnstv` u jfkgnstvu sp`znijuĈl`ji sf kí sevitgtg u trinsofnkfntibn`j ăgst`tg. _t`hi jf mgbi p`` prigzv`rgci, prvi b`z ji, znin`st ` trinsofnkfntibn`j

_vf gstgnslf znin`stg su c`ribf gz njf gzvfstg p`rgjflb` svge s

VKL /VKO



5

mukuĈg ki sc` rizimribg nužnu svre`vgtu gkfju svfh mukuĈfh ri

Ĉfc` njfn`c sic`sv`jn`c `stvirgvinju, kilbf p`luũit Ĉfcl`ji mg j`j mgbi prgcjfrfni c`huĈgc` iltuibn` gzhrięgvinjf njfnge prip`ăftili.

V egst`rgjsl`c scgsbu ziăftlf trinsofnkfntibnf b`z` jf Kfsoirtfsi. Q`zgvinjf ni njfh`vf Cfkgtiogjf c`hb` mg nicc`Ĉg, g t` u pr`nibižfnju gstgnslg prv`h p`ăftli.=

Qrfkn`st jf

b`z`dsl`h hfngji ki ăil g u sv`jgc p`hrfũngc p`ăftngălgc pr`cgũbjinjgci zi l`ji sf ăgng ki Ĉf sf k`sb`vn` jibn`stgci, bfžg nfli vgũi gstgni ‟ slrgvfni ibg k`luăgvi< gstgnikg, j`ũ kibfli vibjin`c mbgl`vinju g zisngvinju, n` gpil gstgningti sbutnj`c, lrfnuti mukuĈn`stg g l`ji jf, s kruhf strinf, zi

jf vfĈ p`sjfkuju u pun`j zrfb`stg bil` prfp`znitbjgvi li` ziăftn ji. [il` jf mgb si Kfsoirtfs vgc Cfkgtiogjici, prgjf svfhi si k p`znit`c sbgjfku. @tuk sf gz njge`vge kumgni, prfpunge sbutnjf, u`mjisngtg sgbin uăgnil l`jg su `vf cfkgtiogjf uvgjfl gzn`vi vrũg

p`hbfku n`hi ũt` jf nijmgtngjf stibf h`t`v` mfz kjfli. TfĈ p`bgăinstvfn` ki jf Kfsoirtfs svgc znin`stgci, nf gzuzgcijuĈg n

p`rgoi` zisn`vin`st l`ji mg gcibi l`niăn` vižfnjf g ki jf p`sn`v`c cft`k`c zisngvinji gz jfkgnstvfn`h g ips`butn`h gzv`r

mi` pružgtg ips butnu privkin st. Qutfc njf nf mg p`stibf sinf ungvfrsibgs sipgfntgi l`ji li` tilvi, prfci Kfsoirtfsu, musl` sizninjf g pruži cu nf`pe`kn` jfkgnstv`, g t` ni sn`vu jl`jfh su svf `nf c`ribf p`tfĈg. Nikibjf, vfbgli stvir jf mgb` g `til` pr`st`h fh` o`hgt`, li` g upuĈgvinjf zietgjfvin`h ips`butnnji nizik ni njfhi< i t` zniăg uvjfrfnjf ki jf trinsofnkfntibni

gzv`r svf kruhf sp`znijf. Nist`jit Ĉfc` p`lizitg ki jf, se`knĈfngtgjgc krfęfnjgci, Kfsoirtfs mg` tij l`jg jf `tlrg` tfcfbjnfojfb`lupnf ugstgnu zninstvfnf b`z` jf, l`bgl` h`k ki jf lrgvsi` `v`h p`ăftli, i tgcf g pr`ciũg` stvirng p`ăftil.

N g t t l j ž j gj k g tgb kgt gj l jg K



FKCVNK EV__F]B

L` u`pĈf žfbg ki p`stinf b`z`d u nijvgũfc scgsbu, se`k

lirtfzgjinsl`j gkfjg ungvfrzibnf znin`stg gz ips`butn`h `privgzv`rn` p`stitg lr`z tilvi sic``svjfũtfnji, n t` c`ri p`stitt`vgci riog`nibn`h sic``mbgl`vinji g sic`sp`znijf. _ kruhfc``svjfũtfnji l`ji ni privg niăgn tv`rf p`ăftil g l`ji sf ni bjf mbgluju, til`ęfr prgpikiju sgstfcitsl`c sikržiju sicf sicf sf nf c`hu `kjfbjgvitg sumjfltgvng gzv`rg gz l`jge `ni s

`mbgă jf. Qrgr`kni sp`zniji, pi g sici p`zgtgvni znin`st, u c`zi sv`j p`ăftil uzcu n` ũt` jf nijupfăitbjgvgjf g ki u nigvn` kfnogjg pr`lr ăf put cgũbjfnju g gzhrikf cft`ku. Qrgjf svge `mb`kvgji cgũbjfnjf, `ni p`sjfkujf prfkcftf g zninstvfn` p`krusvihki `kn`sg, i prgjf svfhi kruh`h `ni p`sjfkujf svgjft l`jgn` kit u prgr`kn`c gslustvu. Cfęutgc, b`z`d nf c`žf p`ăgbitn`st bitgvũg sf n`hi ũt` jf tu nik`cil, mukuĈg ki n nf sc

mgb` ũti vižg li` uniprgjfk kit` g mukuĈg ki n c`žf g scgjf kiũt` jf sfmg sic`cf pružg` u ips`butn`j `privkin`stg. Vnipsjfkujf nglilvf prfkcftf, zi njfhi nf p`st`jg nglilv` sic`rv` prgr`kn`h gslustvi l`jf mg cu gzkiũn` nukgb` p`st`jfĈf prf

jfk `n nf scgjf k`pustgtg ki gjfkni nigvn` gzvfkfni fvgkfnogstf gslustvi, pr`ęf nfgspgtini, pi cilir gz njf sicf g nf mg clilvi sucnji< ngũti nf scgjf mgtg sic`rizucbjgv` g uniprgjfk ũt` ngjf mgb` ips`butn` `privkin` nf trfmi ki vižg.

[il` b`z`d uvgęi ki jf prgc`rin, prgjf nfh` ũt` zip`sjf mgb` liliv tf`rgjslg supstrit, ki rffltgri lil` ki k`spgjf k`lil` ki sfmg k`pustg mgb` ũti sic`tv`rn` ũt` mg c`hb` ki vin` `privkin` ‟ g tgcf li` p` sfmg prvg p`ăftil. Qrgjf svfhi

Ĉf mgtg p`stivbjfn` pgtinjf ` scgsbu ips`butnf `privkin`stgz`dsl`h ogbji, i t` `stijf stibn` pgtinjf l`jf jf svf vgũf iltui

p`lrfĈf, mukuĈg ki sf `vij scgsi` `k prvge ziăftili svf vgũdfrfnogri. Dgb`z`d li` b`z`d c`ri, kilbf, mukuĈg ki nijprgjũt k j k j k ă tg k ltg mg l



91

`privkin`j sp`znijg, n`j l`ji jf sgstfcitsli, ungvfrzibni, r

jg. Gz `vf rfflsgvnf v`bjf pr`gzbizf `svjfũtfnji ` scgsbu `huĈn`stgci njfh`v`h stvirfnji. _ikržijg vge svjfũtfnji (srfkstvi ki sf stvirg vi rfflsgvni b`z`dsli v`bji) hrikf

p`ăftil puti u b`z` ju< `ni siăgnjiviju up`rgũtf cft`kf, pn` d`rcgrinjf cft`kf ni sn`vu ăgjfh vrũfnji sici b`z` ki sikržijn` gzristf ‟ li` sgstfc ips`butn` `privkinge tf`r

`ni stvirn` gzristi li` tv`rfvgni sp`znijf l`ji, l`ril p` lgspunjivi b`z`dslu v`bju ‟ u mfslrijn`c sgstfcitsl`c pr` Ni tij niăgn b`z` ji prgnogpgjfbn` nf c`žf nistitg u n

n`c ăgnjfnju, nfh` jfkgn` u sb`m`kngc sic``svjfũtfnjgci, m`kngc sic``krfęfnjgci n`hi l`jg siznijf, jfkgn` u rikgln`j jisn`Ĉg sfmg sic`j g n`cf ăfcu ugstgnu tfžg b`z`dsg ni putu g cft`kgog l`ju `n p`t`c u `stvirgvinju c`ri kiĈg ki jf st`hi nf`pe`kn` ki ji l`jf b`z`ri zi sfmf sic` tfci ki mg mgb` u stinju ki gzm`rg `stvirfnjf b`z` jf, `n` mibg tfl u kibjfc sbgjfku, c`rib` til`ęfr zi sfmf sic` ki p`ssp`znijf, nigcf ki sf ni `sn`vu `krfęfnf cft`kgălf ipfrotg li` trinsofnkfntibn` gbg ăgst` ji, lil` mg `nki u njfcu pn` p`kruă jf sv`h tf`rgjsl`h riki. ]flè: ‒u kibjfc sbgjfkunf prgpiki p`svf prv`c p`ăftlu, nfh` vfĈ `stvirfn`c sikr

ji, l`jg prfkstivbji prvg vreunio l`jfc nf v`kf. N`, zikržgc` sf j`ũ l`k d rcf prv`h zip`ăgnjinji u cfk

n`c `kbul`c l`ji jf rfflsgvn` uscjfrfni ni sumjflt l`jgc`trgc` bg `v`c `kbul`c zisn`vinu eimgtuibnu d`rcu žgv ti

stijf b`z`d`c, vgkjft Ĉfc` ki sf `ni p`lizujf li` d`rci sp

ti u sivrũfn`j g stibn`j sic``kh`v`rn`stg. ]izc`trgc` n` ũ`pĈf u sumjfltgvn`c c`tgviogjsl`c p`b`žiju sumjflti l`jg ziritg, p`bizfĈg `k l`jfh sf `n `prfkjfbjujf zi b`z`dslg žgv`

j`ũ nigvng sumjflt sp`znijf, ibg gpil nf vgũf sisvgc nigvin, vft j t k t k ũ j j g tg g ũt j m t



FKCVNK EV__F]B

`stvirujf u sp`znijngc mbgogci li` sici sihbfkini gstgni. V

žini gntfnogji k`bizg k` sv`h gspunjfnji u sp`znijg. _p`znijnrfvgnici sv`jf gntfnogjf p`sjfkujf svgjfst ki jf k`spg` k` sicznivijuĈg gstgnu n u`ăivi ki jf t` upriv` n` ũt` jf gntfnkgricft– risukn`h cngjfnji. [` jf stin`vgũtf l`jf jf mbgsl` p`ăfz`ri gbg, m`bjf rfĈg, b`z`du gn stitu nisofnkg, prfcki ngjf rin` g lsgrin`. V l`ntristu s tgc, zi njfhi st`jf `stibi cngj

u suk`vf, `ni l`jgci nfk`stijf ‒fvgkfnogji–, `mbgl`tv`rnisp`znijf, l`ji njge`vf prfkcftn`stg sic` cngju, i ki ge sic ju (‒nf zisngviju–, ‒nf k`v`kf ni uvgk–). [il`ęfr cu ngjf nzi svil` pul` cngjfnjf-u-suku `k liki jf u kjfb`lruhu rikitg gzvfstg `privkivijuĈf utfcfbjgvinjf, tj. ki sf c`žf p`luũiv`ęfnjf u `kh`virijuĈu gstgnslu sp`zniju u l`j`j mg sic`kibi cjfrgb` njfh`v`h privi gbg, pil, sic` t` priv` ni l`jfc mg b` gstgngtgc. I `pft, p`znit` cu jf ki `vij p`luũij ăfst` nf u

prf`mriĈi u sv`ju supr`tn`st ul`bgl` sf uližf tilvi gstgni lnjf simrizn` suku, gstgni l`ji hi p`ngũtivi p`lizujuĈg njfh`t`c cu sf ăgng sic`rizucbjgvgc ki jf svilg suk gbg gsprivinki jf gbg gstgngt gbg p`hrfũin ‟ kilbf, ki sf jfkin `k `vi kvi sblizitg li` bfhgtgcin. _ic`rizucbjgv` cu jf nikibjf ki sf prrikg sbuăijn`stgci trfnutnge iliti suęfnji g sp`znijf, nfh`

jfl k`stgžn` k`mr` l`jf, liki jf jfkn`c zik`mgvfn` u sic`khi l`jg siznijf, c`žf `v`cf sbužgtg li` trijni tfl`vgni g p`gsti gstgni l`ji sf li` gst`vjftni uvgjfl gzn`vi c`žf zik`mgtgki nf c`žf prf`mritgtg u sv`ju supr`tn`st, u p`hrfũn`st. @n``n` ũt` jf u stvirn`j, priv`j sp`znijg c`huĈf sihbfkitg li` g

li` gsprivn`st suki, t` jf jfkn`c zi svihki gstgni, li` ũt` jf pn`c zi svihki p`hrfũn`st.

N`, gstgni sf u stvirg c`žf gcfn`vitg li` k`mr` l`jf jf jf vrgjfkn`st li` ũt` nfgstgni ngjf vrgjfkn`st. MukuĈg ki jf pr

t t j gbj j t j j g j kj



9=

_vf `v` jf b`z`du p`ăftnglu li` zninstvfnglu gn o`no

znit` (cilir cu gsprvi g nfk`stiji` b`hgălg uvgk u zil`ngtgz `pĈf inibgzf g kfslrgpogjf). [`, kim`cf, spiki u `sn`vnuzninstvfn`h nist`jinji g svil`h zninstvfn`h sizninji l`jgzbizg. Li` tilv`, `n` mg ki nf mukf nigvn`, nfh` ki mukf

pr`bizg lr`z rfũft` lrgtglf sp`znijf. [` ũt` zninstvfngl gzrgk`mi gzrgăf gcijuĈg u vgku uslbięfn`st s n`rc`c (cilir jf t

tfnzgji li` zninstvfngli). Njfh`v` sizninjf jf vfĈ pr`ũb` ătf jf `kitbf stflb` `mbgl gstgnslf zninstvfnf sp`znijf, g t` u jf lrgtgălg nilnikn` prògjfnjfni.

=7. Q]FKITINJF: Q]GB@H ZI_NGTINJV EIMG[VIBNF D@]CF ųGT@[I DGB@Z@DI V Q@_[INLV

Vl`bgl`, kilbf, b`z`d p`ăftngl prfuzgci c`tgviogjf zni

Ĉf, `nf u njfcu nistivbjiju ki žgvf sic` st`hi ũt` jf `n vfĈzninstvfngl. @n ge u mgtg nfĈf ngcib` gzcgjfngtg, li` b`z

mukf ngũti kruh` nfh` zninstvfngl, ibg kilil` gstgnslg, r

slg zninstvfngl. G li` ũt` gniăf zninstvfngli til` g njfhi p prfci cukr`stg p` l`j`j jf g k`mg` gcf g l`ji, prgjf svfhi,h` nfh` zninstvfni bjumiv prfci cukr`stg u vgku eimgtuibn

vrgjfkn`sn`c oirstvu gstgnf suũtgnslg sikržin`c u sdfrg risu`vu bjumiv prfci cukr`stg `n til`ęfr mgvi `krfęfn trijn`cbul`c l`ji jf u `lvgru priltgănf c`huĈn`stg uscjfrfni ni vfĈf g nijm`bjf `k `v`h oirstvi gstgnf.

Qi gpil, p`svuki `vkjf vbiki suũtgnsli rizbgli. _vilil`g b`z` ji gzv`rn` mgbf jfkn`, `kn`sn` ki su znin`stg sic

gz `sn`vf g unutir ojfbgnf jfknf b`z` jf, p`put žgv`tn`h jfnfkjfbjgv`. N`, u cfęuvrfcfnu jf k`ũb` k` njge`v`h rizklbjuăgv` ni `sn`vu niz`ri l`jg nikienjujf svu priltgănu ilv` rizgbižfnjf jf usbgjfkgb` nil`n ũt` sf gzhumg` kue rikglibgzgcfn`c ‒b`z`jf– scjfri` u `n`cf ũt` znin`st ăgng zni



FKCVNK EV__F]B

s n`rc`c. _vf `nf p`sjfkuju prfk-kit`stg l`jf su prfk-kit

sp`znijf. Nigcf, g `n` ũt` sf nikijf zi nfũt` lrijnjf, i t` j jf g sic` sp`zniji, gil` sp`zniji nijngžfh stupnji. [` ki t`stg zniăg ki prgeviĈiju sp`zniju l`ji ge s`m`c k`n`sg, i k

jf ngsu lrgtgălg gspgtibf. Ni gstg niăgn `nf `stviruju cft`kgăl jfc, k`kuũf u nfl`j lrgtgog, p`svfĈuju pižnju g l`jfc su u`mbgl< ibg `pft nf til` ki su u nijrikglibngj`j rfflsgjg sp`zn

kjfb`vinjf p`stivgbf li` sic`sv`jnu tfcu lrijnjfh pr`cgũ`kitbf gzmgji b`z`dslg p`rgv zi p`ăftl`c mfz prftp`stivlg, stvirn` rikglibn`c sp`znijn`c žgv`tu< n`c žgv`tu l`jg stips`butn`h `privkinji g u l`jfc b`z`d, prgjf nfh` ũt` li`ni sizninju ips`butn` ucgrg sv`ju sivjfst, c`žf ki rizucgjri zi scgsi` g priv` svil`h sp`znijn`h ăgni g u njfcu vbirinji g `kbuăgvinji.

@vij ips`butng rikglibgzic gci zi `n`hi l`jg u `v`c gste`Ĉf ki p`stinf b`z`d zniăfnjf kh`virijuĈf ips`butnf g rnf `kbulf l`j`c njfh`v žgv`t p`stijf žgv`t gz ips`butnf p`z

jf ` `kbuog putfc l`jf sumjflt sic`hi sfmf g t` nipr`st` l

sicf nutrgnf sv`jf bgăn`stg ‟ `kbuăujf zi `n` p` sfmg nijm`bn`c oirstvu vrgjfkn`stg sp`znijf g zi k`sbjfkn` žgvbjfnjf s

nijm`bjfh. Gbg, lil` mgsc` j`ũ c`hbg lizitg, t` jf `kbuli l`jc`hi sfmf u `krfęfn`c scgsbu ‒ips`butn` p`gst`vjfĈujf– ũgc k`mr`c. L`rfbitgvin gzriz zi sic` `v` ofntribn` g ungv`krfęfnjf jfstf ki sumjflt l`jg sf `prfkjfbjujf ki mukf b`zvgũu sp`zniju gbg b`z` ju li` ips`butnu l`niănu svreu sv`žgv`ti, li` sv`j gstgnslg ‒p`zgv– zi l`jg sf jfkn`c zi svihk

`kbuăg` g l`jfc sf li` priltgăn ji ips`butn` p`svftg`. Dgb`ztilvf ăvrstf rgjfũfn`stg u svil` k`mi jf svjfstin vf v`kfĈf svref njfh`v`h žgv`tn`h p`zgvi. Nirivn`, u p` sfmg rizucl`niăni svrei žgvg u njfcu u eimgtuibn`c vižfnju l`jf nig j k ž g tg gj t g ăg gtg gk t



9;

Qi gpil, gstgoinjfc ips`butn`stg tfl sc` sisvgc nfk`v`bjn

`zniăgbg `n` ũt` jf nijvižngjf zi scgsi` g stgb `vf `kbulf. Etjf mbgžf rizjisngtg.K`kjfbjgvitg b`z` jg, t`j ungvfrsibgs sipgfntgi, bgănu vrgjfk

svref li` žgv`tnf svref, nf zniăg tfl mgritg žgv`tnu svreu gzc`krfęfn`c scgsbu c`hu til`ęfr npr. m`hitstv`, ăist, c`Ĉ, slu p`sbjfknjf bgănf svref g `krfkgtg `mbglf tzv. žgv`ti p`svfĈfn

t` mg mgb` žgvbjfnjf s p`zgv`c u l`jfc mg sf `mjivbjgvibi ngũti c p`zvin`st p`bizfĈg k l`jf mg g sic p`zgv orpg` vgũg scgsi`, m p`svfĈfn`stg, li` ũt` t` `ăghbfkn` ăgng zi b`z`dslg p`zgv, ibg sl`h ucjftngli, krživngli gtk. Lik h`k sf u u`mgăijfn`c gbg sbu h`v`rg ` p`zgvu nibizgc`, kilil` ni gstg niăgn, p`n`v` nil`jf sf zkružuju u `pĈg kue`vng `mbgl. [il`, ni prgcjfr, `nijzi trh`viălg p`zgv ki mg u njfcu l`bgl` h`k jf t` c`huĈf stflstv`, c`Ĉ g uhbfk, til`ęfr sf sv`jgc mgĈfc `kbuăujf ‟ g p` t`lujf `k b`z`di ‟ u d`rcg jfkn`c-zi-svihki. Gst` til`, `n sfmslrijng binio vrgjfkn`stg g svrei l`jf ngsu tfl ningzinf jfkni sf jfkni ni kruh`j gzhrięuju, gntfhrgriju g uzkgžu ‟ prfkstivbji

jfkn`stg g svrei k l`jge nf lisngjf u ngzu ips`rmgriju `nf riu `krfęfn`c scgsbu ăuviju, i `pft ge nikristijuĈg p`ngũtiviju

t`c vgęfnju, u `v`c mfslrijn`c stfpfnist`c zkinju uzvgsujusicf vrgjfkn`stg siăgnjiviju vrgjfkn`snu ojfbgnu, jfkin, ki tilkus ik Qirnissuc, l`jg jf li` sic mfslrijng hrikus jfkni vrl`ji jf til`ęfr gzimrini p`k nizgv`c ‒p`zgv–. V svil`c p`z

m`kn` g stvirn` gzimrin p` slb`n`stg, u `vgc l`rfbitgvngc sr`bfžg gkfji p`sbjfknjfh vižfnji, p`sbjfknjf svref, i t` zi pfrs`ni

sumjflt v`bjf zniăg p`gst`vjfĈgvinjf si t`c svre`c gbg sgstfcribiăl`-priltgănu prgvržfn`st njgci ‒gz bjumivg– pr`gstflbu gztf etgjfnjf ki sf u t`cf ni p`sfmin niăgn g zi svihki žgvg žgv`

Qi gpil su p`zgv u u`mgăijfn`c scgsbu g p`zgv ni `sn`vu b l l m g bj Z g t t l k b l j t gũt



FKCVNK EV__F]B

sihbfkini p`sjfkujf j`ũ uvgjfl nfũt` ũt` jf jistvu nfprgstupiă

u sfmg, mgb` u sv`jgc p`vfzingc e`rgz`ntgci, j`ũ n`sg l`cpnjfn`stg u l`jf `nij l`jg bjumg gkfjf c`žf g c`ri mgtg uvuăfnsvil`c oirstvu vrgjfkn`stg p`st`jg nfũt` `k ăgst`h, p` sfmg vκιμςγ li` Gkfji. [il` jf g si ăgst`c Gstgn`c u oirstvu vrgjfkl`ji sf nfprfstin` uzkgžf u sgstfcitsl`c stviribiăl`c u`mu tf`rgjici. V `v`c stfpfnist`c `mbgl`vinju prfci nivgũfsiăgnjfnf ni nijngžgc stupnjfvgci u `krfęfn`c scgsbu su

vrgjfkn`stg ibg su, s kruhf strinf, ips`rmgrinf u vgũgc vrgjfknvgci g `mfzvrgjfęfnf ni pulf ngžf g prfvbikinf vrgjfkn`stg. hbfk ni mfslrijnu pr`hrfsgju sicf tf`rgjf g ni stfpfnistg sbgjfnf l`jg sf u nj`j gzvrũivi, tik sf `ni u sv`j`j mfslrijn`stg g jv` p`lizujf li` ăgsti vrgjfkn`st l`ji nikvgsujf svf stupnjfv

pn`st p`jfkgniănge vrgjfkn`snge gzhrięgvinji g uspgnjinji, lcgjfnji g nf uspgnjf: i tgcf li` ips`butni g u gstg cie trijni vt` ki mg `vkjf `n` nijvgũf g lrijnjf mgbi mfsl`niăni svfulupni u`pĈf g p`k njge`vgc lrgbjfc zisngvijuĈge tf`rgji, svfuluhbfkn` `mueviti g svf zicgsbgvf niprftlf u tf`rftgzgrinju, l

mgb` l`jf gse`kgũnf gstgnf.[il` `vkjf u ojfb`lupn`j tf`rgjslg p`vfzin`j gstgng p`sjfk

n` g mfslrijn` oirstv` ăgstf bjfp`tf l`jf sf `tviri ăgst`c zrfnn` nf `tviri pisgvn`c c`trfnju g prgeviĈinju, nfh` stviribigz bjumivg u l`jfc sf p` sfmg ăgst` g bgjfp` iltuibgzgri u vgkutgogpgrijuĈge gntfnogji, li` `n` ũt` p` sfmg jfstf, kilbf sihbfkc`tv`rng, stviribiălg p`muęfn lrijnjg ogbj k` l`jfh jf sic` j

svilg lrijnjg ogbj jf sic` rfbitgvng ϋΣμΰύ, l`jg tjfri svf kibjf l

vge e`rgz`niti, ni n`vgc privogci pr`citrinji g njge`vge j`sbutnjg. Qrgt`c sf ni sv`j niăgn iltuibgzgri p`st`jini gkfji-v`

jini ips`butni vrgjfkn`st) mfsl`niăn`h niprftli u rfbitgvn`jcg iltuibn`h lrftinji sp`znijf si njfngc sp`znijngc ăgnjfn

g j ž k j g l t l b tg g j



94

N` siki mg pižnju trfmib` `mritgtg ni sbgjfkfĈf: jfkn` jf ăg

mgtg s bjumivbju `tv`rfn g vfĈ u prfte`kn`c zrfnju `muevitgtgkruh` jf tilv`c svgjftu mgtg prfkin. @pft, jfkn` jf mgtg cu pni ni vrgjfcf, litlik hi s ăgst`c rik`ũĈu stviribiălg `stvirĈg gbg prf`mbglujuĈg hi g upriv` tgcf sic`hi sfmf pr`ăgũĈfnkruh` jf sic`hi sfmf mfz `stitli p`svftgtg mfsl`niăn`stgc

jfti vrgjfkn`stg li` svgjfti c`huĈge stviribiălge tv`rfvgni,gzbgtg u `vf mfsl`niăn`stg, etjftg g c`ritg u mfslrijn`j, mfzubutn`j bjumivg sfmg prgsv`jgtg u mfslrijn`c pr`hrfsu g nijprgsslrijni pr`strinstvi bjfp`tf.

Il` jf vfĈ bjumiv prfci ăgst`j bjfp`tg pr`muęfni u mgb` l p`h, `nki sf `pĈfngt` c`žf kfsgtg, i g kfsgt Ĉf sf, ki mukf p miv prfci bjfp`tici gz kruhge sdfri, ul`bgl` jf gspunjfni mg p`stivlg rizucgjfvinji. Cfęutgc, `nij l`jg bjumg nf c`žf sfn` `kbuăgtg ni gstg niăgn zi svil` vrgjfkn`sn` p`kruă jf, i nvrfcfn`. _vil` jf u sfmg jfkin svgjft, mfsl`niăni svfulupnnjf zi jfkin `k njge, l`jf sf prftviri u ăgn`vf `stvirgvinji

jfăg gst` tilv` `stvirgvinjf l`jf mg sf tgoib` nfl`h kruh`h, in`st nfuvjft`vin`h kbuăgvinji zi njfhi. Ibg, ki bg jf gzm`r, t`vin` `kbuăgvinjf stvir sbuăiji0 @kh`v`r nic pruži p`k

jfă ‒p`zvin`st–. V vrgjfkn`stgci l`jf bjumgc u c`huĈn`stkic rizbgăgtf svjft`vf ăgstf bjfp`tf, ăil gc c`hu li` bjfp`ku njge`vf vrgjfkn`stg k`pustgtg p` sfmg gst` vižfnjf. Qi gpic`ri` lizitg: cfng, li` `n`cf l`jg jfsic, `vg svjft`vg bjf

jfknil` vrgjfkgtg, sic` zi `vij jfkin sf c`hu g c`ric `kl`jg jfsic. Nf, kilbf, sic` zm`h t`hi ũt` sf zi jfkin u`pĈ

ăgtg. Li` ucn` mgĈf c`ric sf priltgăn` `kbuăgtg, tf sf st`hisic` zi nfũt` `k bgjfp`h, ul`bgl` spric svfh u ăgst`c scgkruhf, nfhki til` žirl` žuęfnf vrgjfkn`stg (li` vrgjfkn`ststvir cngjfnji) p`stiju ips`butn` g priltgăn` ngũtivnf. G t`t ũt k kj k ũt kj b



FKCVNK EV__F]B

`n` ũt` cf sisvgc bgăn` p`zgvi g zi l`jf sic p`zvin. [iliv

c`hu sf `kgjfbgtg `k `v`h p`kruă ji bgjfp`h (i, priltgăn` h`v mr`hi u ăgst`c scgsbu), njfh`v` `stvirgvinjf sf cfnf tgăf jf c`jf kužn`stg p` p`zgvu. G sbgjfkfĈg `vij z`v, ũti kruh`sfmf li` l`niăn`, ăubn`, nfiutfntgăn`, nfgstgngt` ji humgc sfmf zik`mg`, c`jf priv` g gstgnsl`, c`jf mfslrijn` ji pr`ăũt` jf zfcibjsl`. ųgvfĈg ni tij niăgn, sbutnj`c rizimgruĈg vjsl`c, ăgst` u nfăgst`c, mfsl`niăn` u l`niăn`c, tf u nfuc`gz bjumivg l`jf sf `stvirujf li` ăgsti bjfp`ti, nf stjfăfc tfl‒mbižfnstv`–, nigcf `n` ăgst` zik`v`bjstv` l`jgc sfmg jfkgv`bjgtg. Vpriv` til` sic`h sfmf `stvirujfc li` `n`hi l`jf`sb`vgtg ki mgvstvujf u kueu g gstgng.

Lr`z vi pĈi krfęfnji gcibg sc` nirivn` u vgku p`sfmnis `vkjf u pgtinju. @pĈfngt` h`v`rgc` ` `n`c l` sf `kbuă

p`zvin`stg, i ni ucu sc` p`sfmn` gcibg `n`h l` sf `kbuăujgstgnsl`h b`z`di l`jg t` jfstf sic` ul`bgl` sbgjfkg z`v l`jg cgkfjf jfknf sipgfntgi ungvfrsibgs, zietgjfvijuĈg k njfhi ips`bu_ic` `nij jf b`z`d l` sf zivjftujf b`z` jg, li` ũt` jf ucjfl`jg sf mfz `stitli zivjftujf ucjftn`stg. Gcitg gntfrfs zi brizcgũbjitg pgtinjgci gstgnf, ăil sf nfprflgkn` tgcf g mivgt

ăg mgtg b`z`d, gst` li` ũt` kgbftintsl` sbglinjf g vijinjf, cilgspunjivib`, j`ũ nf zniăg ki jf rgjfă ` ucjftnglu. @n` ũt` tu rikglibgzic v`bjf zi `ngc lrijnjgc, l`j`j prfk `ăgci bfmkăgstf gkfjf g mfsl`niăn`st ogjfb`h svgjfti gkfji g l`ji sfmg csic` u žgvbjfnju spric vjfăn`h p`bi, u žgvbjfnju g stviribisic``stvirfnju u l`jfc sf `ni sici `stvirujf li` vjfăn` j

?1. Q]FKITINJF: ĂG_[@ LVB[V]N@ Q]FHIBIš[T@ V@QĄ

Q]T@MG[N@ ZI_NGTINJF DGB@Z@D_L@H ]IKGLIBGZCI

V p`sbjfknjfc prfkivinju sc` rizcitribg ăgsti p`kruă ji p`kruăji stviribiăl`h `stvirgvinji (ρςηθϏηύ) g t` til` ũt` sc





FKCVNK EV__F]B

bjfh g u`pĈf `sp`rivitg `prfkjfbjfnjf gz ăgstf bjumivg prfci

stvfnf gstgnf, i uzfvũg u `mzgr svu k`mr`mgt g p`stghnuĈi nc`hb` rfĈg ki tu nfk`stijf gstrižgviăl`h kuei gz gstgnslf pc`huĈf jf ki `vi bjumiv g bgăni žgv`tni kbuli l`ji jf pritg n

muku prgcgjfĈfnf, i gstg sbuăij jf g u kruhgc sdfrici ăgstf luucjftn`stg. Q`st`jg c`huĈn`st ki sf u nfl`cf zirini, j`ũ uk`mu, pr`mukg ăgsti bjumiv zi ucjftn`ũĈu g ki sf prft`ăg u n

prgvržfn`st, fvfntuibn` u ucjfũn`st sbglinji pfjziži, til` nfprgcjftn` zitfĈg u zingcinju, i ki til`rfĈg nf k`nfsf ng`kbulu. _t`hi gzrgăgtg gzm`r zingcinji l`jg mg fvfntuibn` ligci `kbglu pul`h p`tvr ęgvinji g, u gstg cie, gzrgăgt`h d`rcgnf žgv`tnf g kjfbitnf v`bjf l`ji jf g`nil` vfĈ sp`ntin` gzri

jf c`huĈf g lik jf u pgtinju znin`st, p`h`t`vu liki p`st`zvgjfnf slb`n`stg.

N`, s b`z`d`c stvir st`jg sisvgc kruhiăgjf. Njfcu jf pr

vbistgti rgjfũfn`st l`ji hi u`pĈf tfl gzv`rn` g ăgng b`z`d`cn` prizisngvinjf l`jf jf gzv`rn` sic`stvirinjf. Ngl` nf c

jg mgtg zitfăfn.[` jf zm`h t`hi ũt` jf ti `krfęfni nigvn`st u bjumivg pr

stvirinju sp`znijf nfũt` ũt` nužn` prfte`kg svfcu stib`c,

u sfmg n`sg nj`j sic`j slrgvfnu nfsivrũfn`st l`ji jf u nijmculb` gsluũini, ibg nf g seviĈfni. Nju nijprgjf `tlrgvi slfp

nibizg sv`jf cjfst`. @ni li` tilvi nijprgjf k`bizg ni vgkjfb` mjflt sp`znijf p`ănf ki svriĈi sv`ju p`z`rn`st g ni `kn`s znijf g siznitge gstgni spric `n`hi l`jg siznijf g til` k`spgjznijn`-tf`rgjslf tfũl`Ĉf l`jf su k`mr` p`znitf. Nip`sbjftlu

k`ăgtg ki jf u`pĈf svili sp`zniji su`ăfni si `vgc tfũl`Ĉisp`znijni vrgjfkn`st nf c`žf mgtg p`stivbjfni u nigvn`j ipsips`butni zistupini u nigvn`c stivu, ut`bgl` ũt` jf miũ sviv`c p`vritn`c `kn`su spric sumjflti sp`znijf g `mbgli nj

j @ j l jg t žg j g gbj j k b ă j



=1

libgzci l`jg sf, g t` prgnogpgjfbn`, `l`cbjujf ni svu nigvn`

ngc nikciũgvinjfc zik`mgjf p`sbjfknju gstgnu l`ji jf zipgstgni, i uz t` mg ki jf zik`mgjf u kueu ungvfrzibn`stg. [il` n p`ăftl`c g sgstfcitslgc rizv`jfc sisvgc n`v`vrsnf g svf`n`stg l`ji jf u p`tpun`stg trinsofnkfntibni, znin`stg l`ji vlv`h mfzkini slfpsf, u l`j`j jf nipr`tgv svf, `k p`ăftli ktb`, jisn` g pùzkin`.

Qbit`nu jf prfte`kgbi slfptgăli s stgli pi jf, nisupr`

jf tfžnjf uscjfrg` li n`v`j znin`stg, p`nfsfn n`vgc rikglisi jf pritgbi g `p`cgnjibi ăgtivu p`t`nju b`z` ju g znin`stsrfknj`vjfl`vnu, `ni jf nfprfstin` `p`cgnjibi ni lrijnjg ri

jf jfkgng u stinju ki nikvbiki slfpsu g `c`huĈg ips`butnu vgc vgjfl`c ngjf k`ũi` g lrij slfptgăl`c n`cgnibgzcu. Zilgc slfptgogzc`c g fcpgrgzc`c prfkstivbji` jf hbivn`h prngzcu l`jg jf u k`mi rfnfsinsf mn`vbjfn g snižfn. L`k Kfvi g u gsl`nsl`j snizg, `žgvbjivi v`bji zi ips`butn` rikglibnnjfc znin`stg, l`ji `krfęujf ojfb`lupnu fpèu n`v`vjfl`sutni gkfji b`z` jf li` znin`stg l`niăn`h vižfnji l`j`j ngi ki t` `ni sfmg ngjf sici prfkibi. @nki sf p`jivbjujf fnhbf

g nistivbji ki trijf svf k` kiniũnjge kini li` `tv`rfng gbg p

tgogzic. _vgci nic jf prftfăi Eucf g p`zgtgvgzic l`jg gz n ju snihu. _vgci nic prfte`kg c`kfrni znin`st l`ji jf p`scbjgvi s njfngc zninstvfngc gkfib`c l`jg jf gzv`rn` ‟ i zipr

‟ uzft `k citfcitglf, prg ăfcu sf g sici `vi priuz`rni c pbjujf u uzibukngc nist`jinjgci ki rizjisng `sn`vnf fbfcfnkf, sv`jf fbfcfntirnf p`jc`vf, stiv`vf, prgnogpf gzv`ęfnj

n` uzc`hnf ki privki sv`ju sbivu priuz`rnf fhziltn`stg. _nici l`jg sc`, sevitgvũg nfk`v`bjn`st pi ăil g mfznikn`st st`jinji, `lrfnutg b`z` jg. [il` sici gkfji b`z` jf gcpbgl`niăn`h vižfnji g nflu vrstu rikglibgzci l`niăn`h vižfn

k ăg g g j t ž g Ĉg g g l l g



FKCVNK EV__F]B

gzvin vižfnji, ki jf nužin p`tpun` n`vg p`ăftil g p`tpun` n

n`st ‟ il` znin`st uzfti u pun`c zniăfnju trfmi ki mukf cng t` ki bg jf c`huĈi nf scgjf ugstgnu ki mukf prftp`stivbjfu p`ăftlu ki mukf k`vfkfn` u pgtinjf.

Kilbf, b`z`d l`jg lrfĈf `k p`ăftli nibizg sf u v`c sis p`b`žiju, g t` nf sic` usbgjfk sbuăijn`h egst`rgjsl`h sbgjfkigkfibgtfr jf jisn` ki gkfji ips`butnf g rikglibn` utfcfbjfnf sv`j scgsi` orpgtg gz tilvf sgtuiogjf u l`j`j mg sf b`z`d p`ăftfĈg. Gniăf mg `n nfgzmjfžn` g p`rfk svf sv`jf bjumivg prfci

pg` tfl k` sp`znijnf nigvn`stg g lil` h`k ki tfli` diltgălg mg u sv`c `stvirfnju c`ri` ki zikržg `pĈu d`rcu g ki `n` jf k`vfkf prfk p`n`rf trinsofnkfntibnf sp`znijf zipbgĈuĈglf g ziclf slfpsf, ăgcf mg mgbi usp`stivbjfni lbisgăni sgtutil gstgnslf b`z` jf.

V `kn`su ni `vu sgtuiogju p`trfmni jf siki vbistgti g nfc jfũfn`st ki sf p`kuzcf scg`n p`tevit u l`jg sf ubižf siv svevit ki sf u rikglibgzcu lrijnjfh sn`vi trižg gstgni g znin`ski sf p`bizfĈg `k sfmf g u sivfzu si gst`cgũbjfngogci p`luũn`st sisvgc ăgstf sivjfstg l`ji jf `ksiki jfkgni u stinju kiv`bjg ăgst`j bjumivg prfci sp`znijg. [` mg trfmib` ki mukf zn

mivbji p`tpunu jisn`st u svgc c`huĈgc p`hbfkgci, kilbf z`stijf prg nigvn`c zik`v`bjfnju l`jf pruži gspunjivinjf gzrnge gntfnogji, nfh` til`ęfr, ăil g prgjf svfhi, usp`stivbji tri

jisn`st l`j`c su ristjfrinf svf, ki til` ližfc`, trinsofnkg virlf ‟ `nf l`jf prgpikiju slfpsg g `nf l`jf prgpikiju k`hzgog. I t` sf `kvgji upriv` til` ki sf svi `stvirfnji znin`

u pun`j g l`nlrftn`j p`vfzin`stg kjfbitnf sumjfltgvn`stg g ngnfh` u usp`rfkn`c stukgju `vf l`rfbiogjf.

MukuĈg ki zicgũbjic` b`z`di l`jg u sv`j`j ips`butn`j

njf `k p`ăftli, nil`n ũt` jf k`ng` pri`kbulu ki li` b`z`dg g t gt gj j t m gj j k k g k



==

‒ sfcfb gn vgti– `k svge `nge zietgjfvi` ‒qug sfrg` stukfnt i

tfc–, prg ăfcu jf `ăghbfkn` gci` u vgku `nu ips`butn` ăgs jf u pgtinju sp`zniji, sic``privkinjf b`z`di l`jf jf ips` N`, prgjf nfh` ũt` s tgc p`ănfc`, žfbg` mge ki `vij uv

si rizcitrinjfc l`jf ngjf nfvižn`, i l`jf mg trfmib` ki viližf ki b`z` ji ci l`bgl` ki sf `kn`sg ni ungvfrzibn` oiv` sp`znijnge vrgjfkn`stg, p`rfk l`jge p`st`jf g kruhf litfhstg g, se`kn` t`cf, kruhf d`rcf ăgstf lubturf ‟ u sfmg sikrž

sf pr`tfžf prfl` ojfb`lupnf ă gstf lubturf, i tgcf upriv`, livin niăgn, gci zniăfnjf zi ojfb`lupn` ă`vjfăinstv` g zi svvjfăinstv` ni l`jf sf lubturi p`vritn` `kn`sg. @v` ungvfrznfci zi nis scgsi` pul`h egst`rgjsl`h dilti, nfh` scgsi` n`stg l`ji p`vfzujf znin`st g lubturu.

_izninjf mueviti ‟ il` hi uzcfc` u sv`j njfh`v`j ũgrgn

rf ucn` g nfucn`, z`rn` g nfz`rn` gtk. ‟ ojfb`lupnu sdfru sulitgvnu g prfk-prfkglitgvnu, svfl`bglf ji-iltf vjfr`vinji (p

jfstf g jfstf tilv` lilv` jfstf) g svf c`kibgtftf vjfr`vinji (tritg c`huĈgc gtk.). Q`rfk `vf rizn`bgl`stg p`sfmnge vrsti sinji u nijũgrfc scgsbu rgjfăg, prf`stijf j`ũ cn`ũtv` kruhge vrsũt` su svfl`bglg iltg bjumivg g cržnjf, k`pikinji g nfk`piki

njf, etgjfnji. _ kruhf strinf, svf `vf ji-dunlogjf nf bfžf jfkhf nfh` sf pr`žgciju. Liki h`v`rgc` ` sizninju u prfhninpr. ` zninstvfn`c sizninju, jisn` jf kim`cf ki svilg tilist` risuęgvinjf, nfh` jf u `v`c sbuăiju p`nijprgjf nfutfcfnjf l`jf, n`ũfn` gntfnogj`c etgjfnji g strfcbjfnji, nip`sbjft`kh`virijuĈfc risuęgvinju k`spjfb`c k` uvgki, `n`c l`j

tn`c scgsbu sizninjf g l`jf sv`c sikržiju pruži v`bjnu `kgstgnf. Kilbf, `vkjf sf p`svuki pr`žgciju suęfnjf g etgjfnjvinjf, ut`bgl` ũt` `nij l` jf priltgăn` uscjfrfn ni gstgnu li

p`zgtgvn` vrfknujf gstgnu g st`hi jf uzgci li` ogbj sv`jf v`j ũ j k g j l l j j jg j g g t



FKCVNK EV__F]B

ău gz prfk-prfkglitgvnf ăuvstvfn`stg l`ji prfte`kg gslustvu

t`cf sf nf rizbgluju `k kruhge prfkgliti li` ũt` su k`mr` gbg svrsgse`kn` g ũtftn`, l`jg sv`j gzv`r gciju u v`bjg p`vfzinn`ũĈu l`ji vrfknujf. Il` sf `svrnfc` ni rizbgăgti lubturnkjft Ĉfc` ki jf p`svuki gst`. Lubturi `mueviti tv`rfvgnf ptilvf c`hu mgtg s rizucgjfvinjfc p`jcbjfnf u nilnikn`c `kh`virijuĈge iliti ăuvstvi g v`bjf: gntfnogjf v`bjf, ni prgcgntfnogjf fstftsl`h `sjfĈinji g til` c`tgvgriju nfl` nist`jinjf l`jf gzristi u `mjfltgvn` `stvirgvinjf `kh`virijuĈge fs@n` ũt` jf ni tij niăgn nilnikn` p`jcbjfn` c`žf p`stitg p

pgrgjsl`h seviĈinji g prfkglitgvn`h `krfęfnji, ăil g zninstvtglf, prg ăfcu sf fstftslg g priltgăng stiv prf`mriĈi u sp`zniuvjft`c ki s nicjfr`c, li` ũt` t` ăgng nfl` l` sf mivg prgrũĈu, gslbjuăgc`, ni niăgn l`jg jf irmgtririn g ipstriltin, svf

gzv`r sv`h scgsbi gciju u ăuvstvfn`stg g v`bjg, u c`huĈn`st mgjfc` znin`st ăgstf sp`znijf. K`kuũf, g u `vgc znin`stgcni kjfbu su ăuvstvfn`st g v`bji, ibg sic` u d`rcg v`bjf zi sizsn` vrfkn`vinji gstgnf li` ogbji sp`znijf, i nf u d`rcg u l`n`st g v`bji prfkstivbjibg gzv`r scgsbi prfkcftnge prfkglitiăij si prfkglitgci bgjfp`h gtk. _vf znin`stg ` lubturg, uzftf

scgsbu znin`stg lubturngc tv`rfvgnici, unutir sv`h tfcitucjfst` ăgstf prgr`kf g prfkgliti l`jg sf ni nju `kn`sf, p`sjfklvf prfkglitf l`jg p`tgău gz ăuvstvfn`stg, kilbf `nf l`jg p`vni sumjflt ăgji `mbgl`vinji p`ăgviju ni vrfkn`vinju g etgjfn

[gcf jf jisn` gstilnuti ungvfrzibn`st p` l`j`j `muevitn p`kruă ji nikgbizg svi p`kruă ji kjfb`vinji l`ji pr`gse`kf

v`bjnf sumjfltgvn`stg, li` ũt` jf, kilil`, l`rfbitgvn` gstilnevitn`st p` l`j`j sf vrfknujuĈi ăuvstvfn`st g v`bji, sikržinb`vinju, pružiju kuž ojfb`lupnf sumjfltgvn`stg g svge njfngedunlogji. V p`hbfku znin`stg t` zniăg ki sf u nj`j li` `mj

j k ž g j k mj ltg g k j Ĉg



=;

tv`rfn`st vrgjfkn`stg g gstgni p`stghnuĈi mgĈf l`niăn` `priv

nju l`jf u stivu suęfnji g njfh`vgc b`hgălgc d`rcici prfn`stg g nfvrgjfkn`stg, tf l`jf ni `sn`vu uvgki nilnikn` p`vsni hbfkgũti, l`ji prfci sbuăiju zitgăfc`, si `pĈfprgevitbjsngc n`rcici g tgcf zik`mgvi vgũu `privkin`st li` `priv

jf. N`, nijvgũf g p`sbjfknjf `privkinjf p`tgăf gz sp`znijf u tn`c stivu uscjfrfn`c ni ăuvstvfni g v`bjni kjfb`vinji l`j

jg prfkstivbjiju p`sbjfknju gnstinou.Gz `vge rizcitrinji ujfkn` sbgjfkg ki ungvfrzibni b`z`

n`sg ni znin`st u`pĈf ‟ p`k uvjft`c ki stvirn` tfžg pun`j kilbf, ki ngp`ũt` nf humg gz vgki ojfb`lupnu trinsofnkfntiblu, i ngtg c`huĈf svjft`vf sp`znijf ‟ ngjf tfl nfli ‒puli–

jf, ‒puli– tf`rgji znin`stg l`ji mg sf p`k gcfn`c c`huĈf sn`stg mivgbi nfăgc nipr`st` `hringăfngc gbg nfăgc ũt` jf b`h

`pĈf. Nipr`tgv, ũti h`k mg sf c`hb` `kghritg ni suũtgnslg `Ĉ`stgci g l`nlrftngc, pi gpil j`ũ suũtgnslg `krfkbjgvgc p`scfęu sumjfltgvn`stg g `mjfltgvn`stg, lilvf h`k vrstf gbg tv`rũtgnslf d`rcf sògjibnge sumjfltgvn`stg g l`rfbitgvnf d`rcfslb`pu `c`huĈfnge lubturnge tv`rfvgni gbg sgstfci ki p`stigspgtgvinji ‟ svf t` ubizg u `lvgr jfknf ojfb`vgtf b`z` jf. G

sti pgtinji sp`znijf st`jf ni prv`c cjfstu, t` sf kfũivi jf p` prgr`kg stvirg, e`k g b`hglf g rikglibnf trinsofnkfntibnfzg `k `n`hi ũt` jf nij`pĈfngtgjf, ki mg `kitbf prfũi` li gspun`stgci. Nirivn` ki jf `n` nij`pĈfngtgjf zi znin`st d`rcic`huĈn`stg ki prfjukgogri ` prgnogpgjfbngc p`sfmn`stgci mgd`rcibn`-nij`pĈfngtgjfc scgsbu mgvstvujuĈfh u scgsbu gstgn

nf zni zi tfcitsli rizbgl`vinji li` ũt` su: puli ăgnjfngoi (svilu vrstu n`rcitgvnge prfkgliti), vrgjfkn`st, priltgăn` tl`ęfr unutir n`h ăgnjfngăn`h rizbgl`vinjf p`put: puli prgrs`nibn`stg, pfrs`nibnf tv`rfvgnf: lubturi) gtk.



FKCVNK EV__F]B

ng. Qrfnubg sc` sf gz nigvn`stg p`zgtgvn`h utfcfbjgvinji gstgnfn` gslusgvũg ži`lu slfptgogzci. ZievibjujuĈg nj`j niuăgbg sc

p`hbfk ni sp`znijnu sumjfltgvn`st gz ăgjge uăgnili svgjfstg, `rgjslf pisgvn`stg g tf`rgjslf iltgvn`stg sumjfltgvn` pr`gstgăvg, li` g siv ugstgnu utfcfbjfng mgtil, svi zicgsbgvi ibg g svigstgng `mjfb`kinjfni tf`rgji. Q`stibg sc` vfĈ svjfsng t`hi kizniji t`cf ũti jf svgjft g nicgjfnjfni cu gstgnsli tf`rgji nfăfni mfz prùăivinji trinsofnkfntibnf sumjfltgvn`stg u l`jkfntibn`-sumjfltgvn` l`nstgtugriju svgjft g tf`rgji svgjfti. _znin`st sf `kbglujf ipstriltn`c jfkn`strin`ũĈu st`hi ũt` ukfntibng žgv`t g uăgnog svgjfstg l`ji gsluũivi, cgsbg, gstrižujf

ju in`ngcng, nfsihbfking, nftf`rftgzgring, nfseviĈfng.Qrgcgjftgbg sc` vfĈ ki jf jfkni hrupi p`st`jfĈge znin`

uzfbi zi tfcu sumjfltgvn`st g njfn` sizninjf i t` jf psge`

usl` p`vfzinf mg`b`ũlf, sòg`b`ũlf g lubturibnf zninstvfnfg t` ki sf rikg ` znin`stgci l`jf su ‒p`zgtgvnf– gbg ‒k`hcirgjfăgci, siv njge`v cft`kslg p`stupil jf `mgbjfžfn `n`c nstupu s l`j`c sizninjf li` gzv`rni dunlogji (li` pružinjf bjgvinjf mgtli) sp`znit`h `mjflti nf k`bizg k` sv`h tf`rgjsl``kn`sg ni n` ũt` u njgci ‟ znin`stgci pfrs`nibngc sumjf

tgvngc tv`rfvgnici li` svjft`vngc `mjfltgviogjici ‟ prfksslf g bjukslf, p`jfkgniănf g kruũtvfnf sumjfltgvn`stg, i gst`sumjfltgvnf lrfiogjf u svgjftu (`tjfb`vbjfnu kue`vn`st, lubtu

prfk-tf`rgjslf g tf`rgjslf tv`rfvgnf sp`znijnge dunlogji l`jfn`sf, tj. ni litfh`rgjf kue`vn`stg l`ji jf `tjfb`vbjfni u svgj

Qrfci t`cf, svf su znin`stg uũbf u lruh niũge rizcitrin

p`stib` `ăfvgkn` ki sf p`svuki gsti cinjliv`st nf jivbji tgălge znin`stg ‟ p`put lilvf nfsivrũfn`stg l`ji mg gc mgb

k`kiti, nfh` ki jf `vi nfsivrũfn`st usięfni u `n`c ũt` gcu `krfkngog njge`vf prgnogpgjfbn` cft`kgălf vrstf, til` ki mb gj k g g tg g tg l j Ĉ mgtg t bj



=4

pr`pikibg zm`h p`b`vgăn`stg, nfjisn`stg, nfl`nsflvfntn`stgsic` nužng uv`kng kg` zi cfkgtitg`nfs kf prgci pegb`s`peg

ngjf mg` ngtg jf c`hi` mgtg gũti kruh` k` p`luũij ki sf ũt` juăgng `pgpbjgvgc prgnogpgjfbni nfk`v`bjn`st p`zgtgvnf znin`sni nfc`huĈn`st u p`zgtgvgstgăl`c kueu utfcfbjfnf b`z` jl`ji jf `pĈfngt` uscjfrfni ni ips`butng scgsi` svgjfti g svznitbjgv`. Nikibjf, t` jf mg` p`luũij ki `mriĈinjfc pižnjf rikglibng tfcfbj svge p`stghnuĈi sp`znijf, ni scgsi` g vižflujuĈf sumjfltgvn`stg, li` g ni nfjisnf l`rfbiogjf gzcfęu sp`nji, scgsbi sp`znijf g sp`znit`h mgtli, pružgc` pr`st`ri ni

n`vf znin`stg g b`z` jf. Qi g vgũf k t`hi: upuĈgvinjf nizikfntibnu– sumjfltgvn`st li` gzv`rgũn` tb` svfh uci g svge uli, kilbf, svge znin`stg zijfkn`, c`rib` mg, lil` jf t` vfĈ l

p`stib` kjfb`tv`rn`, ki pružg n`vg scgsi`, i tgcf g n`vg p`tgo

cgsbg ` b`z` jg li` ungvfrzibn` g ips`butn` zisn`vin`j znnjfn`j ni `sn`vu p`sbjfknjge gzv`ri sp`znijf, st`hi g li` zc`žf ips`butn` `privkitg.

I upriv` t` jf uăgngbi c`tgviogji, ips`butni sgtuiogji. Jb` sic` ` t`cf ki sf p`mukg sucnji g `ăijinjf spric c`hu

mbjfc scgsbu gstgnslf znin`stg tgpi svge `nge l`jf su kinis

kjfbu. _ucnji u l`niăn` vižfnjf njge`vge p`zgtgvnge uăgni jf slfptgălu mfznikn`st liki jf u pgtinju gstgnsli znin`st u`lrgtgli svge tgp`vi slfptgogzci, ăgji su sici gzv`rgũti c`tgvn`stg sikržini u nfk`v`bjn`stg svf sp`znijnf p`zgtgvn`stg, zbi hbivn` srfkstv` ki intgogpgrijuĈg sevitgc` ũti tu nfk`stijslrgvinjf g sgstfcitsl` gstrižgvinjf n`hi ũt` ăgng tfcfbj jfk

znijf, i p`sfmn` svf znin`stg, tj. trinsofnkfntibnf sumjfltgsp`znijn`-kjfbitn`h žgv`ti pr`gstjfău svi sp`znijni jfkgnst

Ni l`nou, upriv` t` jf tfl`vgni svge niũge k`sikiũnjge

gkfji ungvfrzibnf znin`stg ` prizisngvijuĈfc tfcfbju, ` `

j t ž g b ž k kgtg l g l k k j



FKCVNK EV__F]B

lu j`ũ nf risp`bižfc` jisngc g rizh`vgjftngc priuz`r`c

sic` d`rcibn`-`pĈ`c g cft`ksl`c cgũbju v`kgbj`c l`ji jf p`k `vgc gcfn`c nužni znin`st l`ji mg, p`put jfknf s nizvinf ‒iref`b`hgjf–, sgstfcitslg gstrižgvibi n` lrijnjf gzsu sikržini svi gzv`rgũti mgtli g gstgnf, tilvf iref`b`hgjf l`bjfc sbgjfku trfmibi pùăgtg lil` mg sf gz `v`h prigzv`ri svgežfnji svfl`bgli sp`zniji c`hbi k`vfstg u nijvgũu g lrijnju ud`rcu ips`butn`h utfcfbjgvinji g ips`butn`h `privkivinjihuĈfh rizjiũnjfnji scgsbi g p`bihinji privi. Kilbf, u d`rcuips`butn` cgrnf sivjfstg c`hbi mgtg gzv`rn` stfăfni li` h`

t` nf sic` li` vižfĈi nfh` li` ‒l`niă n` vižfĈi–, li` `nc`žf mgtg `stivbjfni p` string mukuĈg ki jf jfkn`c zi svi

[gcf sf `ni uvrũtivi u lruh p`st`jinge p`sjfki sp`znijf ll` k`mi c`hu mgtg gzn`vi rfiltgvgring u ugstgnu gzv`rn`c `mn` zistuping u njge`v`j nužn` gnvirgjimgbn`j pun`vižn`stg

mgtg zistuping nf sic` ni `sn`vu nigvnf jisn`stg l`ji sf u`m‒fvgkfnogji– ( prgr`kni fvgkfnogji, fvgkfnogji p`zgtgvn`stg),vu, p` stupnju vgũf, fvgkfnogjf trinsofnkfntibnf gzv`rnf jis

`tlrgvfn `nij, zi fvgkfnogju p`zgtgvn`stg slrgvfng gzv`r sp`vinji si e`rgz`nt`c c`tgviogji l`jg `krfęujf g `cfęujf njf

priv` ‟ tf jf til` seviĈfn p`bizfĈg `k gzv`r ĉ.Li` b`z` u p`stinlu, cg sf priltgăn` `kbuăujfc` zi gk

gz `vf `kbulf p`vbiăgc` priltgănf l`nsflvfnof, tj. p`luũiv jfc` `n` ũt` `ni li` gntfnogji u sfmg lrgjf g ũt` nizniăujf lzietjfv, i ki mg til` sici gntfnkgrini znin`st p`ăfbi g kibjfl`vinjf l`jgc sf rfibgzgri. Jfkgn` til` sc` u c`huĈn`stg ki

kujfc` g ki znic` ũti zipriv` nicjfrivic`, lic` v`kg nũti jf stvirn` p` sfmg ti trižfni ungvfrzibni znin`st gz ‒ipskinji– l`ji trfmi ki gci l`niăn` vižfnjf ‟ ut`bgl` ũt` sicsl`c scgsbu stviri l`niănu sp`zniju svil`h gstgnsl`h mgtl

Q ę bg k t k ă t lg ũ b d l gk j



=5

`privkin`st trfmi ki nizniăg nipr`st` sivrũfn` p`bihinjfsfmg nf trpg ng nijcinjg nfk`stitil u ‒jisn`stg g rizh`vgjftnògjg g uvgku, ngũti ũt` mg g nijcinjf c`hb` p`cutgtg gzvjfsnùmukuĈf j`ũ c`hb` k`vfstg u pgtinjf g uăgngtg sucnjgvgc sphnuĈi. C`ji sp`zniji trfmi ki gci ‒l`niă n` vižfnjf– ki mt`hi ki uvgjfl p`n`v` c`ric žrtv`vitg n` ũt` cg s gzvjfsn`bgl` sf kfsg ki uvgkgc ki `n` u ũti pùzkin` vjfrujfc ngjftilv` lilvgc hi scitric, vfĈ jf ucjfst` t`hi prgjf nfũt` kũtivi c`jf vjfr`vinjf. N`, c`ji sp`zniji trfmi ki mukf u sku til`ęfr fvgkfntni: g u svil`c c`huĈfc p`hbfku l`jg ngjf zi cfnf iltuibin. @n` ũt` jf sp`znit` nf scgjf gcitg `

mg cu suũtgnslg prgpikibi, i l`ji mg bfžibi gzvin vgk`lruhi vrũfnf fvgkfnogjf g l`ji mg zm`h sv`jf nfp`znit`stg stviribi

jisn`Ĉf, zih`nftlf g sucnjf.

Cfęutgc, `v` kv`strul` bgof ips`butnf `privkin`stg gcl`rgjfnf ut`bgl` ũt`, lil` Ĉf sf t` umrz` p`lizitg, u`pĈf svl`ji ngjf j`ũ p`vritn` p`vfzini si ips`butn`c sumjfltgvn`g til` sivrũfni fvgkfnogji p`put citfcitgălf, nužn` sikržc`huĈf upgtn`stg, zih`nftn`stg g sucnjgv`stg l`jg, k`kuũf uk`lruhu, nf cgjfnjiju sv`jstvfng sikržij fvgkfnogjf g sicu

u njfn`j ‒p`zgtgvn`stg– ibg, s mzgr`c ni sp`zniju, zniăf nfs jf upriv` nfp`kn`ũbjgvi. Q`nijprgjf til` u p`tpun`stg g rizl`vinjf, ni l`jf sc` cib`prgjf nigũbg, gzcfęu nfk`stitili `tviriju c`huĈn`st ulgkinji sp`znijf g nfk`stitili fvgkfnăgnf ibg nizniăuju `n` ũt` ‒nfk`stijf l`k upriv` tfl jfknògjf, pi g sicf jfkn`strinf sp`znijf (i tgcf g nfvgęfnf p`n

slbgznuĈf prgr`knge uscjfrfnji sp`znijf, l`jf c`žf mgtg v@vi p`kjfbi jf upriv` g gcibi zi ogbj ki p`vfkf riăuni ` nflf tfl prgr`kn`-nigvnf fvgkfnogjf l`ji u p`hbfku trinsofnkzujf, i l`ju sc` cib`prgjf `zniăgbg g li` fvgkfnogju p`zgtgv

V l b ă j t j g tg lg ă tl



FKCVNK EV__F]B

NfĈfc` k`pustgtg ki mgb` ũti vižg li` l`niăn` siznit`. Nngăfcu ũt` p`st`jg gbg til` lil` p`st`jg g u mgb` l`jfc c`kust`jg, prgznitg l`niăn` vižfnjf i ki nic li` til` p`st`jfĈf

jfĈf u sv`c c`kusu mgtli sic` nf st`jg prfk `ă gci seviĈfnlil` jf u niũfc sp`znijn`c vjfr`vinju mgb` cgũbjfn` g p`ci t`cf, p`nijprgjf u `v`c scgsbu g e`Ĉfc` ki k`pustgc`kglibgzci `n`h ũt` jf lrijnjf, kilbf ki nflil` u sv`c siznk` bgcfsi fvgkfnogjf gbg ki p`luũic` u svil` k`mi k` njfzik`v`bjstv` u p`hbfku sp`znijf c`ri, l`bgl` h`k jf t` c`s`butn`–. _t`hi mg `n` prfkstivbjib` ips`butn` p`stghnuĈf o

jfc sc` uscjfrgbg niũf etgjfnjf zi sizninjfc. [` p`nijprg`n` mukf jfkin c`kus ăgstf gzvjfsn`stg u p`sjfk`vinju sicĈfh. K`lbf h`k p`st`jg g nijcinji nfgzvjfsn`st, nfzik`v`bjtgc, gzvjfsn`st c`ri mgtg ips`butn` fvgkfntni gzvjfsn`st u

lbf cngjfnjf l`jf jf p`tpun` gzvjfsn`, nfh` gntugtgvni gzvjl`n, `ni l`ji ips`butn` kijf sicu stvir. _ic`kit`st trfmi zstivbji cjfrgb`, li` ũt` njfn ips`butng `ptgcuc trfmi ki prnjf cjfrgb` ni `sn`vu l`jfh mgsc` vfrgogribg svf suk`vf, snji ` mgtlu. Zipriv` jf t` sikržin` u scgsbu svf zninstvfnft` sic` k`v`kgc` k` niũf svgjfstg g gz t`hi hrikgc` prvg p

l`ji jf svjfsn` svre`vgti.Vz svf ũt` sc` lizibg trfmi j`ũ k`kitg g sbgjfkfĈu `pisl

scjfbg pùzkitg u sp`znijn` zik`v`bjstv` l`jf sc` k`žgvjfnjfc fvgkfnogjf. Fvgkfnogji l`ju p`sjfkujfc` c`ri nic sf

ji til`ęfr `privkitg. C`ric` sf `svjfk`ăgtg ki jf `ni gspuznijnu gntfnogju, fvfntuibn` g u l`jfc stupnju g rizcjfrg jf

tgc ki jf `n` ũt` jf sp`znit` zmgbjslg síc` `stvirfn` g kil`jfc `mgcu jf u nj`j j`ũ prgsutn` cngjfnjf zisn`vin` ni pogjg mfz `kh`virijuĈge l`cp`nfntg sic`kit`stg. @ăgt` ki `k`ăfnjf, se`kn` prgnogpgjfbn`j c`huĈn`stg, svihki c`žf us l gj l j t l ăg j g l j l



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pr`mbfc, liki zi t` k`ęf vrgjfcf, c`ritg pr`cgsbgtg jfknil`gcpbgogri c`huĈn`st ikflvitnf kit`stg. C`žki sf, nigcf, plvi sic`kit`st tfl puli ‒gkfji–, u inib`hn`c scgsbu u l`jzi ăgstu orvfnu m`ju ‟ orvfn` l`jf jf vgęfn`, prfci niũfc cki jf sic` orvfn` u vgũf gbg cinjf nfp`tpun`j ăgst`tg, prgpik

p`kruă jgci lr`z l`ji sf, liki ge `pižijuĈg pr`bizgc`, prgmorvfn`c, gil` cu ni l`nou l`noi gpil `stijfc` (vgũf gbg Vvgjfl jf p`nik `n`hi ũt` jf nip`sbgjftlu vgęfn` u tilv`c

huĈf g zicgsbgv` kibjf uspgnjinjf. _ kruhf strinf, u sic`c p prfk`vinju p`sjfkujfc` fvgkfnogju upriv` prgmbgživinji ‒vfn`cf– l`jf `stijf ukibjfn` i tgcf, gzrižfn` u kv`zniăn`

jf suũtgnslg utfcfbjfni, p`sjfkujfc` g fvgkfnogju mgtli `vf g prfcki nf fvgkfnogju, sic`p`sjfk`vinjf ăgst` orvfn`h ni jf `krfęfni rfbitgvn`st sikržini u u`pĈf svil`j fvgkfnogjg l

kivinjf, li` svgjfst, nist`jg ki sevitg `n` ũt` jf sikržin` u c‒njfhi sic`h–, til` ki uvgjfl liki h`v`rgc` ` nfl`j ikflogjg g liki sc` u nju li` tilvu sghurng zitgăfc` tfl inib`k`hrięgvinji rfbitgvnge fvgkfnogji, fvfntuibn` l`ntgnugringc`žf sb`m`kn` nistivgtg. Qrfci t`cf, tu nibizgc` svgjfst ` m`kn`c prgmbgživinju ogbju l`jg jf prgcjfrfn, t` Ĉf rfĈg, gz

prgpikin svgjfstg, ogbju l`jg Ĉf li` tiliv, kilbf sic` li` gkfkfntin, prfcki Ĉf usprl`s fvgkfnogjg prgmbgživinji, g t` niăgn, `stitg nfk`sfhnut. G `vkjf usl`r` gzngău kibji pgtinji `

mfslrijng rfhrfs gtk. Vt`bgl` t` nf c`hu mgtg pgtinji p`ăftliLi` p`ăftngl nfcic nglilvu sp`zniju, zi nj`c trihic

mgb` lilvgc ‒sp`znijici–, nfh` zi ‒gstgnslgc– l`jf, li`

`privkitg. šti kruh` t` c`žf ki zniăg, li` ũt` pr`gzbizg gz ni jfũtfnji, nfh` fvgkfntnu, i p`nijvgũf ikflvitn` fvgkfntnu ssn` `nu l`ji sf ki `privkitg ni `sn`vu ikflvitnf fvgkfnogjglil` c`huĈf. C`ji žfbji ngjf u t`cf ki til`rfĈg nf`mivfzn`

t jg k ũt gj ( jũg g b ũt



FKCVNK EV__F]B

znijn`c kjfb`vinju priltgăni gntfnogji lr`z pul` cngjfnjfsic`p`sjfk`vinju u cngjfnju gntfnkgrin`h mgtli g ki ustvirgbg c`žf ki p`st`jg til` nfũt` li` fvgkfnogji, g t` fvgkfnogji njfvi svf k` bgcfsi ikflviogjf li` prftp`stivli zi `kh`virn`st u zik`v`bjivinju sp`znijn`h nist`jinji0 Qi gpil ngũtit`hi ki liki `pižic `krfęfnu stvir, rfogc` `vu l`ji tic`

jg, ki jf sícu u gstg cie seviĈic li` nju sicu, i ki `pft `cgc` jfkin sbuăij ikflviogjf) ‒uvgęic– ki jf = 2?, p`sjfku

p`st`jfĈf stinjf li` njfhi sic`h g ki sic seviĈijuĈg ni tiznijn`c nist`jinju stvirn` g sic k`spg` k` ogbji, p`sbgjf lh`v`j ikflviogjg vgũf nfci ũti trižgtg. @ăgt` jf ki ‒`n` ` ăuvgk– ngjf ngũti kruh` nfh` ‒`v` sic`– ũt` jf prfkcft cngju gstg cie g `n` gntfnkgrin` cngjfnji g `n` ũt` jf p`stib` sicũt` jf sic`seviĈfn`.

Nip`cfngc` `vkjf j`ũ jfknu liriltfrgstglu ikflvitnf fsf `mjfb`kinjujf u p`lusu nfhgrinji g k`v`ęfnji u sucnju.nfhgric gbg uăgngc sucnjgvgc nflu ikflvitnu fvgkfnogju, `vgkjfb`, g t` pft u ikflvitn`j fvgkfnogjg, nfc`huĈn`st nfp`snjgv`stg `n`hi ũt` jf fvgkfntn`, `n`hi ũt` jf seviĈfn` ni `n`h sic`kivinji. C`žfc` vu sv`jstvfn`st ikflvitnf fvgk

tg g li` njfnu ip`kgltgă n`st . @ăgt` jf ki jf g `mritn` svili ipkfnogji ikflvitni. _t`hi c`žfc` `mi `vi gzrizi up`trfmbjvibfntni, i p`sfmnu prfkn`st kivitg jfkn`c gbg kruh`c, prf

p`sfmin zniăij prgkijfc` ikflvitn`stg gbg ip`kgltgăn`stg.@v` tuciăfnjf nis l`niăn` v`kg k` prgnogpgjfbn`h scg

slf cilsgcf ` nfsucnjgv`stg, l`ju jf Kfsoirtfs ni p`ăftl

tiogji up`trgjfmg` li` prgnogp sivrũfn`h `privkinji. [` jf gcg njfh`vf p`znitf cft`kf l`ji, nicgjfnjfni ips`butn`c uzninji, kmioujf li` nf`privkin` svf n` ũt` mg c`hb` kitgv`k sucnjg.



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kin` svili p`stivli ` nfp`st`jinju gbg sucnjgv`stg k`lgnutfvgkfnogjg. Ni `sn`vu prgcjfnf `v`h prgnogpi nikijf sf f

huĈn`st ki sf sikržij nflf prfte`kn` kitf fvgkfnogjf `hrinsf c`žf ips`butn` privkitg g ki sf til` `k nfikflvitnf niă

prfcki `hringăfni fvgkfnogji. Nicjfri nic jf ki p`luũic` gzvfstg pr`vfkmu `v`h ips

ikflviogjf, lilvf h`k t` zietjfvf prfk nis p`stivbjib`. Etjftg k`lbf Ĉfc` u t`cf k`huritg.

C`žf sf kfsgtg ki Ĉfc` u kibjfc t`lu niũge cfkgtiogji clujfc` cn`ũtv` sv`jfvrsnge mbgli privkin`stg l`jg sicg g`kbglu ikflvitnf fvgkfnogjf. N`, c`žf sf kfsgtg ki uspgjfctg ki u svgci njgci ikflvitni fvgkfnogji c`ri ki dunhgri li`privkin`stg, ki mg `privkinjf c`hb` ki vižg li` stvirn` g sik ` t`cf j`ũ ngũti nf znic`, ibg nic jf u svil`c sbuăiju

`privkin`stg uniprgjfk nizniăfn li` v`kfĈg prgnogp.[uciăfnjf l`jf jf siki nijp`trfmngjf pružgtg ogbji ni sic

sf `kn`sg ni `nf ikflvitnf fvgkfnogjf l`jf su zi nis p`stini tfcfbjn` p`kruă jf `privkinge sp`zniji l`jf su `krfęfnflupnu hrięfvgnu b`z` jf. Lil` trfmi ki p`stupic` ki mgs_vf znin`stg `krfki su zi nis b`z`df l`jg p`ăgnju `k p`ăft

žfnjf. @nf svf zijfkn` trfmi ki p`stinu upgtnf. [rfmic` bg p`trizg zi ikflvitngc fvgkfnogjici, kn`sn` trfmic` bg njgegspgtitg ki mgsc` siznibg l`ji sf `k njge c`žf prftv`rgtg u ik

mic` bg p`kuzftg lrgtglu fvgkfnogjf svge tfcfbjnge sp`zniji zĈg ki su znin`stg li` tilvf zkinji p`srfknge sp`zniji g mukukinjf p`srfknge sv`kg ni `privkinjf nfp`srfknge, tfcfbjnge

Cfęutgc, ci lil` ki jf k`mri zicgsi` g ci lil` ki jf bilfvgkfnogju ` t`cf ki ungvfrzibni `privkin`st sp`znijf trfm p`srfkujuĈfh p`vfzgvinji, pi ki jf st`hi nf`pe`kni nf sictgălg p`st`jfĈge znin`stg, nfh` g ki svili, lil` h`k jf sevitl gtgl j j gj etgj g b l gtgl



FKCVNK EV__F]B

stg, k`v`bjn` mg nic mgb` `pĈf k`v`ęfnjf-u-pgtinjf s l`jgcli l`ji sukg vrgjfkn`stg, uz kh`virijuĈf ungvfrzibn` prfgkfsn` p`m`bjũivinjf. @nf sp`znijf l`jf sf `mgstgnf u sivrũ

mgbf mg svgjftbi `mrizi p`n`v` prgeviĈfnf, k`l mg kruhf mgbf p`m`bjũingc gbg n`vgc sp`znijici.

Ibg t` mg mg` p`kuevit si til` sbimgc gzhbfk`c ni uspjflrgtglf vrũg svilg p`jfkgng zninstvfngl. @n jf nfprfstin` g

zni uprižnjivi u sv`cf riku. Qutfc `vf lrgtglf sicf p`z

sf uspgnju `k ngžge prfci vgũgc stupnjfvgci sivrũfnstvi. @trfmi zi tilv`c lrgtgl`c `kivn` jf vfĈ `kvfbi ungvfrzibnglrgtgălgc rizcitrinjgci l`ji su, rizrgjfũgvũg sf cft`kslge p

prgpikiju riku p`sfmnge znin`stg, mgbi uscjfrfni ni `n` ũ`pĈf zi znin`stg li` tilvf. @kivn` vfĈ p`st`jg b`hgli li` u`rgji znin`stg g `ăgt` ki jf nicgjfnjfni upriv` dunlogjg ki m

ni znin`st lrgtglf svge znin`stg li` tilvge.Cfęutgc, niũ ogbj nf c`žf mgtg `vi `pĈi b`hgli, i ngtg c

p`c`Ĉ siăgnjfng sgstfc ci lil` sivrũfnge p`sfmnge znin`stvfĈ p`znijfc`. Jfr uz `vij tgp jf, lil` sc` t` sihbfkibg u sl`-lrgtgălgc cfkgtiogjici,4 tgjfsn` p`vfzini prgnogpgjfbninigcf `ni trinsofnkfntibni nigvn`st ăgjf prfvbikivinjf `k

ng scgsi` `n`hi ũt` p`k gcfn`c b`z` jf ăgng prfkcft niũĂgsti jf sic`rizucbjgv`st ki jf svi sp`zniji tv`rfvgni sp`ztgvn`stg, pi gpil `ni `zniăivi p`rgjflb` svge trinsofnkfntisvf mfscgsbfnf cftizglf. G ci lil` ki jf sivrũfn` `mbgl`v

ji p`zgtgvnge znin`stg jf `mivgjfni trinsofnkfntibngc g cfhbuũtgnici u l`jgci slfpsi g cgstgli c`hu ki v`kf sv`ju gh

gstgnsli, svili p`zgtgvni sp`zniji jf fvgkfnogji, i gpil jf uzih`nftli l`ji zietgjfvi trinsofnkfntibn` pr`svjftbjfnjf. Muzi svu sp`zniju li` tilvu, t` sf `vkjf nikijf ungvfrzibni sist`jg u t`cf ki sf sgstfcitslg gstrižg sp`znijuĈi sumjfltgv

l j t g j g t g t g mbg g t



?;

tf, p`bizfĈg `kitbf, ki tf`rgjslg ustin`vg njge`v l`niăng scgstgĈg `vu jisn`st u rizucgjfvinju g lil` prgt`c trinsofnkf

p`zniji c`žf zik`v`bjgtg prgnogp l`jg sc` mgbg prgnuęfng ki prv` cjfst` ‟ prgnogp ikflvitnf fvgkfnogjf0 @vkjf mg sf csbgjfkfĈf pgtinjf: ngjf bg ni lriju lrijfvi sic zietjfv zi tringstrižgvinjfc sp`znijf nilnikni p`sbjfkgoi zietjfvi ki sf svvfkf k` lrijnjfh gspunjfnji, ki p`stinf ikflvitni u nijvfĈvrstf sivrũfn`stg l`jf trfmi ki zietgjfvic` zi ips`butnu pi

ungvfrzibnu sp`zniju, p` sfmg su tgjfsn` p`vfzinf. Q` sv`jcng zietjfv pr`v`ęfnji gkfibi gspunjfnji zi svilu sp`znijnlbf lrijnjfh zik`v`bjfnji sp`znijf, c`ri` mg sic `k sfmf kzil u trinsofnkfntibnu pr`mbfcitglu, til` ki mg znin`st l`j`privkivi, se`kn` gkfibu lrijnjf fvgkfnogjf, c`ribi f` gps`

sofnkfntibni b`z` ji.

Ki `vkjf bfžf vfbglf tfũl`Ĉf, t` znic` vfĈ `kivn` ni prfkcfkgtiogji. K`kuũf, znic` ki sf prgjf svfhi rikg ` sic` tilv`j l`ji jf p`svf kruhiăgji `k prgr`kn`-nigvnf sic`sli, li` g `k psge`b`hgjf l`ji sf nipiji gz tilvf sic`sp`znijunutriũnjgc psge`b`ũlgc gslustv`c. Ibg, k` ăfhi h`k ki sũgc prfkcfkgtiogjici ‟ `vkjf hkjf trfmi ki hrikgc` u `lvg

stfcitglf nf scgjfc` ngũti `k t`hi ki prftp`stivgc`, gzul`jg kijf privio niũfc pr`citrinju g niũgc `krfęfnjgci l

jf k`nfsfni. Vl`bgl` e`Ĉfc` ki k`spgjfc` k` stvirn`h păftli ips`butn` utfcfbjfnf b`z` jf, nf scgjfc` p`sjfk`vsc` gzv`rn` sicg stflbg.

[il` Ĉf sf niũi zikiĈi siki sist`jitg u t`cf ki trinsofn

l`jfc p`ăgvi svi trinsofnkfntibni pr`mbfcitgli gzn`vi `mrgzv`rin niăgn, kilbf ki p`stivbjinjf `n`hi ‒ji-sic– si njfcg nipr`st` nužngc scgsb`c nfgz`stivn` gzvfkfc` li` trinsoc`p`stivbjinjf. G nikibjf, prgpib` nic jf u zikiĈu ki nisu

g mj ltg b găl l gtgl j g b

F E



FKCVNK EV__F]B

rivn` prvi fvgkfnogji ‒ji sic– ngjf sivrũfni, c`žfc` p`lugniăgc` u ikflvitnu g tgcf u ip`kgltgălu fvgkfnogju. Cft`ęfnjfc `v`h pr`ăgũĈivijuĈfh gslbjuăfnji svfh `n`h ũt` ngjikflvitn` kit` k`ũbg mgsc` k` ăgstf gbg trinsofnkfntibnf sumj

mg, kilbf, prfkstivbjibi sikržij sumjfltgvn`stg l`ji jf u ăgst` p`stibi sic`j sfmg k`stupni.

Li` kruh`, c`žfc` nf prgeviĈijuĈg mgb` lilv` niv`ę

pružiju prfkcfkgtiogjf ki l`rgstgc` sic` nf l`jf nic pru

vfrzibnf znin`stg l`ju jf c`huĈf gzhrikgtg ni `sn`vu ips`n`stg. ‒Ji– mg nic `nki c`rib` lizgvitg: Ji li` b`z`d l`jăftli. Nirivn` ki mg ni p`ăftlu c`ribi stijitg nfp`srfkni stuibn` putfc nfp`srfknf sp`znijf nizniăfn` p`bjf p`svf nstupnge sp`zniji, kilbf sp`znijĉ l`jf su g sicf nfp`srfknsrfkn`stg mg c`ribf mgtg gzvjfsnf ni ip`kgltgăin niăgn. Cfę

sic gzvin vižfnji svf znin`stg, prfcki sf c`jf žgvbjfnjf g cni gslustvi g kibjf `kvgjiju, nfprfstin` cf uvjfrivijuĈg u p`sic`h g svgjfti u l`jfc žgvgc. Nirivn` ki su g t` sp`znijfbf, gcijuĈg u vgku c`jf zietjfvf zi ungvfrzibn`c g ips`bun`ũĈu, mgtg ulbjuăfnf u prfvrit. I njge c`hu zi tgbg ăis k`vfĈi. @vkjf gpil p`sjfkujfc fvgkfnogjf l`jf su nfp`rfogvf, n

sic, `vij svgjft jf ‟ lil` mge c`hi` u t` sucnjitg0 Nirivn p`kr`mngjf pr`vjfrgtg u p`hbfku njge`vf stvirnf ip`kgltgăn`ni `n`cf ũt` `nf stvirn` sikržf `k ikflvitn`stg. Qr`vjfrivli trinsofnkfntibn`j sumjfltgvn`stg li` jfkgnstvfn`j p`st`jkgltgălgc nfp`srfkn`stgci, prg ips`butn` nfsucnjgvgc kitì tgcf li `n`c gst`c ũt` `tviri prvg put. Li` ũt` g `mrnut`

j`c jf ni `v`c p`t`njfc putu p`stivbjfn zietjfv ăgng nfgzgzvrũg lrgtgli t`m`žnjf nfsucnjgv`stg p`st`jinji svgjfti, tilù stvirn`c pr`v`ęfnju umrz` c`riju p`lb`pgtg.

MukuĈg ki gz sgstfcitslge rizb`hi kijfc` prfkn`st kruh

ăg g k lb k k Ĉ gt j k g gk gj

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prvi u sv`j sv`j j pun`Ĉg st`jg gzb`žfn` niũfc p`hbfku li` vi u`pĈf g nf p`st`jg gbg jf kruhiăgjf nfh` ũt` sc` hi vgkjfb

ju h`v`rgc` gbuzgjici, ăubn`j virog, prgvgku. Qi g liki ăukit`c sbuăiju nf c`žf `tprvf ki p`bižf priv` ni nfsucnjgvnic p`st`jinjf svgjfti ng u l`c sbuăiju nf p`stijf upgtn`. vrũn`ũĈu gbg cinjliv`c mizrgv`ũĈu g p`tpun`ũĈu, gslustv`

mgtg mrgžbjgv` stvirfn` s ogbjfc ki sf k`luăg fvgkfnogji pi, p p`trfmn`j sivrũfn`stg. @n` upriv` st`hi pruži bfhgtgcnu tfc

ju zi ucnu znin`st. Ă gng sf ki `pĈf `krfęfnjf ‒ svgjft jfstf– juĈgc ungvfrzuc`c e`tgcgăn`h g str`h` pr`citriăl`h gslsfmg ungvfrzuc svge lrijnjge, nigcf nfp`srfknge prgnogpi sp

sn` ungvfrzuc svge gslustivi l`ji su nf`pe`kni zi ungvfr Ji sic sv`jgc p`st`jinjfc g gslustvgci l`ji cf nfp`srfkn`c`rizucbjgv` ur`njfn u `vij ungvfrzuc. Nfhiogj`c gbg stv

njfc svgjfti mg` mge g sic nfhgrin g p`ngũtfn.Cfęutgc, ci lil` sf `ăfvgkngc c`hb` ăgngtg `v` zmgbji

n` pr`cgũbjinjf g ci lil` `v` ‒ji sic– gzhbfkib` li` nfli ũt` li` p`vbiũtfni p`sfmn`st gsluũinf fhzgstfnogjf svgjfti, stupitg hbfkgũtf, g t` c`žki si pun` vgũf vibjinge rizb`hi, k‒ ji sic– c`ri mgtg gstgnslg prgnogp svge prgnogpi g prvg stiv sv

z` jf. Zipriv` sf c`žf p`lizitg ki ojfb`lupn` gzv`ęfnjf zsucnjgv`st fhzgstfnogjf svgjfti, `kn`sn` priv` gslustvi svgjf

pr`mu gstgnslf ip`kgltgăn`stg g ki, prfci t`cf, zi b`z` jus`butn` utfcfbjgtg svfulupin svgjft u sv`j sv`j`j `muevitn`vižfnji, tj. svf k`tik c`ri stitg upgtin k`l h`k jf bgũfn ips`bjfnji, gst` li` g stiv`vg svge znin`stg ` svgjftu g svge znin`

V stvirg, bil` sf c`žfc` uvjfrgtg ki jf svil` `pižinjf ù pr`st`ru nfikflvitn`. @n` nic pruži stvir tfl s jfknf snflgc njfngc `krfęfnjgci, sic` pirogjibnf lvibgtftf l`jg

ogjibn` vgkbjgv`c `mbglu. K`kuũf, gcic` svgjfst ` mgĈu sicgũt gj j b k t tg ž j Ngũt



Kfin L`cfb



Kfin L`cfb

_uvrfcfn`st dfn`cfn`b`hg(p`v`k`c st`pfkfsfth`kgũnjgof r`ęfnji Fkcunki E

Dfn`cfn`b`hgji jf tfcfbjgt` `mgbjfžgbi t`l suvrfcfnf

mg sf prg t`c ustibgbi li` jfkni `k njfzgnge privioicfn`b`ũlf ‒`rgjfntiogjf– ngjf mg` zikit, upriv` til` lil` j`

mfz niorti t`l`c suvrfcfnf b`z` jf, l`ji jf gz g u rizbgă p`k pgtinjf p`stivgbi t`l b`z` jf u`pĈf. [il` sc` u nfk`v

jf svf u svfcu si

b`z` j`c g njfzgn`c prfkij`c u ‒nikilbf, gbg jf b`z` ji ni tfcfbju nivbistgt`h prfkcfti p`vgjf

ki `hbisg g p`jisng risp`b`žfnjf vrfcfni0 Gbg sf `ni p`vgjfsz` jf `mzninjujf li` n`vi prgt`li. Gz l`jfh gzv`ri0 Lil` jũt`, til`rfĈg sic` ucn` tfăf ni niăgn žgvf suvrfcfn`stg, nb`z` jg prgrgăfc` `mgbjfžjf suvrfcfn`stg0 Lil` seviĈic

u njfh`v`j gzv`rn`stg g gzvgrn`stg0Dfn`cfn`b`hgji jf `k `mjivbjgvinji Eussfrb`vge B`hgă lumukuĈf nfkv`scgsbfn` kgltgribi ti pgtinji, j`ũ vgũf pil `nribi. Ni t` pgtinjf ngjf `kh`viribi sic` si gzrik`c `kh`vkgănge prgstupi nfh`, prgjf svfhi, si prfuzgcinjfc prfkcftkgltiti n`hi ũt` nijvgũf cgũbjfnjf p`sbuũn` sbgjfkg. Ki jfkn

kruhgc p`lizujf, ni lriju, kv`jil` usp`stivbjfni Eussfrb`sprivg Dgb`z ji li` str`hi znin`st, uscjfrfni pr`tgv niturrgogzci, l`jg `krživi sv`ju rfbfvintn`st til`ęfr j`ũ kiniscgsbgc` ni t`, ũt` sf mfz p`trfmnf lrgtgănf suzkržin`stg jivtv` zninji–. QrgeviĈinjf iut`rgtfti sicge stvirg k`vfb` jf k

VKL /VKO

KFIN L@CFB



KFIN L @CFB

gzv`rn`c scgsbu `tvirinji puti.9 ‒C`huĈn`st p`st`jg vgũfDfn`cfn`b`hgju rizucgjfc` sic` il` jf seviĈic` li` c

zgvijuĈg sf upriv` ni rfbfvintn`st Eussfrb`v`h pr`m`ji dfu B`hgă lgc gstrižgvinjgci g ni sic prgnogpgjfbng p`zgv ―Lci‗–, zipgsi` jf Efgkfhhfr u Mgtlu g vrfcfnu= tf jf ni t` pù sv`jgc lisngjgc zipgsgci gz ũfzkfstge h`kgni pr`ũb`hi scjfkm`c ki jf vrgjfcf dfn`cfn`b`hgjf li` privoi suvrfcnfzi`mgbizn` j`ũ vgkbjgv`, pi prf`stijf li` c`huĈn`st cgũ

‒stvirn`stg– b`z` jf li` ‒cftizglf–< tgc vgũf: ` t`j c`h jitn` `vgsg til`ęfr gst`, ũt` lr`z tu stvirn`st il` jf jfkn`stęfc` li` rfbglt pr`ũb`stg, kjfbujf li` njfzgn` stvirn` gzruăhuĈf kinis k`n`sg nflu mukuĈu p`rulu.

Nfsucnjgv` sc` kinis u nfprgbgog u vfzg si tgc, hkjf st`jgcc`huĈn`stg0 C`huĈf ki sc` nfhkjf ăghbfkn` k njf zivgsng

bitfntn` tv`rfn` li` c`huĈn`st zi c`huĈn`st i si tgc zi muki prgmbgžgc` pgtinjf tf c`huĈn`stg0 [u sf zi trfn nięfc` u n`c vihinju, l`jf tfžgũtf dfn`cfn`b`ũl`h prfkcfti prfcGj`n`hi usrfk ăfhi stvirn` jfsc` g pr`mukg gntfrfs stvirn`hiV ghrg jf gntfr-fssf prfmgvinji u svgjftu, l`jf prfte`kg niũgc stgci zi t` ũt` nistupi u svgjftu. Li` tilv` pil jfstf nfli fp

n`st l`ji zietgjfvi p`sfmnu suzkržin`st, nigcf tilvu l`ji j`njf– sicge stvirg, n` ăfcu sf njfciălg ližf ‒_ioevfreibt–, n

m`kn` v`bjn` zigntfrfsgrin` stinjf tgjfbi.V p`zgvu ‒Li stvirgci sicgc– jf til` c`huĈf uniprgjfk pr

l`-cft`kgălg gntfrfs dfn`cfn`b`hgjf, l`jfh gslizujf zietjfv zgslizgvinjfc sfmf p`lizujuĈfh dfn`cfni. [il` zietjfvng prgs

j`ũ sic` dfn`cfn`b ũli fpòef, l`ji p`muęujf niũ lrgtgăl`-cki p`stinf gzrgă gt , t` jfst nfli gzrgăgti mukn`st zi svgjft u l`jg stfrfsni p`stivbjfn`st mgtg-u-svgjftu sf p`jiũnjivi li` gzrgăgt` gnl`ęfr zniăg ki jf lrgtgăl`-cft`kgăl` `mjiũnjfnjf stvirn` sfmf

l k m te k Ĉ g l j Ĉ l j t

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;1

vinji b`z` jf t` prfkstivbji gkfi tù ihiteù, i l`k Linti, rf prgpiki trinsofnkfntibn`j svgjfstg. C`žf sf rfĈg ki Eussfrb u s

cft`kgălg prgnogpgjfbn`c utfcfbjfnju dfn`cfn`b`hgjf sižgci tb`z` jslu znin`st, s t`c rizbgl`c ũt` ni njfc gst k`mn` nistubjinji prgnogpi, ni l`j`j sf utfcfbjgvibi b`z` jsli zninstvfn

L`k Eussfrbi nistupi pgtinjf ki bg jf tu lrgzu c`huĈf uvg lrgtgăl`-cft`kgălf str`h`stg, gbg sf pil tu jivbji nflg stvirn

mbfc prgnogpgjfbn`h utfcfbjfnji. _ `mzgr`c ni t , prgci p`z

sicgc– lrgzn`-p`vgjfsng p`tfnogjib, g k`kuũf u vfzg si pgtinjk`n`sg gcf dfn`cfn`b`ũlf stvirg sicf. [` pgtinjf jf, lil` zni

pfrcinfntni rizgbižfnji unutir sic`h dfn`cfn`b`ũl`h p`lrf

n` sf tu jivbji lrgzng p`tfnogjib b`z` jf g si nj`c p`vfzin`hbjuksl`stg, lil` hi jf rizvg` Eussfrb g l`jg p`k tgc gbg kruhgcu prvg pbin til`ęfr l`k njfh`vge sbjfkmfngli dfn`cfn`b`hgjf

Cgsbgc ki sf Eussfrbu c`žf prgznitg ki jf, il` vfĈ nf g jfnijrfbfvintngjg b`z`d u prfte`kn`c st`bjfĈu l`jg sf su`ăg`

prgnogpgjfbn`h utfcfbjfnji b`z` jf g mg` gst`vrfcfn` sp`

njfzgnu stvirn`p`vgjfsnu lrgzu. [` jf g njfh`vf nisbjfknglfsf vfĈ ukibjgbg `k p`luũiji prgnogpgjfbn`h utfcfbjfnji b`zu p`hbfku gsp`stivf nibjfk`vinji nivbistgt`h b`z` jsl`h g

hu pgtinji ` ‒stvirg sic`j–. ]izv`j dfn`cfn`b`hgjf jf si tnjgv` p`h`ęfn, l`bgl` jf `ni sfmg k`pustgbi t` pgtinjf u gntfstvirg sicge. Zit` jf t` mgb`, lil` sc` uv`kn` nihbisgbg, ăfnf sic` hbfkf sv`jfhi vinjsl`hi t`li, l`jfhi nirivn` nf trtg, nfh` g hbfkf unutirnjfh p`vgjfsn`h t`li k`puũtinji stvirlrgzf prgnogpgjfbn`h utfcfbjfnji b`z` jf.

Nirivn`, prg t`c nf scgjfc` zinfcirgtg gzvinjslf l`bnòibf ni rizv`j dfn`cfn`b`ũlge gstrižgvinji. [il` vjfr`jitn`lgvi` ũgr`lg rizcie dfn`cfn`b`ũlge gstrižgvinji p`sbgjf 9757ngjf `hringăg` sic` ni Fvr`pu. Vgstgnu jf mgb` vgũf gzvinfvr`p

t lge ă l ă g g t ge d

KFIN L @CFB



zgl g zi t` gci fpèibn` vižfnjf pgtinjf b`z jf li` tilvf. Vni suvrfcfn`st ăgjg pil scgsi` `stijf prglrgvfn, h`v`rg sf ki

n`stg l`ji jf gznik stvirn`stg. [il` srfknjf ‒trijinjf– c`žfcnjfh`v` fpèibn` trijinjf, krfkgtg li` p`sfmnu p`vgjfsnu g c

ou, prglrgvfn scgsi` l`jg uscjfrivi niũ sbue ki hi sbgjfkgc`.njf nf c`žf pr`gzbizgtg gz prgnogpgjfbn`hi utfcfbjfnji, nfh` gzu p`vgjfsn`j lrgzg suvrfcfn`stg p`lizujf li` k`puũtinjf pgtin]gzgl`vitg pgtinjf zniăg k`pustgtg t` ki k`bizg u pgtinjf li` pg

niăgn, ki sc` p`stivbjfng prfk njfhi.Il` jf dfn`cfn`b`hgji, lil` h`v`rg njfzgn rizv`j u kvik

Ĉu, upbftfni nf sic` u prf`mrizmu prgnogpi b`z` jf nfh` jhi, k` t`hi ki b`z` ji p`ližf sv`jf bgof u kruh`c svjftbu,

prgnogpi, p`sbgjf t`hi c`žfc` rfĈg ki u dfn`cfn`b`hgjg, ucjnji prgnogpi, k`bizg u prvg pbin k`puũtinjf t`hi ũt` sf stvir

`k sfmf kgltgritg. K`puũtinjf jf ‟ zirik sv`hi prflbipinjivfĈ`c tfžgn`c. _i k`puũtijuĈ`c suzkržin`ũĈu dfn`cfn`b`l`jg niăgn nf bilũivi sgtuiogjf hbfkf rizhrtinji stvirg sicgeric` u svil`knfvgog gzgĈg ni lrij si tgc ũt` nic `tfživi gbgrg. ‒@bilũivinjf– k`gsti k`bizg `k t`hi ki sf nfũt` gzbuăg, tbg, k`ęf ni svjftb` pi sf til` `sb`m`kg gz nflf slrgvfn`stg. B

g svjftb`-buă su til` u sb`vfnsl`c li` u njfciăl`c gstf rtfrn–, ‒Bgoet–, gnk`fv. l`rjfn bful*). G lil` bilũivinjf p` k`puũti tfžgnu nfh` ũt` jf fbgcgngri, til` g `puũtijuĈf svjftb`stgtf slrgvfn`stg k`puũti trih`c t`hi ũt` sf uciti u slrgvfnb` p` sv`j`j mgtg uvgjfn`st tijnf. ‒C`žf–, c`ric`, kilbf, ritbu `n`hi c`huĈfhi, ũt` jf scgsbfn` zi dfn`cfn`b`hgju, l`

c`huĈn`st si k`puũtinjfc stvirg sicge uzkgžf nik stvirn`[u nirivn` ngjf c`huĈf zi`mgĈg Efgkfhhfr`vu up`trfmu rgj

‒jisn`Ĉi–, ‒ăgstgni–, li` znilf zi Ki-sfgn u Mgtlu g vrfcfnu

svgjftbf srfkgnf nfmi g zfcbjf, tf li` ‒jisn`Ĉf zi slrgvinjf–g m g tl g j gt j d b ũl

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_tvirn`sni lrgzi nistupi u dfn`cfn`b`ũl` `scgũbjfnjf shkjf `v`, sbgjfkfĈg p`zgv ‒L stvirgci sicgc–, p`stivbji prg

n`hi gslizgvinji sfmfp`lizujuĈfh, fvgkfntn`stg n`hi ũt` s jfc usp`stivbjinju, l`jf Eussfrb u Gkfjici G uzkgžf ni prgno pi: ‒ki jf p`trfmn` svf, ũt` sf gzv`rn` nukg u ―gntugogjg‗ (til j`j žgv`j kjfbitn`stg), ulritl` cib` prfuzftg, ũt` sf kijf, ibg gci, u l`jgci sf kijf–.;

Eussfrb sic up`z`rivi ni lrgtgălu hringou nfp`srfkn`h

srfkgnu, l`ji jf nivbistgti nfp`srfkn`stg sic`j g `cfęujfsrfkgnf ngjf nfũt` ũt` mg li` nflg lrgtfrgj sp`znijn`stg rizh

p`srfkn`st `k p`srfkn`stg, nfh` tilvi hringoi l`ju j`j jf psrfkn` k`sfhnutg si gntugtgvngc pr`puũtinjfc t`hi ũt` sf puV nfzigntfrfsgrin`stg t`hi pr`puũtinji k`bizg k` gzrižiji niũspuũtinjf l stvirgci sicgc. ]gjfă ‒nfp`srfkn`st– prg t`c si

t` ki jf nfp`srfkn`st p`trfmn` gcitg gz nflf prfte`knf p`săf, til` ki sf spustgc` k` njfnf srfkgnf. Qgtinjf jf gz l`jf p

mgb` l`jf, nfh` tilvf l`ji gst`vrfcfn` gz sfmf k`puũti prgtil` prgmbgživinjf nfp`srfkn`stg.

Ăgng sf ki t`j stvirn`stg c`žfc` prgpgsitg nflu upriv` p`

nju rfbfvintn`st jfzgăl`h p`srfk`vinji, pi nfli mukf u rgjf

tf`rftslgc stiv`vgci ‟ sv` t`, ũt` Eussfrb gcfnujf: `rghgnli` sr ăglu ucn`stg, u Gkfjici sf gslizujf zi ‒rfăfngou–.[i s

k`vin`st jfzgli k`bizg til`ęfr tic` hkjf Eussfrb u Vv`ku u hgă lge gstrižgvinji, prvg `k njge jf, lil` znic`, `pĈfngt` p` Gzrizi g zniă fnji, p`k cilsgc`c ‒nitrih l stvirgci sicgc

‒Kruhiăgjf lizin`, nglil` sf nfĈfc` zik`v`bjgtg si ―h`bg

jfst si sgcm`bgăngc rizucgjfvinjfc rgjfăg, ũt`h`k gcibg u nici scgsbu zil`ni, l`jg su p`stivbjfng u ăgst`j b`hgog ―p`jcnici‗ gtk. _i njge`vgc cn`ũtv`c p`sfmn`stg. Zniăfnji l`sic` u ukibjfngc, l`nvfrhfntngc, nfjisngc z`r`vgci ‟ gil

t g k bj E Ĉ tgtg l ― t g



;;



Cjfst` jf vižn`, l`bgl` h`k mg Efgkfhhfr, lil` sic ližfril kibjf `k Eussfrbi u ‒rislbipinju stvirg sicge–5, k`kuũf

hr ăl` gslustv` ‒ibftefgi, nfslrgvfn`stg–, ũt` jf lbjuăn` zi Efzucgjfvinjf nizgvi ‒dfn`cfn`b`hgji– gz hr ălge `sn`vi pei

h`s, li` zi njfh`v` pgtinjf krfęfnji dfn`cfn`b`ũlf stvirg scft`kgăn`c pirihridu uv`ki u Mgtil g vrgjfcf. [il`ęfr, u siut`mg`hridsl`c zipgsu C`j put u dfn`cfn b`hgju umriji tij gslustv` ibftefgf li` nfslrgvfn`stg zi sv`j hbivng dfn`cfn`

Eussfrb`v`j tf`rgjg gntfnog`nibn`stg svgjfstg: ‒[` ũt` sf u dfn`cti svgjfstg `kvgji li` sic``mzninjgvinjf dfn`cfni jf mgb` gzvũbjfn` p` Irgst`tfbfsu, tf prfci svfl`bgl`c hr ăl`c cgũbjfntg-tu li` ibftefgi, li` nfslrgt`st prgsutn`hi, li` njfh`v` `tl

prglizgvinjf sfmf–7.Lil` pil h`v`rf njfh`vi gzv`ęfnji u sfkc`c cft`kgă

u Mgtlu g vrfcfnu g t`, nil`n ũt` jf rizkv`jg` nflu idfn`c ju ‟ ni bftef u ibftefgi, ũt` jf tfcfbjgt` p`stivbjfn`, lil` jf `pus rizucg` nivbistgtg put u dfn`cfn`b`hgju gbg put gz njf uũtgnf. [` sf p`lizujf u `lružju spgsi, cfęu l`jf sf svrstivi u dfn`cfn`b`hgju–, i Efgkfhhfr ge jf gzki` p`k nisb`v`c Lnji. [il` u spgsu ‒Lrij b`z` jf g zikiĈi cgũbjfnji– prgzn

efgi prgpiki bftef, sic`slrgvinjf, slrgvfn`st, nf li` h`bg k`li` sjfnli u svjftbu, nfh` vgũf li` srof ibftefgf-gstgnf91.Vpriv` u l`ntflstu t`hi prgzninji Efgkfhhfr til`ęfr

n`c sic`lrgtgl`c k` nivbistgtge gzv`ki u spgsu Qbit`n`v nikf prf`mrižiji hr ăl`hi rizucgjfvinji ibftefgi u `rte`tfs n

p`sbgjf privfkn`stg nihbiũiviju ki vfĈ E`cfr rgjfă ibftefs

mbjivi ` `kn`su ni vfrmi kgofnkg, gzjivbjgvinjf g zit` u scgs pùzkin`stg, i nf u scgsbu nfslrgvfn`stg–.99

_i prgcjfrfn`c suzkržin`ũĈu c`hbg mgsc` rfĈg ki Efgkzi `krfęfnjfc dfn`cfn`b`ũlf stvirg sicf, p`sfžf zi gstgcj – l E b k g t j găl k t t ũt



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oinji, l`ji jf pil prgkržini g u t`j prgkržin`stg nih`viri. C jf tu ni kjfbu dfn`cfn`b`ũli fpòef, l`ji nf `stvirujf ‒zik

vi– gbg ‒stivbjinjf u zihrikf– pr`cjfni u nipft`stg pr`cgjfsf pfnjf u sicu srfkgnu p`vfzgvinji dfn`cfni. Bitfntn`st pn`cfni jf `ni cjfri l`ju jf p`trfmn` zikržitg g `kržitg litinjf ` dfn`cfn`b`ũl`j stvirg sic`j g, gniăf, til` ki ni vi`n` ũt` slrgvfn` nih`viri gz nflf slrgvfn`stg.

Gzrflu ‒srfkgũnjg scgsi`– jf p`trfmn` p`jisngtg, ki srfkn

zinjf-`sb`mięinjf scgsbi `pĈfngt`. ‒_cgsi`– c`žf dunhgritsl`c p`hbfku gzv`rn`h n`ftgăn`h p`stivbjinji. C`žf pil pnj`st prfbižfnji l`jf prgjfăg p`vfzgvinjf dfn`cfni, l`bgl`hl` k`mi susprfhnut` u nfl`j nih`virijuĈ`j bitfntn`stg.

Q`zgv ‒L stvirgci sicgc– l`rgstg bitfntn`c scgsbu c`h jf sicf. L`bgl` h`k jf dfn`cfn`b`ũl` `scgũbjivinjf `zn

v` p`luũij `kh`v`ri ni pgtinjf tf c`huĈn`stg, njfhv` b`z p`trfmn` trižgtg u srfkgũnjfc scgsbu pgtinji g `kh`v`ri. Q`ci sicgc– zit` ngjf jfkn`stivng v`kgă l`hi trfmi nisbjfk`

pgtinji l`jf trižg `kh`v`r, ũt` zniăg ki nis up`trfmbjivi ni stg, l`ji puũti `tv`rfn`c stvir sicu. _tvir sici ngjf prgputinjfc, nfh` til` ki nis prfte`kn` spustg u srfknj`st pgtin

[` stvirn` jfstf h`v`rni njfciăli rgjfă ‒_ioef–, l`ji sf riz‒suoefn–, u zniăfnju ‒gstrižgtg–, ‒uputgtg sf zi nfl`c sbjfkmlik niũu rgjfă ‒stvir–, l`ju tu, uzgcijuĈg u `mzgr g Tfmfr`v

prfkiju, gzimgrfc` ucjfst` ‒stvirg–, p`vfzujfc` si ‒stvirin

rinjfc– li` spuũtinjfc u stvir . Vpriv` t` spuũtinjf jf, ul`dfn`cfn`b`ũlu prfkiju, p`v`k zi vrstu rfkultgvnge g l`nstg

pili l`jg `prfkjfbjuju cft`k`b`ũlg scgsi` dfn`cfn`b`hgjfdfn`cfn`b`hgji gci nijprgjf cft`kgăng scgsi` nf pr`gzbizg mgsc` c`ribg gspunjivitg zietjfv str`hf zninstvfn`stg u prgn`cfngci. Qrgstup zietjfvi tv`rfn`st stvirg sicf, l`ji jf u

t kgă g g t k b gj j j gj t gtg g

KFIN L @CFB



Dfn`cfng dfn`cfn`b`hgjf li` stvirg sicf ngsu king ni niăgn

til` ki nis p`vfzuju si tgc, lik nis nih`viriju ‟ sic` ni tij n

sf til`ęfr `krgoitg. Gpil, c`ric` tij h`v`r uzftg gsprivn` li`ni, u njfh`v`j ojfb`lupn`stg li` h`v`r svgjfti, l`jg gci, l`bgl`ăg, zi nis scgsi`. Gzmjfhivitg c`ric` t`, ki mg h`v`r gz`bgribg lhgju, l`ji si sv`jf strinf sghurivi dfn`cfnf. H`v`r, til`ęfr, nhgji l`ji mg prgpikibi ă`vjflu ‟ li` ki cu prgpiki, l`bgl` h`kupriv` li` h`v`ru dfn`cfni. _tvirn` stinjf h`v`r dfn`cfni

v`ri jf svilil` vrgjfkin p`sfmnf p`z`rn`stg, nf sic` rikg t`hnizgvu n`sg m`jf peign`cfn`n g b`h`s, nfh` zit` jfr t` suprgp

jf dfn`cfn`b ũlu stvir sicu, nf ki mg uniprgjfk kbuăgbi ` njgzbuăgtg li` p`sfmnu rizbglu, u l`j`j si sbue`c prfbizgc` l stvzirikg sv`jf bitfntnf ristv`rfn`stg, prgjf gbg lisngjf stijf sp`rn

Nflu niznilu u rizucgjfvinju tu rizvgjfnf l`nstfbiogj

p`vfzgvinjf dfn`cfni, nibizgc` k`kuũf u nfl`j risprivg lhfr uzf` zi p`kb`hu sv`jge p`luũiji pr`cgũbjinji mgtg h`v`kfr`vgc kjfb`c @ gzv`ru jfzgli. [il` u sfcgniru l`jg jf p`v`c trftgrinju n prgznijf: ‒[`, ũt` Efrkfr nih`vjfũti si ―srtfr`c sbuũinji, jf srfknjf gzcfęu jisn`Ĉf–.9?

_i nicjfr`c ki rizjisng gzv`r jfzgli li` sic gzv`r ă`vjf

g sv`ju tf`rgju `sjftgbn`stg, k`kuũf ni p`kb`zg gse`kgũnf tfzf ‒`sjftgbng niăgng nflf kuũf–, prg ăfcu gci svil` sjfĈinjf ‒nzvul–, ni p`kb`zg ăfhi sf ‒sumtgbgzgri u jisn`Ĉu `mgbjfžji–.9;

jf–, ‒Cfrlcib–, jf tu gzvinrfkn` vižni, jfr ulizujf ni suprcfni g h`v`ri. Hbih`b ‒`mgbjfžgtg–, ‒mrgnutg – jf gstg li` hr ăl peign`cfn`n, peintisgi. Dfn`cfn`c sf sb`vfnslg h`v`rg

Ni t`j p`kb zg p`luũivi Efrkfr p`lizitg p`srfkn`st sbuei chgc `sjftgbgci. Qrfkn`st sbuei jf u t`c, ki jf p` prgr`kg srfkntinji ` srfknjfc `sjftgbu g sic`j srfkgng `sjftgbn`stg jf k`kuũIrgst`tfbfs u risprivg @ kuũg, hkjf pr`mbfcitgli srfkgnf tv`rg

j tgb tg E k t t l k j b e kgũt

;5



[il` jf c`huĈf g utvrkgtg ki jf `tvirinjf sbuei zi prgcinj

ũt` sf sic` `k sfmf nukg u sv`j`j gzrgă gt`stg mgtni `kbgli b`

sfmg ‟ nf mfz tfũl`Ĉi ‟ nikijf znilu ‒dfn`cfn`b`ũl`–. Nili jf dfn`cfn`b`hgjg, ul`bgl` nisbjfkujf sv`j prgnogpgjfbng rgci sicgc– `pĈfngt` strin`. Ki mgsc` sbgjfkgbg tfcu, ũt` sicf, ki mgsc` prgcgbg g ni t`j `sn`vg pružgbg t` ũt` sf kijfcu sic` prgkjfvic` `znilf, p`trfmin jf sbue zi sp`znivinukg u c`huĈn`stgci usp`stivbjinji, gbg žgv`t k`mi. Zit` jf

cfn`b`hgju `krfkgtg li` cgũbjfnjf si sbue`c gbg cgũbjfnjf `ki gzrgăgt` rizvgjf sbue zi t` ũt` cu jf cgsbgtg, pi sf h`v`rg znji. [ij sbue ngjf sic` prgk`kin li usp`stivbjinju stvirg si

prgpiki g si njgci sf usihbiũivi. Ni t` h`t`v` ulizuju g ni jslf `rgjfntiogjf ` gstgng u scgsbu gkfntgtfti, suprgpikinji gnji g mgtg. Vpriv` zit` ũt` jf prg stvirg sic`j p`trfmin zi suk

sbue, ti prgpikn`st sf p`lizujf uvgjfl u rizbgăgtgc c`huĈn`snji, li` ki sf tfl `tlrgviju gz nflf slrgvfn`stg, l`ji ge ăuvistg, til` ki sf sbue c`žf siăuvitg si njgci. L`bgl` h`k ti sln` kgltgri pižbjgv`st sbuei, nj`j vibji p`sfmn` `sbuũlgvitg u vi scgsi` puũtinji ‒stvirg sicge–. Jfr tilv` puũtinjf nijvg t` ũt` sf scgsbfn` gzmjfhivi, ũt` sf c`ri stvirn` prfk njgc

n` zikržitg, ki mg gzrgăgt` zikržib` jfkn`stivn` ubizil u scgn`cfn`b`hgjg p`znit` p`k gcfn`c dfn`cfn`b`ũli fpòef.[fũl`Ĉf ki mg dfn`cfn`b`ũlu stvir sic` gcfn`vibg li`

svgjft k`mr` su p`znitf g `prfkgjfbgbf su sicf rizv`jnf c`cfn`b`hgjf, zigsti l`bgli h`k mgbi njfzgni c`huĈn`st vgũi k`stijf `tv`rfn` pgtinjf. Vsp`stivbjinjf gcfni, lik gkf zi s

sf u dfn`cfn`b`hgjg nf c`žf vrũgtg ni `sn`vg prgkivinji `sgvinji zniăfnji, vfĈ gz `kh`virinji ni `n` ũt` gspunjivi s pgtinji, si tgc ki kgltgtri niũ sbue.

Qrgnogpgjfbng p`zgv ‒Li stvirgci sicgc–, kgltgri put g u tb e k ũt j g găgt Ĉ tg t g găgt

KFIN L @CFB



nju ki mg prgslrmgbi nivbistgtf c`huĈn`stg l`lftgri si iltuiăf sbuei zi stvirng nih`v`r g si tgc til`ęfr tf sfmg sv`jstv

stg l`ji st`jg vgũf `k stvirn`stg g tv`rg njfzgnu nivbistgtu suvt`c jf gst`k`mn` jfkgng privg pr`mbfc suvrfcfnf b`z` jfef, l`ji `ăghbfkn` ngjf vgũf sic` gbg pil u`pĈf ngjf njfzgni`ăfvgkn`st dfn`cfn`b`hgjg sic`j0 Ki bg j`j kuzgci c`huĈuzgcinjf trfmi uzftg li` njfzgnu bitfntnu c`huĈn`st, l`j`j n` vritgtg. Dfn`cfn`b`hgji nf prgsgbjivi ni nfc`huĈf, zit` ũ

ngjf nfc`huĈf. Zit` c`huĈf `k vrfcfni k` vrfcfni gznf p`sfmin kir u t`c ũt` sf kijf. Il` kruhiăgjf ližfc`, i ki gsbgc` kruh`: nf sic` ăukfsn`, nfh` g ăuk`.

_i sb`vfnsl`h prfvf`:

@n tef Qrgnogpbfk Ippfib `d Qefn`cfn`b‒[` tef Cittfrs [efcsfbvfs–

Qefn`cfn`b`hy mfoicf fstimbgsefk is i wgkf pegb`s`pegn tef =1te ofntury, wgteùt fvfr mfo`cgnh ungfk is i kgrtfcp`riry pegb`s`pey. [ef irtgobf ittfcpts t` rftegnl tef of`n d pefn`cfn`b`hgoib tegnlgnh, wegoe gs fxprfssfk is in ittfrs tefcsfbvfs«. [ef cign dòus gn tegs gs kfv`tfk t` in frinof `d cittfrs tefcsfbvfs, wegoe kgrfots us t` tef pefn`coe teit ibb`ws us t` tibl `d pefn`cfni.

Efrkfr‗s rffotg`n `n tef `rghgn `d binhuihf pr`vgkfs p`s

gn tegs o`nnfotg`n, gns`dir is gt ik`pts tef irtgoubitg`n `d pe

k b gk e b e

Ciro ]goegr



@ uzvgũfn`c u p`bgtgog9

9. DFN@CFN@B@HGJI G Q@BG[GLI

_vf k` kinis `kn`s gzcfęu dfn`cfn`b`hgjf g p`bgtglf jcitgăin. _ jfknf strinf, zit` ũt` jf dfn`cfn`b`hgji

`mgbjfžfni `ngc žgh`c l`jfh su j`j utgsnubg njfn utfcfbjgtfbũt` jf dfn`cfn`b`ũl` p`bjf rfkuogri` ni trinsofnkfntibn` p`bj

tibn`h fhi gbg s`pstvi, g njfh`v nfvjfrng nisbjfkngl (gil` cinjũt` sf t` `mgăn` cgsbg) Efgkfhhfr, tgcf ũt` jf upgsi` dfn`cfn`nt`b`ũl`-trinsofnkfntibn` p`bjf Kisfgn-i. @vij p`t`njg jf nhubirgzgrin sv`j`c fl-stiz`c u svgjftu, l`ji jf vrfcfnujuĈi g p

`n` ũt` gsp`ruăujf citrgof gz l`jge sf sb`mięiju, prfl` scgsbscgsb`vg mgtli mgĈĉ, ibg til`ęfr g pgtinjfc gbg zih`nftl`c s`pst

(_fbmst ) l`jf, mukuĈg ki ngjf u sfmf zitv`rfni sdfri nflf tr

sumjfltgvn`stg, gpil jfstf `n` ũt` jf u ghrg u iutfntgăn`stg mrghtrinsofnkfntibn`h s`bgpsgzci u fhzgstfnogjibng s`bgpsgzic. Keusfrb`vslf trinsofnkfntibnf sumjfltgvn`stg g Kisfgn-i jf cit` Efgkfhhfr ki` nisbutgtg: kilil`, `v` kruh` jf uvgjfl nfũt`tf`rgjsl`h, lvizg-pbit`n`vsl`h p`hbfki ni stvirg, mgĈi g svgjft. K

mgtil-u-svgjftu jf til`ęfr mgtil svil`knfvnge prilsg, i gznik sv

cjfst` jf vrfcfn`vinji u sic`j v`j scrtn`stg, ibg jf svihki, p`

trinsofnkfntibnf sumjfltgvn`stg, jfkn mgvstvujuĈf ni l`jfc ni p`svf n`v g prf`mrižfn niăgn, p`ăgvi nib`h lbisgănf nt`-tki mukf mgtil zi l`jfh sf scitri ki utfcfbjujf u dunkicfnti

VKL /VKO

CI]O ] GOEG]



sumjfliti gbg Kisfgn-ĉ nfh` til`ęfr g scgsb`vi gbg jfkn`h scgsh`strul` tv`rfn, hkjf sf pgtinjf s`bgpsgzci, mgb` trinsofnkfn

stfnogjibn`h, vgũf nf p`stivbji li` nfli vrsti ip`rgjf u utfcfhringăng sbuăij u mgtlu-prg-(rizbgăgt`c)scgsbu scgsbi. [` zni

p`bgtglf nfrizbuăgv` `k pgtinji kruũtvfn`stg gbg ki jf `n` sictvfn`stg (Ob. Bfd`rt), nigcf upriv` tilv` u l`jfc bjukg rizcnjge`v`h mgvinji-zijfkn`. Cfęutgc, ni `v`c putu dfn`cfn

pr`mbfc zi l`jfh sf nf c`žf rfĈg ki sf njgcf mivgbi si nf`pe

ũĈu: nghkjf nfci, sgc u cgt`vgci prip`ăftlu, k l`jge jf nussfiu`v cgt, kruũtvi mfz sgcm bgă lf gnstgtuogjf, i t` Ĉf rfĈg, usvf pĈfngt`c scgsbu, mfz gnstgtuogjf privgbi (ni prgcjfr sr`vjfr`vinji, i `nf su svf `krfki l`bfltgvnf g, si stin`vgũti sòb`hi, rfbitgvn` irmgtrirnf. V t`c scgsbu, il` jf (`n`) p`bgtgăl

pgtinji kruũtvfn`stg mgb` mg vf`ci p`hrfũn` rfĈg, li` ũt` sf

stfĈg cutin utgsil ăgtijuĈg iut`rf l`jg prgpikiju dfn`cfn`b`ũ pgtinjf p`bgtgăl`h ‒ugstgnu– p`stivbji sic` u `v`j sgnhubirn`jstgtuogjg lilvi jf kfc`lriogji. ]ikgjf mg trfmib` rfĈg ki jf pgtli` pgtinjf kruũtvfn`h uz nju til` tgjfsn` vfzin` ki `n` prfkbgăl` pgtinjf sgcm`bgălf gnstgtuogjf, pgtinjf l`jf jf ‒pr`ăgũĈfnn`– gbg gzrižfn` u sicgc tfrcgngci sgcm`bgălf gnstgtuogjf, i

risp`nu `k njfh`vf zimrinf /gntfr-kgotg`n/ u kfsp`tslgc sush`v`h gslizgvinji /kgotg`n/ u vgku kh`v`ri l`jg jf uvgjfl vfĈ

u ‒kruũtvgci pr`tgv krživf– Q. Obistrfsi, pi svf k` njfh`vf gzogjf, i t` zniăg li` tilvf pr`cgũbjfnf, u p`hbfku njfh`v`h vu kfc`lriogjg ‟ gbg k` njfh`vf gzrgăgtf d`rcubiogjf, ibg s nicjl`niăn`h ulbinjinji, k`kuũf nf`stvirgv`h, u t`tibgtirgzcu.

Nf ubizfĈg `vkjf u hghintslu ziki

Ĉu nflilvf p`bgtg

ălf il`j`j mg trfmib`, i t` jf mfz sucnjf gbuz`rn`, rizvgtg n`vu ‒tg

tgălge rfžgci - nfci nglilv`h i prg`rg bgcgti zi bjukslu gnvf p`bgtgălg sustivg l`jf `zniăivic` li` ‒ireigănf–, kfsp`tslft t bgt g mg g g t l bgl bgăgtg t bgl g l

6=



ni, p`ngũtivinjfc gbg sp`rivinjfc jfknf u l`rgst kruhf0 =) Ql`c ki `vu prvu d`rcubiogju pgtinji c`žfc` `stivgtg p` stri

huĈi dfn`cfn`b`hgji (`n`h) kruũtvfn`h g t` ni niăgn l`jg jf sũt` jf t`, ni prgcjfr, pulg p`vritil ni lbisgănf Irgst`tfb`vf ‒il` jf `kh`v`r p`tvrkin, gci bg `nki dfn`cfni u l`jgci sf nkruũtvfn`st dfn`cfnibgzgri li` tilvi, `tvirijuĈg tgcf put lin`cfn`b`hgjg kruũtvfn`stg0 N`, nf nibizgc` bg ni `v`cf pucubiogju pgtinji, l`jf jf kilbf k`gsti kv`strul`, il` jf gstgni

tvfn`h mfz sgcm`bgălf gnstgtuogjf, kilbf dfn`cfn`b`ũl`h pgtn`c mfz pgtinji ` p`bgtgăl`c ‟ ki nfci, u gzvjfsn`c scgsbun`h g ip`bgtgăn`h gbg isgcm`bgăn`h kruũtvfn`h, gzuzfv u ipstrũbjfnjf usp`stivbji sic` u svreu rizjiũnjfnji l`jfh ni vfĈ u

p`n`v` p`lrfĈf, cilir ni p`srfkin gbg prfrięfn niăgn, ip`rgjtibn`h gbg fhzgstfnogjibn`h s`bgpsgzci.

Kilbf, upriv` jf prfte`kn` g tfcfbjn` pgtinjf n` l`jf sfn`cfn`b`hgjf g sgcm`bgălf gnstgtuogjf, i `stivbjijuĈg p`strintf l`jf su tu g tic` prgmivgbg u sv`cf kjfbu lisng Cfrbfiu-Qkt, nf c`žf sf rfĈg ki jf `n` stvirn` rizcitrin` l`k hbivngdfn`cfn`b`ũl`h p`lrfti. Cfęutgc, t` nf zniăg ki sf st`hic`žf p`lrfnutg ni privg niăgn. Q`k uvjft`c ki prgcgjftgc`

n`b`ũl` pgtinjf ` (`n`cf) kruũtvfn`c c`žf rizcitritg li`ngăl`h scgsbi g `sjftgbn`stg (zkriv`h rizuci)= g p`k uvjft`cũf zi`mgbižfnji g kv`scgsbfn`stg l`jf jf E. Irfnkt p`lizib

= Iut`r l`rgstg k`sb`vin drinouslg prgjfv`k /bf sfns o`ccun/ bitgnsl`h g

cungs. [`Ĉf u `v`cf tflstu mgtg jfkin `k hbivnge tfrcgni u gzbihinju g tt`vf tfrcgn`b`hgjf gz Lrgtglf c`Ĉg suę fnji. V niũfc prgjfv`ku Ĉfc` l`

K. _`nnfndfbk`v`h prgjfv`ki. Cfęutgc, l`k `v`h tfrcgni jf p`sfmn` vstrulg scgsi` drinousl`h sfns l`jg ăuvi gstg tiliv scgsi` gst`h bitgnsl`hu ghrg jf tu g `sjftgb` gbg ăub` g scgsi`. Kilil`, p`krizucgjfvi sf g trfĈf ztihcf i t` jf ‒zkrivg rizuc– ]izjiũnjivijuĈf svjftb` zi ]goegr`vf ‒jf

CI]O ] GOEG]



t` pgtinjf,? i til`ęfr g p`k uvjft`c ki sf k`luăg suũtgnslg dkgcfnzgji l`ju gci Lrgtgli c`Ĉg suę fnji,; Lint nic jf prgm

nf fbfcfntf ki mg nizniăgbg privg prgstup.Vstvirg, il` usv`jgc` vilv` hbfkgũtf nfci rizb`hi ki in

u njfngc kumgnici, pr`citric` li` lint`vslg k`prgn`s pgtinibgtglu uzvgũfn`h li` Lint`v` vbistgt` srfkstv` ki nis k`vn`stg zi`mgbizngc putfc prfl` sjftgbn`stg. Il` sf bgjfp` k`pni ungvfrzibin g nužin niăgn, kilbf gzvin g p`nik svge krfęfn

stvfni sgcm`bgăl`j gnstgtuogjg lubturf u l`j`j sf k`hięi, t` ù njfcu, s `nf strinf l`nvfnog`nibn`h `k`mrivinji, p` srgjn`st dfn`cfnĉ. Il` jf gsti stvir g si `ngc uzvgũfngc, l`jf jf bgrin` u pr`cgũbjijuĈfc fstftsl`c suku, kilbf jfknil` mfz pil` jf sbuăij uzvgũfn`h sb`žfngjg nfh` sbuăij bgjfp`h, mukuĈg kuspjfei sefcitgziogjf (mfz p`jci l`jg jf uniprgjfk kin) u`mr

hi ũt` jf ni gstg niăgn u uzvgũfn`c g s `nf strinf l`nvfnog`nvinji (ni l`jf nis upuĈuju lint`vslg ‒prgcjfrg–) `pft jf p` snibn`st dfn`cfnĉ. Il` sf, gzcfęu `stib`h, rizcitri ki su `rizkv`jgvi sic` ni tfcfbju lint`vslf iregtflt`nglf (`kn`snbgălf gnstgtuogjf b`z` jf, u ăfcu sf g sist`jg lrgtgogzic6), l`jc`vf g gkfjf, kilbf strinu l`ji jf d`rcibn` `mjfkgnjfni g nf`

nu dfn`cfni,4

tf ki su, ni tfcfbju njge`vf prv`mgtnf kgst`rzgjnf`mbgl`vin` dfn`cfni nfrizbuăgvg, nki kitbf sbgjfkg ki sun` jfknil` nfrizbuăgvg u `ăgci dfn`cfnibn`stg, l`jf su u gstgn`Ĉf g vrt`hbivgof, `k bgjfp`h prgvgki gnkgvgkuibgzgrin`h si ‒zvge l`nlrftnge kin`stg, tf k nf`krfęfn`h mfzkini u l`jfc sli` rizvrhivinjf g p`ngũtivinjf dfn`cfni. Q`n`vn` dfn`cf

trfĈf Lrgtglf c`hu

Ĉgb` mg, kilbf, ki sf k`c`hnfc` pùzkinn`cfn`b`hgju, l`jf mg jf gz tfcfbji `mn`vgb`.

6;

_ j k ũ j g g k mbjg b j g



_ jfknf strinf, `n` ũt` jf u ghrg u kumbjgc sb`jfvgci, u p

fstftgăn`c suęfnju ‟ l`jf jf sic` u sflunkirn`c scgsbu su

l`c scgsbu tfrcgni ‟ jfstf upriv` pr`cgũbjinjf dfn`cfni mf jf uniprgjfk kit (i prg`rg gbg fcpgrgjslg), kilbf pr`cgũbjinjf dfh`v`j dfn`cfnibn`stg ‟ i ũt` jf c`huĈf sic` u sb`m`kn`c s

mrizgbjf l`jg jf sefcitgzic dfn`cfnibgziogjf, hkjf sf ulizuj prgvrfcfni, pr`bizni, nfp`st`jini g rikglibn` l`ntgnhfntni phi sf c`žf rfĈg ki lint`vsl` cgũbjfnjf v`kg li k`sbjfkn`j m

bgziogjf li` svre`vgt`stg mfz svref dfn`cfni u p`hbfku ni njt` zniăg nf li` p`st`jin`stg gbg ikflviogjf sfmf si s`m`c, nfhli` dfn`cfn. _ kruhf strinf, i ũt` jf vižngjf zi niũu sikiũncfnibgziogji jf, putfc fstftsl`h zik`v`bjstvi ‟ l`jfh Lint

jf `k ‒pit b`ũl`h–, tfl zg`b`ũl`h gbg ‒`sjftgbn`h– zik`v`bjstg dfn`cfnibgziogji ă`vjfli, u `v`c l`ntflstu ‒zijfkngăl`h s

l`jf jf dfn`cfn`b`ũlg zijfkngălg scgsi`, nij u l`jfc sf bjukulizuju u sv`j`j dfn`cfnibn`stg, mgb` u vgku Bfgm-i, žgvf tjfbciki tfl u ngliki rizvgjfngc niznilici u Qrgr kn`c priv

ssfrb u sv`jgc spgsgci ` trinsofnkfntibn`j gntfrsumjfltgvn stl`jg jf ugstgnu nfrizbuăgv, cfęus`mn`h rizucgjfvinji mfz glizuci, n`c vgku l`jg jf uvgjfl prftp`stivbjfn u svil`j ustin`

g sgcm`bgăn`j l`cungliogjg (putfc hfstg, iliti gbg ilogji). Lino`ccungs– trfmi sevitgtg ni str`h niăgn li` ‒mirmirslu– gbg ‒

zgju (Cfrbfiu-Q`nty) bjuksl`stg, li` upriv` nu kgcfnzgju u pr`nibizg sv`j ugstgnu dfn`cfn`b`ũlg stitus: k`kuũf, nf li` gnkgcfnzgju gbg li` su-mgtil ( Cgtsfgn) l`jg mg prftp`stivbji` jfktil, nfh` li` kgcfnzgju gzv`rn` cn`h`strul`h scgsbi, tf cn`

rfn`h zi pr`cgũbjinji mfz p`jci l`ji su g sici cn`h`strulizijfkngălgc `sjftgb`c/scgsb`c `tlrgvic`, kilbf, gzvjfsnu vn`cfn`b`ũlf kruũtvfn`stg, cn`h`strulf g cn`h`strul` `tv`dfn`cfn`b`ũli gnkgvgkuiogji, kn`sn` dfn`cfnibgziogji l`bg

b t j t bgl g kgl b l tg t t Ĉ

CI]O ] GOEG]

d gj t ‒ t lg b g – l ũt j t



dfn`cfn-svgjfti, ‒si cn`h`strulgc ubizgci–, li` ũt` jf t` siscgjftg` Cfrbfiu-Q`nty u Tgkbjgv`c g nfvgkbjgv`c< gbg rikgjf, li

kijfc`, ‒si cn`h`strulgc putinjici–, prg ăfcu svili putinjivi gzvjfstin scgsi`-svgjfti u vrfcfn`vinju-`pr`st`rgvinjuvfrzibn`c– gbg ‒nužn`c– scgsbu-svgjfti (Lint) dfn`cfni-svgzv`rn`j g nfprflgkn`j dfn`cfn`b`ũl`j sefcitgziogjg ‟ i l`ji j

ăiju gzvinjsli iltgvn`stg svgjfstg u p`hbfku l`jf sf `vi sefci jf li` ni ‒pisgvni sgntfzi– l`ju Eussfrb nglil` ngjf uspgjfv

tilvu, i hkjf sf rizimgrf nfũt` li` dfn`cfn`b`ũl` nfsvjfsn`.Il` jf t` svf til`, gpil Ĉfc` `stivgtg p`tpun` p`hrfũin

`kitbf zilbjuăg ki jf dfn`cfn`b`ũlg zijfkngălg scgsi` ‟ scgsi

n` u fl-stizg g risprsnut u svjft`vgci dfn`cfni-svgjfti ‟ utli` tiliv prgstupiăin inibgzg. MukuĈg ki jf l`flstfnzgvin krfęfn`stg dfn`cfni-svgjfti, `n sf nf sv`kg ni til`zvin` gz

l`jf jf, prgvgkn`, ni kjfbu u fjkftsl`c zrfnju. @n sf, kilbfbgl` li` e`rgz`nt `ksustvi u prgsustvu, li` `n` ũt` jf gzcf

zi, hfstg, iliti gbg ilogji, t`bgl` g unutir njge, li` `n` ũt` geũt` ge `tviri li cn`h`strulgc ‒gntfrprftiogjici–. @vij zijzniăg ruũfnjf eusfrb`vslf fjkftglf zit` ũt` su kgvbjf dfn`cfnf– gbg, rikgjf, ‒mgĈi– (Xfsfn) (Cfrbfiu-Q`nty) i prg`rg nfsvăfnji– (p`jc`vf) gbg zit` ũt`, il` sf `ni g jisn` òrtiju zi prgcjfr, sgcm`bgăl`j gnstgtuogjg jfzgli u lrgbu `v`h gbg `n`h f

zgli, òrtivijuĈg dfn`cfn`b`ũl` p`bjf si t`bglgc mgĈgci l`jli, `ni nfĈf mgtg vjfăni g nfpr`cjfnbjgv` rislrgvijuĈi zniăfog nfl`h k`mr` l`nstrugrin`h b`h`si, suũtgnĉ (fgkf) l`jf sug nfpr`cjfnbjgvf (Qbit`n, Irgst`tfb, Eussfrb), nfh` su gzrizgzniog gzrizgt` pr`cjfnbjgv`h scgsbi l`jg sf tv`rf, u sic`c lr`z dfn`cfn`b`ũl` vrfcfn`vinjf/`pr`st`rgvinjf u jfzglu.lbf, nivfkfng ki gz sicf nutrgnf dfn`cfn`b`hgjf susrftnfc`

m`bgălf gnstgtuogjf g prgcgjftgc` ki sf ustvirg p`vgjfsn` dfn`t gj g k t tg g j j j ũt j Ĉ g

64

gbg ‒ ib kn`c gũăflg inj – ki m kfc` s gjft ‒ str`jf



gbg ‒uzibukn`c gũăflgvinju– ki mukfc`-u-svgjftu, ‒ustr`jfstup`ru nflgc ‒str`jfc– gbg sgcm`bgălgc Hfstfbb -`c91, l`j

gzvin-svgjfti, gzvin prgmjfžgũti svgjfti (Efgkfhhfr), li` nflill`jf su cinjf gbg vgũf p`kitnf cingpubgrinju sbgjfpgc cfeinbjinji u l`jfc sf prgrfęujf kjfb` scrtg gbg ‒nih`ni scrtg– (Drhfr, Bioin). Vpriv` ni putu v`h pgtinji nic Lint, u sv`j`jũfn`h, prgmivbji gzuzftn` pùănf uvgkf. ]ikg sf, ustvirg, df

susrftu dfn`cfn`b`ũl`h p`bji (u fstftgăl`c pr`cgũbjinju m

pr`ciũujf, ki til` ližfc`, ni rumu sic`hi sfmf) g sgcm`bgăfstftgăl` pr`cgũbjinjf sf `snižujf g prfuzgci, s `nf strinf tfc p`n`rn`h fstftgăl`h seviĈinji ă`vjfl`v`h nik`sjftgbn`

Qr`cgũbjijuĈg mfz p`jci nf`mbgl`ving ispflt dfn`cfni-svsu lint`vslg prgcjfrg, cinjf gbg vgũf nigvn`, gzriz u ‒lvgntfsgbg, rikgjf, sefcitgzgrijuĈi trinsofnkfntibni u`mrizgbji, nf u

citgzgri svf k` rum`vi svgjfti (citfcitsl` sumbgcn`) gbg snijkumbjf nutrgnf (kgnicgălg sumbgcn`)< u `v`c nfuspjfeu,njfh`vu vbistgtu scrt gbg, rikgjf, dfn`cfn`b`ũl` gsluũfnjf (j

jfknf fpèf u l`j`j prgjftnji scr Ĉu ngjf ngliki stvirni) nj

k`hięi sf s`pstv` li` sgcm`bgălg ustin`vbjfn mgtil, i t` zniu sv`j`j nik`sjftgbn`j kgcfnzgjg, g t` putfc `n`hi ũt` sgcm`

bjujf (M`h), i l`jf jf, zievibjujuĈg sv`j`j rikglibn`j gbg ips`bkfnogjg, s nu strinu svgjfti, s nu strinu njfh`vge vinjslge r

vge nijkumbjge srfkgũti. Cfęutgc, p`jiũnjivi Lint, i vi tiăvižn`stg, `vij susrft, u l`jfc mfsl`niăni sefcitgziogji u`mgvi scgsi` li` mfs-l`niăni sefcitgziogji, u vrfcfn`vinjnju, gzvjfsnf sefcitgziogjf scgsb`vi-svgjfti u scgsbu (sic`sb`vi) l`jg vgũf nf prgpiki svgjftu zit` ũt` jf seviĈfn u mfzkstg li` gntfbghgmgbng scgsi`, f tij susrft sf bil` c`žf prf`mrižfnjf, il` jf prfbizil lr`z scrt tu seviĈfn u strieu g užisusf tu rislrgvi li` s`pstv` fcpgrgjslg kit` sic`cf sfmg, hr ă

m g mg ă d t gj gbg j j

CI]O ] GOEG]

bu trfmi mgtg ustr`jfni svf k` nijcinjge kftibji si `ngc ũt` j



bu trfmi mgtg ustr`jfni svf k` nijcinjge kftibji si `ngc ũt` jngcng, prgjftfĈg g scrt`n`sng Tfbglg Kruhg, i t` jf M`h l`jg jf

niăn` buliv g pr`riăunbjgv spbftlir ‟ u svil`c sbuăij tv`rioftzsoef nisbutg`, ‒nisrtiji ni žgv`t–.

‒C`cfnt– uzvgũfn`h ngjf, kilbf, ‒uniprgjfk zik`mgvfnvfrzibn`stg g nužn`stg, i j`ũ cinjf, il` jf t` c`huĈf, jf t` bgjfp`h, nipr`st` zit` ũt` `n` ũt` jf `vkjf u ghrg ngjf sic` dsusrftinjf `n`hi ũt` ustin`vbjujf sgcm`bgăl` (u lbisgăn`c

nfh` nijprgjf g li` `n` ũt` prgprfci `v` p`t`njf dfn`cfn`njf scrtg l`ji jf krul ăgjf, lil` vgkgc`, g risl`ũngjf irtglubgEfgkfhhfri. Vstvirg, nf rikg sf ` t`cf ki sf si nf`krfęfn`scrtg su`ăgc` si nfp`l`bfmbjgv`c `kbuăn`ũĈu nfh` rikgjf nfl`hi l` prgeviti ki svf gzhumg g l`jg ‒nibizg– sic` p` t

jf ` pùzkinju l`jf jf ustvirg pùzkinjf u scgsi`, g t` u pr

quf/ scgsi` sb`m`kf, putfc fstftgăl`h seviĈinji (mfz p`jc`tv`rfn`stg n`hi ũt` jf vbistgt`, gzvin svgjfti, i t` Ĉf rfĈg gzfcpgrgjslge gbg ăil spflubitgvnge `sghurinji, pùzkinjf ki ssi` scgsbi, ki sf zip`ă nf, ibg nf g ziănf, tfbf`b`hgji `ksiki

mbfcitgăni ‟ tfbf`b`hgji scgsbfnf ilogjf u `v`cf svgjftu, trgjsl`h pr`cgũbjinji prgr`kf: trfmib` jf sevitgtg ki su `vf k

jf sic` gzvinjslg p`vfzinf si svre`vgt`ũĈu, jfr jf lrijnjg rikglibn` nfp`znit g nfsp`znitbjgv. Eirc`ngji `sjftgbn`h g

ngjf ngliki kiti l`k Linti, i ngtg nipr`st` prgpiki rfku dinnji gbg `plbikf sb`m`kùcngli, `ni ngjf stvir nflf v`bjf zriăuni tf gstf c`Ĉg, jfr `ni `stijf, tic` nfhkjf ni e`rgz`ntni, li` sbgjfp` g ‒nigvn`–, gzcgrfn` pùzkinjf u scgsi` scsf `v` pùzkinjf `hbfki u sgcm`bgăl`c e`rgz`ntu sv`hi slil`, c`ribng zil`n zik`mgvi scgsi` li` nfp`rfogvg vjfănžfbgc` mgtg bjukg, `nki...), i `mbgl`vinjf zninstvfnge tf`rgji

`b`ũl`h pr`cgũbjinji, ni gstg niăgn zik`mgvi scgsi` li` gzvk etj j t ũt j j j g t bg gmgb t

65

rgz`nt `ksutn`stg `n`hi ũt` z`vfc` trinsofnkfnogj`c svgjf



rgz`nt `ksutn`stg `n`hi ũt` z`vfc` trinsofnkfnogj`c svgjfnfk`stupin, jfr jf rikglibn` u `tlb`nu li` `n` ũt` nis ngjf ă

nis nfĈf ăflitg< kilbf, ki nfci dfn`cfni-svgjfti l`jg sf cbgzgritg mfz e`rgz`nti niũf vbistgtf scrtg, i l`jg jf til`ęfr e`vjfsnf sic`stg (gpsçgtç) l`ji sf stibn` g mfz utvr ęfn`h r`listgtugri, pr`nibizg g humg. _ kruhf strinf, t` zniăg ki il` jf ssn` s`pstv` tu til`ęfr nf`krfęfn` li` g dfn`cfn, `nki `rf sic` til` ũt` sf ustin`vbjujf p`ăfvũg `k susrfti, ni `v

sutn`stg, si trinsofnkfnogj`c l`ji, ki mg mgbi sgcm`bgălg uvfĈ jfstf s `nu strinu svgjfti (g s `nu stinu g kruhkjf `k mgtlũt` jf t` Bçvgnis ni zikgvbjujuĈg niăgn p`lizi`, Kruhg (b‗In` g gzv`rn` gzcgjfũtinjf u p`hbfku s`pstvi, hkjf sf sic`

pr`niĈg til` ũt` l`nlrftn`, i t` zniăg dfn`cfn`b`ũlg, p`stisbi< i `vij l`cpbflsng mgtil, p`nik fcpgrgjsl`h jistvi, jfk

jftu li` ũt` jf ustin`vbjfn u ulrũtinju sgcm`bgălge rfpfri g s`pstvi, kruũtvfnf hrupf gtk.) l`jf cu kiju l`nzgstfntn`st, l`ęfr c`hu, u cgcè`kgci l`jg hfnfrgriju psgegălf pit`b`dint`cslu sbglu nfp`st`jfĈfh sgcm`bgăl`h gkfntgtfti, gbuz``mcinjujuĈf sukmgnf, hkjf sf sbgjfp` ustr`jivi sgcm`bgălgbgălg nfsvjfsn`h (Bioin) ‟ i t` jf kgcfnzgji l`jf gci uvgjfl

m`bgăl`j gnstgtuogjg. [` jf u nijcinju rulu `n` ũt`, zievibjuc`žfc` pr`niĈg u p`n`rngc kumgnici sgcm`bgălf gnstgtuog

ziũf nijprgjf si jukigzc`c, i p`t`c g jukf`-lrũĈinstv`c.lrũĈinsl`h u `v`c lint`vsl`c pr`cgũbjinju uzvgũfn`h, i ki trfmi prgevitgtg ki sf svf gzhumg, ki sf ucrf u fcpgrgjsl`tu trfpĈf li` sjfnli scrtg, ki mg sf pr`niũbg u žgv`tu scgsbi

m`žinslg žgv`t. ‒C`cfnt– uzvgũfn`h vjfr`k`st`jn` gzriživsbfn`stg g nfkùcgof bjukslf gnkgvgkuiogjf st`hi ũt` k`pgrf snge g p`n`rnge kumgni `tjfb`vbjfnji n`hi ũt` u dfn`cfn`b`ũc`Ĉ ki sgcm`bgălg ustin`vbjujf. šti h`k ki cgsbgbg, p`svf g

b j j k l ũĈ l j l t gjg l t lg gũ

CI]O ] GOEG]

b`ũlf kruũtvfn`stg g sgcm`bgălg ustin`vbjfn`h kruũtvi (siăg



b`ũlf kruũtvfn`stg g sgcm`bgălg ustin`vbjfn`h kruũtvi (siăggnstgtuogjg, `k fcpgrgjslge gnkgvgkui) `n` ũt` p`stijf upgtn`.

t`bgl` kibfl` `k p`bgtglf lil` sf t` ăgng, p`v`k`c l`jf Ĉfcngjf til` bil` rikglibn` rizkv`jgtg, li` ũt` sf t` ăgng ni prvgtinji tf`b`hgl`-p`bgtglf.

Q`jcbjfng u str`h`stg sv`jf ipstrilogjf u kn`su prfci `n

pgrgjsl`, dfn`cfnibgziogji g fstftsl` zik`v`bjstv , li` bjuksc`c dfn`cfnu-svgjfti, kn`sn` zik`v`bjstv` dfn`cinibgzio

vbiũtfn` cjfst` ucjftn`st ‟ upriv` nf p`lrfĈu rfsursf fcpgl`jf jf tu gzmiăfn` gz ghrf si prfkstivici sv`jf sumjfltgvnù ghru rikglibnu l`ntgnhfnogju dfn`cfn`b`ũlf gnkgvgkuiogjfstvir g, li` ũt` sc` vgkjfbg, ni nfrizbuăgv niăgn, u uzvgũfn`csf g `n` gsluũivi u fstftsl`c pr`cgũbjinju mfz p`jci. N`, sf u njfcu p`lrfĈf gsluũivinjf scrtg, trinsofnkfnogjf `ksu

nu g p`strinof `k njfhi< u cjfrg u l`j`j sf prgvgkni pun`Ĉstgci svgjfti (u kgvbjgc Xfsfn) dfn`cfni tu p`jivbjujf, ni tkgst`rzgjf, li` fdfcfrni g fl-stitgăni sfli gzvjfsnf ksutn`zng g pr`mgji si svge strini, c`cfnt uzvgũfn`h sf sist`jg, u

pu zi l`jfh trfmi rfĈg ki jf trinsofnkfntibin ‟ l`jg stviri vi ki sic ngjf u vrfcfnu g u pr`st`ru ‟ u ũ`lu gbg u nfzik`v

fstftslg, mfz p`jci, ũgrg u zik`v`bjstvu (rik`stg) susrfti sgcmogjf l`ji s`pstv` pr`cgũbjinji usgkrivi ă il s nu strinu sv``krfęfn`stg, l`jf cu kijf scgsi` li` scgsi` l`jg sf tv`rg uscgsbi scgsbi. V uzvgũfn`c, upriv` jf prfęfng mfzkin scrvgkuibgzgri s`pstv` k`l hi uzn`sg u gntfbghgmgbnu kgcfnzgju nf mrgnf ` sfmg nfh` ` lèfrfnogjg scgsbi l`jfh trfmi siă gnj

slrij ‟ rikg sf ‒riog`nibn`j– lèfrfnogjg gzi l`jf st`jg nij

jfh nibizgc` u c`ribn`c Zil`nu l`jg nf stgpubgri ngliliv plrft nfh` jf tiă li `tvirinji spric svfh scgsbfn`h l`jf jf st`, trins-sumjfltgvn`. _gcm`bgăli gnkgvgkuiogji putfc uzvglb g gj l g kg gk gj j l ũt j g m bgăl

41

zf), mgvijuĈg nisbgjfp` ustr`jfn` putfc sgcm`bgăl`h Hfstfbb-



zf), mgvijuĈg nisbgjfp` ustr`jfn` putfc sgcm`bgă l`h Hfstfbb

lubirgzgri (i ki hi nf gnkgvgkuibgzgri) li` sbgjfp`h zniăgtfbj

`zniăgtfbji. _cgsi` jf tu, ki til` ližfc`, `tft, s`m`c zisgĈn`c susrftu, pr`rgjfęfn li` e`rgz`nt scgsbi l`jfh trfmi stv`n`c vrfcfn`vinju/`pr`st`rgvinju u svgjftu, ulbgjfũtfn li` zm`h v`h sv`h zisgĈfnji gbg zhuũnjivinji, mgvi sbgjfp` ulbjutgzic p`nivbjinji, `stivbjijuĈg sumjflt, i l`jg jf ustvirg sumlg nfsvjfsn`h, u cuăn`c gũăflgvinju svgjfti ‟ u cuog l`ji j

bjfni, p`nflik ăil g u hr`z`tg ăgst`h užisi (Mgswinhfr), u sgt`b`hgjici lilvf su psgegălf m`bfstg.V str`h`stg lint`vsl`h kuei c`žf sf, kilbf, rfĈg ki gci

tinoi gzcfęu c`ribnf zijfkngof g p`bgtgăl`h kruũtvi: `ni k p`put svge kruhge kgstinog p`stivbjfnge u iregtflt`ngog lrgt

c`stgv mfzkin l`jfh Ĉf prfl`riăgtg, k`kuũf ni p`svf ‒cfti

Dgoetf g Efhfb u njge`v`c cingru usgkrivinji ustin`vbjuju`n`h kruũtvfn`-p`bgtgăl`h u nfl`j vrstg ‒c`cfnti– cinjliv

L`k Dgoetfi jf, ustvirg, g t` vfĈ `k [fcfbji prgr`kn`h privi

slg c`cfnt susrfti kruh`hi li` žgvf tjfbfsn`stg gbg dfn`cfn( Bfgm) scjfsti prflrgvfn, u sv`jfvrsn`c lritl`c sp`ju uzvbgăl`c gnstgtuogj`c `v`h tgjfbi li` sgcm`bi sb`m`kf, prg ăf

m`ki gzrivn` seviĈfni u lint`vsl`c scgsbu: `kitbf sbgjfkogji kruũtvi g bfhgtgcnf krživf u e`rgz`ntu sb`m`kf p`stibi

nisgbni k` dintistgăn`h stupnji, zit` ũt` jf t` niv`kn` ucnũt`, il` jf k`sbjfkn` pr`cgsbgc`, `vi nisgbn`st, fcpgrgjsli

prgzvini jf ki mg sf gsp`bjgbi pr`tgv `n`hi ũt` jf fcpgrgjslùstvirg li` kjfb` scrtg: ucn` kruũtvfn`-p`bgtgăl` sic` jf ptf`b`hgl`-p`bgtglf, n` tu M`h, mgbjfžfn nfk`stitl`c, hurgr‒cfeingăli stvir– gbg sgcm`bgălg Hfstfbb l`jg trfmi cib`-pùsgũf g til` kihni svf fcpgrgjslf pirtglubirn`stg, i t` zniăg

bjukf. L`k Efhfbi, pil, ‒c`cfnt– uzvgũfn`h jf, cilir p`str

t t bj j k ũt bgtgăl V

CI]O ] GOEG]

hkjf `n ziuzgci cjfst` M`hi g hkjf til`ęfr g p`nijprgjf `k



h j j h h j p jp jnjfhi sic`h l`niăn` g nfp`vritn` bgũivi l`nlrftn`h, vrfc

ũfnji prfbisli lr`z scrt. Ziprgjfăfn u sv`j`j gnkgvgkuiogjg h jf p`stibi lvizg-fcpgrgjsli, `n uvgęi ki jf nirogs`gkn` `ksjti g njfh`vf gzvjfsn`stg, sv`j`c vbiũĈu ngl`c nf nikrfęfn,sfmg, uvuăfn u cfeingăl` p`nivbjinjf kjfbi scrtg, lribj mfz p

sic`hi sfmf, li` Tfbglg Kruhg l`jg jf pr`ciũg` tjfb`vbjfnjzgl slrutgtg u sbgjfpu ciũgngziogju `zniăgtfbji (Bioin). G `vkj

lrgvfn`c `mbglu tf`b`hgl`-p`bgtglf, irtglubgrin`c, li` l`ksgcm`bgălg pr`ciũfng susrft, i l`jg ni gstg niăgn, prfcki n p`nivbji strulturf k`cgniogjf: miũ li` l`k Dgoetfi, upriv`Q`vgjfstg k`cgniogji mgtg seviĈfni li` `n` ũt` sf c`žf risptg, liki scrt`n`sni c`Ĉ sgcm`bgălf gnstgtuogjf mukf p`svf gc`j sv`j`j fl`n`cgjg, i l`ji jf p`jcbjfni li` fl`n`cgji sc

ni gslustvu sbuhf. Vcng tfr`rgzic, nfp`srfkn` prgsutin l`kngjf jf risp`rfęfn l`k Efhfbi, hkjf sf kuž ojfb`lupnf Q`vgu `mbglu bulivstvi Vci, u njfh`vgc vfbgăinstvfngc c`csn`h gslustvi, u l`jgci sf, lr`z p`srfkn` gzmgjinjf uzvgũfnkgvgkuf zitgău ips`butn` nikciũfngc ucngc scgsb`c l`jg s

sf siăgnjivi nisbgjfp`. Efhfb jf cilir gci` tu nikc`Ĉ nik D

gci` scgsi` uzvgũfn`h u Q`vgjfstg. N`, tij scgsi` jf svihkgslrgvbjfn zm`h njfh`v`h tf`b`ũl`-p`bgtgăl`h seviĈinji ucngslbjuăgv` ucn`h, i l`jg jf ustvirg mg` scgsi` tf`kgofjf.

[il` sc`, kilbf, c`hbg vgkjftg ũti jf svf sikržin` u pgtinju

c` uzvgũfn`c u p`bgtgog. Tgkjfbg sc` g gcpbgliogjf g pisn`tgălu b`z` ju, zi kn`s dfn`cfn`b`hgjf prfci p`bgtgăl`c p

mf ki sf zilbjuăg ki, il` jf uzvgũfn` cjfst` dfn`cfn`b`ũl`cfn`b`ũl`h p`bji g sgcm`bgăl`h p`bji (p`k `lrgbjfc `nf lrijhi ũt` usp`stivbji sgcm`bgăl`) g il` ăgtiv` kruũtv` trfmi, ni t

jf `n` f` gps` sgcm`bgălg ustin`vbjfn`, ki sf `kn`sg ni `n`t bj j k mg g l t gũ t m b Ĉg g



CI]O ] GOEG]

n`h gsluũivinji, `n` cjfst` hkjf sf `mbglujf uzvgũfn` u sv`



sgcm`bgălg l`kgringc d`rcici ‟ ũt` nf gslbjuăujf gzvjfsnu d

l`nlrftn`st gslustvi l`ji jf jfkgni p`kfsni ki ukienf žgv`tstivici g rgtuibgci, l`jg mg bgũfng t`hi kfhfnfrgribg u sbgjfpuciũgnfrgju ăgst`h g pr`st`h sgcm`bgăl`h Hfstfbb -i ‟ t` `nki (sgcm`bgăl`h) gkfntgtfti gzcfęu cjfsti c`Ĉg g cjfsti `n`hlg ustin`vbjujf, i hkjf sf `kghrivi gnstgtuogji kruũtvfn`h, nni kgstinog, gzvjfsni citrgăni rfbiogji ăgjf rizbgăgtf sgnhubirn

njiviju, svilg put gzn`vi, ‒prgr`ku nfl`h p`bgtgăl`h kruũtvi`n` p`bgtgăl` u nijũgrfc scgsbu jfstf upriv` `n` ũt` trfmi knfsvjfsn` g sbgjfp` gsluũivinjf nfl`h sgcm`bgăl`h Hfstfbb -ngt` bgũg` bjukf njge`vf bjuksl`stg p`stivbjijuĈg ge li` zniăg

jfti, nfh` l`nlrftn` gsluũivinjf l`jf siăgnjivi prfkcft gzbgălf) `mrikf bjuksl`h stinji,94 `nf `mrikf u l`j`j sf ustvi

biogjf nf c`hu zijfkn`, jfkin putfc kruh`h, gzcgjfngtg u `sgcm`bgălu p`vgjfsn`st nfl`h kruũtvi, pi ăil g il` jf, svf k(Gzrifb g Hr ăli) `vi p`vgjfsn`st uvgjfl mgbi ‒rf-l`kgrini– u vgjfsn`stg. V t`c scgsbu mg sf c`hb` rfĈg nf ki `n` p`bgtgăltf`b`ũl`-p`bgtgăl`, nfh` ki jf t` tfl ‒cjfstgcgof–. Vpriv` j

jf c`hi` uvgkjftg, u `kbuăngc tiălici kruhf g trfĈf Lrgtgl

njf uzvgũfn`h ustin`vbjujf ă`vjfli u njfh`v`j (sgcm`bgăl`jkfstgniogjg, `kn`sn` u sgcm`bgăl`j (u gzvjfsn`c c`kfrn`csl`j) zijfkngog l`ji ngjf, gps` diot`, p`bgtgăl` kruũtv` (u hrsbu) ‟ i ũt` k`bizg k` gzrižiji u ăgnjfngog ki gnkgvgkuiogji pugz tfcfbji p`trfsi g k`v`kg u pgtinjf fcpgrgjslu gnkgvgkuiogjũfn`h u p`bgtgăl`c gci sic` putfc p`srfk`vinji l`jf sf st

p`bgtgăl`h li` l`bfltgvnf g ‒prfrikmfnf–98 rfflsgjf ` žgv`tnjfn`h gsluũivinji ni `n`cf cjfstu l`jf jf `kuvgjfl mgb` s`n` ‒rfbghgjsl`– ‟ prg ăfcu su `mi tfrcgni mgbi l`bgl` virgjl`cpbflsni g ngsu c`hbi mgtg i prg`rg rfkuogrini ni jfkn` gbe ge ‒ ă j – l j mg k ž mgb eg t g

4;

i ũt` nf zniăg ‒p`zgtgvn`st– nflf nik-–stvirn`stg– ‟ li` `n



g p`buhf ăgjf jf `kn`sf gzuăivi` strulturibgzic. @v` zniăg

jfknf strinf ki jf uzvgũfn` l`jf jf Lint rislrg` g d`rcubgri`n` u gzvjfsnu fpèu Q`vgjfstg, i t` jf lrij 95. st`bjfĈi. N`, ss tgc u vfzg, t` zniăg ki `v` upgsgvinjf, l`jf jf ni gzvjfstinrinjf–, nf prgjfăg ki hi sihbfkic` g pr`cgsbgc` li` tilv`h ,ci ki jf uzvgũfn` upriv` dfn`cfn`b`ũlg (fstftgălg) ‒c`cf`kghrivi ungvfrzibn` g nužn` gslustv` scrtg, mukuĈg ki sf u

t`cf k`mu, til`ęfr `tv`rgbi gzvjfsni pul`tgni, p`n`r, mfzkiv` `pgrf ‒l`kgrinju– gzbizfĈg ni vgkjfb` u sv`j`j `h`bjfn`stgl`jgc gzuzftng Lint`v hfngj ngjf uzcilnu`.

@vi pul`tgni jf ustvirg c`kfrn` ulizgvinjf, u kruh`j p`bjfĈi, p`nijprgjf pgtinji kfc`lriogjf, i `nki pgtinji ]fv`

jf icfrgălf (si njfngc `kjfogci l`jg su `tgũbg kibfl`, svf k

v`buogjf), i p`t`c Drinouslf rfv`buogjf, g t` gst`vrfcfn` sisgănf tf`b`hgl`-p`bgtglf, kfsp`tslf c`niregjf stir`h p`rftlnf kvjfci rfv`buogjici, mirfc u njfh`v`c sgcm`bgăl`c k

m`bgăl` tgjfb` k`mr`h Lribji, nicjfsngli M`hi ni zfcbjg, n prftv`rgb`, zijfkn` si njfh`vgc uprivngc ‒ipirit`c–, u ‒k‒nfũt`– (Hfstfbb ) ipsurkn`, imn`rcibn` g sitgruĈf. @tiki jf bi mfs-l`niăni, nfcjfrbjgvi g nfsivbikgvi, kgstinoi gzcfęu `n`vbjujf sgcm`bgăl` (M`hi) g c`Ĉg. ]gjfă jf ` tge`c g nfprg

mrižiju u cfntibgtftgci< u sv`j`j nfprfkvgkgv`stg g sv`c sutgv`c liriltfru, `ni siăgnjivi sicu suũtgnu, kum`l` zih`

sn`stg. I upriv` mfz-l`niăn`st `vf kgstinof jfstf `n` ũt` ubgăl`c p`rftlu tviri sb`m`kin pr`st`r u l`jfc sf ojfb`lupnjf c`žf pr`cgũbjitg, mfz uniprgjfk `krfęfn`h p`jci, ni cjf

]gjfă jf, kilil`, ` sb`m`kn`c pr`st`ru, rf-l`kgrin`c prfctfrcgngci (l`jg su kibg p`v`ki nfsp`rizucu) m`žinsl`h g t

prgbgăn` jukf`-lrũĈinsl`c scgsbu, ibg ni tiliv niăgn ki jf `ũt k j g j k t tg g j žg k

CI]O ] GOEG]

ni, vi trinsofnkfnogji, li` sgcm`bgălg e`rgz`nt, kijf scgsi

gj j j g gjg g jg g l jg gj



u-svgjftu, c`j`j fhzgstfnogjg g c`jgc gsluũivinjgci svgjfti.

@vi gsti mfz-l`niăni kgstinoi jf mgbi u ghrg, k`kuũf u `ru, u drinousl`c rfv`buog`nirn`c gslustvu, mirfc k` 987l`n ũt` jf huri kfsp`ti mgbi svrhnuti (zit`ăfnjf lribji g njfsfptfcmru 987=., scilnuĈf Bùgsi UTG =9. jinuiri 987?.)b` `tv`rfngc prizn` cjfst` c`Ĉg, svf k` `n`h nijstriũngjfhfpgz`kg.97 Vpriv` u `lvgru tr`ũfnji, l`jf jf nfnikin` p`sti

zin`, sgcm`bgălf uăgnl`vgt`stg zistirjfbge mgbjfžji prfstgži stg stir`h p`rftli trfmi sevitgtg rfv`buog`nirnf prfvritf, prvibf li` lvizg-prgr`knf k`hięijf: ng gzmgjiju ni svjftb` kin

prfkvgkgv g nfsevitbjgv niăgn ‟ nfci uniprgjfk kit`h p`jci vi ki ge krfkgc` ‟ gz nfp`znitge g nfsp`znitbjgvge kumgnslgtvi g Q`vgjfstg ‟ g t` p`ăfvũg `k 9857. [`l stvirg, zi l`jfh su

bg, u `v`c gbg `n`c trfnutlu, ki njgcf uprivbjiju, `kjfkn`vf`ci umrzingc u sbivngc pirgũlgc rfv`buog`nirngc ‒kingb`stg, u gnvfntgvn`c kueu g nf`mgăn`j sb`m`kg rgjfăg g kjfbi, ustg ibg g u sur`v`stg l`jf su sf p`lizibf l`bgl` nigvngc t`bglu nfrizbuăgv`stg cgũbjfnji g `sjfĈinji, ibg til`ęfr g u fdfc

` prgbglici, liriltfru svilf gnkgvgkuiogjf ‟ hkjf sf ăgngb`slf gnkgvgkuf strhnubf si sfmf sv`ju stiru `kjfĈu. @vkjf sfkfrn`c k`mu, g t` ni prfvritngălg niăgn, nfũt` li` dfn`cfn

n`h , si njfh`v`c liriltfrgstgă n`c nf`krfę fn`ũ Ĉu, i ũt` jfci gzv`rnf nf`krfęfn`stg kfc`lriogjf. [u sf ustvirg zijfkbjujf li` ăvrst` uvfzini g sfmg sic`j trinspirfntni nfh`, ni

slrijn` p`kgjfbjfn dfn`cfn, g t` p`kgjfbjfn u `sjfĈinjgci, u prgjitfbjstvgci, u žfbjici zi `svft`c, u sfnziogjici, u kgsogjici, l`jg su t`bgl` nfk`luăgvg g pr`bizng u sv`j`j gnkgvgknfmr`jn`h cn`ũtvi c`rslge vib`vi. Il` g p`st`jf ub`hf zi‒tfitir– `nf ngsu uniprgjfk nipgsinf, nfh` sf gzucgjfviju p

g b l jg t b Ĉ j g b g ũt

44

niăgn, jfr sf nir`k `lupbjfn u dfn`cfnu l`jg jf mbjfũti` `k j jge kj b g kj k ‒ b kg – t l 7? k



ji, sv`jge kjfbi g h`v`ri, `kjfkn`c ‒zibfkg`–, t`l`c 7?. h`k

p`kgjfbjfnf g ngvfbgrinf zijfkngof. I upriv` zit` ũt` jf, li`kruh`c cjfstu p`luũibg p`lizitg,=1 pr`ciũg` fstftgălu rffn`c, t`l ]fv`buogjf sf prf`lrfnu`, u k`gsti pr`ciũfn`c sũt` ustin`vbjujf sgcm`bgăl`, u njfh`v` sbgjfp` ustr`jivinjf uHfstfbb -u [fr`ri u l`jfc su vbikibg, kilil`, dinitgzic, ibglritsl` prizn`vjfrjf u l`jfc jf svili suvgũf gstilnuti gbg p`

lnuti fcpgrgjsli gnkgvgkui c`hbi `ăflgvitg scrtnu prfsukuLilvf su gcpbgliogjf rfăfn`h u l`ntflstu l`jg sc` gzb`žt` ki jf rfv`buog`nirng c`cfnt, li` c`cfnt p`vritli kruũ

jf gzv`rf, i t` til`ęfr zniăg ni sv`ju dfn`cfn`b`ũlu p`jivicmghvgtftin st`hi ũt` jf, c`huĈujuĈg p`jivbjgvinjf tilvf s

dfn`cfn`b`ũl` (fstftgăl`) zijfkngăl` sjftgb`, gst`vrfcfn`

niăgn, rf

ăfn` lint`vslgc tfrcgngci, ‒c`cfnt– bgjfp`h g ‒ccn`h, hkjf jf fcpgrgjsli gnkgvgkuibn`st p`zvini ki sf gzhum

pr`niũbi prf`mrižfn`c u zih`nftn`j hurg s`pstvi ‟ ‒s`pstsi `ngc ũt` ustin`vbjujf sgcm`bgăl` u ]fv`buogjg. N` ngjf sli` u sivrfcfngc t`tibgtirgzcgci (i p`h`t`v` nf, lil` jf togzcu), ` ‒fstftgziogjg– p`bgtglf, jfr sf `vi p`t`nji `stvirujfg gzvini u pfrvfrzn`c g ih`ngstgăl`c uprgz`rfnju ]fv`buogbgtgziogjg– fstftglf g t` u cfęus`mn`c g p`n`rn` kum`l`c `

p`bgtgăl`h g n`h dfn`cfn`b`ũl`h. Dfn`cfn kruũtvfn`h l`jg

dfn`cfnibn`stg ngjf sic` n` ũt` kržg bjukf ni lupu ni cjf`sjftgbn`stg/scgsbi l`jg sf tv`rg mfz prfte`kn`h p`jci (‒prfs

sf h`t`v` uvgjfl kfũivibf p`v`k`c nfl`h `kmgjinji i nf sit`c ăgjf mg `stvirfnjf mgb` `sghurin` nfl`c prfk-`krfęfnù t`c scgsbu mgbf ‒griog`nibnf–), kilbf ni cjfstu `n`hi ũt`nflilv` slb`ngũtf, ibg jf `n til`ęfr zistriũujuĈg zm`h sv`jfnji sgcm`bgălge `mgbjfžji, i p`sfmn` `nge l`jg gkfntgogriju

g gj l g kg gk K l j j d b tg k

CI]O ] GOEG]

kruũtvfn`, gbuz`rn` ăvrst` sistivbjfn` u sfmg, ibg p`kgjfbjfn`g kg gk mj ltg tg t m b g k kgtg t



gnkgvgkuf, ni sumjfltgvn`stg, trfmib` `vgci k`sukgtg scrt.

[` Ĉf rfĈg ki jf `n` uzvgũfn` u p`bgtgăl`c, li` cjfst`l`h susrfti `n`h kruũtvfn`h u njfh`v`j cutn`j g mfsl`niăndfn`cfnibn`stg si `ngc ũt` ustin`vbjujf sgcm`bgăl`, u stit` u`stib`c g c`hb` `ăflgvitg, ki `scgsbg `n` ũt` sf `k scg

jivbjgvib` u rfv`buog`nirn`j uzivrfb`stg, i nf ki nflilvgc ă

z`c ustin`vg `n` kruũtvfn` li` ki jf vfĈ p`svf h`t`v`. N

uzvgũfn` u p`bgtgog sf ulizujf li` ristvirijuĈg fbfcfnt, liscjfrinji li sb`m`kirsl`j, mritsl`j g fhibgtirn`j iniregjg, i ki njfni trg `kh`virijuĈi gcfni c`hu, u sv`j`j sgcm`bgăl

stg, p`lrgtg p`svf rizbgăgtf p`bgtgălf stvirn`stg. Jfr t` jf c`ct`v` nfsevitbjgv, ut`pgjslg u `kn`su prfci fcpgrgjsl`j stv

stg, mfz sucnjf nisbuĈfn u jukf`-lrũĈinstvu, u l`jfc sf su-

jf u nfucgtn`stg ki sf `stinf prg sfmg sic`cf, u rikglibn`c pgtinjf `n`h fcpgrgjsl`h. Nf rikg sf, kilbf, ` ăvrst` p`vfznfh` ` trinsp`bgtgăl`j zijfkngog (u užfc scgsbu tfrcgni ‒p`

j`j mg sf gnkgvgkuiogji hrikgbi u susrftu dfn`cfn`b`ũlf gnkg jf l`bgl` rikglibn` l`ntgnhfntni t`bgl` g rikglibn` fdfcfrnl`c gnkgvgkuiogj`c, ibg ni cjfstu `n`hi ũt` ustin`vbjujf sgsf upriv` p`lizujf, u uzvgũfn`c, li` nf-dfn`cfnibni nf`

žinslg cgstfrgj). Qrfci t`cf, s`pstv` sf p`jivbjujf kfofnt

jge fcpgrgjslge krfęfnji ki mg sf prfkib` nfulb`njgv`j zih``ksiki stviri sic` zi sfmf g zi kruhf. G t` ni tij niăgn ki stu uzvgũfn`h c`žf usp`stivgtg sic` ut`pgjsli kruũtvfn`stg prfl` sv`jge p`kjfbi, t` nf zniăg ki `vi p`t`nji nf p`st`jtgv, ki `ni siăgnjivi, ni kgstinog `k p`bgtgălf sdfrf c`Ĉg g p`tvi, sgcm`bgălg e`rgz`nt bjuksl`stg l`jg u niăfbu nikciũujf

Cilir svil` žgv` kruũtv` l`jf sf u pr`ciũfn`c susrftu nftiăngc kjfbgci `n`hi ũt` ustin`vbjujf sgcm`bgăl`. [` jf mft ũt j b j gbg gũ g l g b ă j

45

buog`nirnge `mriăuni p`prgcgbg bgl (sgcm`b) nf`hringăfn`h s

kg `vij p`t`njg jf c`hi` bfhgtgcn` g mfz humgtli upriv` til



kg, `vij p`t`njg jf c`hi` bfhgtgcn` g mfz humgtli upriv` til

mgtg prf`mrižfn u _lupũtgnu ( L`nvfnt ) g u L`cgtftf, l`jg su p‒svjft`vni ruli– nir`knf v`bjf. Vlizgvinjf tf`b`hgl`-p`bgtgu t`c til`zvin`c `tjfb`vbjfnju uzvgũfn`h ni `krfkgv`c gcjfstu gzvjfsnf c`Ĉg l`ji c`žf, u gst`c t`c c`cfntu, `ssic` u nf`kbuăn`c kržinju gzcfęu gz`piăfnf hurf tfr`rg- l`ji jf ustvirg huri irmgtrirn`h g icibhici, gstgnsli gzv`

kfc`lriogjf ‟ g

hurf n`v`h kfsp`ti, h`rfh `k `n`h stir`h ji– snih`c sgcm`bgăl`h, i l`jfh jf u jfkn`c c`cfntu ]`b`vg` ‟ l`jg ngjf c`hi` mn`vgtg kgstinou sgc u u`mrizgbjg, unijvgũfh mgĈi, ũt` jf `tužni cisli jfkn`h mfslrvn`h, crtviul`ăfn`h mgĈi l`jg nibglujf sbgjfp`c riku hgbj`tgnf. Liki ritg, `kn`sn` lrfgritg u fcpgrgjsl`j stvirn`stg ut`pgjsli zij

u`stib`c, `tlrgvi li` tilvi upriv` p` t`cf, `nki jf gkfntg m`c u njfn`c ipstriltn`c p`jcu, rfkuogric` jf u nflu e`sgjfluĈg (hbivf g) svf ũt` nikgbizg ungd`rcn`st. Q`nfsfng vrtvgkgvge k`hięiji, drinouslg rfv`buog`nirg l`jg su gpil mgbg nirg– ]fv`buogjf, ngsu gcibg vrfcfni ki sevitf ki jf gkfji utòf g `n`hi ũt` ustin`vbjujf sgcm`bgăl`, li` ũt` jf t` Lint knfprfkstivbjgvi /gcprçsfntimbf/ , i t` zniăg ki `ni c`žf husv`j`j nf`krfęfn`stg, sic` li` sic scgsi` scgsbi, pi g zijtgbi/scgsbi, nfsv`kgv` ni e`rgz`ntu svil`h kruũtvi, ibg u nfsf p`jivg gbg prfkstivg (kirstfbbfn) u svgjftu, ki sf sefcitgzgci-svgjfti, gzuzfv ni nf`krfęfn niăgn, i j`ũ cinjf ki sf ‒pr

n`st ‟ tilv` ‒prfv`ęfnjf– mg nfgzmjfžn` mgb` ‒gzkiji–. Li` pùăg`, uzvgũfn` jf sic` e`rgz`nt u l`jfc jf svili gnstgtuo sf `hbfki g pr`cgũbji, g t` j`ũ mfz p`jci l`jg mg mg` uniprgjrg gbg fcpgrgjslg): t` jf mfz sucnjf g prgjf svfhi gstgngt` ` gnstn`-p`bgtgăl`h. Kilbf, uzvgũfn` zisghurn` ngjf gkfji gbg p`jil j mg b t gtg k ũt bgtgăl l j m

CI]O ] GOEG]

cfęu dfn`cfn`b`ũlf kumgnf gslustvi g `n`hi ũt` ustin`vbjit` jf zit` ũt` sf `n nf zin`sg sic` gbuzgj`c ki p`sjfkujf vbis



t` jf zit` ũt` sf `n nf zin`sg sic` gbuzgj`c ki p`sjfkujf vbis

bgăl`h l`jf trfmi sic` ‒p`lrfnutg–, nfh` ũt` sici vi gbuzgjir`vinji ki sf fcpgrgjsl` s`pstv` c`žf trinsofnkgritg g sic` szgtg putfc ‒`kbulf– gbg v`bjf, prg ăfcu sf kruũtv` trinsofnkgvi. @v` lrftinjf trinsofnkfnogjf gbg prf`mrižiji u stvirn`stg nnfh` bulivstv` sic``kržinji, Iudefmunh u efhfb`vsl`c scnikciũg i ki ngũti nf gzhumg, i hkjf sf, u slrupub`zn`c (dini

vjfsn`c) vrũfnju rfpumbglinslf vrbgnf, zi `n` kruũtvfn` vjfk` sv`jf gstgnf, uz gslbjuăfnjf svfhi `n`hi zi ũt` sf ăgng ki @k kruũtvfn`-p`bgtgălf zijfkngof sf `ăflujf ki Ĉf sf st`pgtg sl`, trins-p`vgjfsn` s`pstv`, u l`jfc mg sf mfz humgtli trfmignkgvgkuf l`jf su g sicf uzkghnutf k` sv`jf ăgst`tf, k`l jf s

pgrgstgăn`st–, ci l`bgl` cib` ki jf sgnhubirni ‟ tibfntg, m`hi

`suęfni ni scrt st`hi ũt` jf prfkstivbjibi nfp`kn`ũbjgvg stitili gbg stir`h kruũtvi. V p`zikgng nistupinji ni sofnu tf`b`hg

tfc kruhge srfkstivi ulizi` sf ngegbgstgălg pr`pbicsij s`pstsicgc s`m`c, zi sv`jgc sic``kržinjfc, u mfzkinu l`jfh jl`niăni kgstinoi uzvgũfn`h: liki `n` uęf kgrfltn`, mfz ziũtk`vinji (trikgog`nibn`: `n`h ‒rfbghgjsl`h–) u p`bjf p`bgtglf, k`hięi mfz prgjftnjf nijvfĈfh zbi.

[rfmit Ĉf ăgtiv` `n` sp`r` p`vgjfsn` `kstupinjf g slrftist`bjfĈi ki mg sf nfprgcgjftn` pr`ũb` `k tf`b`hgl`-p`bgtglf l

p`bgtgog: ki mg sf kruũtv`, zi l`jf sf scitrib` ki hi jf krživicgb`, p` uz`ru ni M`hi, li` sfmf-ustin`vbjujuĈi supstinoi

mg ni svjftb` kini u =1. st`bjfĈu gzmgbi n`vi vfrzgji tfr`ri uci. V t`c nfăuvfn`c g zistriũujuĈfc gslustvu nin`v` sf

tizci stipinji zijfkngof sicf si s`m`c g krživf si kruũtvì ũt` sf u stvirn`stg rfibgzgri li` dintistgăni iniregji (u scli` p`svfciũnjf `ksustv` prgnogpi g prgnogpĉ, li` nfcgb`sr

Ĉg k t k g mg g k k mgj

81

u ]usgjg. I niogstgălg t`tibgtirgzic, ki hi til` niz`vfc`, s]fv`buogju ki mg sf kgrfltn` ulbjuăg` u njfn` uprgz`rfnjf =9



]fv`buogju ki mg sf kgrfltn` ulbjuăg` u njfn` uprgz`rfnjf.

cfngc gsluũivinjgci umgtiănge c`Ĉg `n`hi ũt` ustin`vbjuu`pĈf sf vgũf nf rikg, li` ũt` jf t` mgb` u drinousl`c tfr`rstvu, ` rfpumbglinsl`j vrbgng, jfr jf siki ogngzic `tv`rfn` prg svgci jisin: `kvižn`st jf p`stibi nfvjfr`jitni krsl`st gbg slrgvfng prgjfzgr žgv`ti g gstgnf, i pr`stiăli kjfbi su prftv`rfnsukmgnu ăgtiv`h bjuksl`h r`ki. [fr`r jf tu p`sti`, u vfĈ`j g

rg, `vgsn` ` rfžgcgci,ăgstg užis (vreunio jf k`sfhnut si Iut` sf nf c`žf `mjisngtg p`zgvinjfc ni gkf`b`hgju l`ji `ăgt`

nfh` ‒prizni prgăi– p`stivbjfni li` nitpgs ni putu li mfzk‒riog`nibgziogji– u gcihgnirn`c sgcm`bgăl`h Hfstfbb -i, l`jlrfĈf scrt g l`ji, p`put svilf kruhf ‒riog`nibgziogjf–, nf mvgũf bgăg ni pit`b`ũlu c`n`cingju nfh` ni nfl` nist`jinjf l

sgcm`bgăl`h. M`h, `n` ũt` ustin`vbjujf sgcm`bg

ăl`, h`t`v`tv`rg` u ‒str`j– gbg Hfstfbb , i s`pstv` `kitbf gzrinji, k`kuũf

tg, ibg u lvizg-rikglibn`j sic`Ĉg. Li` ũt` jf t` p`lizibi E. ngăl` `sjftgb` (zkriv rizuc) jf priltgălg ungũtfn` u `v`c

nju riti svge pr`tgv svge, i si njgc nipr`st` g scgsi`: rikgl

spric `nge žrtivi l`jf su u p`v`rlici `kv`ęfnf u hisnf lsu c`ribf `sjfĈitg ki ucgru li` ngũtgof g ng zi ũti.

Kilbf, mgb` mg t` vfbgli mfscgsbgoi p`mrlitg uzvgũfn` u pvinjf scrtg u t`tibgtirgzcgci. Jfr uzvgũfn` jf upriv` fstftgg `vij put mfz p`jci, `n`hi ũt` siăgnjivi scgsi` scgsbi ‟l`jfc sf scgsb`vg - `sjftgbi, ăubi, cngjfnji - irtglubgriju si

mg siăgngbg scgsi`. Il` jf `n` uzvgũfn` mgb` gzhumbjfn` t`lrfv`buogjf, h`t`v` ki mg sf c`hb` rfĈg ki jf `n` mgb` iltgvn

l`c t`tibgtirnge fpgz`ki. Nfhgrin` ki mg ni dintistgăin niăbjfn` u iutfntgăn` pfrvfrzn`c uprgz`rfnju ‒fstftgziogjf– p``n`j gst`j c`ribn`j pfrvfrzgjg (cutitgs cutinkgs) l`ji jf uăę m j ũ j l tg gt t k l t l b Z l

CI]O ] GOEG]

`k `n`h gst`h gbuz`rn`h, `pisn`h g flspb`zgvn`h vjfr`vinjtgcf, mirfc Zil`n `n`h kruũtvfn`h k`ũi` k`tbf ki mukf `tl



tgcf, mirfc Zil`n n`h kruũtvfn`h k`ũi` k`tbf ki mukf tl

buogjf k`tbf ki sf nj`cf vbiki. I ti vbist jf vbist nik sjfnl`li ustvirg uprivbji ghr`c, li` sjfnli scrtg, ũt` jf upriv` ìhn`stgălg liriltfr.

Il` uzvgũfn` uv`kg u ghru gsluũivinjf scrtg g njfn`h prfbi

ngjf scrt, `sgc zi fcpgrgjslg sumjflt (pi kilbf g kruũtvfng) lzitviri u sv`jf sic``kržinjf. @n` sf nf c`žf k`h`kgtg li`

lrftn`c gslustvu, gzuzfv u nf`krfę

fn`stg sgcm`bgălge mgbjfhc`huĈgc njfh`v` nfp`srfkn` ‒rf-l`kgrinjf– u ‒cihgăn`-

tf`b`hgl`-p`bgtgălgc tfrcgngci. Njfh`v` fstftgă l` pr`cgũbji

kilbf, sic` tic` hkjf sf k`hięi, mirfc li` e`rgz`nt, kfc`l

ęfn`st, li` nf`krfęfn`st l`ji sprfăivi ki (sgcm`bgăl`, nisn`) ‒zninjf– (dintizcitgăn`) l`gnogkgri si c`Ĉg. [` jf uprkfc`lriogjf ăgng nf t`bgl` nflg fhibgtirng rfžgc l`bgl` rfžgc

pgtinjf fcpgrgălf kgdfrfnogjiogjf gnkgvgkui ki mg ge uzkghnustvi zih`nftn` nfzicjfnbjgvge mgĈi u `lrgbju ut`pgjslf zijfnf li` sgcm`bgălf zijfkngof. V t`c scgsbu sf c`žf rfĈg ki

ji jfkgng rfžgc sp`s`min ki nistivg sbgjfkgtg kjfbi ]fv`buogjstvgci g njge`vgc rizm`rgtgc l`rgũtfnjfc ‟ ũt` jf nf ũtgtg nfhuprgz`rfnji ]fv`buogjf u t`tibgtirgzcu liki p`h`rũinjf kruũstg svil`hi niv`kg ni sic``kržinjf p` svilu ogjfnu.

Kfc`lriogji jf, kilbf, nfsghurni g lreli stvir l`ji, lil`

v` jf t` pgtinjf l`jf mg žfbjfbg p`stivgtg li` zilbjuăil - c`žfil` svil`, u nijcinju rulu, prgevitg ki uvgkg (pr`cgsbg) ki gc

ips`butn` nikciũujf, ni ũt` jf k`puũtfn`, ibg ngjf nf`pe`kngcf. V t`c scgsbu, lil` jf t` si cib` buogkn`stg k`v`bjn` prg

cfn` gslustv` kfc`lriogjf mg mgb` uhr`žfn` tfnkfnogj`c l(gnkgvgkuibn` gbg u hrupg) ki sf zitv`rg u sdfru sv`hi fcpgrgJfkgni stvir l`ji jf kinis ũtgtg, i `ni ngjf cibi, jfstf mfz sucg bg t Ĉ j l Z k t ũ g

8=

ngjge zih`nftlg bjuksl`h p`b`žiji, u`stib`c vf`ci p`kitni, juăfr, ki sic`j sfmg ucilnf u mfzvrfcfn`st zninji g vjfr`vi



j , j j j

bju uzvgũfn`h, vižfĈi p`kjfbi ngjf vgũf gzcfęu punf svgjfstg m`c g `tuęfnji, nfh` gzcfęu slr`cn` g buogkn` pr`cgũbjfngzvjfsnf l`niăn`stg l`ju trfmi rizrikgtg u vrfcfnu g pr`st`snge c`Ĉg n`hi ũt` ustin`vbjujf sgcm`bgăl` prftv`rfn` u sbtg. Hfstfbb ngjf sic`, li` ũt` jf t` Efgkfhhfr cgsbg`, p`cib`

ilogjg, u c`kfrn`j tfengog, nfh` jf u svgc bjukslgc kjfbitn`

juĈg tu g `nf nijkue`vngjf, g t` `k sic`h nistinli bjuksl`hnis, c`žki vgũf nfh` prgjf, gcic` rizb`hi zi strie g zfmnju

sf prgmbgživic` prgr`kg li` Hfstfbb -u, ũt` su niũi srfkstvi sũtfnji kibfl` vfĈi g c`nstru`zngji. N`, prfk tgc mfzkin`c

jf– bjuksl`stg, ăgji kjfbi sf ũgrf prfl` t`tibgtirgzci,=? cilir nu ũinsu, i t` jf ũinsi c`kfrn`stg, ki c`žfc` ki sf `tlrgjfnf tfl li` p`cib` l`cpbgogring kv`n`ũog. Vz `n` lrijnjf lci zijfkngăl`, i t` jf ki k`ęfc` u svgjft, ki u njfcu mukf

mic` nipustgtg ‟ vgũf gbg cinjf k`mr`, lil` h`k t` mgb`, jfr tg ki `k kruh`hi trižg ki u t`cf mukf ‒efr`j–0

Qrfvf` s drinousl`h V

[ef sumbgcf gn p`bgtgos

Gn egs stuky `d tef sumbgcf gn p`bgtgos, ]goegr rfiks tef D

tg`n is i rfbghgùs fvfnt. D`r egc tef o`bbipsf `d tef obissgo p`bgtgos sghngfs tef ikvfnt `d tef sumbgcf gn p`bgtgos, my wtef imyss `d p`bgtgoib dùnkitg`n. ]goegr kriws up`n Lint‗ste mbg k b k g te O gtg d J k t [e m



Fhzgstfnogji,stvirn`st g dglogji



Qftfr D. _triws`n

Ki bg jf p`st`jinjf p`nflik prfk



C

`j ogbj u `v`c riku jf jil` slr`cin. ųfbgc rizc`

p`st`jinjf ngjf prfkglit, u vfzg si kvgjf p`sfmnf lbi]izcitrinjf `miju tgp`vi sbuăiji Ĉf ni prvg p`hbfk mgtg sisv`vgc uăfnjfc. Ibg ni lriju Ĉu p`luũitg, sisvgc sghurn` nf `

uăfnjf, nfh` hi sic` cib` p`bjubjitg, ki mge p`lizi` ki sf ni cib` cinjf jfkn`stivin niăgn nfh` ũt` mgsc` t` c`hbg p

Q`ăgnjfc rizcitrijuĈg gzh`v`rfni gbg pgsini gslizgvinji

sikržf sgnhubirni gcfni log`nibnge gbg cgtslge bgl`vi lilbjuju u stvirn`c prgăinju prgăf gbg prfprgăivinju cgti. Vbiznjf vge, k`Ĉg Ĉu k` krfęfnf prftp`stivlf l`ji sf tgăf kruhizgvinji, nigcf nge u l`jgci sf l`niăn` gkfntgogrijuĈf rfdstvirnf egst`rgjslf bgăn`stg. Vzft Ĉu ki jf prgeviĈfn` ki jf, uvinjgci, p`st`jinjf bgăn`stg ni l`jf sf u tilvgc gslizgvinjgc

p`stivbjfn`, i nf gcpbgogtn` tvr ęfn`.Fvgkfntn`, lik su log`nibni gbg cgtsli gcfni up`trgjfmb

gslizgvinji l`jf sic sp`cfnu` ‟ tj. u prgăinju prgăf, prfprgcg, til` ge l`rgstfĈg, nf ăgngc` uspjfũn` gkfntgogrijuĈf rfst`rgjslf l`nlrftn`stg, ni stvirnf bjukf gbg m`h`vf. Ibg prfkgl

jfng si tilvgc gcfngci c`hu mgtg, ăgng sf, gstge `pũtge vrsti

sp`jfng si `krfkngoici bjukg u gstgngt`-gbg-bižn` gzjivici u lkf gkfntgogrijuĈf rfdfrgri. Nflik su nflg b`z` `sjfĈibg psu inibgzf rfăfngoi l`jf sikržf tilvi log`nibni gbg cgtsli l`jf mg, prgcjfrgof, gcibf liriltfr jisn` gstgngt`-gbg-bižn` gzv

VKL /VKO

84

vu nfuspjfei ki rfdfrgriju ni p`bju sgnhubirnge tfrcgni. (Zc` nfhgritg ‟ gbg mirfc nflgc ‟ gstgn`snu vrgjfkn`st< ibg nf



vg.) @n` zm`h ăfhi sf mgb` lilv` kftibjn` `mjiũnjfnjf mgb` lsti ăgng nfrfibgstgăngc jf prfp`znivinjf ki, u sbuăiju rfăfnžf tilvi gcfni, tgpgăn` gcic` up`trfmf jfzgli l`jf su nip

jf `k `nge up`trfmi ulbjuăfnge u vižng p`si` gzn`ũfnji, gbg psf gznfsu, fcpgrgjslge ăgnjfngoi. @nf su sicf cn`h`mr`jnfkruhiăgjf up`trfmf< ibg c`žfc` rfĈg ki sf cn`hf `k njge hr

tribn`h p`jci prgăinji, gbg prf-prg

ăivinji, prg

ăf. Bgnhvgstgup`trfmi jfzgli su prfuzftg, l`cpbftng, `k ăgnjfngăn`-gzn`s

i bgnhvgstgălf dunlogjf ăgnjfngăn`-gzn`sfĈge up`trfmi su, tikuogrinf, ũt` sf tgăf prgăf, unutir prgp`vjfkiălge up`trfmi.

pr`kuogringe dunlogji jf ni gkfntgogrijuĈf rfdfrfnogjf, l`jugslbjuăgv`, gzv`kg up`trfmi gcfni< sic`, nirivn`, rfdfrfnou prgăg, nf ni bjukf u svgjftu. Hkjf gcitf gkfntgogrijuĈu rfdęfr gcitf prftp`stivlf p`st`jinji< sic`, nirivn`, prftp`stisu, li` g svf kruh` u lribjfvstvu `vilv`h kgslursi, v`ęfnfkitl`c ‟ ―u prgă g‗ . Nirivn`, `vkjf nf h`v`rgc ngũti n`v`,slgogric hfnfribng, i g p`sfmng, p`ksjftngl. Hfnfribn`, nfp`ritg rfăfngof l`jf prgpikiju jfkn`c niăgnu l`rgũtfnji jfzglsfmg sikržf p`luũijf ‟ p`luũijf l`jg kgrfltn` p`kmiouju gbg

pgjfviju ‟ ki sf l`rgstf u kruh`c. Q`sfmgof, nfci rizb`hi n p`vjfkiălf up`trfmf jfzgli c`hu gcitg sv`j vbistgtg stgb gkfndfrfnogjf, ki log`nibni gcfni c`hu jfkn`stivn` mgtg l`rgũriju, u prgăg, ni log`nibnf bgl`vf.

Cfęutgc, lik ližfc` ―K`n Yugj`tf jf log`nibng bgl‗, ă

rgstgc` ―K`n Yugj`tf‗, u prgă g, ki rfdfrgric` ni log`nibn`

K`n Yugj`tf bgl u prgăg ngjf kg` prgăf ` K`n Yugj`tfu. Ngtg jfLribju Irturu t` ki jf Lribj Irtur bfhfnkirng lribj. Hfnfribn`slup p`jivbjgvinji tilvge gcfni l`ji sf nf ăgnf kgrfltn` p`k

l j kb žg B gă g j j l lt

QF[F] D. _[]IX_@N

GkfntgogrijuĈi rfdfrfnogji u jfkn`j `k jfzgălge ghiri ăgnjfnn`sg prftp`stivlu ăgnjfngăn`h p`st`jinji, zi rizbglu `k p`s



[ic` hkjf gzi gcfni sbgjfkg, li` u c`jgc prgcjfrgci, `zmgbjtvrki gbg nfhgrinjf ăgnjfngăn`h p`st`jinji, nf c`žfc` lèkrfkgtg gcf zi mgb` l`ju k `vge ub`hi. L`nsflvfntn`, nf c`tn` pr`tuciăgtg ―p`st`jg‗ li` ki prfkglitgvn` dunlog`ngũf rf

su ni gcf zi l`jf sf uzgci ki gci mgb` l`ju `k `vge ub`hi.Q`st`jf, nfl` c`žf rfĈg, kvi tgpi lbisgăn`h rjfũfnji `vk

ni c`kfbi zi gntfrprftgrinjf niũge rfăfngoi. Zi rf

ăfngou: ―lik ngjf p`st`ji`‗, jfkin c`kfb pruži rfăfngoi li` ũt` jf ―N

liv lribj Mrgtingjf l`jg cilir hrum` `kh`viri `pgsgci l`jg gcfn`c ‒Irtur– u irtur`vsl`j bfhfnkg‗. Kruhg c`kfb nic

put ―Q`jic ‒Lribj Irtur– nfci ngjfkin sbuăij‗. (Q`st`jf vic`kfbi.) Qrvg c`kfb zicjfnjujf ―p`st`jg‗ si lvintglit`r`c

pbflsngc hfnfribngc tfrcgn`c u ―prfkglitgvn`j p`zgogjg‗. Krnukg l`niăng sgnhubirng tfrcgn u ―rfdfrfnogjsl`j p`zgogjg‗, ibg

p`jic, nf ni bgl, g zicjfnjujf ―p`st`jg‗ si, gbg tuciăg li` prfl`jg `zniăivi sv`jstv` p`jc`vi, vgz., ki gciju sbuăijfvf.

C`ric` bg prgevitgtg c`kfbf li` ũt` su `vg (gbg ge prgeviliv sbuăij)0 @n` ũt` žfbgc prfkb`žgtg jf ki prfgspgtic` nf m

pr`niĈg kruhg c`kfb l`jg mg siăuvi` prfkglitgvnu ub`hu zi ―pk`krfęgvinji sumjflitsl`h gzrizi zi p`nfũt` nfzievibnu ub`tfrcgni l`jg rfdfrgri ni l`nofpt. @v` jf, c`žki, p`cib` pnjiăli) vjfžmi. Ibg u nj`j mg c`hb` mgtg žgv`ti. Nfkivng ăbib`s`pegoib ]fvgfw= jf p`svfĈfn nfhgrinju ki mg sf tilvi stvstg u `vgc sbuăijfvgci. V svil`c sbuăiju uvgjfl sf c`žfevibn` zi mòlinjf k`hcf.

Qgtinju prgbizgc gnkgrfltn`, p`zgvijuĈg sf ni c`ju kruhu nji. [rfmi zim`rivgtg, ni trfnutil, ni l`niănf sgnhubirnf tfstivlf p`st`jinji ngsu `hringăfnf ni njge. ųfbgc, usvijijuĈg năg g H F C gt g tg g ? k

85

su svf sisvgc urfku. Ibg il` u svil`j rfăfngog zicgjfng(gbg, u ziknjfc sbuăiju, rgjfă ―rfžg‗) si rgjfă ju ―p`st`jf‗ (gbg ―p

ă Ĉ ă



jic` nf`mgăin rfzubtit. _vf rfzubtgriju

Ĉf rf

ăfngof `sgc prvciju sivrũfn`, gbg mirfc rizucn`, prgr`kngc< prvf kvgjf, c

gzuzftn` ăukn`. I `vij rfzubtit jf p`vfzin s rfzubit`c kru jfc sf ăgng ki sf ―svg‗ g ―vfĈgni‗ p`niũiju kruhiăgjf `k `stib juĈge prgkjfvi (lil` ge c`žfc` zvitg) ni niũ`j bgstg. _bjfkfsvf k`gciju jfkn`stivn` zik`v`bjivijuĈgc g prgr`kngc, vgz

cn`h` Q`st`jg nfũt` pgt`cge tghr`vi nfl`bgl` ngl`bgl`

Q`st`jg mirfc jfkin pgt`cg tghir

k`l sfăgng ki rf

ăfngof

Q`st`jf svg pgt`cg tghr`vg Q`st`jg vfĈgni pgt`cge tghr`vi

u`pũtf nfciju nglilv`h scgsbi u `v`c ngzu. Ki mg gcibf găgng sf ki mgsc` trfmibg gntfrprftgritg ―Q`st`jf‗ ni sisvgc kru`n`h liliv mg ni kuž`j bgstg mg` p`kn`ũbjgv< c`ribg mgsc` pr`li` privg hbih`b i nf nipr`st` li` gntfhribng kg` rgjfăg ―Q`s

@mjiũnjfnjf `vge ăgnjfngoi mg c`hb` mgtg `tprgbglf `vilvc` ki jf p`st`jinjf pgt`cge tghr`vi nfũt` ũt` uăfsngog u h`vzniju gbg vjfruju gbg su sprfcng prftp`stivgtg ki jf sbuăij, Cgu ũt` h`v`rngl vjfrujf g prftp`stivbji ki jf njfh`vi pumbgli

p`stivgtg. @nki sf c`žf p`stivgtg pgtinjf: u l`j`j cjfrg g u l`

pgt`cg tghr`vg, rfogc`, kgjfbf nivglf `mgănge tghr`vi0 Ki bg `rfžf0 @kh`v`r c`žf mgtg ki svg rfžf< gbg ki nflg `k njge rfžfl` njge rfžf g til` kibjf. _vf mg prvf rfăfngof l`jf sic nib žgtg l k g t gt j Ă l g l b ž

QF[F] D. _[]IX_@N

nflg gbg nfl`bgl` gtk. njge p`sjfkuju krfęfnu liriltfrgstglu. lritl`, lbisg ă gjge jf ă bin`vi prftp`stivbjfn` p`st`jinjf li

Ĉ



bjfn`j lbisg. [iki lvintg

ogrijuĈg prgkjfvg, li` `ng l`rgũtfngbgstg rfăfngoi, ulizuju, gil` u nflgc sbuăijfvgci zigsti vrb`

kibfl` jf h`v`rngl sprfcin gĈg u prgpgsgvinju `krfęfnf lirn`vgci prftp`stivbjfnf lbisf.

V rfăfngoici p`st`jinji, cfęutgc, lvintgogrijuĈg prgkju`pũtf dunlog`ngũu, dunlog`ngũu kruhiăgjf. Q`st`jg rizbgli gz

nji (hrum`h) ni t` l`bgl` jf vfbgl`c kgjfbuăbinstvi u prftp`sg nfl` sprfcin p`tvrkgtg ki p`sjfkujf `krfęfnu liriltfrgs

nji (hrum`h) ni t` l`bgl` vfbgl`c jf nfl` sprfcin p`tvrkgtg prftp`stivbjfn`j lbisg. I u `v`j rizbgog bfžg rizb`h ziũt` sf nrijuĈg prgkjfvg c`hu l`rgstgtg zi `mi p`sbi i nflg sic` zi jf

]izbgli sf c`žf gbustrgritg hriălg.(9) Qrfkstivgtf prftp`stivbjfnu lbisu vfĈ niortingc lruh`stivgtf prgpgsgvinjf sv`jstvi nfl`c kgjfbu njfzgnge ăbin``krfęfn`h kgjfbi njfh`vf p`vrũgnf. C`žfc` prftp`stiv`vu up`trfmu lvintgogrijuĈge prgkjfvi gku `tprgbglf `vilnflge uputi rfpr`kuogri nfjisn`Ĉu rgjfăg.)

Zi ―ngjfkin‗ `stivgtf lruh nf`sjfnăfngcZi ―mirfc jfkin‗ p`vuogtf jfknu lritlu bgngjuZi ―nfl`bgl`‗ p`vuogtf nfl`bgl` lritlge bgngji ni cib`j p`Zi ―nflg‗ `sjfnăgtf nfũt` vfĈu p`vrũgnuZi ―cn`hg‗ `sjfnăgtf vfbglu p`vrũgnuZi ―vfĈgni‗ `sjfnăgtf vgũf `k p`bi `k ulupnf p`vrũgnf

Zi ―svg‗ `sjfnăgtf ăgtivu p`vrũgnu

(=) Zi sbuăij p`st`jinji, cfęutgc, nfci vfĈ niortin`h l

t`hi cg trfmic` niortitg jfkin (gbg sf suzkržitg `k ortinji gęic` ki c`žfc` kitg (uhbivn`c nfjisnf) uputf zi nflfĈf prgkjfvf u `v`j up`trfmg< ibg nf zi `stibf. Qi mgsc` c

51

p`cib` prftjfrujf) rizbglf gzcfęu kvi p`sbi l`jf lvintgo`mivbjiju u kvi tgpi sbuăiji, til` ki c`žfc` jisn` vgkjftg



`ng c`hu `mivgtg jfkin `k `vge p`sb`vi k`l sic` nflg c`hhg. Ibg u`ăivinjf `v`hi nic p`cižf ki u`ăgc` j`ũ nfũt`. Qu`ăgc` lil` jf ăukn`st gbg nf-ăukn`st rfăfngoi l`jf sikržfĈf prgkjfvf p`vfzini s uăfnjfc ki p`st`jinjf ngjf prfkglituăfnjfc (9) ki hbih`bslg `mbgl ―p`st`jg‗ (gbg ―p`st`jf‗), gil`

p`rfĈg ki jf prfkglit u scgsbu hricitglf, unit`ă t`cf ngjfvi prfkglit u b`hgăl`c gbg dunlog`nibn`c scgsbu rgjfăg g (=lg sumjfltg `v`h hbih`bi ngsu privg b`hgălg sumjfltg. C``rfngjf rfli` lilvi jf vfzi gzcfęu rfăfngoi-prgcjfri g `v`h u

jf mgt prfkgliogjf prgpgsgvinjf nfăfhi gnkgvgkug, gbg nfl`c, ngjl`h ăbinu lbisf, hkjf jf p`st`jinjf gnkgvgkuf gbg ăbin`vi lbibjfn` (gbg jf intfofkfntn` p`tvr ęfn` gbg gcpbgogrin`), `nki ctg vfzu. Ăgng sf ki t` uăfnjf `kcie sbgjfkg g ki rfăfngof-prgsbužf ki miof, c`žfc` rfĈg, c``rf`vsl` svjftb` ni njfhi \ug niũfh `mjiũnjfnji njge zijfkn`, c`žfc` gzvuĈg tfst, rizungt v`kgbju. [fst Ĉf `vil` gĈg. Il` gcic` hricitgălg sumjf`nki jf, ki mg sf `ng riăunibg li` b`hgă lg sumjflit g prfkgliki, il` hricitgălg sumjflit k`puũti zip`ăgnjinjf si mgb` l`

rijuĈgc prgkjfv`c, `nki k`puũti g zip`ăgnjinjf si svgci n

jf p`trfmn`, tj. tic` hkjf jf ―mirfc jfkin‗ ulbjuăfn`, pr`cjnf u cn`žgnu g `mrnut`).

Zisik gcic` ăgstu g urfknu tf`rgju. Ki vgkgc` ki bg jf cbjitg. Vzcgc` sbjfkfĈg prgcjfr. Vęfc u s`mu u l`j`j trijf

jfc nfũt` ũt` zvuăg p`put `mgănge vbistgtge gcfni lil` sf sbg prfkglitf `s`mn`stg l`rgũtfnf u vfzg s njgci. Mrz` k`bizgc

ki jf kgslusgji uhbivn`c ` log`nibngc bgl`vgci. Ăujfc gcfrrf g Fcci g Jubgfn _`rfb g prfp`znijfc ki `s`mgnf g k`hiibukgri prgpikiju `kh`virijuĈgc prgăici. [il`ęfr, h`v`rn

d g j m J k l ž k mg kgb ũt j

QF[F] D. _[]IX_@N

Kruhg prgcjfr. Kgjftf zic`bg ki p`hbfki lnjghu, zipriv`ngl, g ji cu jf kijfc, uz rgjfăg: ‒K`mir kg` bgl`vi l`jg su ni

Ĉ



slg, nirivn`< ibg vfĈgni njge jf p`st`jibi.– (Gbg `mrnut`.)šti ki ližfc` prfkb`žfn`c tfstu u svjftbu vge prgcjfr

žfc` ki prgcjfrg nipr`st` p`lizuju ki prfkb`žfng tfst kijfnf k`v`bjin usb`v zi niũf p`sjfk`vinjf gstgnslge sumjfliti g phbg mgsc`, ibg ziũt` mgsc`0 Ziũt` nf mgsc` rflbg ki prgcjfrgzuju pižnju ni `krfęfnf sbuăijfvf u l`jgci sf hbih`b l`rgst

Nfl` mg c`hi` prgh`v`rgtg: ‒@v` u`pũtf ngjf zik`v`bjivijutfsti jf bfžibi u ăgnjfngog ki jf gci` krfęfn`h scgsbi. Njfh`ki tic` hkjf sf su sf lvintgogrijuĈg prgkjfvg ―vfĈgni‗ g ―svgl`rgstgtg, tgpgăn` su sf l`rgstgbg ni `krfęfn niăgn, tj. ni niăgnstivbji` p`st`jinjf ăbin`vi sumjflitslf lbisf. Ăgtiv scgsi`ki gcitf gstgnslg sumjflit g prfkglit sic` u sbuăiju hkjf jf p

p`stivbjfn`. Ibg ngjfkin sbuăij u l`jfc sf p`st`jinjf flspbgsbuăij hkjf jf p`st`jinjf prftp`stivbjfn`. I gpil viũg prgcjfhkjf sf p`st`jinjf flspbgogtn` tvrkg. [il` ki nf c`žftf nip

prfkglitgvnu up`trfmu ―p`st`jf‗ u `vgc sbuăijfvgci mfz gcstijinji `k rfz`ni tfsti.–

@kh`v`r ni `vij prgh`v`r jf ki jf `n zmunjfn. G kibjf c` prgnogp ki tic` hkjf sf l`rgstf lvintgogrijuĈg prgkjfvg ni n

―vfĈgni‗, zi rizbglu `n ―nflg‗, uvgjfl l`rgstg, sumjflitsli l p`stivbjfni lbisi. _ic` c`ric` zistitg ki rizc`trgc` ũti V rizcitrin`c prgcjfru t` jf lbisi bgl`vi ` l`jgci sf prgă

tilvf lbisf jfstf ki `ni c`žf mgtg, g u rizcitrin`c sbuăijustf, rikglibn` eftfr`hfni. Ăil, il` k`zv`bjivitf gzriz, `nt`zgălg eftfr`hfni. L`rgstfĈg ―p`st`jf‗ `vkjf cg zipriv` h`

Ĉgni ăbin`vi `vf eftfr`hfnf lbisf prgpiki jfkn`j `k njfzgnnf kruh`j. Ziũt` nf mgsc` rflbg, nki, ki ―p`st`jg‗ vkjf zigli` prfkglit g ki mg til` til`ęfr dunlog`ngsibg, u tilv`c l`n

b g‗ ―b k g‗ ― gt lg‗ ―g g g‗ ―g gũbj g‗ j

5=

stvirnf g bfhfnkirnf lribjfvf ‟ p`sfmn`h ăbini tf lbisf u svi `nki ki p`scitric` prfkglit li` ki sbužg ki prgkružg t`h

Ĉ



ni `kh`virijuĈ`j p`k-lbisg. Qrfci t`cf sf ―p`st`jg‗ p`jivblit i nf li` prfkglit l`nofpti< ibg li` prfkglit nflge, i nf k

eftfr`hfnf lbisf. @n` ũt` Ĉfc`, p` `v`c c`kfbu, c`ritg p prftp`stivbjfn` up`trfm`c gcfni u svil`c sbuăiju ngjf pst`rgjg stvirn`h lribji si stvirngc `s`mgnici, ngtg p`st`jinjhfnkirn`h lribji si `krfęfngc bfhfnkirngc `s`mgnici, nfu-egst`rgjg-gbg-bfhfnkg stvirn`h-gbg-bfhfnkirn`h lribji si `kngc-gbg-bfhfnkirngc `s`mgnici.

Ibg sik, c`hbg mgsc` zipgtitg, gcic` bg gũti sgc jfknf tf`mjiũnjivi u prizngng, mfz k`kgri si ăgnjfngoici0 Gci bg glki sf ližf, u mgb` l`jfc stvirn`c sbuăiju up`trfmf l`niăntfrcgni si ―p`st`jg‗ gbg ―nf p`st`jg‗, ki `vij c`kfb nukg privtrinji rfăfn`h, i nf nflg kruhg c`kfb l`jfh sic sp`cfnu`c`hb` rfĈg mirfc u nflgc sbuăijfvgci: sbuăijfvgci, ni psgnhubirng tfrcgn p`jivbjujf u l`ntflstgci li` ũt` su `ng ucjfri. Gbg, u sbuăiju kjftfti hbivf nipunjfnf gcfngci g prgă‒Ki bg jf Lribj Ibdrfk p`st`ji`0 I Lribj Irtur0 Gsus0 Ki bg Mc`žfc` `mi njfh`vi pgtinji g (il` gcic` rizucgjfvinji) rf p`scitritg ni `vij niăgn. Nfci kgbfcf ki p`st`jg cn`h`

c`kfb u`pũtf nf `kh`viri. Ibg til`ęfr mgsc` c`hbg rizc`tr`mivfzu supr`tstivbjitg c`kfbf (tf`rftsli rjfũfnji) cfęus`sbuăiju. C`ric` bg prftp`stivgtg ki Ĉf mirfc g nijvgũf jfkin critg svil`c sbuăiju0 _lb`n sic cgsbgtg ki prf`zmgbjn` sevitkfbf, il` `v` prftp`stivbjic`, g ki gcic` prfcib` p`ũt`viugkn`stg cgũbjfnji.

MGBJFšLF

QF[F] D. _[]IX_@N

Gs fxgstfnof nfvfr i prfkgoitf0



G wint t` kgsouss tef kòtrgnf teit fxgstfnof gs n`t i prfkgotg`n wgte tw` pirtgoubir obissfs `d uttfrinofs. G mfhgn my o`ns`r wrgttfn uttfrinofs `d sfntfnofs o`ntigngnh tef sgnhubir nnib r cytegoib oeiriotfrs is tefsf oour gn tef iotuib tfbbgnhrfoùntgnh `d tef cyte. [efrf wis i tgcf wefn s`cf pegb`snffk t` pr`kuof inibysfs `d sfntfnofs o`ntigngnh suoe otg

oib nicfs, inibysfs wegoe wùbk, d`r fxicpbf, eivf tef oeihetd`rwirkby truf-`r-dibsf rfp`rts d weit wis t` mf dùnk gn[efrf irf, nf cghet siy, tw` typfs d obissgoib s`butg`n efrc`kfbs d`r gntfrprftgnh ur sfntfnofs. [ef fxfrogsf G wint t``d gnqugrgnh weftefr wf oùbk n`t nk in`tefr c`kfb wegoevf i prfkgoitgvf r`bf d`r ―fxgsts‗ wgteùt oistgnh tef sumjfot-

tef s`cfweit unhritfdub r`bf `d sgnhubir tfrc rfdfrrgnh t` i

Lfy w`rks: fxgstfnof, prfkgoitg`n, quintgoitg`n, sgnhub

Frnst [uhfnkeit, Vrsubi X`bd

Fhgstfnogji9



V p`hbivbju 4. p`lizib` sf ki pirtglubirng hfnfribng gsliz

gslizi fhzgstfnogjg: ‒Nflg crivg su tr`vng–, zniăg l`tr`vng crivg–, kn`sn`, ‒@tr`vng crivg fhzgstgriju–. V sgcm

nf b`hglf `v` ‒fhzgstgrinjf– sf p`jivbjujf u til`zvin`c fh

lvintglit`ru: ‒Q`st`jf jfkn`r`zg– 3 ‒Jfkn`r`zg fhzgstgriju–

`vil`: ‒(∏x)(jfkn`r`h x). _ik sf p`stivbji pgtinjf ki bg jf t`

scgsi` ‒fhzgstfnogjf– gbg jf tgcf mueviĈfn scgsi` t`hi ũti u`p

p`k ‒fhzgstfnogj`c–. Il` jf t` ũt` cgsbgc` rjfă ju ‒fhzgstgrgzrižfn` fhzgstfnogjibngc lvintglit`r`c, `nki c`ric` zi

‒fhzgstgritg– u gslizgci li` ũt` jf ‒Jfkn`r`zg fhzgstgriju–, k`ku

u hricitgăl`c scgsbu ibg nf u sfcintgăl`c (up`r. 4.?). Jfr,

lvintglit`r ngjf ngliliv hfnfribng tfrcgn. @sgc t`hi, tiki

scgsbfn` nfl`j gnkgvgkug rfĈg ki fhzgstgri (ki jfst), jfr fhzgst

tglit`r c`žf mgtg p`vfzin sic` si hfnfribngc tfrcgn`c. Nf h`v`rg bg t` pr`tgv b`hgăl`h sgcm`bgzci li` prgcjfrf

ũfh rizucjfvinji ‒fhzgstfnogjf–0 Jfr prgvgkn` su prgjf svfh

` ăfcu prfkgogric` fhzgstfnogju. Ibg jf bg t` zipriv` tiăn`

n` rfĈg ‒ji fhzgstgric–, ‒ji jfsic–, ‒t` fhzgstgri–, ‒t` jfst–0

bi mgtg scgsbfni g nfhiogji t`h gslizi: Liliv scgsi` mg trfm

‒Ji nf fhzgstgric–0 C`hb` mg sf cgsbgtg ki jf uzr`l t`cf u păfnju `n`h ‒ji– (g ‒t`–). Ibg g u gslizu li` ũt` jf ‒H`sp`kgn

stgri–, k`spgjfvic` u tfũl`Ĉf. Ki bg `vkjf gzrgăfc` j`ũ nfũ

N-N0 Ibg il` t` ăgngc`, nf prftp`stivbjic` bg tiki ki `n f

VKL /VKO

F]N_[ [VHFNKEI[, V]_VBI X@BD

u scgsbu ‒`pst`jinji– gbg ‒fhzgstfnogjf–).= Ni nfl`j stvirg jf p

li gzcfęu fssfntgi (ũti stvir jfst) g fxgstfntgi (ki bg jfst). Ibg t

k k jg gj l I g b j ũ gj g j j g



sic` k` u srfknjg vgjfl. Irgst tfb j`ũ ngjf gci` tij p`jic fhzg mi h`v`ri fhzgstfnogjg gnkgvgkui zipriv` sf p`lizibi tfl u s

`b`ũlge pgtinji: (9) u vfzg si M`h`c p`stivbji sf pgtinjf: fhz

‟ lil` sf h`v`rgb` ‟ gcic` p`jic njfcu (prfk`kžmu njf

ibg fhzgstgri bg n0 (=) Jf bg M`h tij l`jg gnkgvgkuici k`kjfbjuj

@mi pgtinji kiju suhfrgriju rizbgl`vinjf kvgju rizgni mgtli:

u c`j`j prfk`kžmg nfũt` c`huĈf, ibg ki bg `n k`gsti jfst0 Vz

su nijprgjf pulf c`huĈn`stg l`jf tfl M`h prfv`kg u mgtil. V

p`sfmn` zniăfnjf jf prgpib` til`zvin`c ‒`nt`b`ũl`c k`liz

M`hi–. K`liz p`tjfăf k Insfbci gz Ointfrmuryji. V mbglu

`mn`vg` Kfsoirtfs; k`liz gci sbgjfkfĈu d`rcu: Q`jic M`hi

ũfn`h mgĈi. _t`hi tij p`jic mueviĈi g fhzgstfnogju. _t`hi jf

fhzgstfnogji vfĈ gcpbgogrini. @n kilbf fhzgstgri.

V sv`c `p`vrhivinju t`h k`lizi ` p`st`jinju M`hi Li

st`h uci (M 4=4 g nirfkni strini) ližf:

‒ Mgtil `ăgt` ngjf ngliliv rfibng prfkglit, t` jfst, p`jic `

c`žf prgpistg p`jcu nflf stvirg. \...S ]făfngoi ―M`h jf svf

kvi p`jci l`jg gciju sv`jf `mjfltf: M`h g svfc`Ĉ< rjfăoi ―j

kin uzhrfkng prfkglit nfh` sic` t` ũt` prfkglit stivbji u `k

mjfltu. Vzcfc bg siki sumjflt (M`hi) slupi si svgc njfh`ci (u l`jf spiki g svfc`Ĉ), g ližfc: ―M`h jfst‗ gbg ―M`h p`

p`stivbjic ngliliv n`vg prfkglit zi p`jic M`hi nfh` sic

p` sfmg si svgc njh`vgc prfkglitgci, g t prfkcft u kn`su

@m`jf c`riju sikrživitg tiăn` gst`, pi st`hi p`jcu ‟ l`jg

c`huĈn`st, zm`h t`hi ũt` ji njfh`v prfkcft cgsbgc li` nipr

z`c: `n jfst) ‟ nf c`žf prgpistg ngũti vgũf. Qi til` `n` zmgngũti vgũf `k `n`h pul` c`huĈfh.–

Kilbf, vfĈ l`k Linti nibizgc` seviĈinjf ki fhzgstfnogj

kgl t tgăl g b [g j kj l l

54

‒_t`hi ngjf ngliliv p`tpun` tiăin gzriz rfĈg: c`rslg jfkn

jfĈi žgv`tgnji, nfh` `mrnut`: gzvjfsn`j c`rsl`j žgv`tgnjg prgp

l j j g g j l j k N gb g ũ t b



l`jf ji prgpgsujfc nfl`c jfkn`r`hu. Nf: privgbng ũfstùhb`vr`kg, nfh`: gzvjfsngc stvirgci u prgr`kg, li` păfbgnjgc Ĉfbgji

lrgstibu, prgpikiju prfkglitg l`jg sf slupi cgsbf u nfl`c ũf

@vkjf Lint intgogpgri c`kfrng niz`r prfci l`jfcu ‒fhzg

ki ngjf ngliliv rfibng, ũt`vgũf ‟ sfcintgălg hbfkin` ‟ u`pĈ

nfh` sf c`žf gzrizgtg lr`z fhzgstrfnogjslg `pfrit`r. Gslizg l

‒Jfkn`r`zg p`st`jf– v`kg u zimbuku jfr mukg utgsil li` ki (

n`r`zgci prfkgogric` fhzgstfnogju. [` ũti sf cgsbg tilvgc g

jf sevitbjgvgjf il` t` prfd`rcubgric` lil` niv`kg Lint, il`

nflgc stvirgci u prgr`kg prgpikiju prfkglitg l`jg su prftp`

nfũt` c`žfc` zniăgtg li` jfkn`r`hi. Lint, kilbf, vkjf up

gslizf ` fhzgstfnogjg trfmi sevitgtg li` pirtglubirnf gslizf.

@v` seviĈinjf sf nfgzmjfžn` jivbji gz jfkn`h rizb`hi l`j

vjfũtivi Lint g `kbuăngjg jf `k `mrizb`žfnji l`ji sf `mgăn`

bgtfriturg. Qrgjf h`rf nivfkfn`h ogtiti Lint pgũf:

_t`hi, ki mg `mjisngbg tiăn`st t`h stivi ` `pst`jinju jfk

rg, nf trižgc` u p`jcu sumjflti \...S. Ližf sf, t` sic vgkg`

`nge l`jg su t` vgkjfbg.–

Lint `vkjf kilbf prftp`stivbji ki sfcintglu jfkn`h til

zucgjfc` sic` il` sf pgtic` lil` njfh`vu ‒tiăn`st– (gs‒`mjisngtg–. Ki mgsc` utvrkgbg ki bg jf gsliz ‒Jfkn`r`zg fhzg

nf gstrižujfc` (c`huĈf) jfkn`r`hf s `mzgr`c ni t` ki bg gc

kglit fhzgstfnogjf, nfh` gstrižujfc` žgv`tgnjf u rfibn`c sv

ni t` ki bg su nflf k njge jfkn`r`zg. Vsp`rfkgc` kvi gslizi

jf– g (=) ‒@vof fhzgstgriju–. Ki mg utvrkgbg gstgnu gslizi (9)

pr`citritg. Ki mg utvrkgbg gstgnu gslizi (=), mfscgsbfn` jf ` jfr c`huĈf `vof nf c`žfc` pr`citritg, i lik pr`citric`

vfĈ sc` prftp`stivgbg njge`vu fhzgstfnogju. Qi gpil, gstgni gs

t j bg m ũ t j


vgc strinici njfh`v`h ăbinli ‒@n weit tefrf gs–. _ižftg pr

l`k Oirbi g _pfoeti.

]i b`h iũt` jf ] ssfbb cgsbg` ki c`ri `kmiogtg c`hĈn



]izb`h ziũt` jf ]ussfbb cgsbg` ki c`ri `kmiogtg c`hu n‒fhzgstgritg– rizucgjf li` prfkglit, jfstf t` ki sc` gniăf p

rgtg ` nffhzgstgrijuĈgc prfkcftgci (g zi Yugnfi jf t` `kbu

TfĈ sc` vgkjfbg ki su u prfklint`vsl`j trikgogjg tg nffhzgstgr

seviĈfng li` c`huĈg prfkcftg. ]ussfbb jf gci` prfk s`m`c

seviĈinjf u jfkn`j d`rcg l`ju jf zistupi` iustrgjslg b`z`d C

ssfbb hi jf síc mg` zistupi` j`ũ u sv`jgc Qrgnogpbfs d Citef

]ussfbb jf Cfgn`nhi rizucg` til` li` ki jf tvrkg`: il` ` n

tu I pgtic` ki bg fhzgstgri gbg nf, `nki uvgjfl prftp`stivbjic

l`c krfęfn`c scgsbu jfst, jfr gniăf u`pĈf nf mgsc` c`hbg

cu. Nfgzvjfsn` jf ki bg `n fhzgstgri, ibg gpil c`ri nflil`

jf ]ussfbb si Cfgn`nh`c cgsbg` zniăgtg li` ‒sumzgstfnogju–

seviĈinjf jf zipriv` mgb` cib` krul ăgjf. @n jf tvrkg`: ` pr

žfc` h`v`rgtg nf gcputgrijuĈg gc mgb` l`jg scgsi`. [iki ng

slg mgtil–. Q`zgogji jf `vil` gbg `nil` tfũli: gzhbfki ki jfk

li` ũt` jf cgsbg` Cfgn`nh, h`v`rgtg ` nfl`c prfkcftu l`jf

ngliliv mgtil. I jfknil` cib` gzhbfki scgsbfn` nfl`c prf

tg `krfęfng mgtil l`jg `n c`ri gcitg sic` ki mg cu sf c`hbi

`krfĈg fhzgstfnogji. Gpil, c`žfc` sf pgtitg ki bg su t` zmgbji

zb`zg ki rgjfă ‒fhzgstgri– nf sevitgci li` prfkglit, g ngjf bg `kbuăujuĈg rizb`h l`jg jf sp`cfnut ni lriju `ksjfăli 99.9.

]ussfbb p`stupi u trg l`rili. Qrvg sf tgăf hfnfribgnge gsl

ogjg (‒Jfkn`r`zg fhzgstgriju–), kruhg sf tgăf gnkgvgkuibnge gsl

ogjg si znilici (‒Iut`r Gbgjikf fhzgstgri–), trfĈg sf tgăf gnkg

zi ` fhzgstfnogjg si vbistgtgc gcfngci (‒E`cfr fhzgstgri–).

ri– `n prgt`c prgcjfnjujf u mfzvrfcin`c scgsbu. ‒E`cfrlbf nf zniăg ‒E`cfr fhzgstgri siki– nfh` ‒E`cfr fhzgstgri

fhzgstgri gbg jf fhzgstgri` gbg Ĉf fhzgstgritg).

] bb gbj j k l ž k g tg b ă j g gj

55

cgn nfli `znili. Il` gsliz ‒Jfkn`r`zg fhzgstgriju– zniăg

‒Cfęu svgc prfkcftgci p`st`jf nflg l`jg su jfkn`r`zg–, `

‒Iut`r Gbgjikf

fhzgstgri– trfmi rizucjftg til` ki jf tgcf cg k g jg j k l jg j g Gb k – V



Iut`r fhzgstgri trfmi rizucjftg til` ki jf tgcf csvgc prfkcftgci p`st`jg jfkin l`jg jf nipgsi` Gbgjiku.– ‟ V

d`rcibgzcu `vkjf c`ric` uzftg u `mzgr ki sf vgũf nf h`v`

(mirfc jfkn`c) nfh` ‒jfkn`c– (tiăn` jfkn`c) prfkcftu.

`vil`: (∏x) \Dx∨(y)(Dy⇝y3x)S. @pft c`ric` rfĈg: v` sev

prfkn`stg l`jf su vfĈ prgpibf `kh`virijuĈfc seviĈinju hfn

vgũf nf trfmic` h`v`rgtg ` nfl`c c`huĈfc gbg sumzgstgriju

slg p`st`jfĈfc iut`ru Gbgjikf l`jfh gstrižujfc` s `mzgr`c

fhzgstfnogji prgpiki gbg nf.

Lil` siki stvir st`jg si gsliz`c ‒E`cfr jf fhzgstgri`–0

p`sfžf zi Drfhf`vgc seviĈinjfc prfci l`jfcu sf vbistgt`

`znilici. Il` pgtic` jf bg E`cfr p`st`ji`, `tprgbglf cgsbg

st`jibi jfkni (jfkgni) `s`mi l`j`j `kh`viriju `ng prfkglitg

c` si gcfn`c ‒E`cfr–, kilbf niprgcjfr, jf bg p`st`jibi jfkn

mi l`ji jf nipgsibi Gbgjiku g @kgsfju. ]izgcgrijuĈg, ]ussfbb p

‒Q`st`jg vfbgl` cn`ũtv` u b`z` jg l`ji p`bizg `k t`hi k

zgstfnogjf til`rfĈg sv`jstv` l`jf sf c`žf prgpgsitg stvirgci

fhzgstgriju gciju t` sv`jstv`, i ki hi nfciju stvirg l`jf nf

jf hbup`st, mfz `mzgri ni t` ki bg sf cgsbg ni vrstf prfkcft

kuibnf prfkcftf. Il`, niprgcjfr, ližfc ―E`cfr jf fhzgstgrcgsbgc jfkin `pgs, niprgcjfr, ―Iut`r E`cfr`vge pjfsici‗

tf pjfscf nipgsi` jfkin ă`vjfl, ũt` jf vrb` sucnjgvi tvrknji

c`hbg k`Ĉg k` `s`mf l`ji jf stvirn` nipgsibi tf pjfscf (prf

jf jfkni tilvi `s`mi p`st`jibi), tiki mg mgb` mfscgsbfn` ` t`

jf fhzgstgribi< nf p`hrfũn` nfh` mfscgsbfn`, jfr sic` ` `s

lgc `pgs`c c`žfc` scgsbfn` rfĈg ki p`st`jf.–8

[iăn`st tf p`sbjfknjf ]ussfbb`vf tvrknjf gzhbfki ki sf p`

ki ‟ ăgc nfl`j s`mg (gbg mgb` l`c prfkcftu) nf h`v`rgc

l g ( l ) (l jg t l g t l –) j (


99.?. @[T@]FNI QG[INJI Qrfte`kn` sp`cfnuti pgtinji vfĈ p`lizuju ki ]ussfbb`v

l` nf rjfũivi svf tfũl`Ĉf l`jf su p`vfzinf si rjf

ăju ‒fhzgstk ] bb e Ĉ j j k mg k ăj



l` nf rjfũivi svf tfũl` f l`jf su p`vfzinf si rjf ju fhzgstki ]ussfbb`v` seviĈinjf u jfkn`c mgtn`c p`kruă ju scitric

c`hu sf `tv`rgtg rizbgăgti pgtinji l`ji su u k`sikiũnj`j bgtf

kgjfb`c jfkvi ki su rizjiũnjfni. V tflstu l`jg sbgjfkg trfmiju

trg pr`mbfcsli l`cpbflsi.

99?.9. Gntfrni g flstfrni fhzgstfnogji. V p`hbivbju 4, ni

kjfbg sc` ki up`trfmi lvintglit`ri uvgjfl prftp`stivbji jfk

jf prfkcftn` p`kruă jf l`jf jf gcpbgogrin` u ‒x–. Lik ližfc

` nflgc x vižg ...–, `nki sf p`stivbji pgtinjf: pi ũti sf cgsb

niprgcjfr, ližfc`: ‒_vil` \mgĈf/prfkcft/žgv`tgnji/ (prfv.

criv, `tr`vn` jf–, ‟ pgtinjf jf ũti svf `mueviti rgjfă ‒svil`

(prfv.)S–0 _vf žgv`tgnjf0 Gbg svf prfkcftf u pr`st`ru g vrfcf

c` bg j`ũ pĈfngtgjf h`v`rgtg ` svgc prfkcftgci u`pĈf0 Ngjf

` fhzgstfnogjg p`trfmn` rizucjftg rfbitgvn` prfci krfęfn`c

p`kruă ju0 Il`, niprgcjfr, pgtic`, p`st`jg bg jfkn`r`h, `nki

t` zniăg ki bg cfęu svgc citfrgjibngc prfkcftgci p`st`jf n

n`r`zg0 Qrftp`stivbjfn` prfkcftn` p`kruă jf c`žfc` fvfntu

tg g gst` til` rfĈg ki jf prftp`stivbjfn` prfkcftn` p`kruă jf

tgnji. Ibg c`žfc` bg hi pr`ũgrgtg pr`gzv`bjn` ũgr`l`0 C`žfc

p`kruă jf sevitgtg til` ũgr`l` ki `n` p`rfk pr`st`rn`-vrfcfĈi g ipstriltnf prfkcftf0

G p`zgtgvin li` g nfhitgvin kh`v`r ni t` pgtinjf v`kg u t

stivgc` ki ni pgtinjf `kh`v`rgc` p`zgtgvn`.5 Cfęutgc, n

li 99.9 mgbg sc` vgkjfbg ki uvjft gstgnf nfl`h gslizi ` fhzgs

ni p`kruă jf prfkcfti l`jf sf c`žf gstrižgtg s `mzgr`c ni t`

tfrcgn l`jg jf sikržin u t`c gslizu `kh`viri nflgc prfkcscgsbfngc ki sf p`kruă jf svge pr`st`rn`-vrfcfnslè prfkc

kruă jf svge mr`jfvi, scitri jfkngc tilvgc p`kruă jfc gstri

k ăj gl gj bg k ăj ge k

71

cfti), ‒Q`st`jg bg prgc-mr`j gzcfęu c g n0– (u p`kruă ju mr`j

tfrnf gslizf fhzgstfnogjg trfmib` mg rizucjftg til` lil` ge j

ssfbb. Flstfrng stiv`vg ` fhzgstfnogjg, nipr`tgv, mgbg mg gslizg

zgstfnogjf nfl`h ogjfb`h prfkcftn`h p`kruăji niprgcjfr ‒



zgstfnogjf nfl`h ogjfb`h prfkcftn`h p`kruă ji, niprgcjfr, ‒

vg– 3 ‒Mr`jfvg fhzgstgriju–, ‒Q`st`jf citfrgjibng prfkcftg–

c`vg–. Ibg lil` vkjf trfmi rizucjftg rgjfă ‒fhzgstgri– (gbg ‒

ti rgjfă j`ũ trfmi gcitg scgsi` ũt` hi jf `mjisng` ]ussfbb ‟ k

fhzgstfnogjibn`c `pfrit`ru ‟, c`ribg mgsc` prftp`stivgtg `

jf prfkcftn` p`kruă jf l`jf jf mgb` prftp`stivbjfn` prfci m

seviĈinju. Ibg upriv` gz sikiũnjih p`stivbjinji pgtinji t`

nfpbiuzgmgbngc, jfr ngjf scgsbfn` rfĈg ki prfkcftf u`pĈf c

vitg s `mzgr`c ni t` ki bg su nflg `k njge mr`jfvg. Kilbf, Gc

stgritg– `vkjf nflg kruhg scgsi`0 Qgtinjf jf nfrizjiũnjfn`91.

99?.= Gcihgnirni g rfibni fhzgstfnogji. @sgc rfibn`h

svjft`vg prgp`vgjftlf, svjft`vg r`cini, svjft`vg dintizgjf, s

sf svjft`vg u kv`strul`c scgsbu `kn`sf ni rfibng svgjft. Qrv mf su `nf l`jf sinjiju, gciju dintizgju, l`jf sfmg prgp`vgjfki

Kruh`, t` ũti sf prgp`vgjfki, dintizgri g t.k., u sv`jgc jf strul

hn` rfbin`c svgjftu: t` su li`-ki-svjft`vg. Nflg h`v`r l`jg

ltgvin, sikržg gstf gsliznf strulturf li` g h`v`r l`jg jf c

bin: prfkglitgvng gslizg, gslizg ` fhzgstfnog g t.k. Vzcgc`,

p`vgjfst Gbgjikf. V t`j prgp`vgjfstg sf h`v`rg ` cn`hgc `s`tu tf prgp`vgjfstg ‒p`st`jf– tf `s`mf, niprgcjfr, Ihicfcn`n

c`žf sf rizucjftg p`svf u ]ussfbb`v`c scgsbu: cfęu svgc

sf p`jivbjuju u t`j prgp`vgjfstg, p`st`jg tiăn` jfkni l`ji sf

cn`n–. K`l pgtinjf: ki bg u rfibn`c svgjftu p`st`jg nfli `k

upuĈujf ni pr`citrinjf, pgtinjf: ki bg u Gbgjikg fhzgstgri (‒

Ihicfcn`n, jfkn`stivn` trfmi vfrgogritg u tflstu.Cfęutgc, il` prfbizgc` gz svgjfti dintizgjf u rfibng svgjf

p`sfmin pr`mbfc. C`žfc`, niprgcjfr, pgtitg ‒Jf bg Ihicfcn

g tg 0– @ kj ‒ g tg – t mbj j k


Lil` jf p`lizi` Ibst`n99 t` jf sic` prgvgk. Q`n`v` sf

l`jg jf prfkuvjft gstgnf zi gsliz ‒Ihfcfcn`n sf nf p`jivbju

sngũtvu, nfh` jf zmgbji fhzgstgri`–. Lil` utvr ęujfc` gstgnu v

til` ũt` gstrižujfc` Ihicfcn`ni pjfsngũtvi g pgtic` ki bg



til` ũt` gstrižujfc` Ihicfcn`ni pjfsngũtvi g pgtic` ki bg

rfibni fhzgstfnogji, nfh` gstrižujuĈg rfibnu p`vgjfst g pgtic`

p`jivgbi `s`mi l`ji `kh`viri Ihicfcn`nu pjfsngũtvi.

Ni inib`hin niăgn c`ribg mgsc` p`luũitg `kh`v`rgtg ni

p`stivbjfn` ni lriju `ksjfăli 99.=. Qgtinjf: ‒Jf bg t` sic`

sn`vi gbg c`jf u`mrizgbjf, gbg n fhzgstgri u zmgbjg0–, pgtinjf jf

h`viri pr`citrinjfc rfibn`h svgjfti.

99.?.?. [fcp`ribni fhzgstfnogji. V `ksjfălu 99.=. uliz

]ussfbb rgjfă ‒fhzgstgri– up`trfmbjivi u mfzvrfcin`c scgs

ziticnjfni l`cp`nfnti `n`hi ũt` cg cgsbgc` p`k ‒fhzgst

kikf rizucjftg ti l`cp`nfnti0 Q`n`v` sf prfp`ruăujf k

njfnjf scgsbi k`tgănge gslizi `rgjfntgric` ni t` ũti zniăf n

jf. Nfhiogji gslizi ‒E. Fhzgstgri (mfzvrfcfn`, kn`sn`, mgb‒E. nf fhzgstgri ng u l`jfc vrfcfnu–, i t` p` ]ussfb`v`c `

gslizi zniăg ‒Ngjf sbuăij ki cfęu svgc `s`mici (l`jf su

jfkni jfst E.– Nfhiogji gslizi ‒E.fhzgstgri (siki)–, nisupr`

‒E. nf ihzgstgri siki–, i t` suhfrgri: ‒E. fhzgstgri u nfl`c

cfnsl`c trfnutlu–.

Zi rizbglu `k fhzgstfnogjf, niprgcjfr, nil`h mr`ji, zi fl`h citfrgjibn`h prfkcfti jf liriltfrgstgăn` ki prfkcft ni

n`c vrfcfnsl`c trfnutlu t9, krfęfn`c vrfcfnsl`c pfrg`

tin jf u pr`st`ru, g nfstijf krfęfn`c vrfcfnsl`c trfnutl

ogji u tfcp`ribn`c scgsbu st`jg, kilbf, zi prgsutn`st u pr`s

l`h krfęfn`h vrfcfni. @vi d`rcubiogji suhfrgri ki sf t` ‒

tfcp`ribn`c scgsbu scitri kv`cjfsngc prfkglit`c l`jg stbiogju gzcfęu gnkgvgkuf g jfknf (gbg vgũf) p`zgogji u vrfcfnu

ki mg sf u niũfc h`v`ru ` ‒fhzgstfnogjg– p`vfzibi kvi rizbg

k l jg ( ] bb ) t m g gtg Ĉ g t gj b

7=

jf g p`sbgjf sv`hi prgsustvi u pr`st`ru pr`kuživiju p`st`ji

quisg-fhzgstfnogjg.

@v` rizcgũbjinjf ulizujf ni t` ki `n` tfcp`ribnû ‒fh

jg zi nflu rfbiogju g ki ngjf ngliliv hfnfribng tfrcgn ngtg jf



jg zi nflu rfbiogju g ki ngjf ngliliv hfnfribng tfrcgn, ngtg jf

kv`cjfsng. Jfr, prgcjfni nfl`h hfnfribn`h tfrcgni ni nfl

jfl prftp`stivbji ki prfkcft c`žfc` gkfntgogritg vfĈ nfzi

cjfnf. Ibg t` ngjf c`huĈf l`k tfcp`ribnf fhzgstfnogjf. Nfl

nijprgjf prfkcft l`jg `n jfst, pi jf tiki u `krfęfn`c vrfc

pr`st`ru, nfh` sf l`nstgtugri li` prfkcft l`jg jf c`huĈf gkf

`n jfst tfl u t`c mgvinju prgsutngc. [gcf sf p`tvr ęujf ]uss

tfzi ki ‒fhzgstgritg– u b`hgăl`-sfcintgăl`c scgsbu ngjf ngl

til`ęfr zi tfcp`ribnu fhzgstfnogju. Ibg lil` t` `nki trfmi p

cjftg. [` jf kinis j`ũ nfrizjiũnjfn`.9=

_ njfciăl`h prfvf`

VQV[F NI BG[F]I[V]V:

]ussfbb, M., [ef Qegb`s`pey `d B`hgoib It`cgsc, p`hb. 6.

C``rf, H. F., ‒Gs Fxgstfnof i Qrfkgoitf0–

Yugnf, X. T. @., ‒@n Xeit [efrf Gs–

Oirnip, ]., ‒Fcpgrgogsc, _fcitgos ink @nt`b`hy–

Ibst`n, X. Q., ‒[ef @nt`b`hgoib Irhucfnt ]fvgsgtfk–

_pfoet, F. L., _prioef unk _fgn

Oirb, X., Fxgstfnz unk Qrëkglitg`n

[uhfnkeit, F., ‒Fxgstfnof gn _piof ink [gcf–

Zgccfrcinn, ]., Kfr ‒_linkib kfr Qegb`s`pegf– unk kgf _fcintgl


Fxgstfnz

Lipgtfb 99 ius kfc Muoe ‒B`hgsoe-sfcintgsoef Qr`pëk



p h pous obissgous dòr kgf c`kfrnf Iuddissunh v`n Fxgstfnzsët

bbs Iudsitz „@n kfn`tgnh‒. ]ussfbbs [ef`rgf bôst lfgnfswfh

rghlfgtfn, kgf cgt kfc X`rt ‒fxgstgfrt– vfrmunkfn sgnk. Xfn

bbs Iuddissunh gn fgnfc Lfrnmfrfgoe òmfrzfuhfnk gst, bëÐt

nf Drihfn `ddfn, kgf gn kfr sfgtefrghfn Bgtfritur ucstrgttfn

nòe liuc hflbërt sgnk.

Oergst`pefr E``lwiy

Jfzgl g svgjft9

VKL /VKO



9.9 VT@K

Vsv`c hbfku: ‒Qft cgbj`lizi fcpgrgzci–, prfũticping stvirgci, Yugnf `pgsujf ‒pft prfsuknge c`cfniti

zic pr`cgjfng` sv`j privio nim`bjf– ([[, str. 48) p`ăfvũg kst`bjfĈi. _v`j vbistgtg rik `n tu vgkg li` lubcgniogju pròfsiGspgtgvinjf `vge pft ‒cgbj`lizi– Ĉf nic `c`huĈgtg ki uvf

k`ltrgni p` l`jgci jf nijvgũf p`sti` p`znit, i t` Ĉf nic tiki vgkgc` lil` jf sic Yugnf hbfki` ni p`vgjfsng l`ntflst s p`zgogjf. [ cf Ĉfc` p`svftgtg trg prvi p`hbivbji `vf lnjghf

Ngjf nic p`trfmni prfogzni kfngogji ‒fcpgrgzci–: k`v`znic` ki fcpgrgăirg uzgciju zmgbjn` prfkjfbjfnjf znin`stvf nijm`bjf zninjf ` stvirn`stg g ki scitriju ki jf `v` zninj

ăubn`c gslustvu. Liki p`lrfĈfc` b`z`dsl` pgtinjf ` t`cfzninjf stvirn`stg u`pĈf c`huĈf, nki sf mgăn` p`nijprgjfni pgtinji si lilv`c fvgkfnogj`c risp`bižfc`: lil` nic gžf ki rizvrstic` niũi vjfr`vinji u `ni l`ji su gstgngti g `ni

N` gci tu g prfte`kn` pgtinjf ` t`cf lil` cgsbg g gslizg u`psvgjftu: lil` t` ki nflg zvul, zipgs ni pipgru gbg pb`ăg, gbg pi

svgjfstg, prfkstivbjiju nfl` sp`bjiũnjf stinjf stvirg0 šti jf t`seviĈinju nflf cgsbg gbg gslizi, u sizninju t`hi ũt` ng e`Ĉf nji p`lrfĈu cn`ũtv` nfkùcgoi `l` prfkstivbjinji, zniăfng `k vfbglf vižn`stg su zi inibgtgălu b`z`ju kvikfsft`h st

OE]G_[@QEF] E@@LXIW

gslrgvbjfnji. _vg ‒cgbj`lizg– ni l`jf ulizujf Yugnf p`krizuck`vinji u niũfc b`z`dsl`c rizucgjfvinju prfkstivbjinji:b`z`dsl` pr`svjftbjfnjf lr`z `kmiogvinjf kum`l` uvrgjfžfnnge l`nofpogji ` t`cf lil` cgũbjfnjf g jfzgl dunlog`ngriju.



p j j j j jK`v`bjn` jf ki sf ulritl` svrnfc` ni prvg cgbj`liz. ]gj

nu pižnjf `k gkfji li rgjfăgci–< uscjfrivinjfc inibgzf prf jfzgăngc gzrizgci gbg gslizgci prgjf nfh` li cgsbgci gbg gkf`v`h p`cili jf mgbi u t`cf ki sf pižnji c`hbi `lrfnutg `kcfti gntr`spflogjf li jivngc prfkstivici l`jf jf bilũf gsp

p`hbivbju Ĉu sf mivgtg kruhgc cgbj`liz`c, ‒`tlb`n`c sfci`k tfrcgni li rfăfngoici–. @vgc sf uv`kf u rizcitrinjf nngjge zisngvijuĈge k`ltrgni zi sivrfcfnu b`z` ju jfzgli. Nnjf Ĉf nic p`c`Ĉg ki `mjisngc` Yugnf`v prgstup pgtinjgci

ju `n`cf ũt` jf `n nizvi` ‒`nt`b`hgj`c– u sv`cf lbisgăn``n`cf ăfhi gci–. (DBQT)

9.= Z NIĂFNJF G GCFN@TINJFQrgr`kn` gse`kgũtf zi mjiũnjfnjf lil` jfzgl dunlog`ngri j

ki rgjfăg st`jf zi stvirg< rizucgjfc` nflu rgjfă liki znic` zist`jg. [il` rizucgjfc rgjfă ‒B`nk`n– liki znic ni l`jg hrgbg l`jg hrik kfn`tgri, i rizucgjfc ‒Yugnf– liki znic l`ju

jf. Ni rfăfngou sf `nki c`žf hbfkitg li` ni sflvfnou gbg ir pi jf niũf rizucgjfvinjf rfăfngof siăgnjfn` `k niũfh zninjst`jf rgjfăg. Ni lriju c`žfc` rfĈg ki jf nfli rfăfngoi gstgnžcin rgjfăg u rfăfngog kh`viri, ni nflg niăgn, irinžcinu ststg zi l`jf `vf rgjfăg st`jf. @v` jf sic` cutni slgoi c`huĈ

jic irinžcini slrgvi cn`ũtv` pr`mbfci ‟ n` c`žf p`sbužg

ril zi niũu kgslusgju< nf c`žf sf `sp`rgtg ki jf k`v`bjn` prgăftil. V `v`c `kjfbjlu uvfstg Ĉu nflf pr`mbfcf si l`jgci li tf`rgji `vil` `pĈfngt`h `mbgli. @nki Ĉfc` c`Ĉg gspgtitgg k g gbj l ž Ĉ k l l

74

‒jf Icfrglinio– nfci svreu ki gzkv`jg jfknu jfkgnu p`jfkg jf gzriživi `pĈu liriltfrgstglu l`ji sf c`žf prgcgjfngtg nitilvg gzrizg sf c`hu nizvitg prfkglitgci. H`rf ucftnuti rcibn` inib`hni:



h

B`nk`n jf nisfbjfn.

@mjf up`trfmbjiviju sgnhubirng tfrcgn zijfkn` si prfkglirgstg ki mg sf nflf liriltfrgstglf prgkibf p`jfkgn`stg ni l`jubirng tfrcgn. L`rgstfĈg vfbgli sb`vi ‒D–, ‒H– gtk. ki mgsc`

sti l`ji ziuzgciju prfkglitg g cibi sb`vi ‒i–, ‒m– gtk. ki mcjfsti sgnhubirnge tfrcgni, c`žfc` `vu zijfkngălu d`rcu jfkfĈg niăgn:

Di (u b`hgăl`j n`tiogjg sf prfkglit gspgsujf ni prv`c

]făfngoi p`put:

Mrut jf umg` Ofziri.

sikržg kvi sgnhubirni tfrcgni (kvi sumjfltgvni gzrizi), ‒Mruzijfkn` si prfkglitgvngc gzriz`c l`jg gzriživi rfbiogju gzc

mf, i t` jf ‒umgtg–. L`rgũtfnjfc sgcm`bi ‒]– gtk. ki mg sf `mrfbiog`nge prfkgliti, c`žfc` gzrizgtg d`rcu `vf rfăfngof:

]im.

]făfngoi: B`nk`n jf južn` `k Mgrcgnheici.

til`ęfr jf `vf d`rcf: `ni sikržg rfbiogju gzcfęu kvgjf stvirQ`st`jg g kruhi vrsti gzrizi ni l`ju mge etg` `vkjf svritgt

rfăfngog p`put:

Ngjf sbuăij ki jf Yugnf Njfcio.

gzriz ‒ngjf sbuăij ki– prglbjuăfn jf ăgtiv`j rfăfngog ‒Yugnf jfsbgăin niăgn su kvgjf rfăfngof zkružfnf si ‒g– u:

Yugnf jf Icfrglinio g Drfhf jf Ngjfcio

OE]G_[@QEF] E@@LXIW

Qrfci t`cf, gcic` trg vrstf gzrizi: sgnhubirnf tfrcgnf, ulni< prfkglitf ulbjuăujuĈg rfbiog`nf gzrizf< tf rizbgăgtf `pfrit`ki su vgc gsorpbjfng rfsursg prgr`kn`hi jfzgli ngtg ki su p`lrgvĈi ăgt`vinji gzrizi l`jf sc` sp`cfnubg. N` vgc sc` zik`m



liz jfkn`h drihcfnti vfĈgnf prgr`knge jfzgli, l`jg sikržg tic pbflsn`stg ki nic `c`huĈg ki rizucgjfc` nflf vižnf b`zc`žfc` d`rcubgritg tfũl`Ĉf zi niũ k`v`bjn` prgevitbjgv prgli

Q`ăngc` s `svrt`c ni t` lil` prfkglitg rikf. Ăgng sf ki stvirg zi l`jf st`jf sgnhubirng tfrcgng: ‒Yugnf– st`jg zi nfl`h

k`n– zi nflg hrik, i `v` su k`v`bjn` l`nlrftng g `pižbjgvg pr jf si gzrizgci tgpi: ‒jf orvfn–, ‒jf Icfrglinio– gbg ‒umgjfn jf zi l`nlrftnf pižbjgvf prfkcftf. ‒Orvfn`– nf c`žf stiji p`jfkgniăin orvfng prfkcft jfr `nki nf mg c`hb` mgtg up`trsf nfũt` ugstgnu lizib` zi mgb` l`jg kruhg prfkcft l`jg jf orvkgkit zi rfdfrfnti gzrizi ‒jf orvfn– jf `nij l`jg st`jg zi itrgm

riltfrgstglu orvfn`stg gbg mgtg-orvfn. I v` sf nf ăgng ki jf l`žbjgvi stvir: c`hu vgkjftg p`sfmnf orvfnf stvirg, ibg nf c`hliriltfrgstglu orvfn`stg. Ăgng sf ki sc` niũgc `pgs`c prfknuęfng prgevitgtg hbfkgũtf ki p`st`jf tilvf `pĈf liriltfrgstsvjfsng g ki prfkglitf rizucgjfc` sic` `nki liki ge nflilsi `vgc `pĈgc prfkcftgci.

_bgăin pr`mbfc nistijf prg l`rgũtfnju `pfrit`ri gbg l`nfl jg ‒nf– g ‒g–0 Nf ăgng sf ki mgb` ũti st`jg u niũfc gslustvu i ũli` zniăfnjf vge gzrizi, n` tf`rgji zniăfnji l`ju p`krizucgkgslusgjg zietgjfvi ki p`st`jf tilvg prfkcftg g ki rizucgjfvi prftp`stivbji ki ge p`vfžfc` si `vgc prfkcftgci. Ăgc pr`ũ jfzgli si l`jgc sf mivgc` gzhbfki li` ki sc` zimrizkgbg u ti

stg p`put tvrknjf ki p`st`jg nfũt`, tj. ngũti, zi ũti st`jg gzriz Ni lriju, rizc`trgc` gzrizf zi l`jf sf ăgng ki jf rfdfrfnzniăfnji nijm`bjf sgtugrini, i t` su gcfni g sgnhubirng tfrcgbj k g g lbj ă j Ĉg g Y g gj bgj k Ĉ

75

cgjfvinjf gcfni l`ji su up`trgjfmbjfni u `vgc rfăfngoici pstvirnge stvirg ‟ g ki c`žfc` ` njgci h`v`rgtg ‟ l`jf nf p`st

Qi ăil g il` t` prgevitgc`, `stijf prgbgăn` ũgr`l pr`st`r`l` t`hi ni ũti `vi gcfni rfdfrgriju. Nflg kržf (k`kuũf nfu



Eicbft gkfji u nfăgj`j svgjfstg< kruhg tvrkf ki jf `n sic` c``pft nflg kruhg ki jf n zicgũbjfng fntgtft sug hfnfrgs. Nfci zgc` u vf kfmitf, mukuĈg ki Yugnf nf scitri ki vg prgcjfr`zmgbjin pr`mbfc zi rfdfrfnogjibnu tf`rgju. VsvijijuĈg hbfkgũogpgri` Drfhf, i lisngjf su hi cn`h` kftibjngjf rizvgbg Jèn

Fvins, Yugnf suhfrgri ki h`v`r ` Qfhizu, Eicbftu g njge`vngjf `zmgbjin ăgnjfngăng h`v`r. Cg ‒bil`cgsbfn`– prftfnkgr

c` tvrknjf lrgbitgc l`njgci g ki h`v`rgc` n`cf ũt` sfzgn`ru svihki liki niũ gkg`c `kstupi `k h`v`rfnji ` tilvstvirgci li` ũt` su tflst`vg g zipgsg l`jf `ng sikržf. Kilbf, ric ki l`rgstgc ‒Eicbft– li` `mgăn` vbistgt` gcf, til` ki

nf p`lizujf ki prgznijfc stvirn`st Eicbfti (DBQT, str. 91?Cfęutgc, li` ũt` t` nizniăujf c`ji p`sbjfknji rfăfngoi

tg gcfni zi bgl`vf gz u`mrizgbjf u tvrknjici l`jf su p`svf `zcjfr, c`hu ni vjfr`k`st`jin niăgn rfĈg:

Eicbft ngjf stvirn` p`st`ji`.Qfhiz ngjf stvirn` p`st`ji`.

]izucgjfc vf rfăfngof g cgsbgc ki su nf gstgngtf. Il` sikržf rizucgjfc jfkgn` til` ũt` znic l`hi gbg ũti `vg gzrizgc`ric znitg ki g ‒Eicbft– g ‒Qfhiz– rfdfrgriju ni nfũt` nfpki sf Yugnf ‟ pi g svg cg ‟ c`ri sb`žgtg s tgcf ki gci nfp`st`ti. _vf k`l gcfni rfdfrgriju ni stvirg `vf kvgjf rfăfngof nfngtf< i mukuĈg ki su gstgngtf `vf rfdfrfnogjf c`riju mgtg nfp`

tf`rgji zniăfnji l`ju rizcitric` suhfrgri ki gci nfp`st`jf@vg pr`mbfcg nf p`mgjiju tf`rgju jfzgli `k l`jf sc` lrfn

ju ni b`z`dslf pr`mbfcf l`jg p`stiju nf`kb`žng `n`hi ăisi

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[vrk`l`rni `prfkgjfbjfn`st li l`nlrftn`c zitgăfc` l`znin`st uzgciju p`svf zmgbjn` gbg l`k nge l`jg vjfruju ki ngzbizg p`nijprgjf gz ăubi. @ng sf nf l`bfmiju ki prgevitf p`l`jg sikržg vgkbjgvf prfkcftf< i nfvgkbjgvf prfkcftf li` pr`

j g j l b j b gjg k g k



ũtiju zit` ũt` `vg st`jf u liuzibn`j rfbiogjg si kruhgc prfkcn` su gcpbgogring u niũgc niăgngci sizninji ` njgci. Cfętng prfkcftg ‟ stvirg li` mr`jfvg, lbisf, itrgmutg, nfp`st`jfng fntgtftg, l`jg nf ubizf u liuzibnf strulturf l`jf gzuăivijun`stg g nfciju b`liogjf u pr`st`ru g vrfcfnu ‟ ni tilvf pr

ki si sucnj`c. [` ki Yugnf til`ęfr tvrk`hbiv` sbgjfkg tilnjf jisn` sf vgkg gz prv`h `kb`cli `hbfki l`jfh jf nipgsi` zs`n`c H``kcin`c 97;8. h`kgnf: ‒L`riog li l`nstrultgvncu–. [ic` ăgtic`:

‒Nf vjfrujfc` u ipstriltnf fntgtftf. Ngl` nf prftp`stivbjfntgtftg ‟ lbisf, rfbiogjf, sv`jstvi gtk. ‟ p`st`jf u pr`st`rgcic` ni ucu vgũf `k t`hi. _vf ge `krfki `kmioujfc`.Qrfcki Ĉf Yugnf lisngjf p`stitg slb`n ki prgzni nflf ip

tf, `pgsujuĈg `vij sv`j prfbizil li` ki sic` gzriživi egp`tfzi gstrižgvinji l`jgci Ĉf sf mivgtg u `stitlu t`h sv`h riki, jkibjf hijg nfp`vjfrfnjf prfci `vkjf sp`cfnutgc ipstriltng

V sv`cf hbfku gz 97;8. h`kgnf Yugnf g H``kcin nfũt`

u ipstriltn` prgpgsuju vjfr`vinju ki ngjf c`huĈf p`b`žgtg rnjf jfkn`j vrstg ipstriltn`h prfcfti ‟ lbisici l`jf sf gzuslup`vi ‟ i ki sf nf zipbftfc` u pr`turjfăn`st gbg nf prgmjfgbg nfprgr`kn`j inibgzg. N`, ni l`nou l`noi, njge`v` `kmgjitf ipstriltnf prfkcftf si l`jgci sf, lil` sf ăgng, mivf citfkruhg bjukg, ‒zisn`vin` jf ni b`z`dsl`j gntugogjg l`ji sf nf

tg p`zgvinjfc ni nfũt` ũt` mg mgb` j`ũ tfcfbjgtgjf.–V ‒@ n`cf ăfhi gci– Yugnf p`lrfĈf pgtinjf stvirn`st

citri hi u vfzg si nflgc prftp`stivlici ` jfzglu l`jf `vk

911

up`trfmbjivic prfkglitgvng gzriz ‟ ‒orvfni– gbg ‒jf orvfni– p`svf scgsbfn /cfingnhdub /< rizucgjfc hi. Il` jf nflg gzrizgci nfũt` ũt` st`jg zi njfhi, n gci zniăfnjf /cfingnh /. Zniăkgliti jfstf `vij ipstriltng fntgtft, itrgmut orvfn`stg. Il` p`k b g t g g g g ă j / g d b/



ki su hfnfribng tfrcgng n`sgòg zniăfnji /irf cfingnhdub /, `c` stvirn`st nflge ipstriltnge fntgtfti ‟ njge`vi zniăfnji. V

zniă fnji hfnfribnge tfrcgni. Vsv`jgc` bg rfdfrfnogjibnu tf`nki sf `v`cf tfũl` `kuprgjftg.

Qrfci t`cf, svili `k `vf trg lbisf gzrizi l`jf sc` rizb`z`dslf pr`mbfcf il` jf niũi prgr`kni tf`rgji zniăfnji uzbgăgtgc rizk`mbjgci nflg b`z` su mgbg sprfcng ki p`pgj

prgeviĈijuĈg ki gci cn`h` vgũf stvirg `l` nis nfh` ũt` mg ki cg t` vjfrujfc`. Q`ăftl`c pr`ũb`h st`bjfĈi C``rf, ]ussu ni rizbgăgtf niăgnf mgbg sprfcng ki usv`jf str`h` rfibgstcn`hf `k `vge nf`mgănge prfkcfti. Qr`mbfcg l`jg su sf pr

vgbg c`hu sf p`kgjfbgtg u kvgjf vrstf. Qrvi vrsti jf, i ni nju ribg, fpgstfc`b`ũli: ki mgsc` `mrizb`žgbg niũf rizucgjfvinjc` p`lizitg ki sc` u l`hngtgvn`c l`ntiltu si vgc stvirg

jf nijbilũg niăgn ki t` uăgngc` p`stubgritg nflu sp`s`mn`sup`znit`stg si njgci, l`ji mg jil` scftibi prfkrisukici f

Kruhg pr`mbfc jf cftizgălg: ăfst` sf tvrkg ki rizucgjfc

cfti krfęfnf vrstf g ki njgci c`žfc` h`v`rgtg ni rizucb`nki liki sc` u stinju sevitgtg stiv`vf gkfntgtfti l`jg p`kricgnf l`jg rfdfrgriju ni king prfkcft. C`žfc` rfĈg tilvf stv

Q`st`jg mr`j l`jg jf pr`st.Q`st`jg mr`j l`jg jf zmgr kvi g sfkic.

N` cg nf znic` ũti su mr`jfvg, ngtg ũti jf l`rgũtfnjf mr`

njgci rfdfrgribg, svf k`l nf rizucgjfc` ũti jf prftp`stivbjfnKfvft jf gstg mr`j li` zmgr kvi g sfkic.

Znic` liki kvi sgnhubirni tfrcgni st`jf zi gstg mr`j Vvjf

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9.? ] GJFĂG G ]FĂFNGOFKruhg cgbj`liz fcpgrgzci mgbi jf k`ltrgni l`ju jf uvf` g s

e`c l`rgstg` Mfnteic< nju su til`ęfr prghrbgbg Drfhf g ]ussf81). @ni p`krizucgjfvi ‒`tlb`n p`z`rn`stg si rgjfăg ni rfăf

gj gl j gj g gę l gj l



prgjfn`sngl zniăfnji ngjf vgũf vgęfn li` rgjfă nfh` li` rfăf45-7)< ‒zniăfnji rgjfăg su ipstrilogjf gzkv`jfnf k gstgn`sngeoi l`jf ge sikržf– ([[, str. 47).

H`v`rn` p`niũinjf prgjf svfhi prftp`stivbji gzrgoinjf

prfkstivbjiju nijlriĈf jfkgngof jfzgli l`jf sf stvirn` c`husf p`kuzfbf jfzgănf ilogjf. Gzuzfv u sbuăijfvgci liki gci

rizh`v`rng l`ntflst nf c`žfc` k`luăgtg scgsi` gslizi `k jfăg. Niũf seviĈinjf zniăfnji nflf rgjfăg `c`huĈivi nic

c` g rizucgjfc` rfăfngof u l`jgci sf `ni p`jivbjujf. @kit jfkg ki jf prgliz t`hi lil` jfzgl dunlog`ngri gsprivin il` cũti cg t` ăgngc` si rfăfngoici: rgjfăg Ĉfc` sevitgtg ni nijm`

njgci mukfc` nipr`st` vgkjfbg stibnf `kbglf rfăfngoi. _t`hini p`jfkgnf rgjfăg gzvin ũgrfh rfăfngăn`h l`ntflsti c`žf ulb`z`dslf gbuzgjf. [il` jf Eucf pgti` l`ju gkfju gbg gcprfsgjkinu rgjfă, prftp`stivbjijuĈg ki il` nf c`žfc` nivfstg nflurgjfă nfci zniăfnji. _iki c`žfc` p`sucnjitg ki `vij ziehf: il` sic u stinju l`rgstgtg g rizucjftg svf rfăfngof u l`j

jfă p`jivbjujf, t` `nki p`lizujf ki jf rizucgjfc< ngjf vižnisògritg nglilvu prfkstivu gbg gcprfsgju uz sicu rgjfă. Fcpgki niũf seviĈinjf niũfh jfzgli p`krizucgjfvi njfh`v` vfzstv` trfmi sic` ki tvrkg ki rizucgjfc` nflg gzriz liki zngslustvu pr`vjfrgc` rfăfngof u l`jgci sf `n p`jivbjujf. Ngjki spiji gslustvi si p`jfkgngc rgjfăgci.

Il` jf v` tiăn`, ustfzit Ĉfc` sf ki prgevitgc` ki svil`j nfli stvir gbg gkfji ‟ li` njfn` zniăfnjf. Vl`bgl` sc` u stinjusf prgsutn`st nflf rgjfăg križivi u n`cf ũt` sf c`žf urikgt

91=

L`rgsng niăgng putfc l`jge bjukg `mgăn` h`v`rf gbg sf ăgzniăfnjgci sv`kf sf ni kvi: gcinjf zniăfnjĉ /cfingnhs/,slg scgsi` / sghng oinof/ g gst`st zniăfnji gbg sgn`ngcgji. @vi kivinjfc zniăfnji nfl`h gzrizi ngjf ngũti kruh` nfh` gsgn`ngci `mgăn` pèrinjfn` u jisngjfc jfzglu nfh` ũt` j



sgn`ngci, mgăn` pèrinjfn` u jisngjfc jfzglu nfh` ũt` jsc` ibfrhgăng ni zniăfnji li` tilvi, c`žfc` kgrfltn` hzgci li` scgsbfngc / sghng oint / gbg mfscgsbfngc /gnsghn

sgn`ngcn`c gbg eftfr`ngcn`c jfkn`c prfci kruh`c. Qnjfnji `vge prgkjfvi... jf l`bgl` tfžil t`bgl` g vižin. N`

jf flspbinit`rni vrgjfkn`st spfogjibnge g nfsv`kgvge p`stfti l`jf z`vfc` zniăfnjgci gbuz`rni. (DBQT, str. 99-9=

Q`fnti `n`hi ũt` jf rfăfn` jfstf ki mgsc` trfmibg mgtg sp`sngc` ũti jf prftp`stivbjfn` u gzrizgci l`jg gciju zniăfnjf, kăun ` t`cf ũti rikgc` liki uăgc` gbg `mjiũnjivic` zniăfnjc` ũti jf prftp`stivbjin` liki vgũf gzrizi zniăf gst`, i ki pr

c` zniăfnji li` ipstriltnf prfkcftf. V`mgăijfng h`v`r znnf nicfĈf `viliv niăgn rizcgũbjinji< g nf mgsc` trfmibg prfnflg gzriz scgsbfn sic` il` p`st`jg nfl` zniăfnjf l`jfh `ritg prfkcftf p`put zniăfnji nf mg trfmib` mgtg kg` nijuspjft`rnf tf`rgjf ` t`cf lil` sc` sp`s`mng ki h`v`rgc` nflg j

V prfte`kn`c `kjfbjlu sc` til`ęfr p`lrfnubg pr`mbfc zn

tgvi: zi ũti st`jf ‒g– g ‒nf–0 Jfkni `k nijvižngjge cgsbg Xg[riotitusi B`hgo`-Qegb`s`pegousi mgbi jf ki `vg gzrizg (nizl`nstintici– zm`h njge`vf vižnf ub`hf u zilbjuăgvinju) ‒

ju–. Qr`pgtgvinjf ũti mg t` c`hb` p`krizucgjfvitg pružgt Ĉftvrku ` prgcitu rfăfngăn`h zniăfnji. Gkfji jf ki `vg gzrizg dunlog`nibng. ]izc`trgtf sbgjfkfĈf trg tvrknjf:

Yugnf jf Icfrglinio.Drfhf jf Ngjfcio.

Yugnf jf Icfrglinio g Drfhf jf Ngjfcio.

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lbjuăgvinjfc t`h pfrit`ri gsprfk kruhf rfăfngof jfstf gstgngtăfngoi l`ji sbgjfkg bižni, i bižni liki jf `vi p`t`nji gstgngti‒gstgn`sn` dunlog`nibng– jfr gstgn`snf vrgjfkn`stg rfăfngoi l

c` uz njge`vu p`c`Ĉ jfsu dunlogjf (tj. `vgsf `k) gstgn`snge e`vge kgjfb`vi Qrgcit rfăfngăn`h zniăfnji nic `c`huĈiv



e`vge kgjfb`vi. Qrgcit rfăfngăn`h zniăfnji nic `c`huĈivc` pr`mbfc mrizbihinji niũf up`znit`stg si ipstriltngc pr

junlogjf g nfhiogjf.Gci g kruhg niăgn ki sf prgcgjfng `vij uvgk, i p`krizuc

zbgăgtu stritfhgju. Yugnf mgăn` p`vfzujf prgcit rfăfngăn`h z

rgũtfnjfc, li` ũt` su t` ăgngbg Mfnteic g ]ussfbb, cft`kf pitflstuibnf kf ngogjf ([[, str. 45-81, 86). Li` ũt` sc` vgkjfcfnt zi p`st`jinjf itrgmuti orpg sv`ju snihu gz ăgnjfngof krfdfrgric` ni njge si sgnhubirngc tfrcgngci. [il`:

Orvfn`st jf jfkni m`ji.

C`žfc` p`luũitg ki ulb`ngc` gbuzgju ki jf ‒orvfn`st– sgnl`jg st`jg zi nflg zih`nftng ipstriltng fntgtft piridrizgrijuĈg

_vf ũt` jf orvfn` jf `m`jfn`.

@v` nis nki nf v`kg li inibgzg rgjfăg ‒orvfn`st–. Nfci kăfngof l`jg zniăg gst` ũt` g ‒orvfn`st–. Qrgjf Ĉf mgtg ki `ni su piridrizgrinji svilf rfăfngof l`ji sikržg rgjfă ‒orvfn`st– u j

l`j`j nfk`stijf `vij tfrcgn. Nf nukgc` `mjiũnjfnjf rgjfăg ‒o`mjiũnjfnjf svge `nge rfăfngoi u l`jgci sf ti rgjfă p`jivbjujtri ki sic` prgcit rfăfngăn`h zniăfnji c`žf `mjisngtg ziũtbgzf ăgnf zik`v`bjivijuĈgc. V`mgăijfn prgcjfr `vf gstf stritcgjfvi rfăfngof p`put:

Qr`sjfăin vbisngl v`zgbi v`zg =11 cgbji sfkcgăn

@vkjf sf ăgng ki jf gzvjfsn` sv`jstv` prgpgsin` ăukn`vit` prfkcftu, ‒pr`sjfăn`c vbisnglu v`zgbi–. _vil` l` gci `nt`Ĉf sf p`žibgtg ki nfci tilvf stvirg. Nivfkfni rfăfngoi pru

91;

cgjfvinji mgăn`h prgr`kn`h jfzgli. [fengli piridrizgrinji,nipr`st` prgmivbji kruhu rfăfngou `k l`jf `ăflujfc` ki ‒gzb`– `nij sikržij l`jg `ni kgjfbg si prv`c. Vcjfst` ki nic p

lil` prgr`kng jfzgl dunlog`ngri, prfk nici sf rięi sucnji ulf li` prfn`sni srfkstvi zi p`svf jisn` prfkstivbjinjf cgsb



lf li` prfn`sni srfkstvi zi p`svf jisn` prfkstivbjinjf cgsb jfl mukn` c`trgtg ki nic nf pr`cilnu virbjgvf d`rcubiogjf

Tižn` jf uvgkjftg lil` sf `vi kruhi prgcjfni `kn`sg prfăfngăn`h zniăfnji. Il` jf zniăfnjf rgjfăg prgcirn`, nki znic`žfc` rizjisngtg sic` til` ũt` Ĉfc` rizjisngtg zniăfnjf r

žg. ]islrgvijuĈi piridrizi trfmib` mg ki sikržg piridrizf gbg citgăngjge tfrcgni u rfăfngog. Yugnf scitri ki nis prgcit rfăfnji `sb`mięi `v`h zietjfvi. ]izjiũnjivijuĈi piridrizi zi

mbfcitgănf rfăfngof c`žf mgtg til` sl`vini ki nf sikržg l`kh`viri nfl`j rgjfăg gbg drizg u rfăfngog l`ju piridrizgri. Ngjdrizi ngjf zip`sjf` zniăfnjf ‒pr`sjfăn`h v`ziăi– gbg ‒orvfn

žfc` sf `sjfĈitg sghurngc ki sc` rizucjfbg gzv`rnu rfăfnrfofpt zi l`nstrugrinjf piridrizi zi mgb` l`ju rfăfngou u l`zg p`jivbjuju. _ic` nis prfkrisuki ki zniăfnjf svilf p`jfk

mgtg `kjfbgt` zieviĈfn` u niũ`j inibgzg c`žf p`nulitg ki muv`bjng, lil` nic t` p`lizujf Yugnf.

Qr`mbfcg nistiju liki zitrižgc` p`kr`mngjf `mjiũnjfnjf

ęu gzv`rnge rfăfngoi g njge`vge piridrizi. Qrfci jfkn`c hbf prgmivbjiju ‒inibgzf– gzv`rnf rfăfngof: `nf liriltfrgzgriju strl`jf su mgbf kjfvfnf u, zi l`cunglitgvnf svref, p`tfnogjibn`n` rue`< gbg pil nf `svjftbjiviju nflu slrgvfnu b`hgălu gbg hrituru ‒prgsutnu u– gzv`rngc rfăfngoici. Li` ũt` Ĉfc` lisngjfzi rizbglu k ]ussfbbi, ngjf prfvgũf srftin si v`c vrst`c mji

sf rikg. @n mg sf rikgjf `prfkgjfbg` zi sbimgju tvrknju, i t` jf kc`hu ‒sbužgtg gst`j svrsg– g ki su piridrizf k`mir gzm`r, vjfr`vũt` su jisngjf. @n jf slb`n gnzgstgritg ni t`cf ki niũg gzrižijng mgbg gă g l mg gkg bg ũ j gl t l ũt mg l g tgbg

OE]G_[@QEF] E@@LXIW

gz njge b`z`dslu l`rgst i ki prgt`c nf c`ric` vjfr`vitg u turf l`jf uprivbjiju niũgc cgũbjfnjfc, prfcki su slrgvfn

d`rcici fnhbfsl`h.

9 ; Q]FKCF[G G @N[@B@HGJI



9.; Q]FKCF[G G @N[@B@HGJITritgc` bg sf li pr`mbfcgci gcfni zi zicgũbjfnf fntgtf

p`st`jfĈf– prfkcftf, c`žfc` scitritg ki prgcit rfăfngăn`h jfkn`stivn` rjfũfnjf. Nfl` gcf c`žf gcitg zniăfnjf gil` cki rfdfrgri, k`l h`k rizucgjfc` rfăfngof u l`jgci sf jivbj

ngũti kruh` nis niv`kg ki prftp`stivgc` ki gcf nf c`žf ul`bgl` nf rfdfrgri. Cfęutgc, Yugnf nf `stijf prg `v`c uvgkki sevitgc` rizb`h t`cf.

Li` prv`, trfmi prgcgjftgtg ki gcfni `mgăn` rfdfrgriju nir`kin jf prgh`v`r rfdfrfnogjibn`j tf`rgjg zniăfnji ki `ni uzgăfnji l`jg jf prgcjfnbjgv ni gcfni, pi hi `nki hfnfribgzgri

lrg` gzrizf svge vrsti. Qrfci t`cf, nf mgsc` trfmibg prfvgũfrinjfc rfdfrfniti gcfni g kruhge sgnhubirnge tfrcgni. Li` kz`dslge rizb`hi zi mrghu. Qrgr`kn` hbfkic` ni svgjft li` ki prfkcfti l`jg gciju rizbgăgtf liriltfrgstglf. [f`rgjf sf rizbgluj prfkcftf scitriju ki su sikržing u svgjftu. Yugnf h`v`rg ` sl`jf nflg h`v`rngl scitri ki p`st`jf li` njfh`vi ‒`nt`b`hg

nji ‒`nt`b`ũlg `prfkjfbjujf– sv`hi iut`ri zi prfkcftf `krfę jf uvjft gstgngt`stg tvrknjf ki prfkcftg tf vrstf p`st`jf. Il`nfc` prg `v`cf p`hbfku ni svgjft, `nki kvi pr`mbfci trfmiQrv`, p`trfmn` nic jf b`z`dsl` rizjiũnjfnjf p`jci prfkcftnfũt` c`žf mgtg prfkcft 0 Kruh`, trfmic` mjisngtg lil` sf ul`jf prfkcftf jf kini tf`rgji gbg tf`rftgăir ‒`prfkgjfbjfn–. Li

jfc` ki bg jf, ni prgcjfr, fbfcfntirni irgtcftgli gstgngti sictilvg ipstriltng prfkcftg li` ũt` su mr`jfvg0C`žki ăgnjfngoi ki gcfni `mgăn` rfdfrgriju ni prfkcftf

j ũ j ge mb lg b kgbg k j k

914

lvf vrstf. Il` sgnhubirng tfrcgng nf st`jf zi prfkcftf, lil` Ĉ

zi l`jf prfkcftf kini tf`rgji ližf ki p`st`jf0 Q` svfcu suk jfsn` p`vfzini si prfkcftgci g mgb` mg p`hrfũn` t` gzhumgtg g

V ‒@ n`cf ăfhi gci– (DBQT) Yugnf sf mivg vgc pgtinjlvge d`rcg jfzgăn`h p`niũinji putfc l`jge sf nfkv`scgsbfn



j h p j p jc` zi p`st`jinjf prfkcfti rizbgăgtge vrsti0 [` jf p`lrfnub` tfrgjfc `nt`b`ũl`h `prfkjfbjfnji: zi privgb`c l`jf c`žfc`slup tvrknjg ki mgsc` `krfkgbg l`ju t` `nt`b`hgju c`ri svilžfbg ki gznfsf vilvf tvrknjf. Li` ũt` jf t` prgcgjftg` Ib`nz

nf jf mg` prvg b`z`d l`jg sf zmgbjn` prgevitg` p`trihf zi til(Oeuroe 9765). ‒@ `n`cf ăfhi gci– sikržg rfzubtitf `v`h til `v`h p`hbivbji pruži nfd`rcibng uv`k u `vi hbfkgũti.

9.6 ] V__FBB@TI [F@]GJI @QG_I G YVGNF@T L]G[F]GJ @N[@B@šL@H @Q]FKJFBJFNJI

Q`ăft Ĉfc` si ]ussfbb`v`c tf`rgj`c `pgsi. Yugnf ni `vuz`rgtu up`trfmu b`z`dslf inibgzf g njfh`vg p`hbfkg, li` ũt` `nt`b`ũl`c `prfkjfbjfnju sbužf li` sv`jfvrsni nik`puni

V sv`c rin`c kjfbu ]ussfbb jf prgevitg` ki svilg jfzgăngzniăfnjf st`jg zi nfũt`. [` hi jf `kvfb` `n`cf ũt` jf Yugnfv`c ‒nfk`pustgv` nfrizb`žfn`c `nt`b`hgj`c– ([[ str. 8;

ũt` p`st`jg mgbg su g tilvg fntgtftg li` ‒mr`jfvg, e`cfr`vslg megcfrf g ăftvfr`kgcfnzg`nibng pr`st`rg– (]ussfbb, 971?, str. [[ str. 8;). V vrgjfcf liki jf pgsi` sv`j lbisgăng rik gz 9716

jg–, ]ussfbb jf žfbg` ki gzmjfhnf vf prftjfrin`stg. Njfh`v pr`pgsi prgmivbji jfkn` `k `ruęi s l`jgci jf t` nicjfrivi` p`

]ussfbb tvrkg ki ngjfkni `k `vf kvgjf rfăfngof:

Lribj Drinouslf jf Ĉfbiv.Lribj Drinouslf nf p`st`jg.

nfci b`hgălu strulturu l`jg sc` prfkstivgbg si Di.

OE]G_[@QEF] E@@LXIW

lribji Drinouslf, `nki jf prvi rfăfngoi nfkv`scgsbfn` bižnngti< ngjfkni nf sikržg gcf gbg nflg kruhg sgnhubirng tfrcgn lki rfdfrgri. Kilbf, `mgăng `krfęfng `pgsg ngsu privg sgnhubir

hi zilizuju irhucfntg l`jg nužn` prgzgviju stvirn`st rizbgăcfti ni tfcfbju prftp`stivlf ki su `krfęfng `pgsg sgnhubir



j p p p hvic` prfvirfng zit` ũt` p`vrũgnsli p`jivi rfăfngoi niũfh jflrgtg njge`vu kumgnslu b`hgălu strulturu.

]ussfbb`vi tf`rgji nic prgmivbji `ruęf l`jf nic `c`huc` ziv`kngăl`j c`Ĉg p`vrũgnslf strulturf niũfh jfzgli. Nf

p`st`jinjf prfkcfti liki h`k up`trgjfmgc` nflg `krfęfng nic pružiju c`huĈn`st ki gkfntgogric` nf pgsf l`jg nis

p`st`jinjf prfkcfti< t` su ng `pgsg l jg su piridrizgring til‒gci– prfkcfti `kh`virijuĈf vrstf. Ngjfkni rfăfngoi nf zilribji Drinouslf ki mg gcibi zniăfnjf. _ic` prvi zietgjfviDrinouslf ki mg mgbi gstgngti. _t`hi k`l `nij l`jg gslrfn` tvr

Lribj Drinouslf jf Ĉfbiv.c`ri vjfr`vitg ki p`st`jg lribj Drinouslf, k`tbf `nij l`jg gz

Lribj Drinouslf nf p`st`jg.

t` nf c`ri.Jfkni `k zisbuhi ]ussfbb`vf tf`rgjf `pgsi jfstf u t`cf ũ

s`mg` ki p`jfkn`stivgc` g p`jisngc` niũf niăgnf rfdfrgrinj Nflg, ibg nf svg, gzrizg `mbgli ‒tij D– gciju svreu ki rfdfrgri

tf. Liki su rfăfngof l`jf ge sikržf piridrizgrinf u slbiku stf`rgj`c, tiki jf rfdfrfnogjibni dunlogji p`vjfrfni `n`c `muvgjfl sbužg t`cf ki ibukgri ni prfkcftf l`jf h`v`rngl sci

‟ i t` jf gkg`c ‒gci–, ‒jfstf–, ‒p`st`jg–. Vlbinjinjf `krfęfn

ũfh jfzgli `sb`mię

i nis jfkn`h `mbgli gzrizi l`jg sic` p`nfrgrinju ni prfkcft. [gcf p`kuzgcic` l`ril li jfzglu u l`jt`b`ũli prfkjfbjfnji svi mjfb`kinjfni u l`nstrulogjici l`c`hu mgtg up`trgjfmbjfnf liki jf h`v`rngl sprfcin ki prge

915

Ni prvg p`hbfk t` ngjf miũ `mfĈivijuĈf. Qrgcjfni ]ussfbb`krfęfnf pgsf p`krizucgjfvibi jf ki ng gciju sgntiltgălu stkržf hfnfribnf tfrcgnf p`put ‟ ‒jf lribj Drinouslf–. MukuĈg

privgbu nfstrulturgrini, lil` nki sbgănf inibgzf c`hu mgtg ric`huĈn`st, l`ju jf zistupi` ]ussfbb, jfstf ki sf ni gcf hbfki



ng pgs: n` ũt` e`Ĉfc` rfĈg si ‒Qfhiz–, ni prgcjfr, c`hb` mgn`v lrgbitg l`nj–. N` Yugnf jf v`bjin ki usv`jg gzrivngju strizgl uv`kg n`vf jfkn`stivnf hfnfribnf tfrcgnf, til` ki jf svil

jfknu stvir g ki gzriživiju sv`jstv` ‒mgtg-pfhiz– gbg sv`jstv`

Gcf ‒Qfhiz– mg `nki c`hb` mgtg piridrizgrin` li` ‒t` pfhizgrfăfngof l`jf su nis zingcibf c`hu mgtg `vil` rfd`rcubgrinf

Q`st`jg jfkni g sic` jfkni stvir l`ji pfhizgri g `ni gc Ngjf sbuăij ki nfũt` pfhizgri.

Văgnil `vilv`h kgsogpbgngrinji niũfh jfzgli jfstf u t`cživic` stikgju ni l`jfc su svi niũi `nt`b`ũli `prfkjfbjfnjstrulogjici l`jf uvgjfl ni gstg niăgn gzriživiju nt`b`ũlf prfl`jg ge up`trfmbjiviju u `zmgbjngc tvrknjici.

_rfĈ`c, ki mgsc` sihbfkibg snihu Yugnf`v`h ‒lrgtfrgji nkjfbjfnji–, nf c`ric` `kbuăgtg ` t`cf ki bg jf k`gsti c`huĈli `k gcfni. C`žfc` uzftg li` ki jf b`hgăli p`sbjfkgoi

Qfhiz gci lrgbi.

t` ki

Q`st`jg nfũt` ũt` jf Qfhiz g gci lrgbi.

I Yugnf`v tfcfbjng stiv jf ki c`žfc` rizimritg nfăgj

pr`niĈg l`jf prfkcftf `n uzgci ki mg siăgng` nicjfũtij svĈfc` pižbjgv` `sbuũlgvitg rfăfngof `vf kruhf d`rcf ni l`jf

ki prgstinf.@tlrgt Ĉftf ũti nfl` cgsbg ki p`st`jg til` ũt` Ĉftf ustin

sprfcin ki ližf ki p`st`jg. @v` c`žki nf gzhbfki li` suv

OE]G_[@QEF] E@@LXIW

Liki pgtic` liliv jf utjfoij prgciti rfăfngăn`h zniăfnjb`ũlf sikržijf, nukf nic sf kvgjf cfęus`mn` prfănf pùlfbi ni vgkjfb` lr`z gspgtgvinjf rfăfngoi ` orvfn`stg g pr`sjfă

Qutfc piridrizf c`žfc` gz niũfh h`v`ri fbgcgngritg prgvgknipstriltnf g nfp`st`jfĈf prfkcftf. N` sp`rni jf tvrknji ki t



`tlbinji b`z`dslu gbuzgju: prgh`v`r `v`j vrstg up`trfmf cfgzng` jf Ibst`n (9765), i n`vu snihu cu jf ukienu` Orgspgn Vzcgc` ki sc` k`pustgbg ki kvgjf rfăfngof l`jf sc` rizcitYugnf gzvbiăg pùlu ki sf rfăfngoi l`ji sikržg ‒orvfn`st–

si sv`jstvgci ipstriltn`h fntgtfti: njfn sikržij jf pr`ngobjgv piridriz`c. Nfl` mg t` c`hi` `kmiogtg tvrkfĈg ki jf kruhi n` ipstriltn`c prfkcftu orvfn`stg: p`st`jinjf rfbiogjf pir

jf ki, usprl`s prgvgku, tvrknji jf ăgnjfngog ki jf orvfn`st m jfăgci, il` rfbiogji piridrizf gci `sn`vi, lil` Ĉfc` `kbuă`ũtrùcngjg `pgs stvirn`stg gbg l`jg ` nj`j vgũf h`v`rg0

K`l h`k sc` sihbisng s tgcf ki ni ipstriltnf fntgtftf tsucnj`c, niũf sgcpitgjf c`hu mgtg ni string Yugnfi: il` nichuĈf k`bjftg ki prgevitgc` ki gci tilvge stvirg, trfmi til` g

prgeviĈinjf prgciti rfăfngăn`h zniăfnji ulbinji vižin rizbipstriltnf fntgtftf. Il` cgsbgc` ki jf rgjfă jfkgngoi zniăfn

p` sv`j prgbgog vjfr`vitg ki zniăfnjf gcfni uăgc` su`ăivij

Ĉg u nfl`j liuzibn`j rfbiogjg si njfh`vgc n`sgòfc. [fũl` j prfkcftg l`jg nf p`st`jf u pr`st`ru g vrfcfnu c`hu mgtg pèingzcgci putfc l`jge uăgc` jfzgl. C`žfc` stfĈg gcprfngc prfkcftgci, ibg nf g ` ipstriltngc. @n`h ăisi liki gzirgjfă li` jfkgngou zniăfnji, niũi p`zgogji jf rikglibn` pr`cgjt`c hbfkgũtu, svf ũt` jf p`trfmn` zi rizucgjfvinjf gcfni jfs

njf rfăfngoi l`jf hi sikržf. [il` ki il`, ni prgcjfr, l`rgstgctglf l`jg sikržg mr`jlf (gcfni zi mr`jfvf) g il` znic lil`

n`snf vrgjfkn`stg mgb` l`jf rfăfngof l`ji sikržg mr`jlf, t` jb g ge Ĉ j m jlg l k t N gl l

991

utfcfbjfn ni pr`nibižfnju nflèfrfntn`stg u niũgc tvrknjini stivu ki jf rfdfrfnogji ni njge flspbinit`rslg rfkunkintnit` rizjisngtg u kruh`c kgjfbu `vf lnjghf, sic Yugnf sf prgl

d`rcg zglibgzci: jfkgng prfkcftg l`jg p`st`jf su `ng l`jg s pgs`c zglibnf tf`rgjf. [` pruži tfcfbj zi prfkrisuku u l`r



i l`ji jf nf`vgsni `k `vge stiv`vi ` rgjfăgci g rfăfngoici.

Qrfvf` s fnhbfsl`h V

OG[G]INI KJFBI:Ibst`n, Xgbbgic. 9765. ‒@nt`b`hgoib o`ccgtcfnt–, Qegb`s`pegoib _

Oeuroe, Ib`nz`. 9765. ‒@nt`b`hgoib o`ccgtcfnt–, Jùrnib d Qegb s p

Yugnf, X. T. @. 976?. Dr`c i B`hgoib Q`gnt `d Tgfw (DBQT), OicmEirvirk Vngvfrsgty Qrfss.

Yugnf, X. T. @. 9759. [ef`rgfs ink [egnhs ([[), Oicmrgkhf, Ciss.Vngvfrsgty Qrfss.

]ussfbb, M. I. X. 971?. Qrgnogpbfs `d Citefcitgos. Oicmrgkhf Vngv

Xrghet, Orgspgn. 975?. Drfhf‗s O`nofptg`n `d Nucmfrs is @mjfots. IImfrkffn Vngvfrsgty Qrfss.

Binhuihf ink tef X`rbk

Gn egs pipfr `n ‒Dgvf cgbfst`nfs `d fcpgrgogsc–, Yugnf

p`gnts wefrf fcpgrgogsc eis tilfn i turn d`r tef mfttfr– sgtffnte ofntury. Yugnf sffs egs `wn w`rl is tef oubcgnitg`n`d gcpr`vfcfnt. [ef iute`r‗s o`nofrn gn tegs oeiptfr gs wgte

Kivgk Lfbb`hh Bfwgs

Gstgni u logjg9

VKL /VKO



_ priv`c c`žfc` rfĈg ki jf _efrbòl E`bcfs žgvg`

ubgog, g ki sf v`bg` evibgtg sv`jgc ucngc sp`s`mn`stc` s priv`c rfĈg ki jf mg` prfking `mgtfbjslg ă`vjfl, gbg ki jsiriknjg si p`bgogj`c.

Mgb` mg bgjfp` lik mgsc` c`hbg prgevitgtg tilvf `pgsf lvi u njge`v`j pun`Ĉg, prgpgsujuĈg gc gstg sumjflitsl`-prfkgl

piribfbngc `pgsgci stvirnge bgl`vi. @nki mg rfăfngof ‒E`bcliălft– g ‒Ngx`n n`sg svgbfng liălft– `mjf mgbf nfgstgngtf zisumjflitsl`h tfrcgni ‟ log`nibng E`bcfs gbg stvirng Ngx`ăij ‟ nf p`sjfkujf sv`jstv`, gzrižfn` prfkglit`c, n`ũfnji sti. Jfkgni mg rizbgli mgbi ũt` sumjflitslg tfrcgng ‒E`bcfs– g

ju rfdfrfntf l`jg sf rikglibn` rizbgluju: jfkin jf log`nibng bni `s`mi `k lrvg g cfsi.

Nf k`v`kgc u pgtinjf t` ki mg sf `viliv trftcin l`jg p`n`nhi c`hi` nivfstg ki dunlog`ngũf. [frfnofu Qirs`nsu jf ngjf ngcib` jfkn`stivn` prfvbikitg p`tfũl`Ĉf l`jf nistiju.nf p`st`jg nflg sivrũfn` rizucbjgv niăgn ni l`jg E`bcfs, listvirni `s`mi `k lrvg g cfsi0 Q`st`jf prgăf ` p`stghnuĈgcsi kruhge pbinfti, e`mgtgci, vitrici g `bujici, his`vgtgc gng kruhgc nf-`s`mici. Ibg lilvi mg hrfũli mgbi svrstitg prgăf

`vgc prgăici! Zi rizbglu k Obirli Lfnti ft ib., _efrbòl E`s`mi ‟ `s`mi `k lrvg g cfsi, mgĈf u p`tpun` gst`j litfh`rgj

[il`ęfr rizc`trgc` pr`mbfc hrupf. _ priv`c c`žfc`

99=

ũti prfogzn` ` njfzgn`j vfbgăgng. Ki bg `nki c`žki gcic`

pu, ibg nf g log`nibnf ăbin`vf `vf hrupf tf prfci t`cf ng Nf, jfr c`žfc` s priv`c rfĈg nflf stvirg ` vfbgăgng. ]făfn

sfstrf g r`ęilgnjf, ăil g mfz ujng, mr`jf u tuoftgci.Qrgstiũi Cfgn`nhi nf mg trfmi` prftp`stivbjitg ki sf lvin

g l g b ge bgl k t g l j



sgci log`nibnge bgl`vi `kn`sf ni svf stvirg zi l`jf `n scig log`nibnf g nf-log`nibnf< cfęutgc vjfr`vitn` cu nf mg kgtg ni l`jg sf niăgn k`sfzg lvintgliogjf trfmiju hringăgtg. ]bg c`žfc` s priv`c rfĈg ki jf E`bcfs mg` gntfbghfntngjg `k

h`h, prgjf gbg p`sbgjf. Zisghurn` hi jf prglbikn` up`rfkgtg sinibngc bgl`vgci, li` ũt` su Cyor`dt g Xits`n< ibg nf si krsu Q`gr`t gbg ‒_bgpstgol– Bgmmy. C`hb` mg mgtg prglbikn` up`lgc nf-log`nibngc bgl`vgci, li` ũt` su Nfwt`n g Kirwgnn` nf si kruhgci, li` ũt` su O`nin K`ybf gbg Drinl ]icsfy

jg `k mgb` l`hi kruh`h– jf zniăgb` nfũt` p`put ‒gntfbghfntng

kruh`h u svgjftu _efrbòli E`bcfsi.– _tin`vngog `v`h ‒svcgăn` gzvuăfng gz log`nibnf strinf cfgn`nũlf k`cfnf i kjlog`nibnf strinf, nf gsorpbjujuĈg ngtg jfknu.

L`niăn`, prgstiũi Cfgn`nhi nic c`ri rfĈg ziũt` su pùvgjfl, gstgnf ` log`nibngc bgl`vgci `ksjfăfnf `k p`sbjfkgribf gcpbgogritg. _ priv`c c`žfc` rfĈg ki jf E`bcfs žgvg`

u Milfr`v`j ubgog. ]făfn` cg jf?

ki jf jfkgni zhriki ni ==v`j ubgog, `nki gbg sik, mgbi minli. Nf sbgjfkg, g zisghurn` ngE`bcfs žgvg` u minog.

[fžil jf put Cfgn`nh`v`h prgstiũf, g u v`c riku Ĉu gstringju ibtfrnitgvu. Nfc`jc` uzgcitg niũf `pgsf log`nibnge v`j pun`Ĉg, nfh` eijkf ki ge ucjfst` t`hi p`scitric` li`

kužf rfăfngof l`jf p`

ăgnju si `pfrit`r`c ‒V tilv`j-g-tilv`lvi drizi jf gntfnzg`nibng `pfrit`r l`jg sf c`žf p`stivgtg li

ngog Τ ki mg sf d`rcgribi n`vi rfăfngoi. Ibg nki sf pfrit`rbj l l ž g t gtg l Ĉg j ũt j Ĉg

KITGK L FBB@HH BFXG_

ci l`jg nf kfn`tgriju: iut`citsli bižn`st gbg gz`stinil gstgnstg, vfĈ prfci ulusu.

Cn`hf stvirg l`jf mgsc` c`hbg rfĈg E`bcfsu su p`tfnog

nf. C`hu ibg nf c`riju mgtg seviĈfnf li` slriĈfngof zi rfăf prfls ‒V prgăici _efrbòlu E`bcfsu...– L`ntflst, sikržiĈf u prilsg uhbivn`c ulb`ngtg vgũfzniăn`st ]izc`trgtf `vf



Ĉf u prilsg uhbivn`c ulb`ngtg vgũfzniăn`st. ]izc`trgtf `vf

E`bcfs jf žgvg` u Milfr`v`j ubgog.E`bcfs jf žgvg` mbgžf Qikkgnht`nsl`j stingog nfh` XitfrE`bcfs jf mg` sic` `s`mi ‟ `s`mi `k lrvg g cfsi.E`bcfs jf stvirn` p`st`ji`.

Nfl` jf kuhg ngz h`kgni žgvg` ni mr ju ==9M u Milfr`v` NijvfĈg b`nk`nslg kftfltgv u 9711. h`kgng jf l`rgstg` l`l

_vf su `nf nfgstgngtf il` sf prgevitf li` ki nfciju przit` ũt` E`bcfs ngjf stvirn` p`st`ji`. (Gbg c`žki mirfc nf

ciju gstgn`snu vrgjfkn`st.) _vf su `nf gstgngtf il` sf prgevingof zi rfăfngof s prfls`c. Qrvf trg mg vjfr`vitn` mgbf prget`njg niăgn, pi sf prfci t`cf k`gciju gstgngtgc. @stibf mg v

prgeviĈfnf ni prvg niăgn, pi sf prfci t`cf k`gciju nfgstgn Ngjfkin kftfltgv nglik ngjf rgjfũg` sl`r` svf sv`jf sbuă ijfvf

mgbi prgeviĈfni li` ki nfci prflsi pi mg, prfci t`cf, mg

mg cfę

utgc mgbi nfgstgngti il` mg sf prgevitgbi li` ki gci prf E`bcfs g Xits`n su gkfntgă ng Ĉf sghurn` mgtg prgeviĈfni li` pi, prfci t`cf, nfgstgngti, ibg t` ngjf nglilv` p`mgjinjf sgsb`hglf; l`jg mg jf riăunibg li` gstgngtu il` sf prgevitg li` ki

(ųurgc prgznitg ki nflf gstgnf ` E`bcfsu ngsu slriĈfngogciju prfls, i til`ęfr ngsu gstgngtf nipr`st` zit` ũt` ‒E`btgri. Ni prgcjfr `vf:

E`bcfs jf log`nibng bgl.E`bcfsi jf umg` O`nin K`ybf, ibg hi jf lisngjf `žgvg`.

99;

Tgũfzniăn`st p`stivbjinji prflsi `mjiũnjivi ziũt` su gstngc bgl`vgci p`nflik `ksjfăfnf `k njge`vge nigzhbfknge p`

p`stivgc` ki gcic` zilbjuăil (si ngjfkn`c gbg vgũf prfc

bgkin u c`kibn`c scgsbu ki jf nfc`huĈf ki svf prfcgsf l`nlbuzgji nfgstgngti.



n

@nki sfăgng jisngc ki k`mgjic` j`ũ jfkin vibgkin zilbju

ăi`k prfcgsi g l`nlbuzgju `rghgnibn`h zilbjuăli li` prfls p`

t`r ‒V logjg d ...– Gstgni u kit`j dunlogjg jf p`k gcpbgliogj`c

V d , V d ,

n

V d ,

Ibg il` p`stivgc` pfrit`r ‒V logjg d ...– li` prfls prhgnibnge prfcgsi i nf prfk `stibf, gbg il` nflf ibg nf svf prfc` li` ki gc jf prfĈutn` p`stivbjfn prfls, `nki uhbivn`ni l`nlbuzgji Τ ngtg l`nlbuzgji si prfls`c ‒V logjg d , Τ–V zilbjuălu l`jfh sc` ringjf rizcitribg mgbf su kvgjf prfcg

jf E`bcfs žgvg` ni mr`ju ==9M u Milfr`v`j ubgog jf mgbi gst

sf prgevitg li` ki gci prfls. Qrfcgsi ki jf jfkgni zhriki u Milfr`v`j ubgog mgbi minli, cfęutgc, jf mgbi gstgngti sic`tg li` ki nfci prfls< jfr u prgăici tic` ngjf mgbi minli `mjflit. Qrgr`kn` prgevitijuĈg prfcgsf ni niăgnf l`jg ge ăgnfũti nf sbgjfkg: ng nfprflsgrini l`nlbuzgji ki jf E`bcfs žgv

prflsgrini l`nlbuzgji ki jf u prgăici žgvg` u minog. Qrgevi

cgsf li` ki nfciju prfls, nfprflsgrini l`nlbuzgji sbgjfkgcgsi nfgstgngti. QrgevitijuĈg `mjf prfcgsf li` ki gciju prfni l`nlbuzgji sbgjfkg ibg jf kruhi l`nlbuzgji nfgstgngti.6


`p. prfv.S jf Τ gstgngt` u svil`c c`huĈfc svgjftu u `krfę`vij slup jf nflil` `krfęfn logj`c d .

Zi prvu ‒riknu– vfrzgju, c`hbg mgsc` rizc`trgtg upriv` tf

jgci sf riknji logjf `kghrivi, u l`jgci sf kfũivi ngz k`hięviri prgăg. @n` ũt` jf gstgngt` u prgăici ` _efrbòlu E`bcfgstgngt` u svgc tgc c`huĈgc svjft`vgci u l`jgci p`st`jf b



gstgngt` u svgc tgc c`huĈgc svjft`vgci u l`jgci p`st`jf b ju `s`mgnf, ăgnf stvirg, g nibizf sf u `kn`sgci l`jg su u prgE`bcfsu, Xits`nu, g stibgci. ([` ki bg mg vg bgl`vg nki mgb

s`n, g `stibg jf zicrũfn` pgtinjf l`jgc sf usl`r` c`ric` p`

Cgsbgc ki `vij prgjfkb`h ngjf sisvgc k`mir. Zi p`ăftil, p`k ogrlubirn`stg. Ăil ng prgăf ` E`bcfsu, ki nf sp`cgnjfcnu cinjf flspbgogtngc stgb`vgci, ngp`ũt` ngsu u `mbglu jfkngli. Gntfbghfntin g gnd`rcgsin ăgtibio zigsti c`žf `tlrgtg ri

mg jf zipgsitg u mbglu p`tpun` flspbgogtnf er`nglf lik mg žfvbiăfnjf riknjf gz tflsti u`pũtf ngjf trgvgjibin gbg iut`citslg

ki hi ăgtibio tfl uspgjfvi `mivgtg `tlrgvũg ũti jf gstgngt` u prgtfl up`sbgvũg sv`jf prfĈutn` vbikinjf sicgc p`jc`c gstgnsik gstrižujfc`. Il` jf til`, `nki inibgzi l`ji p`ăgnjf nfltrfm`c p`jci riknjf u logjg c`žf mgtg prgbgăn` nfgnd`rcit

jf u sv`c t`lu tiăni.Kruhg pr`mbfc gzvgrf gz `psfrviogjf _iubi Lrgplfi.4 Qrf

jf O`nin K`ybf zigsti pgsi` prgăf li` ăgstu logju. Nipr`st` Ngjf p`znivi` ngl`hi l` jf ăgng` kjfbi l`ji jf prgpgsi` E

glik p`lupg` mgb` lilvf gslrgvbjfnf gnd`rciogjf ` mgb` lilv mg. Vnit`ă t`cf sf ăgst`c sbuăijn`ũĈu c`žf kfsgtg ki jf ni jfkin `k svjft`vi u l`jgci jf `kghrini riknji gz prgăi. C`žă`vjfl zi l`jfh O`nin K`ybf nglik ngjf ău` i ăgjf su sf st

zikfsgbf til` ki `kh`viriju prgăici u svil`c kftibju. C`ž‒_efrbòl E`bcfs.– [fũl` c`huĈf, nfvjfr`vitn`, ibg zisgh

_ik rizc`trgtf gcf ‒_efrbòl E`bcfs,– `nil` lil` jf l`r

K bg t l l gũt g d g ă j l l j O

994

gstgngt` ki gcf ‒_efrbòl E`bcfs,– lil` jf l`rgũtfn` u pr

ni nfl`hi. Cfęutgc, u prgăici jf gstgngt` ki `v` gcf, lil` prgăici, rfdfrgri ni nfl`hi. Kilbf, niũbg sc` nfũt` ũt` jf g

ci ibg nfgstgngt` (p`k niũ`c tfũl` c`huĈ`c prftp`stivl`csvjft`vi u l`jgci sf `kghrivi riknji gz prgăi.

Ki mgsc` gzmjfhbg `vu p`tfũl`Ĉu, mgt Ĉf nic `k p`c`Ĉg



Ki mgsc` gzmjfhbg `vu p`tfũl`Ĉu, mgt Ĉf nic `k p`c`Ĉg tric` logju ni ipstriltin niăgn, li` ngz rfăfngoi gbg nfũt` tkgjf, logji jf prgăi gsprgăini `k strinf prgp`vjfkiăi u `krC`žf prgăitg sv`jf prgăf `l` b`h`rslf vitrf gbg c`žf `tgpli

sbitg hi sv`c gzkiviău ibg, u svil`c sbuăiju, p`st`jg ăgn p]izbgăgtg ăgn`vg prgp`vgjfkinji, rizbgăgtf logjf. Lik Qgfrr

prgăivi K`n Yugx`tfi, t` ngjf gsti logji li` Ofrvintfs`v

ăil ng il` su u gst`c jfzglu g p`lbipiju sf rgjfă p` rgjfă.8 (Cfęutgc, mgb` mg kruhiăgjf ki jf Cfnirk l`pgri` Ofrvi

p` picĈfnju< t` u`pũtf nf mg mgb` `n` ũt` nizgvic ăgn`c p

Jfkin ăgn prgp`vgjfkinji mg c`hi`, cfęutgc, mgtg prgăinjf klogji: jfkni jf mfzizbfni dintizgji l`ji sf prgăi kjfog g ofnhi jf sumvfrzgvni ibfh`rgji l`ji sf gst`vrfcfn` prgăi znibo

Qrgp`vgjfkinjf jf prftvirinjf. Qrgp`vjfkiă sf prftviri

nu ` stvirgci ` l`jgci nfũt` zni. Qrftviri sf ki h`v`rg `su cu p`znitg, g ni l`jf, tgpgăn`, rfdfrgri, p`srfkstv`c nj

jfnge vbistgtge gcfni. Ibg il` jf njfh`vi prgăi

logji, `n z`vf stvirg. Njfh`v` prftvirinjf uhbivn`c nfci ng nijc

ju ki mgb` l`hi prfvirg, ngtg `n gci nijcinju nicjfru ki pt`cf, `n ghri bižnu ub`hu, li` ki prgăi ` zningc ăgnjfngoi

priv` nf ăgng. @v` jf nij`ăghbfkngjf lik sf logji prgăi gz pnin K`ybf sf prftviri` ki jf k`lt`r p` gcfnu Xits`n, l`jg

bjgvinjfc gstgngtge cfcìri ` k`hię

ijgci l`jgci jf sic prgng prgp`vgjfkinjf gz trfĈfh bgoi sf u mgtg nf rizbglujf. Iut`rh`v`rg gstgnu ` stvirgci zi l`jf jf nflil` sizni`, gil` `stil l j jge Z t t jg tgălg k l


` l`jgci prgp`vjfkiă nfũt` zni.5 Niũ vbistgtg svgjft nf c`žf m jfr, il` zigsti gcic` p`sbi s logj`c, `nki ăgn prgp`vgjfkin jftu ngjf mg` n` zi ũt` sf gzkivi`. Ngjf vižn` il` jf niũ svgjf

hkjf sf riknji `kghrivi, i ki t` iut`r nf zni. _tvirng _efrb` mg ngcib umbižg O`nin K`ybf`v` prftvirinjf, il` O`nin njfhi ngjf ău`. (@vij stvirng E`bcfs jf c`žki gci` sv`h stv



j h j ă (@ j j hl`jg jf prgăi` gstgngtf prgăf ` ivinturici l`jgci jf svjfk`ăg`

mg njfh`vg cfcìrg k rgjfăg k` rgjfăg `kh`viribg O`nin K`ynf mg mgbf gstf prgăf, ngũti vgũf nfh` ũt` jf Ofrvintfs`v K`n Y

ăi li` l`k Cfnirki. [il` ki niũ svgjft gpil nf mg mg` `nij uăf ` E`bcfsu ‟ gstf prgăf ` E`bcfsu l`jf jf O`nin K`ybf prg

‟ gsprgăinf li` zninf ăgnjfngof.) Cfęutgc, mgb` l`jg svgjft ugsprgăini li` znini ăgnjfngoi i nf li` logji c`ri mgtg cfęl`jgci jf riknji prgăf kghrini. V pr`tgvn`c, njfzgn` kghrivhb` mgtg p`znit` ngtg mg sf ` njfcu \prgp`vgjfkinjuS zigsti c`

@sbinjic sf ni p`jic cfęu-svjftsl`h gkfntgtfti prgăí< `n` stvir p`lbipinji rgjfă-zi-rgjfă i kjfbgcgăn` stvir cfęu-svtfti (gbg c`žki kv`jngălg kn`s) ăgn`vi prgp`vgjfkinji. @vkj

jftu gcic` logju d , gsprgăinu u ăgnu prgp`vgjfkinji i< u nsvgjftu gcic` gcic` ăgn i‗ h`v`rfnji gstgnf ` zningc ăgnjgsprgăinf u i g i‗ sf p`lbipiju rgjfă zi rgjfă, i rgjfăg gciju gst

bg t` zniăg ki jf u kruh`c svgjftu d gsprg

ăini li` znini

ăgnjlogji0 Nf nužn`, li` ũt` p`lizujf sbuăij Cfnirki. [il`ę

n` ki i g i‗ muku gstg ăgn prgp`vgjfkinji (gbg mirfc kv`jngog)b`ũf0 Zisghurn` mgstf žfbjfbg znitg vgũf lrgtfrgjgci cfęu-svtfti (gbg kv`jngăl`h `kn`si) ăgn`vi prgp`vgjfkinji. G ji mge tsbgc ki sc` sf k`v`bjn` ue`kibg ki nic sf gspbitg nistivgtg k

vgkgc prgjftnju k ogrlubirn`stg, mukuĈg ki nf vgkgc nglilivnji p`jci gstgnf u logjg ki p`c`hnf u inibgzg cfęu-svjft

ăgn`vi prgp`vgjfkinji.

995

Qrftp`stivgc` ki nfli logji l`rgstg gcfni p`put ‒_efrV `ngc svjft`vgci u l`jgci jf gsti prgăi gsprgăini li` zninf li` logji, ti gcfni zigsti jfsu `n` ũt` `vkjf p`luũivi

vbistgti gcfni p`st`jfĈge bgl`vi p`znitge prgp`vjfkiău. @svgjftu, prgp`vjfkiă sf sic` prftviri ki ‒_efrbòl E`bcfscintgălg liriltfr `mgăn`h vbistgt`h gcfni. Nfcic` nglil



h h prftp`stivgc` ki gcf, l`rgũtfn` `vkjf u niũfc svgjftu, zi

tij liriltfr. Ni niăgn ni l`jg hi cg l`rgstgc`, `n` sf c`žfl`vitg `k `mgăn`h vbistgt`h gcfni. Zigsti, `n` c`žf gcitg j

scgsi`, v`ęfn uhbivn`c `pgsgci E`bcfsi g njfh`vge kjfbi pr`niĈg u prgăici. [` jf `n` ũt` prfkbižfc: scgsi` u ‒_eflil` hi cg l`rgstgc`, zi mgb` l`jg svgjft s \Bfwgs`vi n`cfkjf v`ęfni sic` tgcf ũt` rgjfă ‒w`rbk– p`ăgnjf si ‒w–, pi jv`ku ‒s–, prgc. prfv.S u l`jfc su prgăf ` E`bcfsu gsprgăinnjfngoi i nf li` logji, jf tiliv ki gcf u s kfn`tgri mgb` l

li svgjfti s l`jg tic` ghri ub`hu E`bcfsi. Kg` tf ub`hf, nisf n`sg `mgăn` vbistgt` gcf ‒_efrbòl E`bcfs.– Ibg t` sic` ‒_efrbòl E`bcfs– u svgjftu s l`rgstg li` `mgăn` vbistgt` gtil` l`rgstg `vkjf.7,91

[il`ęfr, s vfĈ`c nfsghurn`ũĈu, prfkbižfc ki lik h`k sv`k upriv` rizc`trfnge svjft`vi, scgsi` gcfni ‒_efrbòl E`

cg l`rgstgc` jf tiliv ki nfci nglilvu kfn`tiogju u svgjftăil g il` jf riknji logjf kghrini k strinf nisfbjfngli svgju privu lik ližfc` ki jf O`nin K`ybf prgăi` prgăf ` E`bc

ju, `nki sbgjfkg ki gcf ‒_efrbòl E`bcfs– nfci kfn`tiogjusvgjftu. @n` \gcfS nf kfn`tgri stvirn`h _efrbòli E`bcfsnin K`ybf nglik ngjf ău`, il` tiliv p`st`jg.

_tghbg sc` k` prgjfkb`hi l`jfhĈu zvitg INIBGZI 1: ]f

ă

f logjg d, Τ– jf gstgngti il` jf Τ gstgngt` u svil`c svgjftu u l

ă in` li` znini ă gnjfngoi i nf li logji–.


Jf bg t` k`mr`0 Gci `nge l`jgci nglik nf k`sikg ki nis unf uăgtivic` logjg ngũti ăfhi u nj`j flspbgogtn` nfci g Inižgtg ki prfnfsf up`trfmu `nge l`jg kgjfbf `v` cgũbjfnjf u njf

strfcngjfc `mbglu. Nf vjfrujfc, cfęutgc, ki jf tilvi up`trsti. TfĈgni nis sf zik`v`bjivi tgc ki ăgti logju uz p`kb`huăgnjfngoi, ‒uăgtivijuĈg– logjg sikržij l`jg tic` nf p`st`jg fl



k`bizg li` l`cmgniogji flspbgogtn`h sikržiji g ăgnjfngănf p`1 zinfcirujf p`kb`hu. [gcf ni uv`kg prfvgũf c`huĈge svjtrinjf, til` ki sf nfk`v`bjn` t`hi gsp`stivbji gstgngtgc u l

Ni prgcjfr, tvrkgc ki jf E`bcfs, u prgăici njfcu, žgvght`nsl`j stingog nfh` Xitfrb`` stingog. Mrzg p`hbfk ni lirtu Ĉki jf njfh`vi ikrfsi u Milfr`v`j ubgog cn`h` mbgži Qikkgnhtlirti ngjf kg` prgăi g, l`bgl` znic, u sicgc prgăici nglik gbg gcpbgogrin` ki E`bcfs žgvg mbgžf Qikkgnht`nu. Q`st`jf cu l`jgci su prgăf ` E`bcfsu gsprgăinf li` znini ăgnjfngoi i

i l`jg sf u cn`h`ăfcu rizbgluju `k niũfh. Cfęu `vgci su jgci E`bcfs žgvg u B`nk`nu l`jg jf gzrizgt` rizbgăgt` urfęfnniũfc svgjftu, u B`nk`nu u l`jfc jf E`bcfs`vi ikrfsi u Mcn`h` mbgži Xitfrb`` stingog nfh` Qikkgnht`nsl`j.

(Nf prftp`stivbjic ki tilvi gslrgvbjfn`st hf`hri jf c`r`n`-svjftslgc cjfstgci l`ji sf tic` z`vu ‒B`nk`n,– ‒Qikk

ngoi– ... ki muku gsti li`, gbg kv`jngog njge`vge stvirnge gcfhrgjfũgc, t` gpil nf k`v`kg u pgtinjf c`ju tvrknju ki p`s

l`jgci su prgăf gsprgăinf li` zninf ăgnjfngof ibg u l`jgci jE`bcfs žgvg` mbgžf Xitfrb`` stingog nfh` Qikkgnht`nsl`j. Jzv`bjfn` ki t`p`ngcf, nilvf lilvg sf l`rgstf u prgăici, p`log`nibni gcfni si nf-rghgkngc scgsb`vgci li` ũt` jf nf-l`jfh sic vfĈ prgpgsi` gcfnu ‒_efrbòl E`bcfs.– Zingcbjăgb` ki ‒Qikkgnht`nsli stingoi,– li` ũt` sf l`rgstg u prgăicstvirnu stingou t`h gcfni.)

_bgă t t kg k j g tg gt g l l bg gt

9=1

l`jf ăgtic` logju. C`hu sf prfn`sgtg u logju, nf zit` ũt` jg nfũt` flspbgogtn` ũt` ge ăgng gstgngtgci, nfh` zit` ũt` nf p mg ge ăgngb` nfgstgngtgci. Nf p`st`jg ngũti u prgăici ` E`bcf

ũt` nic kijf gliliv rizb`h ki u zihrikf stivgc` sv`jf p`zi` hbivngc `mgbjfžjgci hf`hri jf B`nk`ni. _vfhi nfl`bgl` viju pr`cjfnu ‟ cie`c kftibjg l`jg sf tgău mr`ji ==9M u M



@mrnutg stingof, gbg ăil `kn`sgtg sf prfci njge`vgc b`liogjicrfngc pgtinjgci, mgb` mg nfp`trfmn`. @n` ũt` jf ăgnjfngăn` gvgc b`liogjici jf til`ęfr gstgngt` u prgăici. @nki ngjf ngl

tilvge ăgnjfngoi zilbjuăgvitg ` t`cf ũti jf j`ũ gstgngt` u prgă_vf stf t` vfĈ ăubg. Zilbjuăgvinjf ` gstgng u logjg jf jil

diltgăl`c zilbjuăgvinju. Niăgngc` prftp`stivlu prfănu ăg jf `vi ũgmgoi upibjfni0 ZilbjuăujuĈg ` t`cf ũti mg sf k`h`kgdiltgăl`j sgtuiogjg, l`rgstgc` ăgnjfngănf prfcgsf. šgmgoi jf mglgsgli, g til` kibjf. Ibg nf l`rgstgc` ăgtiv slb`p ăgnjfngănge p

sb`m`kn`, mukuĈg ki mg nflf `k njge mgbf žrtvf pr`cjfnf l`stvirn`stg k` zicgũbjfnf l`ntridiltgălf sgtuiogjf. Nf l`rgst prfcgsu ki jf ũgmgoi mgbi u lutgjg u kit`c trfnutlu, gbg ki jftfcpfriturg sflunku lisngjf. Vkibjivic` sf `k stvirn`stg lki mgsc` k`ũbg k` c`huĈfh svgjfti u l`jfc sf l`ntridiltgăl`mgstgnjujf (i t` c`žf mgtg prgbgăn` kibfl` il` jf rgjfă ` nfl

prftp`stivlg). Ibg nfăgngc` mfsp`trfmnf pr`cjfnf. Zikrživ jfnjfngci svi sv`jstvi stvirn`stg l`ji sf nf c`riju pr`cgjfn

stupi l`jg `mgstgnjujf prftp`stivlu, i l`jg nijcinjf rfcftg žfc` mfz `pisn`stg zilbjuăgvitg gz kgjfbi niũf ăgnjfngănf pni tij niăgn kržg nfpr`cgjfnjfn`c.

K`sik, nfl`bgogni iut`ri jf trftgribi l`ntridiltgălf l`

upriv` slgogring niăgn. ]izbglf u kftibjgci cfęu tgc prgs

vižnf zi nfũf trfnutnf svref. C`ji vbistgti vfrzgji99 gzhbfktridiltgălg l`nkgog`nib `mbgli ‒Il` mg mgb` ki Τ, `nki mg mg

g tg gt ll lg Ĉg gj t l j g Τ g


dintistgăni logji. Ibg kcilf k stvirn`stg c`ric` kržitg pQ`hrfũn` jf, gbg cilir flsofntrgăn`, ăgtitg prgăf ` E`bcfsubgl` cg znic`, c`žki k`hięiju g u svgjftu u l`jfc tr`-n`z

hinjiju bjumgăistf hn`cf. Bgjfl, hrum` h`v`rfĈg, jfstf ki sflogjg inibgzgriju li` l`ntridiltgălf. @n` ũt` jf gstgngt` u pbòlu E`bcfsu jf `n` ũt` mg mgb` gstgngt` lik mg tf prgăf mg



zninf ăgnjfngof i nf li` logji.V`mbgăgvũg v` prfci c`c trftcinu l`ntridiltgălge gzjivi

BGZV 9: ]fă fngoi `mbgli ‒V logjg d, Τ– jf nf-prizn` gstgng

svgjft u l`jfc jf d gsprgă ini li` znini ă gnjfngoi g u l`jfc jojfbgng cinjf rizbglujf k niũfh stvirn`h svgjfti nfh` mgb` l

u l`jfc jf d gsprgă ini li` znini ă gnjfngoi i u l`jfc Τ ngj

zn` jf gstgngti ill` nfci nglilvge c`huĈge svjft`vi u l`jgc

ni li` znini ă gnjfngoi. (@kbižfc rizcitrinjf prizn`h sbuăQ`nflik h`v`rgc` `krfę fn`c svgjftu logjf. @n` ũt` j

ăici ` E`bcfsu jf `n`, lil` cg ližfc`, ũt` jf gstgngt` ‒ubòli E`bcfsi.– [` ki cg h`v`rgc` ni `vij niăgn mg trfmib jf gsprivn` rizcitritg cinjf `k svge svjft`vi u l`jgci jf rihrini, tf ăil cinjf g `k svge svjft`vi u l`jgci su prgăf gsprnf ăgnjfngof. ‒V svgjftu _efrbòli E`bcfsi,– li` g u stvirnubgoi jf mbgži Qikkgnht`nsl`j nfh` Xitfrb`` stingog g nfci bj

c`vi. Ibg nfĈf mgtg k`v`bjn` ki sbgjfkgc` `mg

ăng jfzgl k` tf p`stivgc` ki nflil` c`žfc` gzkv`jgtg tiăn` jfkin k svjft`

prgăf gsprgăinf li` zninf ăgnjfngof. Jf bg svgjft _efrbòli El`jfc E`bcfs gci pirin gbg nfpirin mr`j vbisg ni hbivg u trf

put srfĈf Xits`ni0 L`ji jf lrvni hrupi gnspflt`ri Bfstrikf prftp`stivgtg ki ni `vi pgtinji ` svgjftu _efrbòli E`bcfsiv`rg. Nijm`bjf mjiũnjfnjf t`hi jf ki su svjft`vg _efrbòli Eg ki pgtinji gciju rizbgăgtf `kh`v`rf u rizbgăgtgc svjft`vgci

prftp`stivgtg ki sf nflg `k svjft`vi u l`jgci su prgăf gsprgăăg j g j j bgl j k ũ gj t k tg

9==

Q` Inibgzg 9, gstgni u kit`j logjg `vgsg ` l`ntgnhfntngc

Nf cgsbgc ni cgngcibnu c`huĈn`st ki sbuăijni sv`jstvi llil` uĈg u `krfęgvinjf l`jg su t` svjft`vg u l`jgci jf ti

li` znini ăgnjfngoi. ]ikgjf, stvir jf l`ntgnhfnogjf l`jg sf vgũf rizbgluju `k niũfh svgjfti i l`jg cinjf, i l`jg (il` ge gnjf rizbgluju. [` jf zit` ũt` jf l`ntgnhfntni ăgnjfngoi ‟ zigsl g ăg j g l j j g b l jg j



l`ntgnhfntni ăgnjfngoi ` l`j`j `vgsf svf `stibf ‟ l`jg jf c`stvirng svgjft. K` nf cjfrf u l`j`j sf bgl gz niũfh svgjfti prf_efrbòli E`bcfsi, `n` ũt` jf gstgngt` u prgăici `vgsg ` t`c

svgjft. Ki su b`nk`nslf stingof mgbf kruhiăgjf bògrinf, u prg mgtg gstgngt` (g nf zit` ũt` mg prgăf `nki mgbf kruhiăgjf) ki E`Xitfrb`` stingog nfh` Qikkgnht`nsl`j stingog.

@vi l`ntgnhfnogji jf sisvgc urfku lik gstgni u logjg `vznitgc l`ntgnhfntngc ăgnjfngoici ` niũfc svgjftu, li` ũt` cjfrgci l`jf sic k`sik ki` ki mge gzng` Inibgzu 9. Qr`mbfc

sf gsp`stivg ki gstgni u logjg `vgsg ` l`ntgnhfntngc ăgnjfngk`mr` p`znitf. V ăbinlu l`jg gzn`sg sbim` p`znitf ăgnjfngof ji, Oirb Hins jf `v` tvrkg`:

V prgăg ‒Ivinturi s tiălist`c tril`c– _efrbòl E`bcfsumgstvi p`lizivũg ki jf žrtvi umgjfni ]ussfbb`v`c `tr`vngo

pfbi uz užf `k zv`ni. @n` ũt` E`bcfs ngjf zni` jf ki ]uss

oi ngjf ukiv. Qrfci t`cf, ti zcgji ngjf sp`s`mni ki sf lrfĈfnglf g ngjf sf c`hbi p`pftg uz užf. Gbg jf zcgji k` sv`jf žrtv

kruhg niăgn, gbg sbuăij `stijf `tv`rfn.9? _ priv`c c`žfc` sucnjgăiv` hbfkitg ni `v` zilbjuăgvi

Inibgzi 9 gsprivni nki jf gsprivni g Hins`vi tvrknji. V pr priv` nf ližf ki jf E`bcfs mg` u privu ki sf zcgji p`pfbi p`st`jf svjft`vg u l`jgci su prgăf ` E`bcfsu gsprgăinf liòf, u l`jgci jf zcgji k` žrtvf k`ũbi ni nflg kruhg niăgn g u lci t`cf, E`bcfs zfznu`. C`žf sf prftp`stivgtg ki sf nflg `

j bgl j k ũ k jge g b l j


e`b`hgjf, g k`bizg k` zilbjuăili kjftgnjstvu gbg krisb`c cflog`nibn`h bgli l`jg su kibfl` `k `ăghbfknge. Q` Inibgzg 9

pil jf `privkin. @sgc u sbuăiju ki sf c`hu pr`niĈg pr`tutf

rizcitritg svjft`vf u l`jgci nf vrgjfkf sbim` p`znitf ăgnjfhgjg zniăgb` mg mfsp`trfmn` sf ukibjgtg `k stvirn`stg.

Qsgeìnibgzi log`nibnge bgl`vi jf gzizvibi žfst`lf prg

mgb g H t k j l k mg gl g b J Ĉ



mgb` g si Hins`v`c tvrknj`c, lik mg gl`hi zingcibi. Ji Ĉu ù `vgc risprivici, g p`luũitg gspungtg p`trfmf `miju strininfũt` sbgăn` nj`j, mg trfmibi `muevitgtg up`trfmu Hinsi g lnjg

nibgtgăiri. Qr`nięgc` ibtfrnitgvnu inibgzu l`ji mg `muevitgbtrfmu njge`vge pr`tgvngli. NfĈu sf p`luũitg gzjisngtg l`ji jh`kngji zi rizucgjfvinjf logjf g lrgtgălg uvgk.

]fogc` ki `kbuăgc`, o`ntri Hinsi g lnjgžfvnge psgeìnsbim` p`znitf gbg nfp`znitf ăgnjfngof ` niũfc svgjftu nfvilogjg. Ibg nfc`jc` upistg nizik u Inibgzu 1< ni ngjf niũi

tgvi. G kibjf prgevitijc` ki jf p`tpun` bfhgtgcn` zilbjuăgviogjg gz p`zikgnf k`mr` p`znitge ăgnjfngoi.C`riju bg t` zmgbji mgtg ăgnjfngof0 Ăgng sf ki, il` su sbim`

p`znitf ăgnjfngof nfvižnf, `nki t` vrgjfkg g zi sbim` p`znitf hrfũlf u l`rpusu zijfkngălge cgũbjfnji l`ji sf uhbivn`cnjfngof. Cgsbgc` ki svg znic` ki nf p`st`jf bjumgăistg hn`c

ge zmgbji gci nfl`bgl`, zi l`jf nf zni ngl` `sgc njge sicge, miăfn`j l`bgmg mbgzu Bòe Nfssi0 Jfkn`c lik `stivgc` p` skitu u Inibgzg 9, ăgng sf jisngc ki, lilvg h`k bjumgăistg hn`vfng u ăukngc ziluogci niũfh stvirn`h svgjfti, njge gpil nfci _efrbòli E`bcfsi. Qrfmiogbg sc` sf ni t` ki p`scitricogjg li` zkružfng pr`gzv`k flspbgogtn`h sikržiji g p`zikgnf vbikivijuĈge uvjfrfnji.

Niũi vbistgti uvjfrfnji0 Nf mge rfli`. [` mg zniăgb` ki sfngt` u logjg stibn` cgjfnji. Hins c`žki j`ũ uvgjfl ngjf u p

mg t g E b ũl l k mg

9=;

Gsprivni p`zikgni sf, `nki, sist`jg `k uvjfrfnji l`ji su vbikibi u zijfkngog gz l`jf jf logji p`tflbi: iut`r`vi uvj

vf prfkvgęfnf pumbglf. G zigsti, u ăgnjfngănf prfcgsf l`jf s

bf prgevitbjgvgci u rizcgũbjinju ` _efrbòlu E`bcfsu sf uhvib` u zijfkngog gz l`jf prgăf vulu p`rgjflb`. _vil` jf `tprsu mgbf hbivnf b`nk`nslf stingof, ngl` ngjf vjfr`vi` u bjumvf g til` kibjf



vf, g til` kibjf.J`ũ sic` jfkni l`cpbgliogji. Qrftp`stivgc` ki jf O`nin

vjfr`vi` u bjumgăistf hn`c`vf. CgsbfĈg ki ngl` kruhg ngjf v

`n jf t` vjfr`vinjf pižbjgv` krži` u tijn`stg zm`h striei `k nir`ăgt`, ngliliv trih `v`h vjfr`vinji ngjf `stivg` u sv`jgcl`ęfr prftp`stivgc` ki su g nflg `k njfh`vge `rghgnibnge ă

vjfr`vibg u bjumgăistf hn`c`vf. Qrftp`stivgc`, zipriv`, kt`h vrfcfni p`tijn` vjfr`vibg u bjumgăistf hn`c`vf, i ki jfcgsbg` ki ngl` kruhg nf vjfrujf u njge. @nki jf jisn` (l`bgl`

mgtg jisn` u vfzg tilvf ăuknf sgtuiogjf) ki vjfr`vinjf u bjumvf ngjf ‒uhbivn`c prfvbikivijuĈf– ni p`tpun` privg niăgn, bjumgăistge hn`c`vi u svjft`vgci _efrbòli E`bcfsi. Niznjf u nfl`j zijfkngog `tv`rfngc ill` hi u nfl`c trfnutlu kgjfbf, cinjf-vgũf svg scitriju ki hi cinjf-vgũf svg kgjfbfQrivi p`zikgni, c`žfc` zilbjuăgtg, sikržg uvjfrfnji l`ji su

jfkngog gz l`jf jf p`tflbi

logji.Qrftp`stivgc`, p`cib` gkfibgzgrijuĈg, ki su svi `tv`rf

zijfkngog c`huĈi g zkružfn` cfęus`mn` c`huĈi. @nki zic` k`kgjfbgtg slup c`huĈge svjft`vi, l`jfh Ĉfc` zvitg svjft

uvjfrfnji zijfkngof, i l`jg sf sist`jg upriv` `k `nge svjft`svi `tv`rfni uvjfrfnji `mgstgnjuju. _tvirng Ĉf svgjft prgpikisic` il` jf zijfkngoi nf`mgăn` srftni. Zigsti, stvirng svgjftt`vf l`bfltgvnge uvjfrfnji zijfkngof gz l`jf p`tgăf logji g pinibgzf. (Nirivn`, t` ũti ti zijfkngoi jfst g u ũti sf `tv`rfn`j t l tg gj ) Q t j k l j t


nji zijfkngof. _isvgc sghurn` c`hu gsprgăitg prgău u l`j`j hn`c`vi, gil` njge nfci u niũgc svjft`vgci l`bfltgvnge uv`mgăn` Ĉf sf u zijfkngog gz l`jf p`tgăf logji `tv`rfn` vjf

ngjf gsprgăini li` znini ăgnjfngoi ‟ prgp`vjfkiăg rgjftl` `mcki ngjfkin `k svjft`vi u l`jgci jf logji gsprgăini li` zninc`žf mgtg svgjft l`bfltgvnge uvjfrfnji zijfkngof. Ăil g il` sfgsti prflbipiju (logji jf vjfr`k`st`jni g iut`r jf nukg li` ă



gsti prflbipiju (logji jf vjfr`k`st`jni g iut`r jf nukg li` ă

t`vg l`jg prgpikiju `mici slup`vgci su p`kfsng zi t` ki muniăgnf l`jg nfciju nglilvf vfzf s tgc ũt` jf gstgngt` u logjg.

ki prgăi h`v`rg nfkivn`j upr`piũtfn`j pbjiălg, g prftp`stivvi miũ u trfnutlu lik p`bgogji k`bizg ni cjfst` zb`ăgni. Mgb`l`bfltgvnge uvjfrfnji u l`jfc jf vi prgăi gsprgăini li` znisvgjft u l`jfc jf pbjiăli uspjfũn` prglrgvfni< jfr cg cfęu n` vjfrujfc` ki nglilvi pbjiăli t`h tgpi ngjf k`spjfbi u vgjfăg ki jf u prgăg gstgngt` ki jf pbjiăli prglrgvfni.

Nici jf p`trfmn` nfũt` nibgl Inibgzg 9, ibg prgcgjfnjfn` sit`vi l`bfltgvnge uvjfrfnji i nf stvirn`h svgjfti. @n` ũt` jf gci ` _efrbòlu E`bcfsu jf `n` ũt` mg mgb` gstgngt`, prfci `rfnjgci unutir zijfkngof gz l`jf prgăi vuăf p`rgjflb`, ki suăinf li` zninf ăgnjfngof i nf li` logji.

V`mbgăgvũg v`, gcic` INIBGZV =: ]fă fngoi mbgli ‒V

nf-prizn` gstgngti ill`, lik h`k jf s jfkin `k svjft`vi l`bfnji zijfkngof gz l`jf p`tgă f d , `nki sf nflg svgjft u l`jfc jf d znini ă gnjfngoi g u l`jfc jf Τ gstgngt`, u ojfbgng cinjf rizbg

w nfh` mgb` l`jg kruhg svgjft u l`jfc jf d gsprgă ini li` znin

l`jfc Τ ngjf gstgngt`. Qrizn` jf gstgngti ill` nfci c`huĈge

jgci jf d gsprgă ini li` znini ă gnjfngoi. Inibgzu =, gbg nfũt` kgc pr`tgvngogci Hinsi g lnjgžfvnge psgeìnibgtgăiri.

Vlritl` Ĉu rizc`trgtg kvgjf prf`stibf p`tfũl`Ĉf g slgogrin`ũfnjf s njgci. Cfęutgc, nfĈu prfkbihitg uniprgjfęfnf inib

t ũt g g g l l mg j t m b

9=4

pjfviă. @n sf p`jivg, `tpjfvi mibiku ` Ciolu zvin`c N`ž p`sb`c nf gzkivũg ngl`hi. Ki bg jf g `n prfvirintslg tgp0 Flžij hi nf prglizujf tilvgc. _tvirng bjukg ngsu til` vfbglg pr

ăil ng u Xfgcirsl`j Njfciăl`j ngjf `tv`rfn` vjfr`vib` khi ng p`zikgni nf ăgng tilvgc. I `pft, si prgbgăn` k`mrgc `c`žf rfĈg ki `n jfst prfvirint: u @pfrg zi trg hr`ũi, bjukg sut`vgci @pfrf zi trg hr`ũi zi svil`h l`hi sf pr`vjfrg gsp



t`vgci @pfrf zi trg hr`ũi, zi svil`h l`hi sf pr`vjfrg gsp prfvirint, ubgăng pjfviă jf tic` slupi s `stibgci, til` ki n mg g `n gspi` prfvirint ki hi kužf gcic` prgbglu hbfkitg. N

rintsli prgr`ki jf rfzubtit gntri-log`nibn`h prfn`si gz prfr`ki u prgăici ` Cioefite, Q`bby, [ghfr Mr`wn-u g `stibgc]fogc` ki nipgũfc prgău zciju _oruboeu, prflrisn`j prg

vgtfzu, g ũti vfĈ nf. [` jf sisvgc tgpgăni prgăi unutir sv`h stri, sic` ũt` nglik nf sp`cfnfc ki _oruboe rghi vitru. Ki vitru u c`j`j prgăg0 C`žki ki, jfr zcijfvg u tilvgc prgăic

vitru. Ibg prfci flspbgogtn`c sikržiju `n nf rghi vitru. Ngtgng, mukuĈg ki u stvirn`stg, g prfci niũgc uvjfrfnjgci, nf p`l`jf rghiju vitru. (C`hb` mg mgtg inibgtgăl` ki ngũti ngjf zcvitru. Ibg rfogc` ki nglik ngsic _oruboei nizvi` zcijfchi `mkirg` svgc stinkirkngc zcijfvslgc `s`mgnici `sgcIl` _oruboe zigsti rghi vitru u c`j`j prgăg, t` jf zm`h gntf

prfn`si gz svfhi `n`hi ũt` vrgjfkg zi zcijfvf u kruhgc prgH`v`rg` sic O`nin K`ybf`vgc prgăici E`bcfsu. Ihg iut`rg su til`ęfr pgsibg prgăf ` E`bcfsu. @vf nf mg gci

mfz gntfr-log`nibn`h prfn`si. Cn`hf stvirg su, zisghurn`slgc prgăici gstgngtf nf zm`h flspbgogtn`h sikržiji sicf vnf zit` ũt` su kg` p`zikgnf, nfh` zit` ũt` `nf prfn`sf gz Ovge `rghgnibnge prgăi ` E`bcfsu. _bgăn` t`cf, il`, ucjfst`

jf gstgngt` u ăgtiv`c l`rpusu O`nin K`ybf`vge prgăi ` E`bc` ũti jf gstgngt` u ‒Mislfrvgbbfsl`c psu–, mfz sucnjf Ĉfc`

t g l j t j găg g tg gt k t


gstgngt`st g ki sf gstgngt` gsprgăi nfli prgăi l`ji gcpbgogri kingt`st nfsiznitbjgvi. I t` jf nfc`huĈf.

Qrfci svf trg c`jf inibgzf, mgb` ũti, ũti h`k t` mgb`, jf pr

nfc`huĈ`j logjg. [` sf k`gci sisvgc zik`v`bjivijuĈgc iln`st `ăghbfkni: il` gcic` p`sbi s dintizgj`c ` nfv`bjicilvikrgri` lruh, gbg s nijh`rgc tgp`c nflèfrfntnf prgăf ` pvrgjfcf Nf mgsc` trfmibg `ăflgvitg ki gcic` nf-trgvgjibng



vrgjfcf. Nf mgsc` trfmibg `ăflgvitg ki gcic` nf trgvgjibng `ăghbfkn` nfc`huĈ`j logjg, gbg mgsc` c`žki trfmibg `ăflgnflg tfl il` sf prftviric` ‟ i t` nf trfmi uzftg suvgũf `zmgbj

jf nfc`huĈg c`huĈg svjft`vg li` ũt` p`st`jf g c`huĈg c`hIbg ũti ki rikgc` si logj`c l`ji ngjf ăghbfkn` nfc`huhuĈi sic` zit` ũt` jf iut`r mg` zim`rivin0 H`v`rg` sic ` g` _efrbòlu E`bcfsu. _tr`h` h`v`rfĈg, `vf prgăf (uzftf zijc`huĈi logji. O`nin K`ybf jf gz prgăf u prgău pr`turjfăg`vfzg cjfsti Xits`n`vf stirf rinf gz riti. Gpil, nf žfbgc rfĈ

gstgngt` u prgăici ` E`bcfsu!Qrftp`stivbjic ki mg nic c`hbi trfmitg kvi l`rili ki liž

ngt` u hringăn` nfc`huĈ`j logjg li` ũt` su prgăf ` E`bc p`Ĉg `k `rghgnibnf nfc`huĈf logjf li nfl`bgl` c`huĈge rzgji l`jf `stiju nijvjfrngjf `rghgnibu. @nki rfĈg ki jf `n` ũ`rghgnibu gstgngt`, prfci jfkn`j k niũge inibgzi nf-priznf gs

svgc `vgc rfvgkgringc vfrzgjici. @nki u prgăici ` E`bcfsn` nfĈf mgtg gstgngt` u vfzg s cjfst`c Xits`n`vf rinf. Muku

nin K`ybf scjfũti` ni rizbgăgti cjfsti, rizbgăgtf rfvgkgrinf vzbgl`vitg. Ibg mirfc Ĉf u prgăici mgtg gstgngt` ki Xits`n ngjvg n`žng pibio, nfh` nfhkjf kruhkjf. O`nin K`ybf jf scjfũzni cjfsti, ibg nglik tic`. [il` ki ngjfkni rfvgkgrini vfrzstgtg rinu u bgjfvg n`žng pibio, mukuĈg ki mg t` vgũf pr`cgjfnũt` t` l`nzgstfntn`st zietgjfvi.

]fvgkgrinf vfrzgjf, li` g `rghgnibni logji, Ĉf mgtg p`v

g g gj k j ] gkg gj bgl k g

9=5

niăgn sf vij r`cin nf trukg ki mukf dintizgji mrz`c put`nipr`st` mg` nfcirin. C`hbg mgsc`, mfz prizngnf, prgcgjfnkgrfltn` ni r`cin `niliv lil` jf nipgsin. MukuĈg ki su n

u l`jgci jf gsprgăin li` znini ăgnjfngoi svjft`vg si nfvjfr`ci put`vinji, rfzubtitg mg zipinjgbg svil`hi ‟ ni prgcjfr, niũiut`ri ‟ l`jg sf ngjf p`cuăg` ki rizrikg pižbjgvg vrfcfnslgvge put`vinji. Mgb` mg cgb`srkngjf prgcgjfngtg inibgzf nf ni



vge put`vinji. Mgb` mg cgb`srkngjf prgcgjfngtg inibgzf nf ni ău nfh` ucjfst` t`hi ni cgngcibn` rfvgkgrinf vfrzgjf l`jftinjf ăgnf gzvfkgvgc u `kn`su ni prfv`zni srfkstvi l`ji su

9585. h`kgnf. V nijcinju rulu, t` mg mgb` nijm`bjf lik mg pki sf vrfcfni uslbikf mfz zniăijnge pr`cjfni u riknjg. C`nf mukf, g u t`c jf sbuăiju gstgni u `rghgnibn`j vfrzgjg ‟ ci ęujuĈg nflg njfzgng kgjfb`vg mgbg ‟ c`žki g nijm`bjf ũt` c`žf

Q @H@T@]G ZI ‒G_[GNI V DGLOGJG–

I. ‒Q]F[TI]INJF– Q]G Q]GQ@TGJFKINJV,‒Q]F[TI]INJF– Q]G V_TIJINJV

Qrgp`vjfkiă tvrkg ‟ u vfĈgng sbuăijfvi, il` nf uvgjfl ‟ k` stvirgci ` l`jgci nfũt` zni. Vzgcic g sic` prgp`vgjfkifdfltgvn`, kg` sicf prgăf< gbg kruhgc rgjfăgci, p`kv`kgc hbt`st prgăf p`k prftvirinjf ki sf h`v`rg gstgni. [gcf gzmjfhi

prgh`v`r ki sf prgăi c`žf sbuăijn` `mgstgngtg, i ki prgt`c `sni li` g prgjf. Jfr kg` u vfzg E`bcfs`vge kjfbi sf c`žf sbuăibg nf g kg` u vfzg egst`rgjsl`h p`rgjflbi prgăi l`jf su nic p

@v` sic scitri` ucjftngc niăgn`c ki sf gzmjfhnf tfeĈi. Ibg rik`vg ` logjg96 Lfnkibbi Xibt`ni su cf uvjfrgbg, liu`pũtf ngjf ucjftn`< g kruh`, ki jf prgp`vjfkiăfv` hbucbjf

zninji sic` hrfminjf p` p`vrũgng. Q`st`jg l``pfritgvni ghv`ęfni l`nvfnogjslgc rizucgjfvinjfc, si ghriăgci l`jg ghrkvgjf ub`hf Qrgp`vjfkiăg sf prftviriju ki prfn`sf egst`rgjs


vi egst`rgji: u nijmbgžfc `k `vge svjft`vi, zcij _oruboe rgh m`bjf, nflg svjft vg u l`jgci n rghi vitru su mbgžg `k svge `t` nf ăgng.) Ngjf vižn` l`bgl` sc` ` rghinju vitrf niuăgbg gz

oeu, i l`bgl` gz stibge prgăi u gst`j ghrg. Gst` til`, uzcgtf svj privu egst`rgju sbivnge sbuăijfvi usvijic` kjfbgcgăn` `k OÒergstgfjfvf, i kjfbgcgăn` gz n`vgni. (Ăgnjfngoi ki zigsti vjnici nis nf trfmi sprgjfăgtg ki ge up`trgjfmgc` u v`j ghrg.) V



p j p j j h )`vge svjft`vi, c`žf sf rfĈg, E`bcfs jf c`hi` rgjfũgtg I.M.O`k Q`gr`ti, g nf mg trfmi` sngclf ki gsl`pi prbjivũtgnu ` Ngx

M. NFC@HVĄF DGLOGJF

Nfl`nzgstfntn`c logj`c sf nf trfmi nfp`srfkn` mivgtn`c sf u nj`j svf nisucgăn` `mgstgnjujf. Ibg tic` hkjf gcstfntnu logju, til`ęfr gcic` `krfęfnf l`nzgstfntnf logjc`hu gzvuĈg. (C`žki nf u nijtfžgc sbuăijfvgci ‟ ibg scitriăijfvg nicgjfnjfng t`cf ki sf kupru niũgc p`luũijgci ki

u prgăg gstgngt`.) H`v`rg` sic l`nzgstfntngc gsprivlici jf. Ibg c`žki Ĉf mgtg k`v`bjn` ki u `mzgr uzcfc` drihcfntf

sinjfc, i ki sf nf k`pgũf ngũti ũt` mg zicgjfngb` gzmrgsinf kC`žki mgsc` trfmibg uzftg cilsgcibnf l`nzgstfntnf dri

vfnf mrgsinjfc h`b`h cgngcuci l`jg Ĉf nic `sghuritg l`nzcgsbgc ki mg mgb` m`bjf p`ũt`vitg gstilnutf p`kjfbf prgăf u

p` ogjfnu uzgcinji cinjf-`k-cilsgcibnge l`nzgstfntnge dritric ki [ef Fnk d Ftfrngty94 Gsiioi Isgc`vi upiki u nfl`n

jfnjijuĈg sv`ju l`nofpogju put`vinji lr`z vrgjfcf ni p`bi nju. Il` jf til`, c`žki mg ti lnjghi, bgũfni nfl`bgl` ziknjgengbi gstilnut l`nzgstfntin drihcfnt, ăil g il` gz`stivgc`

bgĈf gz ziknjge p`hbivbji l`jg su c`hbg mgtg zikržing i ki `st

l`nzgstfntn`ũĈu.Lil` h`k mgb`, ũti ki rikgc` s tge nfl`bgl` l`nzgstfntnge

gsprivlg) lik ge k`mgjfc`0 Tgkgc` ũti jf u svil`c `k njge

9?1

Qrfsgjfoinjf jf l`nzfrvitgvni cft`ki. Ăil g ki jf logji n`n` ũt` jf u nj`j gstgngt` Ĉf gpil ăgngtg l`nzgstfntnu tf`rgju, prfnu p`k gcpbgliogj`c. (Cgsbgc ni, rfkunkintn` h`v`rfĈg, l

liogju.) Ibg pbiĈic` ogjfnu: nfũt` `k `n`hi ũt` jf u logjgzihumg. [i cg sf ogjfni sik ăgng prfvgs`l`c.Cft`ki ungjf nic kijf svf ũt` jf gstgngt` u nfl`nzgstfntn

k`mgjic` cft`k`c prfsgjfoinji, g j`ũ vgũf `k t`hi. @n` ũt`



j p j j j hsf nfĈf zihumgtg, jfr Ĉf, prftp`stivgc`, mgtg gstgngt` u sv`chcfntu. Ibg humgc` ni l`nzgstfntn`stg g humgc` zitv`rfn`s

ogj`c. Qrftp`stivgc` ki sf kvi drihcfnti nf sbižu: Τ jf gstdrihcfntu, i nf-Τ u kruh`c. @nki su g Τ g nf-Τ gstgngtg u ng. Ibg njge`vi nfl`nzgstfntni l`njunlogji ngjf, gil` jf zkruž

ju. Gst` til` cn`hf kruhf stvirg ngsu gstgngtf u logjg, gil` jzkružfn` gcpbgogrini kvjfci prfcgsici l`jf su `mjf gstgng

_vf `v` jf `nilv` lilv` g trfmi mgtg. Il` p`rflnfc` ki

t`rng pir`vg gstgngtg u nfl`nzgstfntn`j

logjg, p`rgăfc` njfstgănu nf`mgăn`st. @nki nf scgjfc` zitv`rgtg p`k gcpbgliogj

sn`stg ki ulgnfc` rizbglu gzcfęu `n`hi ũt` jf u prgăg gstgnngjf. Nf mgsc` ăil trfmibg zitv`rgtg ng p`k nij`ăghbfkngj`cvfrzngj`c vrst`c gcpbgliogjf: zilbjuăgvinjf ni l`njunlogju(Vpriv` `vkjf rfbfvintgstg hrgjfũf, zivfkfng sv`j`c nik`cnfl`nzgstfntn`j logjg gpil c`hbi mgtg zitv`rfni p`k nfl`c

mg `tprgbglf nibgl`vibi gcpbgliogjg.) V prgăici ` E`bcfsu jXits`n rinjfn u ricf< u prgăici jf gstgngt` g ki jf rinjfn u ci nipr`st` ngjf gstgngt` ki jf rinjfn g u ricf g u n`hu ‟ gcinu rinu, unit`ă nfsbihinju `l` njfn`h cjfsti.98

O. DGLOGJI V _BVųMG G_[GNF

Gci `nge l`jg logju p`scitriju uhbivn`c li` srfkstv` p`tlrgvi gstgni, gbg l`jgc sf prfn`sg gstgni. V tflstu ‒Gstgni u

rfăfn` ` logjg li` srfkstvu zi gstgnu. Ibg tf tfcf sf zigsti c


‒Xih`nfr,– ‒M`nkscin–...) @nki mg pumbgli, il` zni ki jf d`rcgsin, c`hbi sp`znitg gstgnu gzniũivũg n` ũt` jf gstgngt` uogjici. Kibjf, iut`r mg c`hi` k`Ĉg k` nflf gstgnf u pròfs

sv`h kgjfbi p`h`kmf. Nfci sucnjf ki `v` g ngjf miũ t` ũtùcu lik h`v`rf ` l`hngtgvn`j vrgjfkn`stg lnjgžfvn`stg! Niciũngjf ni ũti mg `ng c`hbg cgsbgtg.

Dglogji mg c`hbi sbužgtg li` srfkstv` zi tlrgvinjf c`kibnf



jf tfũl` `krfkgtg ki bg mg glil` c`hi` p`st`jitg nflg k`st`jiIl` mg, prgăi mg t` c`hbi k`lizitg. Iut`r prgăf u l`j`j jf gst

k`st`jinstvfn pr`sjil mg g tlrg` g k`lizi` ki tilvi c`huĈn`sHbucio gbg sbglir mg c`hi` gst` p`stgĈg. @vkjf logji sbužg gst`cjfr u b`z` jg, ibg ni nfĈf dunlog`ngsitg sgc il` prgăi k`

pr`sjilu nf mukf kftibjngjf rizrięfni k niũge u`mgăijfnge prt`, prgcgjftgtf ki jf b`z`dslg prgcjfr sic` l`nogzn` kjfbof

št` jf j`ũ vižngjf, logji nic c`žf p`nukgtg l`ntgnhfntn

svgjftu. @ni nf c`žf ziuzftg cjfst` nf

log`nibn`h k`lizin`. Ibg p`nflik k`lizi gci u gz`mgbju. Cg l`jg žgvgc` u `vnfl` vrgjfcf gcic` cn`ũtv` k`lizi, ibg c`žki gz njge ngscbgl` l`bgl` sc` c`hbg. @vg k`lizg sf `sbinjiju ni `krfęfn

Ăgc jf ti pr`p`zgogji d`rcubgrini, `kcie Ĉf mgtg mjfb`kin` c` vrb` k`mrf k`lizf. Il` ngjf d`rcubgrini, nistivgt Ĉfc`nju. @vkjf nic logji c`žf p`c`Ĉg. Il` gcic` tilvu lo

pr`p`zgogji `ăghbfkn` gstgngti, t` nis v`kg k` pgtinji: i ki bg sgcpbgogtfr 0 I p`nflik, lik gcic` cn`ũtv` nfprgznitge k` pgtinjf zniăg znitg `kh`v`r. @nki jf iut`r logjf k`ũi` k` jgc ăgtiògci kijf srfkstvi ki g sicg k`ęu k` t`h `tlrgĈi.

Q`nflik mgsc` niuăfnu pr`p`zgogju g cg c`hbg d`rcubgr mgbi ni ucu, mfz p`zgvinji ni logju l`ji nic jf ni nju slVhbivn`c ngjf til`. Q`nflik jf p`zgvinjf ni logju jfkgng nc`, mirfc u prilsg il` nf g prgnogpgjfbn`, ki d`rcubgric`

j l gj l b ž j N l j eb g b l ũt

9?=

tf u logjg, ibg nf c`hu mgtg p`tpun` sp`jgvf. @nki nis logju c`kibnu nfgstgngt`st, niv`kfĈg nis ki p`vjfrujfc` u c`hu

priv` nf p`st`jg. (?) Il` gcic` cn`ũtv` nih`cgbinge ziv

lizi, vrb` bil` c`hu p`st`jitg nfgstgngt`stg zi l`jf jf k`v`blnu ki mg sf u njge p`vjfr`vib`.

K. ZIH@NF[LI ETIBG_IT@H _[@ĂI]I

Qjfviă pjfvi `vu pjfscu



Qjfviă pjfvi `vu pjfscu.

_t`ăir sic p` struog, g z`vu cf ]užng Kivf.

_tir sic g sgv g tfl cf jfkn` `l` sbužg.V kv`rgũtu sic k`mir, znij, ib‗ sic` cf ni l`nji kijG `kè tic` hkjf ng cbięg nfĈf l`ril sv`j ki pružg.

Evibgsinjf sf sic` nistivbji: jieinjf, mgăfvinjf, žgh`sinjf,

Zipriv`, v`jv`ki sic svilf pr`lbftf stvirg.

@v` jf nipr`st` logji. šti jf u nj`j gstgngt`0@kh`v`r mg trfmi` mgtg ki u t`j logjg st`ăir zving ]užng slup evibgsivge bižg.95 G t` jf k`gsti `kh`v`r l`jfh k`mgjicnijmbgžf svjft`vf u l`jgci prgp`vjfkiă ugstgnu rikg n` zi ũttviri ki rikg. Jfr `v` jf jfkin `k `nge gzngcnge sbuăijfvi, lsp`cfnutg u c`j`j sfkc`j dusn`tg, u l`jgci sf prgp`vjfkiă

prgăi gstgnu stvirgci l`jgci nfũt` zni. Qjfviă sf prftvirng Kivf l`jg prgăi evibgsivf bižg.Q`st`jg logji u logjg: bižg ]užn`h Kivfi su sicf jfkn

h`v` evibgsinjf jf prftvirinjf prg prgp`vgjfkinju. V logjg ubji jfstf v`jv`ki svfhi. V vinjsl`j logjg `n t` ngjf, nfh` sistf. @v` p`nivbjinjf, sic` p` sfmg, ngjf pr`mbfc.

Ibg privg jf pr`mbfc u mbgzgng, i ji nfcic rjfũfnjf l`jf mgũt` sf p`nivbjinjf nf uruũg0 Lik sf pjfviă prftviri ki jf ]sf prftviri ki h`v`rg gstgnu ` sfmg, ni l`jg sf niăgn `v` rizbg


[rute gn otg`n

Gt wùbk mf ngof gd wf oùbk tilf \...S kfsorgptg`ns d otgit tefgr diof vibuf, isorgmgnh t` tefc tef sicf sumjfot-prfkgoribbfb kfsorgptg`ns d rfib-bgdf oeiriotfrs. [efn tef sfntfnofs ‒i sgbl t`p eit– ink ‒Ngx`n wfirs i sgbl t`p eit– wùbk m`te mtef rfdfrfnt `d tef sumjfot tfrc ‟ otg`nib E`bcfs `r rfib-bgd



tef rfdfrfnt d tef sumjfot tfrc ‟ otg`nib E`bcfs r rfib-bgdoisf ciy mf ‟ biols tef pr`pfrty, fxprfssfk my tef prfkgoitsgbl t`p eit. [ef `nby kgddfrfnof wùbk mf teit tef sumjfot tfink ‒Ngx`n– eivf rfdfrfnts `d rikgoibby kgddfrfnt s`rts: `nf riotfr, tef tefr i rfib-bgdf pfrs`n d fse ink mb``k. _t`rytfof. [ef st`rytfbbfr purp`rts t` mf tfbbgnh tef trute imùt citteis ln`wbfkhf. Bft us n`t tilf ùr kfsorgptg`ns `d otg`nidiof vibuf, mut gnstfik bft us rfhirk tefc is immrfvgitg`ns tfnofs mfhgnngnh wgte in `pfrit`r ‒Gn suoe-ink-suoe otg`n

Lfy w`rks: otg`n, cubtgpbf w`rbks, pr`pfr nicf, trutebgfds `d tef o`ccungty



N gjg g g



N`vgjg gziz`vg

p`bgtgălf dgb`z`dgjf



@bgvfr Ciroeirt

VtfcfbjujuĈg p`st-dunkiog`nibgQ`bgtgăli `nt`b`hgji9

VKL /VKO



\QS`bgtgă li b`z ji sf nf mivg, gbg pr

p`srfkn` ―p`bgtgl`c‗ vfĈ ―p`bgtgă lgc‗. Zi

b`z jf jf ki tf`rftslg `mrizb`žg iutfntg

lf p`bgtgă l`h c`kibgtfti, ki d`rcgri l`n

Il` jf t` sbuă ij, c`žki mgsc` trfmibg ki

gcf g niz`vfc` jf b`z j`c p`bgtgă l`h

Frnst T`

8.9. Q]FCI DGB@Z@DGJG Q@BG[GĂL@HI

Jfkni `k niũge p`ăftnge prftp`stivlg mgbi jf ki, il`

òrtic` l`nturf sivrfcfnf p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgălf pngjf k`v`bjn` rizvgtg l`nofptuibnu egst`rgju nistijuĈfh l`

l`hi. V `v`c gstrižgvinju žfbg` sic `tgĈg l`ril kibjf, usr

ni `nf tf`rgjf l`jf up`trfmbjiviju `vij tfrcgn u p`st-dunki`lvgrgci `n`hi ũt` jf `pgsin` li` bgjfvg efgkfhhfrgjingzicc` j`ũ jfkn`c ki rflipgtubgric` tfzu: u vfĈgng tilvge tf`rgsv`j`j rizbgog vgs-á-vgs ―kruũtvfn`h‗ g ―p`bgtglf‗ sbužg li` gnnfc`huĈn`stg gbg ksustvi l`niăn`h utfcfbjfnji kruũtvi. Lisic` ni niăgn ki jf kruhiăgjf `k p`bgtglf), ―p`bgtgăl`‗ c`žf

p`jivng gbg l`nofptuibng `mbgl ―k`hięiji‗, ―l`ntgnhfnogjf‗, ―sb`m`kf‗ gbg ―nf`kbuăn`stg‗. V nflgc tf`rgjici, p`bgtgăl` tni c`cfnit kjfbgcgăn`h k`vrũfnji g utfcfbjfnji: trfnutil

9?5

Gpil, n` ũt` jf zniăijn` sevitgtg jf ki sf utfcfbjfnjf g p`nkiog`nibgstgălf pfrspfltgvf, nf scgju rizucgjftg li` kvi uzitftgălg gslbjuăujuĈi tfrcgni. Li` ũt` g sic Biobiu nihbiũivi

(kfhrùnkgnh ) ngliki ngjf ips`butn`, vfĈ jf ‒kg` jfknf `pfrnji, s tgc ũt` t` utfcfbjfnjf vgũf nf vriĈi nfũt` g nf rfdfrgri l`jf mg sbužgb` li` prgnogp kfrgviogjf vfĈ, ucjfst` t`hi, `n`

jf t` nfũt` unutir tfrfni nf`kbuăgv`stg (gtfriogji, rf-`zniăivinl`ji ăgng njfh`v nistinil c`huĈgc– (9774i<87) _ici rizbgl



l`ji ăgng njfh`v nistinil c`huĈgc (9774i<87). _ici rizbgltglf g p`bgtgăl`hi, hbfkini gz pfrspfltgvf niũfh vbistgt`h ―utf

tinji‗, t` jfst, gspgtini li` rizbgli, mg svilil` mgbi kg` `v`h tfv`stg. Kilbf, `n` ` ăfcu sf rikg u p`bgtgăl`c p`st-dunkiog`nc`huĈn`st mgb` lilv`h utfcfbjfnji, vfĈ nfc`huĈn`st l`ni

nji. G upriv` jf tilv` `ksustv` iregcfk`vslf tiălf l`ji sbužghuĈn`stg uvgjfl sic` p`stfpfnge, vgũfstrulge g rfbitgvn` iutùtfcfbjfnji. Nikic sf ki sic p`lizi` ‟ prfkstivbjijuĈg l`

v`-efgkfhhfr`vslge tf`rgji (g sic` nikhbfkijuĈg, gz rizb`hi pbgl` kruhge, p`put Jioqufsi ]inogårfi, Jubgfni Drfunki, O`rnikgsi, Zyhcunti Miucini g kr.) ‟ lil` sf p`bgtgăli rizbgli klu liki sici c`huĈn`st stimgbn`h gbg l`niăn`h utfcfbjfnjnutil p`bgtgă l`hi. @vi kgsb`liogji dunkiog`nibn`h e`rgz`nti l`j tf`rgjg, k` rizv`ji rikglibn`h l`nofpti p`bgtgăl`hi li` ribgtglf zit` ũt`, il` vgũf ngjf k`stupin ng jfkin prgr`kng tfcfrit Ĉfc` ki sf sb`žgc` s l`ntgnhfntngc `mbgogci ustin`vbjivrivinji kruũtvi, ũt` jf upriv` gntfrfs`vinjf b`z jf p`bgtgă l`

stivbjfn`j trikgog`nibn`j gkfjg p`bgtgă lf b`z jf.Kinis p`st-dunkiog`nibgstg st`jf ‟ ki up`trgjfmgc` r`c

cfęu rugnici n`hi ũt` jf nflik scitrin` ăvrstgc tfcfbjgcric` bg p`scitritg vij c`cfnit ‟ crvbjfnjf tfcfbji g kfzgnt

og`nibn`h `mz`ri ‟ si zimrgnut`ũĈu, gbg ăil uznfcgrfn`ũĈu0 Ntgvng cgsbgòg (ciki nf svg, il` riăunic` @ilfse`tti) c`h

j g K g g tg t m ―E m b g‗ b

@BGTF] CI]OEI][

stg l`jf su p`nukgbg pr`svjftgtfbjstv` g cirlsgzic– (BiobiuHbivng tf`rftgăirg silupbjfng u `v`c gstrižgvinju ‟ Ninoy, g Biobiu ‟ sb`žgbg mg sf s tvrknj`c ki, ăil gil` jf p`bgtgălg

nji znil`vi sghurn`stg nf`kbuăgv, `v` rispikinjf `stijf uprzi p`bgtgziogju g fcinogpiogju. @sgc t`hi, k`l, nfzivgsn` ` jfkngăl`h up`trfmbjivinji p`bgtgălf rizbglf, `vg tf`rftgăirg k prftp`stivlg l`jf sf `kn`sf ni l`ntgnhfnogju, l`nglt g k`hp`bgtgăl`hi, p`st`jf til`ęf g rizbglf g nfsbihinji cfęu njgci



p`bgtgăl`hi, p`st`jf til`ęf g rizbglf g nfsbihinji cfęu njgcilbjuăili l`jf trfmi gzvuĈg gz p`vbiăfnji utfcfbjfnji. V `sti

žgvinji slrfnutĈu pižnju ni nfl`bgognu nfsbihinji unutir ebjfvgof. I, ũt` jf vjfr`vitn` `k j`ũ vfĈfh zniăiji, p`luũit Ĉ

p`bgtgălf ub`hf ulbjuăfnf u p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgălf stiv`vft`c Ĉu zivrũgtg gzbižuĈg nfli b`z`dsli gse`kgũti l`ji, p` nju, c`riju ki sf gzvulu gz niũf kgslusgjf ` p`bgtgăl`j rizbgouhbivn`c sf tgău sic`h tf`rftsl`h stitusi p`st-dunkiog`nilf cgsbg uzgcijuĈg u `mzgr kruhf `mbistg cgũbjfnji. Mgt Ĉf `m

pirik`lsibn` ‟ ub`hf p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgălf p`bgtgălf nt`hi ũt` jf nflik nizgvin` ―prv`c b`z` j`c‗ g p`bgtgălf riztrinsofnkfntibn`h ―utfcfbjfnji‗ kruũtvfn`h g kruũtvi.

8.=. Q@_[-DVNKIOG@NIBGZIC G KFC@L]I[GJILi` ũt` nis Frnfst` Biobiu p`ksjfĈi, nflg `k p`bgtgălge

ulbjuăfng u p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgălg prgstup p`bgtgog ―utfcfbjfnju sic`h cgti ` utfcfbjfnju sist`jf sf `k pr`ũgrujuĈfh prtgziogju, ulbjuăujuĈg fcinogpit`rnu p`bgtgziogju. @v` sbimbjnji c`žf ki k`vfkf k` svf vfĈfh prgevitinji l`ntgnhfnogjstg mgtli, ũt` c`žf ki gci `sb`mięijuĈg fdflit. Gil` sf c`ri

pròfsg c`hu zi rfzubtit gcitg piribgz`vinu krživu uznfcgzfrvitgvn` slfptgăn` stin`vgũtf, Biobiu, s kruhf strinf, tfžĈf bjukg ‒sfmf svf vgũf p`ăftg ki vgkf li` gslbjuăgvf iut`rf s

j kg Ĉ j g k j kmg j g mj ž

9;1

lg rizv`jg, ki `vg usb`vg nf v`kf nužn` k` ũgrfnji fcinogpigbg k` rizvgjinji jfknf fcinogpit`rnf efhfc`ngjf. G il` `v` nužn` gse`k p`bgtgziogjf, `nki til`ęf trfmi ki mukfc` `prfz

ăgc` prfbil` u zilbjuălf l`jg sf tgău fcinogpit`rnf gbg kfckf p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgăl`h stivi u p`bgtgăl`j cgsbg. Il` `z p`jic p`bgtgăl`-`nt`b`ũlf rizbglf, `nki trfmi ki prgznic` kc` c`Ĉg ki `mfzmgjfkgc` jfkn` `nt`b`ũl` utfcfbjfnjf l`jfustin`vgtg `krfęfnu `ntgălu p`bgtglu, fcinogpit`rnu gbg nf. [



p , p mg jisn` l`ntrikglt rin. G li` ũt` sic p`cfnu` ringjf, bil`

sbgtg l`nzfrvitgvng p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgă

lg slfptgogzic l`jg ngjlritslg gbg fcinogpit`rng. [il`, il` mg kfrgvgrinjf `krfęfnf pdunkiog`nibgstgăl`h stivi mgb` jisng n`n sfqugtur , nki sf ăgngbgtgălg irhucfnt l`jg sf c`žf niprivgtg p`bizfĈg `k p`bgtgălf

sfqugtur irhucfnt.Ki bg jf t` zigsti sbuăij0 Il` ng jfkni `krfęfni p`bgtgli

n` ki sf kfrgvgri gz p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgăl`h stivi, ki bg t`

ki ngũti nf sbgjfkg0 Ji nf cgsbgc til` zit` ũt` `n` ũt` p`st-dulg stiv ugstgnu h`v`rg jfstf ki Ĉf svilg p`luũij utfcfbjfnji ni@stvirgvinjf `v`hi zipriv` gci gcpbgliogjf zi niũu gkfju kfũt` kfc`lritgju trfmi kfngsitg li` rfžgc l`jg trižg upriv` us

l`niăngc nfuspjfe`c utfcfbjfnji prgjf nfh` jfkn`stivn` hilbjuăgtg. K`l su svg zicgsbgvg p`bgtgălg rfžgcg, svg `mbgog p`bgtg rul`v`ęfnji utfcfbjfng u p`n`ru `ksutn`h utfcfbjfnji, vfũivi ki kmiog sv`ju pr`vibgjslu prgr`ku. Irhucft Obiukfi Bkinju zniăgviăi sghurn`stg g prižnjfnju cjfsti c`Ĉg u kfc`lcgjfvi ki jf kfc`lritgji rfžgc l`jg jf nijmbgžg prgevitinju `n`h utfcfbjfnji. I, li` ũt` mg Biobiu (9774i: 87) k`ki`, tiltrfmi ki `stinf mfz c`huĈn`stg utfcfbjfnji: ‒Kfc`lritgji n

‟ g nf c`žf ki mukf ‟ rikglibn` utfcfbjfni. C`žfc` sf p`kfc`lritslgjfc kruũtvu sic` lr`z pburibn`st ăgn`vi kfc`lrj b ă j k bgtgălg t d k g bg ž k



9;=

ki ngtg jfkni sv`jfvrsni `ntgăli p`bgtgli ngliki nf c`žf ki ni unutir `nt`b`ũl`h p`kruă ji p bgtgăl`hi, vfĈ Ĉf uvgjfl c`tglubgsini unutir pr`st`ri l`jg tviri ghri p`bgtgălf rizbglf. [i

ji c`hbi mg ki `kvfkf u nijrizbgăgtgjf p`bgtg

ălf privof, i ng jft`rng gbg kfc`lritslg gse`k nf c`žf sf hirint`vitg uniprgjfk.

ăij, cfęutgc, lil` `nki `mjiũnjivic` rizb`h zm`h l`jfh vfnge tf`rftgăiri prgmjfhivi n`n sfqugtur irhucfntu fcinogpin`stg0 Ji sic cgũbjfnji ki sf rizb`h nf c`žf t`bgl` pr`niĈg u



ũbjfnju l`bgl` u tijn`c p`kv`ęfnju p`bgtgăl`hi p`k ftgă l`, z

u`v rik flstrfcng prgcjfr. _upr`tn` `n`cf ũt` nflg tvrkf kisn`st p`bgtgăl`h p`st-dunkiog`nibgzci njfh`v n`rcitgvng kf zic sf ăfst` c`žf u`ăgtg u p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgăl`j cgsbg. ]fgzcgjfũtinjf p`bgtglf.

8.?. Q@BG[GĂL@ GZCGJFš[INJF Q@BG[GLF

Ftgăli prf

ăgoi gzcf

ęu p`bgtg

ăl`hi g jfknf fcinogpit`rnfn`scjfrni g u nj`j rikglibnf gcpbgliogjf p`bgtgălf rizbglf c`

stf. Gpil, p`st`jf g kruhg niăgng. @sgc n`rcitgvnf g ftgălf prũtinjf p`bgtglf‗ ‟ tj. m`rmf g sul`mi ‟ sukslgc gbg ikcgngstritgv

su Oeintib Cùddf (977?) g M`nngf E`ngh (977?) u bgmfribngstgălgc g, p`nflik, rfpumbglinslgc privogci p`bgtgălf cgsbgki jf, trikgog`nibn`, p`bgtgăli tf`rgji prgbgăn` nfprgjitfbjslg nci sv`c `mjfltu ‟ p`bgtgog. ĂfũĈf, p`bgtgălu cgsi` ‟ `k Qbisi g Eimfrcisi ‟ zingci ustin`vbjivinjf gbg bfhgtgcgziogji li‗ l`jg mg vrfcfn`c uăgng` mfzniăijngc mgb` l`jg `mbgl `spl`mi. Jioqufs ]inogårf (9777) jf p`nukg` sgstfcitgziogju `c`hb` nizvitg `mbgogci ( hurfs) gstgslgvinji p`bgtglf unutisbg. Q`sfmgof, n p`cgnjf trg mbgli p`bgtgăl`h ulgkinji p`bgt

zvi` ―irefp`bgtgli‗, ―pirip`bgtgli‗ g ―cftip`bgtgli‗, i l`jf jf (9777i: 9771) l`nofptgci ―ubtrip`bgtglf g p`stp`bgtglf‗ (hkjfg k g ũ gå g ― k l gj

@BGTF] CI]OEI][

p`t`njf prftp`stivbji uprivbjiălu ub`hu p`bgogjf g krživinji p`bgtgăl` jf t` l`jf nfstijf u p`bgtgog nikcftinji, i nf sul`m p`sucnjitg ki jf kiniũnjg tijng c`kfb zi pirip`bgtgălu kfp`bg

hkjf su intih`ngstg prftv`rfng u fl`n`cslf l`nlurfntf. Qutfbgtgălf trinsd`rciogjf, ghri gzcfęu p`bgtglf g p`bgtgăl`hi c`žg nj`c p`stijf c`huĈf uprivbjitg. V cftip`bgtgog, sgcftrgăn`jbgtglf, ntgăli strini p`bgtglf ngjf ―utfcfbjfni‗ u nt`b`ũl`c, vli` bižn` p`jivbjgvinjf kum`lge (kffpfr-bygnh ) kruũtvfnge stru



rgjfăgci, p`bgtgli nf gzriživi ngtg pr`pgsujf nik-egst`rgjslu ( su

gstgnu p`bgtgăl`hi gbg zijfkngof. Qrgjf, `ni jf vg

ęfni li` jfkn` mbgăivinjf kruũtvfnf `mjfltgvn`stg. G p`ũt` jf gstgni `v`h p`s

pni jfkgn` p`srfkstv`c niulf, ghri p`bgtgălf rizbglf jf sevi`mcini, gzi l`jf tfũlf `ntgălf ăgnjfngof kruũtvfnf `mjfltgvhv`zkfng ―`nt`b`ũlg‗ zil`ng egst`rgjf trfmi ki muku pr`nięfn

V ubtrip`bgtgog, ki up`trgjfmgc` ųgžfl`v tfrcgn, p`bgtgăl`gnstinoi intih`ngzci) prgsviji p`tpunu k`cgniogju nik p`bglg pr`tgvngl sf vgkg li` nfprgjitfbj l`jfh trfmi ungũtgtg svgc s

jfkn`c, rizbgli gzcfęu p`bgtglf g p`bgtgăl`hi uruũivi sf, `vnu p`bgtgăl`hi, ũt` sf `k p`bgtglf `ăflujf ki `zil`ng ni nfp

@nt`b`ũl` utfcfbjfnjf/p`n`r p`jivbjujf sf kgrfltn` unutir mg, l`niăn`, zi p`sbjfkgou c`hb` ki gci hrięinslg rit. K`lubtrip`bgtgăl`h uruũivinji p`bgtgălf rizbglf prfci njfn`j `n

c`žf ki gci litistr`dibnf p`sbjfkgof?, `n` mg vf`ci bil` cgse`k jfkn`h p`luũiji ki sf p`stghnf supr`tn`: p`stp`bgtgă l

`nt`b`ũlf gnstinof intih`ngzci. V p`t`njfc sbuăiju, sic` ph`ngzci u tfcfbju kruũtvfn`h jf p`rflnut`. Kruũtv` ngjf zicbiu`vgc rgjfăgci ‟ li` jfkin nfc`huĈg `mjflt, vfĈ li` svgjhkjf jf l`nsfnzus uniprgjfk usp`stivbjfn ([`ny Mbigr) gbg hi

vgtg, gil` sic` l`ntridiltgăn`, ni kužf stizf (Jòrhfn Eimfr_vg `vg rizbgăgtg `mbgog gzcgjfũtinji v`kf, p` privgbu, k`

_ g g l ũ j k t g bgtgăl bgl k

9;;

v` b`z`dslg `mbgog cgũbjfnji, `ng su u vfbgl`j cjfrg p`bgtgălsu kg` niũge p`bgtgălge, gnsgtgtuog`nibnge, vbikivgnslge kgsltgălg kgslurs sf ăgng ki jf ăil p`stghi` efhfc`ngjslg stitus u

vici Zipiki). C`ri sf zilbjuăgtg ki jf

b`z`dsl` gzcgjfũtisfmg kum`l` p`bgtgăl`, ki jf ulgkinjf p`bgtgăl`h ―gkf`b`ũl`‗ ogzn`c scgsbu u l`jfc sf tfrcgn ―gkf`b`hgji‗ j`ũ uvgjfl sccgjfũtinjf p`bgtglf jf ăgn l`jg p`luũivi ki prglrgjf vbistgtu pku g, st`hi, vbistgtu l`ntgnhfnogju, egst`rgăn`st, l`ngltuibn



bjgvg stitus. Il` sf, s kruhf strinf, kfc`lritgji g fcinogpi

zucjftg ni p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgălg ni

ăgn, li` ũt` sc` h`v` jf zi fcinogpit`rng pr`jflit `k vgtibn`h zniăiji kmrini p`

bgstgăl`h prgstupi, nf sic`, nirivn`, ni p`bju p`bgtgălf ris p`bju p`bgtgălf cgsbg. _t`hi c`žfc` prgcgjfngtg niũu prfte p`hbfku nužn` p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgălf prgr`kf kfc`lritsl`tinjf p`bgtgălf cgsbg: ngjf svi p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgăli cgsiìbg jf kfc`lritsli cgsi` uvgjfl p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgăli.

V `v`c `hringăfn`c scgsbu, gkf`b`ũl` gzcgjfũtinjf p`

p`krizucgjfvitg gzcgjfũtinjf kfc`lritgjf. Gz t`h rizb`hi, gcfcinogpit`rn`h pr`jflti l`jg tfžg li pr`kumbjgvinju g rikglibgzsl`h mz`ri jfstf ki sf lrgtgălg p`zimivg svgc mbgogci gzcgjf

p`bju svil`knfvnf p`bgtglf, til` g ni p`bju p`bgtgălf cgsbg. I nf scgjfc` u p`tpun`stg `lbgjfvitg u k`lizgvinju p`sbjfkgoi

nibgstgălf p`bgtgălf cgsbg, g t` ni `dinzgvin, i nf kfdinzgvin nk`v`bjn` nistivgtg sic` vgi nfhitgvi, lrgtglujuĈg gbg kfl`nstr`mbglf gzcgjfũtinji. Gzcgjfũtinjf p`bgtglf sf jfkgn` c`žf gzmj

p`bgtgăl`hi u srfkgũnjf cjfst`, t` jfst p`tpungc p`tvr ęgvinjfcbgtgăl`hi vgs-á-vgs kruũtvi g svge kruũtvfnge stvirg g kivinjfc pcfęu p`bgtglf g p`bgtgăl`hi mfz p`kv`ęfnji jfknf strinf p`k

sf t` uăgngb` g lil` mg sf zivrũgb` `v` gstrižgvinjf, c`rit Ĉfcc` ni sic tf`rftslg stitus p`st-dunkiog`nibgzci vgs-á-vgs l`t k ũt g b d l g gtg j [ Ĉ t l ę

@BGTF] CI]OEI][

nji tvrkgb` sf ki p`bgtgăli rizbgli, ni nflg niăgn, ―`križivi‗ prizbglu gzcfęu `ntgăl`h g `nt`b`ũl`h, lil` jf t` Efgkfhhfr trizbgli. _iki jf k`ũb` vrgjfcf ki sf jisngjf `krfkg `vij scgsi

tgă

li rizbgli križivi nt`b`ũlu rizbglu. Qrgstupgc` pr`mbfcu prv` p`lizitg lil` p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgăli p`bgtgăli nt`b`hgjseviĈfni, i p`t`c `krfkgtg sic stitus tilvf `nt`b`hgjf.

[rikgog`nibn`, tfrcgn `nt`b`hgji zniăivi uăfnjf mgtlu jfst, `nt`b`hgji nf p`lrgvi rfhg`nibnf `mbistg svgjfti, sv`jfv

găl mgĈ Ĉ m mg l ũ ( b ũl ) L



`ntgălf vrstf mgĈi, vfĈ sic mz`r mgtli u`pũtf (`nt`b`ũl`). Lvgkjftg, `nt`b`ũli rizbgli jf vfĈ prftp`stivbjfni, flspbgogtn`gkfj`c `nt`b`hgjf li` b`z`dslf ―kgsogpbgnf‗ l`ji sf mivg ml`c, i nf mgĈgci. Ibg, u cjfrg u l`j`j sf dunkiog`nibgzic

ji `nt`b`hgjf jf egst`rgji njfnf kfzgntfhriogjf. K`l jf `nt`b` p`ăfb` s irgst`tfb`vsl`c cftizgl`c, tfl sf s Oergstgin`c ciăl`c ―_oeubpegb`s`pegf‗ nt`b`hgji p`jivgbi li` nizgv ziogpbgnu l`ju Ĉf u svf vfĈ`j cjfrg zicgjfngtg fpgstfc`b`hgji lubcgngri` l`k Mfrlfbfyi, Linti g njge`vge c`kfrnge nisbjgkfhhfr`c, ibg svilil` prgprfcbjfn` `k strinf _oefbbgnhi, vb`ũlgjg‗ stgb pr`cgũbjinji, ibg sf ngjf vritg` u sv`j`j pun`j sbi

jfl vriĈi p`k gcfn`c `nt`b`hgjf. @n` ũt` sf k`h`kgb` jf kili`-utfcfbjfnji ( Mfgnh-is-hrùnk ) prftv`rgbi u jfkin p`tpu

p`jic. Ni lriju `v`h pròfsi, hkjf sf kinis nibizgc`, `nt`

stupni ng u jfkn`c kruh`c `mbglu `k, ki up`trgjfmgc` Kf(977;), ―ulbft`b`hgjf‗ ‟ jfknf nt`b`hgjf l`ju pè`kg simbist vn`h utfcfbjfnji. G `vkjf sf jisn` vgkg lil` jf Efgkfhhfr prgstrultgvgstgălu tvrknju ki jf ―vfbglg binio mgĈi‗ l`nstgtutgvn`slrijni ghri rizbglf gzcfęu nt`b`ũl`h mgtli g p`kruă ji ntgăhivi ―utfcfbjfnjf/p`n`r‗ rikglibnf nfstimgbn`stg u p`bjf mgĈi

u kgsogpbgnu `nt`b`hgjf. _ic` u scgsbu simbist`b`hgjf, t` jfshgjf l`j`j nfk`stijf vbistgtg `mjflt (mgtil-li`-utfcfbjfnjf),

gj j ũ gj l ž k t gj mg

9;4

nji, vfĈ jfkgn` mbgl kfl`nstrultgvgstgăl`h zingcinji zi ntog`nibgstgălg kgslurs. Gpil, prftp`stivbjic ki `vij kh`v`r, gsprivin, ngjf u p`tpun`stg zik`v`bjivijuĈg k`lbf h`k `stiv

trikgog`nibnf egjfriregjf

b`z`dsl`h cgũbjfnji g p`tăgnjivinjbgl`j cjfrg lrgtgl`vibi Einnie Irfnkt, p`bgtgălf cgsbg cirhgn

ogpbgng b`z` jf. Nirivn`, ―kgsogpbgnirn`‗ vgęfnjf b`z` jf g nf mg hi mringbg Efgkfhhfr gbg Kfrrgki, ngtg mg ojfb`lupni p

‟ s mzgr`c ni sb`žfn`st cn`hge njfnge privioi s gzcgjfũtimgb gj k km t t t Ibg gj tlg gbgl



mgbi vrgjfkni `kmrinf tùt oùrt . Ibg sic` u rgjftlgc prgbgli p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgălg prgstup b`z`dslgc pr`mbfcgci n`ssbjfkgof, p`ũt` sic` p`bgtgă l` c`žf ki gntfrvfngũf li` nik`n`h utfcfbjfnji. I v` p`krizucgjfvi ki Ĉf svili p`st-dunk`nt`b`hgji ‟ svili ulbft`b`hgji ‟ nužn` mgtg p`bgtgă li `nt`bnf c`žf ki mukf p`tăgnjfni stitusu `mbistg b`z`dsl`h gstri

_vf u `lvgru nijrikglibngjge privioi p`st-dunkiog`nibgs

cgsbg ulizujf u t`c privou, k`l njfng p`m`rngog nfciju erilu svf p`sbjfkgof. _jftgc` sf Biobiu`vf tvrknjf ki ‒\sSvilg zucgjfvinju kiniũnjge kruũtvfnge m`rmg zivgsg `k prf`lrfti`rgtfti l`jf jf kruũtvfni cgsi` prfte`kn`h vgjfli g p`b ustikruũtvfn`h g p`bgtgăl`hi– (Biobiu 9771: 941). Q`ũt` jf p`bni rfhg`nibng sflt`r kruũtvi g ips`rm`vib` hi jf kruũtvfn`,ki sf p`lrfnfc`, prfci Biobiuu ‒u supr`tn`c scjfru: pr

zucgjfvinju fcgnfntn` p`bgtgăl`h liriltfri mgb` l`jfh krutfti– (gmgk.). @n` ũt` Biobiu scitri p`bgtgălgc liriltfr`c tvfn`h gkfntgtfti ‟ l`jg jf uvgjfl kgslurzgvin ‟ svilil` sf tgăkgslursi. Dgb`z` ji, kruũtvfng kgslurs mfz prgvgbfhgjf u p`krun`h, jf fcgnfntn` p`bgtgăli p`ũt` jf svilg b`z`dslg tflst gniăni kgsogpbgni, p`k-kgsogpbgni gbg `mbist b`z`dsl`h cgũbj

ni ustin`vbjivijuĈfc/risd`rcgrivijuĈfc (gnstgtutgnh/kfstgtunju p`bgtgălf kbulf. [ilvi usp`stivbjijuĈi `kbuli ‟ g sicij j kg t l j ž k k j tg k t t bj j



9;5

Ziũt` t` nizgvitg prgci pegb`s`pegi0 Nf gkfc` bg l`ril unjfc ni (nfc`huĈ`j) nužn`stg prvf b`z` jf, vriĈijuĈg sf, nin`c k`mu cftizgăl`h dunkiog`nibgzci0 V X`bdd`vsl`c s

hgji jf `krfęfni li` ―cftipeysgoi hfnfribgs‗, nistinjuju

Ĉg pegb`s`pegif, prvi b`z` ji s `mzgr`c ni rfhg`nibnf cftiz

li` ũt` jf l`zc`b`hgji, psge`b`hgji g tf`b`hgji. @ăghbfkn`, gznibgstgălf pfrspfltgvf, ―prvi b`z` ji‗ nf c`žf mgtg nt`b hgjęujf svgc kruhgc rfhg`nibngc b`z` jici p`st jin` utfcfbjsf c`ri sevitgtg li` `mbgl cgũbjfnji gbg b`z`dsl`h pr`pgtgvi



sf c`ri sevitgtg li` `mbgl cgũbjfnji gbg b`z`dsl`h pr`pgtgviũivi ki usp`stivg lvizg-trinsofnkfntibnf usb`vf pròfsi utfstfcfbjfnji sv`h mgtli. V v`c scgsbu, prvi b`z` ji zniăg ktrinsofnkfntibn` gspgtgvinjf uzgci u `mzgr ghru `nt`b`ũlf rizăfnji utfcfbjfnji. @v` jf, p`n`v`, p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgăl` gbgsl` stijibgũtf mgtli-li`-rizbgl`vn`h (kgddfrfnognh). [ic` hkjbgtgă l`c stijibgũtu, svf sf vrtg `l` pgtinji ki bg p`k ―p`bgtgăl`crizucgjfc` rfhg`nibnu gbg `pũtu litfh`rgju, l`ji sf prgcjfnjustg mgĈi. _iki, il` sf p`bgtgăli nt`b`hgji nf sbinji ng ni ũti kt`b`hgju p`bgtgă l`hi (l`ji jf gst`vrfcfn` zisn`vini ni ulbflf rizbglf), `nki jf jisn` ki jf nf mgsc` trfmibg p`cgjfũitg s trfhg`nibn`c kgsogpbgn`c p`bgtgălf b`z` jf li` b`z` jf p

t`hi, trfmi `kcie k`kitg, l`cpbftn` rizkvijinjf `k p`bgtgălvjfr`vitngjf mgb` sgcpt`c b`z`zci). @n` ` ăfcu sf rikg u

t`b`hgjg jf p`bgtgăli prgr`ki mgtli-li`-mgtli, p`bgtgăli prgr`ki sofnkfntibngc uvjftgci ‟ svge c`huĈge mgĈi, i nf jfkn`stivn

mr`h rfžgci‗ gbg ―k`mr`-urfęfn`h kruũtvi‗. Ibg n` ũt` p`bgtgălzbglujf u `v`c scgsbu `k ăgst`h kfl`nstrultgvgstgăl`h gbg efgk`mjiũnjfnji p`st-dunkiog`nibgzci jfstf ki ngjf sic` p`vbiă f

`kh`v`rn` lr`z gnsgstgrinjf ni rizbgl`vn`c liriltfru p`bgtgă

jf til`ęf g ‟ l`ntgnhfntng g prgvrfcfng ‟ trfnutil utfcfbjfnli` ustin`vbjujuĈg (gnstgtutgnh ) c`cfnit p`bgtgăl`hi. _tijibgũ

bgl (kgdd g ) j k j t j bgũt mgtl

@BGTF] CI]OEI][

og`nibn`h p`jci. @nt`b`hgji sf nfliki `kn`sgbi ni sic `mzĈi g, s mzgr`c ni rikglibng ogbj p`st-dunkiog`nibgzci, vkjf scfbjfnju `krfęfn`h mgĈi (gbg rfhg`ni mgĈi) vgs-á-vgs kruhge, v

nju/p`n`ru svge mgĈi. Gkfji ―rfhg`nibn`h‗ p`st-dunkiog`nibgzcnužni‗ l`ntgnhfnogji nfci scgsbi, p`ũt` mg `stivgbi `tv`rfn

nfl`h `krfęfn`h mgĈi l`jf ziuzgci stitus l`niăn`h utfcfbj pr`st` mgb` jfkin mbgl dunkiog`nibgzci, ibg nf g p`st-dunkiog`h`k mgb`, p`krizucgjfvi sf ki sic tfrcgn ―`nt`b`hgji‗ c`ri kstrugsin gznutri ‟ ũt` jf `n` ũt` Kfrrgki p`luũivi ki p`stghn



strugsin gznutri ũt` jf `n` ũt` Kfrrgki p`luũivi ki p`stghn―ulbft`b`hgji‗. V efgkfhhfrgjinsl`c l`ntflstu, mgtil-li`-tfc

p`stivgbi trikgog`nibni `nt b`hgji ‟ p`stijf l`nstgtutgvn` kfssl`niăn`c ghr`c rizbglf gzcfę u mgĈi g mgtli. Ibg il` prftp`ă fnjf Mgtli (3Vtfcfbjfnji) p`c`Ĉu rizbglf, ngsc` prgc`rinb`hgălg p`zgtgvgstg gbg intg-dunkiog`nibgstg g ki kmiogc` sv` `tgvinjf. Q`jic p`bgtgăl`h-li`-utfcfbjfnji `stijf nfzicjfnjgkiog`nibgstgălu p`bgtgălu cgsi`, ăil gil` p`bgtgăl` ngliki nfki sf gcpbfcfntgri g ki njgcf nf p`srfkuju mfslrijnf ghrf riz

Kruh`, trinsofnkfntibn` g `nt`b`ũl` gstrižgvinjf su l`rfu l`j`j sf g jfkn` g kruh` `kn`sf ni usb`vf c`huĈn`stg mgtnf ni jfknu fpgstfc`b`hgju mgtli-li`-rizucgjfvinji. [` Ĉf rzg-trinsofnkfntibng prgstup u p`st-efgkfhhfrgjinsl`c scgsb

mivg `nt`b`ũlgc usb`vgci, i nf usb`vgci gbg utfcfbjfnjfc

zucgjfvinji‗. _ p`bgtgăl`c nt`b`hgj`c cg nipuũtic` c`kfslg tfrfn fpgstfc`b`hgjf (l`jg jf g sic, k Kfsoirtfsi, Linti oi, gzcjfstg` tfrfn lbisgănf nt`b`hgjf li prgci pegb`s`pegi

eirt =114). @tuki stinkirkni fpgstfc`b`ũli lrgtgli niũfh pr pgtinjí li` ũt` su: ‒Lil` c`žfũ ―znitg‗ trinsofnkfntibnf uh`v`rgũ0–, gbg: ‒Ngjf bg tv`ji tvrknji ` svfprgsutn`stg p`bgtgăl

ni u sfmg, p`ũt` mg `ni nužn` c`ribi ki mukf p`bgtgăli i nfnji0– ‟ tilvi lrgtgli u fpgstfc`b`ũl`c stgbu humg sv`jf zni

t g t t b ũl kg Ng t b ũlg g t

961

ci `mjfltgvgstgălgc prgstupgci p`zgtgvnf niulf. I, u cjfrg li p`zgogji gz l`jf nfl` h`v`rg uvgjfl mgtg scjfũtfni unutir l`hi, svili nt`b`ũli ibg, til`ę f, g svili fpgstfc`b`ũli p`z

bgtgălg prf`krf

ęfni (`vfrkftfrcgnfk ). [ilvi p`zgogji sf c`žn` ziuzgcinjfc p`zgogjf ‟ i t` jf `n` ũt` cg ăgngc`.

[rfĈf, irhucfnt ` prfkn`stg p`bgtgăl`hi nik kruũtvfngc

vfbgl`j cjfrg `sbinji` ni Biobiu`vu ―kgjibfltglu‗ gzcfęu pn`vbjivinji/risd`rcgrivinji g kruũtvfnf sfkgcfntiogjf ‟ hkjkgcfntg ngsu nf-p`bgtgălg vfĈ p`bgtgălg u, til`rfĈg, uspivin`c



kgcfntg ngsu nf p`bgtgălg vfĈ p`bgtgălg u, til`rfĈg, uspivin`c[` jfst, njge`vg gzv`rng p`bgtgălg l`rgjfng ‟ utfcfbjujuĈg c`cbjivinji l`jg Biobiu nizgvi ―p`bgtgăl`‗ ‟ zim`rivbjfng su unuibg sf c`hu rfiltgvgritg u svil`c trfnutlu, lr`z kgsb`liogjuogju. @v` jf til`ęf rizb`h zm`h l`jfh prfdfrgric` ki h`v`l`j `nt`b`hgjg prgjf nfh` ` kruũtvfn`j `nt`b`hgjg. @n` ũt` j`gstiĈg jfstf ki su p`kruă jf kruũtvfnf mjfltgvn`stg, p`kruă jftuibgz`vibg Biobiu g Cùddf (Biobiu 9771: 916). _ v`c tvrkzgvn`j prgr`kg svfh kruũtvfn`h ―mgtli‗, tf`rgji kgslursi prfulg g lvizg-trinsofnkfntibng stitus. @mrnut`, nt`b`hgji g lviztibgzic c`riju ki muku ăvrst` scjfũtfng unutir hringoi jfzg

prgjf, ―kgslurzgvn`h `lrfti‗. štivgũf, `v`c ―`lrftu‗ c`ric` j`ũ jfkin, p`bgtgălg `mrit: kgslurzgvng jf p`bgtgă lg l`nofpt. @nibizg p`tp`ru sic` Biobiui, vfĈ g kruhge tf`rftgăiri til`ęf

cjfr, scitri, gz bioin`vslf p`zgogjf, ki ‒p`rfkil `zniăgtfb p`bgtgălg g, `mrnut`, nfci p`bgtglf gzvin p`rftli `zniăgtfbji–[vrknji l`ji p`ksjfĈi ni Qòòl`vu egjizcgănu (oegisci

p`bgtglf li` jfzgăl`h sgstfci g jfzgli lil` p`bgtgăl`h sgstfcĂftvrt`, nfl` c`žf p`sucnjitg ki prgc`rkgjibng stitus

b`hgjf k`sfžf, ]inogårf`vgc rgjfăgci, k` ‒tvrknjf ki jf svf

nis k`v`kg k` t`hi ki ližfc` ki ngũti ngjf– (9777: 54) ‟ g n j`ũ jfkn`h `mbgli cftip`bgtglf. @v` mg mg` sbuăij, cfęutgc,l gbg bgtgăl mg b t ge mgĈ j k k

@BGTF] CI]OEI][

c`rkgjibn`h stitusi p`bgtgălf `nt`b`hgjf nf `kh`viri svilgk―svf jf p`bgtgăl`‗ ‟ ăil gil` svf jfstf p`bgtgăl` u scgsbu ki j

p`tl`pin` `k strinf ustin`vbjivijuĈfh/risd`rcgrivijuĈfh

tgăl`h, li` ũt` jf nivfkfn` u ghrg p`bgtg

ălf rizbglf. Ibg upr jfũgv`st `vf ghrf `n` ũt` hirintujf ki su g t`tibgtirni ips`rp

tvfn`h mgtli `k strinf p`bgtglf g ips`rpogji nibgl-ritu svfh kli `k strinf p`bgtgăl`hi `suęfng ni pr`pist u p`sbjfkn`j gn

jf p`bgtgăl`‗, vfĈ utfcfbjfnjf/p`n`r svfhi jfstf p`bgtgă l`.



8.6. Q@BG[GĂLI

]IZBGLI

LI@

Q@BG[GĂLI

]IZBGLI

Q`luũijc` ki kic` prgcjfr niũf tvrknjf prgcirn`stg p`hgjf, seviĈfnf li` utfcfbjujuĈi ―ulbft`b`hgji‗ p`bgtgăl`hi, si iltuibngc l`ntri-prgcjfr`c ―`nt`b`ũlf `nt`b`hgjf‗. V nbjfn`j `mgcn`j lnjgzg, Cghufb kf Mfgstfhug prfkb`žg` jf `žg

prvf b`z` jf si stin`vgũti `n`hi ũt` nizgvi kgdfrfnogjibn`c

Gil` nfcic` pr`st`ri zi ubižfnjf u kftibjf `v`h pr`jflti,bftgcgăngc p`hbfk`c ni njfhi u`ăgbg zipinjujuĈf piribfbf. hugji jf ki p`ližf ―lil` b`z` ji c`žf sfmf p`n`v` ki usdfrfnogjibnu nt`b`hgju‗ (=11;: =4), p`bizfĈg `k Efgkfhhfr`tgăl`-`nt`b`ũlf rizbglf, l`ju jf pr`ũgrg`, prfci kf Mfgstfh

[ilvi b`z` ji c`žf ki sf rizvgjf sic` ni p`st-dunkiog`ncgsici. MukuĈn`st cftizglf trfmi ki sf cgsbg gzvin ―k`h

cfbjfnji‗ (fvfnt `d un-hrùnkgnh ). Gpil, gst`vrfcfn`, `ni tsbg g li` jfkni `nt`b`hgji, mukuĈg ki, ‒\pS`k cftizgl`c, siki rizucgjfc` ng niulu ` prvgc prgnogpgni g nijvgũgc uzr`lu ` mgĈgci li` `nt`-tf`b`hgju, vfĈ, u stvirg, niulu ` mgtlumfgnhs)– (=?) hkjf sf mgtil ‒`lrgvi (und`bk ) sic` u g li` rrfnof)– (=6).

Zi siki, kf Mfgstfhugjfv c`kfb c`žf jisn` ki sf scjfstghhfr`vf trikgogjf p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgălf cgsbg. Q`put Nin

k g g k l b l k bj k

96=

st`jg nfl`bgl` kfsftgni hrini b`z` jf, svil` prùăivinjf j`n`hi ũt` jf nfliki mgb` `mjfkgnjfni `mbist, svil` `hringăi

jf ki mukf b`z` ji niulf, ucjftn`stg, ftglf, gbg fl`n`cgjf,

ki gstrižgc c`huĈn`st ki

b`z`

ji mukf

b`z`

ji svfhi– (flspbgogtn` žfbg ki prfvizgęf ‒sic` risprslgvinjf g ũgrfnjfu rfhg`nibnf kgsogpbgnf. Ogjfni l`ju trfmi pbitgtg zi svf `v`c`j prizngng tilvf kgdfrfnogjibnf `nt`b`hgjf ‟ u njfn`c b`z` ji l`ji p`luũivi ki uevitg mgtil g ―riz-bglu‗ li` tilvf unjitg ornjgvinju p`kruă ji `ntgăl`h, egst`rgjf g p`bgtglf. _t`h



j j j p j h, j p h jf ki p`bgtgli, gbg p`bgtgăli cgsi`, nf ghri ng nijcinju ub`hhugjfv`j lnjgzg.

Vp`z`rfng Ninoyfvgc g Mikgù`vgc b`z`zc`c ‟ l`jfcjfrg prgprfcgbg Kfrrgki`v g Efgkfhhf`v b`z`zic ‟ prfknfc` kruhgc putfc. Vcjfst` ki sf vfzujfc` zi egp`stizgribglf‗ li` tilvf (gbg kgddçrinof, gbg rizbgli-li`-rizbgli), trfmibzgr ki Ĉf rizbgli c`ritg sicu sfmf ki rfibgzujf ni `krfęfn`c

rfnu g st`hi Ĉf uvgjfl mgtg cinjf `k ―ăgstf‗ riz-bglf. Il` jftgc, ki Ĉf ―riz-bgli‗ uvgjfl mgtg prf-kftfrcgngrini nflgc `ntngl`c l`jg sf kupgrf ăgst`j ghrg ―riz-bglf‗, nki Ĉf gkfji riăgstf g jfkn`stivnf `nt`b`hgjf mgtg `suęfni ni nfuspjfe. Vcki sf prglrgjf tiliv nfuspjfe kgslurs`c b`z`zci, trfmibn` prgevitgtg g ‟ li` g u v`jngc vjfũtgnici ‟ sbim`st prfv`

Il` Ĉf svili pũti nt`b`hgji mgtg prf-kftfrcgngrini rfhg`ni j`c g il` sf uz t` sb`žgc` ` nužn`stg jfknf `pũtf `nt`b`hgjfc`žf jfkgn` ki sf gzhrikg gz rfhg`nibnf `nt`b`hgjf l`ji Ĉf b`vg `v` nfc`huĈf cjfst`. _vili `nt`b`hgji, l`ji Ĉf nužn`ăgstf `nt`b`hgjf, c`ri ki mukf utfcfbjfni u ―`ntgăl`c‗, l`jvgũf `k pul`h `ntgăl`h. @v` til`ęf p`krizucgjfvi ki Ĉf s

b`z` ji mgtg ―kruhi‗, utfcfbjfni gz ―sflunkirnf‗ kgsogpbgnf, n` prv` utfcfbjfnjf ngjf k`stupn`. I, p`ũt` ng jfkn` kibjf utmgtg k t ž mgtg k t g g ăg t b d

@BGTF] CI]OEI][

_iki sc` u m`bj`j p`zgogjg, nikic sf, ki krfkgc` fhzilbgtgălf rizbglf u `kn`su prfci nt`b`ũl`j rizbgog. [`l`c v`

p`bgtgăli rizbgli jf seviĈfni u scgsbu g p`kukirni si `nt`bù b`z`dsl`j cgsbg. [vrkgb` sf ki rizbgli gzcfęu ―p`bgtglf‗ (b

Q`bgtgl ) g p`bgtgăl`hi (bf p`bgtgquf, kis Q`bgtgsoef) l`nofptu`n` ũt` jf l`k Efgkfhhfri `pgsin` li` rizbgli (li` rizbgli)l`h g `nt`b`ũl`h. K`lbf h`k jf p`bgtgăli rizbgli prglizgvinirgviogji nt`b`ũlf rizbglf, p`st-dunkiog`nibgstgăli p`bgtgăli

p`krfęfni b`z` jg gbg n`cf ũt` Efgkfhhfr nizgvi cgũbjfnjf



mgbjn` uzcfc` prf`lrft prg`rgtftn`stg nf sic` p`bgtgăl`hi n ‟ ulbjuăujuĈg g b`z`dsl` ‟ vfĈ g p`bgtgă lf `nt`b`hgjf nik t`nt`b`hgj`c cftipeygsgoi hfnfribgs (ăil g u p`st-dunkiog`nisbu l`nstgtutgvn` nfuspjfbf cftipeysgoi hfnfribgs), `nki ckfc` p`tpunf p`sbjfkgof: sic tfrfn ni l`jfc jf p`stivbjfnbjujuĈf pgtinjf u vfzg p`bgtgălf rizbglf-li`-rizbglf, prf`lrfsevitgtg p`bgtgălu rizbglu, li` ũt` sc` tvrkgbg u p`ăftn`j egp`

`nt`b`ũl`j rizbgog, vfĈ `mrnut`: `nt`b`ũli rizbgli ‟ t` jfst rzbgli ‟ trfmi ki sf sevitg u svjftbu p`bgtgălf rizbglf.

Gz `v`hi sbgjfkg ki sici rizbgli gbg rizbgl`vinjf ‟ l`jf jfžgvinju nizgvin` ibtfrnitgvngc gcfngci, ―ghri‗, ―k`hięij‗ gbgcfęu p`bgtglf g p`bgtgăl`hi jf u sfmg p`bgtgăl`. _ `mzgr`c ninji, nf trfmi ki nis bjutg ăgnjfngoi ki sf `krfkngoi ―p`bgtgăl`

puti t`l`c v`h gstrižgvinji: gcfngăn`, t` jf gcf nt`b`ũlf lf rizbglf (p`bgtgă l`, bf p`bgtgquf, kis Q`bgtgsoef), i prgkjfvssicu rizbglu li p`bgtgă lu rizbglu, t` jfst li` p`bgtgă l` gzcfę

p`bgtgăl`hi g p`bgtglf. Kilbf, s jfknf strinf, strini `nt`b`ũlt`b`ũlf rizbglf jf prftv`rfni, ki up`trgjfmgc` rgjfăg Xgbbgi

(9776), u nfũt` nibgl ―`nt`p`bgtgă l`c‗: nf c`žfc` i ki nf

lu ni kruhg niăgc `sgc u scgsbu p`bgtgăl`hi< mgtil-li`-mgu mgtil-li`- p`bgtgă l`. _ kruhf strinf, gzcfęu `v`h `nt`p`bgj ―mgtl ‗ g kg tg k ăj k ũt ge mgĈ Ĉ

96;

nu rizbglu gzcfęu ―mgtli‗ g ―mgĈi‗ ‟ utfcfbjfnjf/p`n`r l`jf c`c k`hięiju njge`v`h rizbgl`vinji. Ibg, il` žfbgc` ki stgp`hridslge flspfrgcfniti trfmib` mg ki mukf k`v`bjn` jfknkv`strulu gnslrgpogju p`bgtgăl`hi g ăgnjfngof ki k`hięij rizbęu p`bgtglf g p`bgtgăl`hi ‟ ghrf l`ji ulizujf ni `ksustv` utftvi, l`ji gpil `stijf prgsutni u sv`c `ksustvu ‟ ngjf jfkn` nutfcfbjfnjf, vfĈ jf u sfmg kum`l` p`bgtgălf prgr`kf.

Cfęutgc, `stijf ki sf `kh`v`rg ni jfkn` pgtinjf. Hkjf n p`bgtl`c u `mgăn`c, `ntgăl`c scgsbu0 Jfr il` `kbuăgc` k



` sic`j rizbgog gzcfęu p`bgtglf g p`bgtgăl`hi li` ` p`bgtgă l`j

rizbgog tùt oùrt , gbg rizbgog-li`-rizbgog, li` u Efgkfhhfr`v`t`b`ũlf rizbglf gbg u Kfrrgki`v`c p`jcu kgddçrinof), `nki vgtg pgtinjf ki bg p`zijcbjujfc` `krfkngou ―p`bgtgăl`‗ gz strhi‗ gbg jf uzgcic` gz strinf ―p`bgtglf‗. @ăghbfkn` jf, il` sf pbftfn`h gbg egjizcgăn`h `kn`si gzcfęu p`bgtglf g p`bgtgăl

nf c`riju ki muku ulbjuăfnf u nfl`j cjfrg. Gpil, strini p`

sbuăiju `nt`b`ũlf rizbglf, mg` `ntgălg ispflt rizbglf) j`ũ uvbi k`v`bjnu pižnju.

[il`, lil` mgsc` prgstupgbg c`huĈfc `kh`v`ru ni h`rnc`trgc` irhucfnt _biv`ji ųgžfli, l`jg jf ki` jfkin zingc`lrft Bfd`rt`v`c g Biobiu`v`c rizbgl`vinju gzcfęu ‒―p`bgt

jfn`h kruũtvfn`h l`cpbflsi, p`zgtgvn` krfęfn`h p`k-sgstf

`kn`si u gntfrilogjg s kruhgc p`k-sgstfcgci (fl`n`cgji, `mg ―Q`bgtgăl`hi‗ \bf Q`bgtgqufS li` c`cfnti `tv`rfn`stg, nf`ksf sicg strulturgrijuĈg prgnogp kruũtvi, dunkicfntibng mbgl krizuci k`v`kg u pgtinjf– (ųgžfl 9779: 97?). @n jisn` uvgliv prgstup stviri c`huĈn`st zi egp`tfzu ki jf ‒sici hfnf

jfl ―p`bgtgăli‗– (97;). _vf k`tbf ųgžfl pritg Bfd`rti g Biobiu

hucfntu. @lrft sf kfũivi liki ųgžfl kijf ―sgcpt`cit`b`ũlt`b`hgoib ) ăgtinjf p`bgtglf li` p`k-sgstfci (gbg `krfęfn`h `

j ) Q bgtgl l l k g t t j t d ― bgtgăl

@BGTF] CI]OEI][

h`c zniăgtfbju‗): p`bgtgli li` p`k-sgstfc prfkstivbji Q`b

svgc kruhgc kruũtvfngc p`k-sgstfcgci. (9779: 97;)ųgžfl`vi gkfji, l`ji p`ksjfĈi ni Bfd`rti, jf ki sdfri p`b

p`k-sgstfc cfęu cn`hgc. Qrgjf, `n jf sic p`k-sgstfc l`jg m`bgălg p`ksjftngl nfutfcfbjgvf prgr`kf kruũtvi ‟ Biobiu`

nfc`huĈn`stg kruũtvi. Q`bgtgli, li` cftid`ri, jf ‒@n` ũt`

st` Ngă fhi (rikglibn`h nfhitgvgtfti)– (9779: 976). Ibg p`ũtlu, cftid`rgăn`st p`bgtglf u sv`jfc sv`jstvu zicjfngli zi ―`ksutn` utfcfbjfnjf kruũtvfn`h, stvirujf sv`j pung p`tfno



nuogci intih`ngziogjf (u `n`cf ũt` sc` nizgvibg c`cfnt`c

p`bgtgli Ĉf mgtg svfkfni ‒ni mgĈf ―jfkn` cfęu kruhgci‗– likvfzi, gbg n`vg efhfc`ngjslg p`rfkil, p`n`v` usp`stivg. @n

p`stijf jfkin `k cn`hge kruũtvfnge p`k-sgstfci.@v` hbfkgũtf gci zisbuhu ki nis p`ksjfĈi ki nfci p`bgtg

―p`bgtglf‗ s jfknf strinf rizbglf, g ki jf ―p`bgtgli‗ `k p`kjfkli` g ―p`bgtgăl`‗, ni kruh`j string. @n` nis til`ęf p`ksjfĈ

mgb` ki p`k nj`c rizucgjfc` ―p`bgtgălg sgstfc‗ gbg p`sfmng `mngjf nužn` sv`kgvi ni kruhf kruũtvfnf sdfrf gbg `mbglf kjfbisu, ni prgcjfr, pr`gzv`ęfnji g riki ‟ ki up`trgjfmgc` kgstgnrgstg Irfnkt). Jfkgng nfk`stitil h`rnjfh hbfkgũti jf ki cu nftt`vsli p`fnti ki intih`ngziogji c`žf ki sf k`h`kg u mgb` l`

p`k-sgstfcu, nf sic` u sgstfcu p`bgtglf g ki, ũt` mge k`ki`, s

b`vinji c`žf ki sf prftv`rg u p`bgtgăl` kjfb`vinjf.6 Kfl`ns prgstup mg stivg` nihbisil ni ăgnjfngou ki sf intih`ngziogjic`ngjf ‟ stibn` kfũivi, gil` ăil u rizbgăgtgc cjfrici. C`

l`hi, liki jf kruũtv` su`ăfn` s vbistgtgc `ksutngc utfcfbjn`ũĈu ki ustin`vg l`ntgnhfntnf tfcfbjf, jf uvgjfl vfĈ k`ũiki k`bizg. Nf c`ric` ki ăflic` ni vfbglf egst`rgjslf k`h

g rfv`buogji, cg uvgjfl vfĈ gzv`kgc`, ni nijrizbgăgtgjf g ―ristrrfk ) niăgnf, p`bgtgăl` unutir p`kruă ji kruũtvfn`h.

[ l j bgtgăl l j j j j g k g t

964

kruă jf ―`nt`b`ũl`h‗ li` tilv`h , `sgc u pul`tgnici g pròjfn`h l`jf p`stijf gspunjfn`, pr`ũgrfn` gbg zitv`rfn` ‟ upriv``v`c scgsbu jf ųgžfl`v irhucfnt cftid`rgăn`stg p`bgtglf lli c`žf ki sbužg li` ―`ntgăl`‗ gcf zi p`bgtgăl` u niăgnu gzvnji l`jf, usb`vbjfn` p`bgtgălgc, gpil nf c`žf ki zievitg p`b`n` `kv`jfn` `k njfhi nfprfc`stgvgc jiz`c. _t`hi cg ngscgzvrũfnji, p`ũt`, l`bgl` h`k ki gzvrũivic` p`bgtgăl`, cg sc

bgtgălgc. L`bgl` h`k ―k`hięij‗ p`bgtgăl`h nf c`žf ki sf gzizstgălg, cg hi uvgjfl gzizgvic` lik h`k kjfbujfc`. Q`bgtgli jk l b g k e l jg j g Ĉ g g mj ž



k`lsibng p`kuevit l`jg jf gst`vrfcfn` nfc`huĈ g nfgzmjfžingl` ngliki ngjf vgkg` ng ―ăgstu g jfkn`stivnu p`bgtglu‗.

Zm`h t`hi jf svil` gzcgjfũtinjf p`bgtglf ‟ hkjf `ni siknfutfcfbjfnf prgr`kf kruũtvi (g, se`kn` t`cf, gslbjuăfnjf n

p`bgtgălg, prfkvgkf kjfbgcgăni g l`ntgnhfntni utfcfbjfnji) ‟ pu sfmg. Q`rgoinjf nfutfcfbjfnf prgr`kf kruũtvi jf sic` dun

niăgn ustin`vbjivinji kruũtvi (mfz c`huĈn`stg ki hi glik lbjf). @n` stijf p`bgtgălg p`tfz ăil g u sv`c uzibukn`c p`lunf p`bgtgli g/gbg p`bgtgăl`. G, gz nfl`h rizb`hi, p`bgtgăli m`rmiũtinji p`bgtglf jf m`rmi zi stfpfn gkf`b`ũl`h gzcgjfũtinji gb

pfn p`bgtgziogjf, i nf m`rmi zi `nt`p`bgtgăl` l`jf, li` tilvk`ciũiji svilf ntgălf p`bgtglf. Kruũtv`, h`v`rfĈg nt`p`b

mgb` g uvgjfl Ĉf `stitg nfutfcfbjfn` g intih`ngstgăn`, mfz `m

nf p`bgtglf l`jf sf spr`v`kf. Kruũtv` jf c`huĈf utfcfbjgtg sc`stgv`j rizbgog gzcfęu kruũtvfn`h, li` p`kruă ji sfkgcfnt

p`bgtgăl`hi, li` c`cfnti njge`v`h intih`ngstgăl`h ustin`vtgvgrinji. I p`bgtgli u sfmg jf risogjfpbjfni gzcfęu `vf kvgjf tgălf kgcfnzgjf kruũtvfn`h, hkjf sf p`bgtgli p`jivbjujf li` pstfc gbg mbgl kjfb`vinji, g kgcfnzgjf p`bgtgăl`hi li` ustin`

cfbji svge kruũtvfnge `kn`si._vjfst ` p`tpungc b`z`dslgc g p`bgtgălgc gcpbgliogjici

l Ĉ t t lg g ltgă Ĉg k g j t

@BGTF] CI]OEI][

`v`h gstrižgvinji, kh`v`r jfkgn` c`žf ki mukf sbjfkfĈg: p`butfcfbjfnjf u gst`j cjfrg u l`j`j sbužg li` uzr`l g usb`v svfh li. Cfęutgc, v` jf utfcfbjfnjf l`jf sf ngliki nf c`žf k`sfgci stitus dunkicfnti, uzr`l l`jg nf krfęujf ngũti ibg g kibjf ptf sv`h ksustvi g trinsofnkfntibng usb`v ăgjg jf nistinil egstìbg g kibjf prftp`stivbji nik-egst`rgjslu nf`sp`rn`st.

Qrfvfbi s fnhbfsl



BG_[I OG[G]INGE ]IK@TI O`nn`bby, Xgbbgic F. (9776), [ef Fte`s `d Qburibgzitg`n, Cgnnfip`bVngvfrsgty `d Cgnnfs`ti Qrfss

kf Mfgstfhug, Cghufb ( =11;), [rute & Hfnfsgs. Qegb`s`pey is Kgddfr

Mb``cgnht`n ink Gnkginip`bgs: Gnkgini Vngvfrsgty Qrfss

Kfrrgki, Jioqufs (977;), _pfotrfs `d Cirx, B`nk`n ink Nfw W`rl: ]

E`ngh, M`nngf (977?), Q`bgtgoib [ef`ry ink tef Kgspbiofcfnt `d Q`

B`nk`n: O`rnfbb Vngvfrsgty Qrfss

Biobiu, Frnfst` (9757), ―Q`bgtgos ink tef Bgcgts `d C`kfrngty‗, gn In(fk.), Vngvfrsib Imink`n0, Cgnnfip`bgs: Vngvfrsgty d Cgnnfip4?‟5=

Biobiu, Frnfst` (9771), Nfw ]f fotg`ns `n tef ]fv`butg`n `d @ur [g

Nfw W rl: Tfrs`

Biobiu, Frnfst` (9774i), Fcinogpitg`n(s), B`nk`n ink Nfw W`rl: T

Ciroeirt, @bgvfr (=114), ―[ef Imsfnof it tef Efirt `d Qrfsfnof. ]ikink tef ――@nt`b`hy `d Biol‗‗ ―, gn Birs [`nkfr ink Bissf [e`cis@n ]ikgoib Kfcòrioy: Q`bgtgos Mftwffn Imunkinof ink Biol , Cinoefstfr Vngvfrsgty Qrfss, str. 98‟?9.

Cùddf, Oeintib (977?), [ef ]fturn `d tef Q`bgtgoib , B`nk`n ink Nf

N J B (9779) [e G tg O gt Cg bg

965

Dùnkgnh Q`st-Dùnkitg`nibgsc: I Q`bgtgoib @

Gn tegs irtgobf, tef iute`r o`nsgkfrs tef o`nofpt `d tef p`

pfrspfotgvf `d weit ef oibbs p`st-dùnkitg`nib nt`b`hy. [rioib pegb`s`pey kfibt wgte tef pr`mbfc `d p`bgtgos ink teus tfxobukgnh it tef sicf tgcf o`ntfstitg`n, o`ngot ink, o`nsofpt `d tef p`bgtgoib. O`ntriry t` trikgtg`nib o`nofptg`ns `

tfcp`riry p`bgtgoib tef`ry gntr`kuofs o`nofpt `d tef p`bgtgoof o`ndr`ntfk t` p`bgtgos is p`wfr `d kfogsg`n-cilgnh ink



p p h

sògib rfbitg`ns. [ef p`bgtgoib, ioo`rkgnh t` o`ntfcp`riry p p`bgtgos, rfprfsfnts iotg`n, o`ndr`ntitg`n, tegnlgnh, orgtgogzgnritg`n imùt p`bgtgoib kfogsg`ns. Ioo`rkgnh t` tef iute`r, te`n mftwffn tef p`bgtgoib ink p`bgtgos gs kfrgvfk dr`c Efgkfhgoib kgddfrfnof mftwffn Mfgnh ink mfgnh ink teus p`sgtg`nhg`nib pegb`s`pey `r `nf `d tef rfibcs `d pegb`s`pey. [eu

of mftwffn tef p`bgtgoib ink p`bgtgos gs mfgnh sum`rkgnitfk tò`-`nt`b`hgoib rfibgty. [ef iute`r, d`bb`wgnh Frnfst` Biobiu`ry, gkfntgfs teit tef p`bgtgoib gs n`t i o`cpbftfk sft `d kfo jfot, mut i o`nstint uno`cpbftfknfss wegoe `pfritfs mftw

ink imyss. [efrfd`rf, tef iute`r gnkgoitfs teit tef p`bgtgoib iirf gnsfpirimbf ink suhhfsts, d`bb`wgnh Xgbbgic O`n`bby, te

bgtgoib. [egs wiy, hgvgnh tef prg`rgty t` fgtefr p`bgtgos `r tef p mf kgscgssfk, ink weit tef iute`r oibbs p`st-dùnkitg`nib p`wùbk mf gntr`kuofk.

Niki Eirmiũ g Mfrnirk Eirmiũ

Intih`ngstgăl`, ih`ngstgăl`sgnhubirn` pburibn` p`bgtgăl

VKL /VKO ? ? 9 9 9 9 9



] izbgl`vinjf p`bgtglf g p`bgtgăl`hi prfkstivbji jfknu ktfci sivrfcfnf p`bgtgălf b`z` jf. TfĈ jf uvrgjfžfn

jf ti kge`t cgji gzvfkfni gz Efgkfhhfr vf `nt`b`ũlf rizbglf`ntgălf sdfrf. _ tgc u vfzg, zi p`cfnutu kge`t`cgju sf uzgci

su nflg tf`rftgăirg mrtibg njge`vf p`zgogjf) ki p`bgtgăl` lr`z p`v

p`bgtgălf b`z` jf prfkstivbji prftp`stivlu krživf, mgtin niă

njfnu cn`ũtvfn`st, svre`vgt niăgn žgv`ti u zijfkngog, l`ntgnhfnostrinf, p`bgtgli prfkstivbji c`Ĉ, zil`n, n`rcu, ungogrin`st,

[rgkfsftge h`kgni pr`ũb`h st`bjfĈi njfciălg privngl Oirb

jgc kjfbgci Q`bgtgă li tf`b`hgji g Q`jic p`bgtgă l`hi, uv`kg u p`bgtgăl`h. Qrfci _oecgttu, p`bgtgăl` sf kfũivi u trfnutlu lni fhzgstfnogji krživf g tgcf stv`rfn` vbistgt` p`bgtgăl` jfk

t` `k jisn` kfngsin`h nfprgjitfbji. _e`kn` t`cf, zi _oecgspfogăn` g sic`stibn` u `kn`su ni kruhf sdfrf žgv`ti (prgvfstftslu) g prfkstivbji sdfru intih`ngzci prgjitfbj/nfprgjitfbj.

tti, l`nofpt p`bgtgăl`hi u sv`jgc rik`vgci gstrižuju Einni]go`fur. Irfnkt seviĈi p`bgtgăl` li` prgnogp zijfkngălf f

li` p`sfmin g svre`vgt niăgn žgv`ti l`jg sf d`rcgri u jivn`j

slg cgsbgbio Qiub ]go`fur jf prvg l`jg uv`kg l`nlrftnu rizbglc`vi p`bgtgli g p`bgtgăl`. K`l p`bgtgăl` dunlog`ngri li` stnibn` stinjf l`jf sf l`nlrftgzgri u krživg p`bgtgli prfkstivbj

941

oùf-Bimirtefi g Ninoyi `mr Ĉu p`zgogjf p`cfnutf kge`t`ctgog `krfęfnjf stimgbn`stg, riog`nibn`stg g fcpgrgjslf prilsfkfngriju li` pr`st`r m`rmf g ih`ngzci. Q`bgtgăl` sf, u t`c li` pr`st`r cn`ũtvi g l`ntgnhfnogjf, i p`bgtgli li` tfnkfnognju, nicftinju c`Ĉg, riog`nibn`stg. ]izbgl`vinjf p`bgtgăl`hi

stivbji fdflit gkfjf p` l`j`j jf niũi zmgbji utfcfbjfni ni p`bgzcu. [ij pburibgzic sf `hbfki u gkfjg ki svil` p`bgtgăl` sstrinf: stimgbn` p`bgtgăl` stinjf ‟ krživu (jfkn`st, ungogrinn`, griog`nibn`, uvgjfl p`bgtgog supr`tstivbjfn` stinjf p`bgtgă

@sn`vni gkfji `v`h riki jf gzb`žgtg trg rizbgăgti stijibgũti ` gk



@sn`vni gkfji v`h riki jf gzb`žgtg trg rizbgăgti stijibgũti gk

lr`z rik`vf iut`ri l`jg k`bizf gz rizbgăgtge tf`rgjslge struji: OOeintib Cùddf g Frnfsti Biobiui g Qegbgppfi Bioùf-Bimirte

Ninoyi. Ni tij niăgn, lr`z pfrspfltgvf nivfkfnge trgju p`zgog p`luũitg òrtitg put p`bgtglf g p`bgtgăl`hi u sivrfcfn`j p`bgtg

I N[IH@NGZIC Q@BG[GĂL@HI

Njfciălg cgsbgbio privi, Oirb _oecgtt, r`k`niăfbngl jf l`l`hi, l`jfh scitri prfkusb`v`c svilf jilf krživf. V sv`jgci, _oecgtt p`bizg k E`mmfs`v`h Bfvgjitini g, zi rizbglu knfprgjitfbjstv` kfngũf li` prgr`kng kn`s cfęu gnkgvgkuici

scitri p`bgtgălgc k`stghnuĈfc l`bfltgvgtfti. Qrfci njfcu, `kmrinf p`ũt` sf kfũivi liki jf uhr`žfni fhzgstfnogji krživ

n` vbistgt` p`bgtgăl` jfkgnstv` rizbgăgt` k jisn` kfngsin`h n prgjitfbj, utvr ęfn u kjfb`vinju prgjitfbji l`jg mrinf vbistgtu d`rc

p`jivbjujf sf u p`bgtgălgc kn`sgci li` ―kruhg, strinio‗ g li`l`nglt nf c`žf rgjfũgtg uniprgjfk k`ngjftgc n`rcgrinjfc gbg nflf trfĈf strinf. Zi _oecgtti, p`bgtgăl` jf stibn` g nfpr`cjf

@n uv`kg intih`ngzic prgjitfbj/nfprgjitfbj g lr`z p`zgogj

tfh`rgjf kfngũf p`jic p`bgtgăl`hi. Qrfci _oecgttu, p`bgtgălvfzin` s c`huĈn`ũĈu l`nglti g intih`ngzci. @n tiliv inti

kg g l k g l g g gj bg găl j

NIKI EI]MIš G MF]NI]K EI]MIš

prgjitfbj c`žf mgtg svil` l` uhr`živi c`j niăgn žgv`ti, i prfkzijfkngof jf prfp`znivinjf g kstrinjgvinjf nfprgjitfbji. Nfprnfli m`rmfni slupgni bjukg l`ji st`jg nisupr`t gstf tilvf sluscgsbu, nfprgjitfbj nf c`ri mgtg nfl` l`hi p` svilu ogjfnu trfm

sic` p`lizitfbj ki p`st`jg fvfntuibni c`huĈn`st l`nglti, lzivrũgtg rit`c gbg m`rm`c. M`rmi stijf sic` li` fvfntuibni cl`ęf, ‒p`bgtgăl` nf gũăfzivi gz svfti tgcf ũt` nflg nir`k nfcv`bjf ki sf zikrživi u sdfrg p`bgtgăl`hi. Gũăfzivi sic` sbim n

_vili p`bgtgăli zijfkngoi, gbg svilg nir`k (T`bl ) li` p`bgsic` liki gkfntglujf sv`jf nfprgjitfbjf Gkfntgliogji g gsl



sic` liki gkfntglujf sv`jf nfprgjitfbjf. Gkfntgliogji g gsl

prgjitfbji (―kruh`h g strin`h‗) l`jf sbgjfkg, ustin`vbjujf zijfbgtgălu zijfkngou. Zit` ũt`, gst`vrfcfn` liki nir`k gkfntgbji, `n sfmf prfp`znijf li` nfprgjitfbji nfprgjitfbji, tj. li` cf.; Ni tij niăgn jf g krživi p`bgtgăli, tj. ustin`vbjivi sf lr`

prgjitfbj/nfprgjitfbj. V prv`j rfăfngog sv`h kjfbi Q`jic p`bgttt pgũf: ‒Q`jic krživf prftp`stivbji l`nofpt p`bgtgăl`hi.–6

ci, krživu nf trfmi gkfntgogritg si p`jc`c p`bgtgăl`hi, jfni prgjitfbji g nfprgjitfbji c`hu mgtg liriltfrgstgăni g zi kjfslge zijfkngoi, fl`n`cslge ukružfnji, lbisnge hrupiogji. V t

vfkfnf sdfrf c`hu dunlog`ngritg u sdfrg p`bgtgăl`hi. ‒_vili ribni, fl`n`csli, ftgăli gbg nfli kruhi supr`tn`st prftvirisupr`tn`st il` jf k`v`bjn` snižni ki bjukf fdfltgvn` hrupg

g nfprgjitfbjf.–4 Q`bgtgăli sdfri sf stviri `p`zgogj`c prgjitfni tij niăgn, svilg `mbgl ukružgvinji l`jg c`žf k`v`bjn` snũf prgjitfbjf u kn`su ni nfprgjitfbjf k`mgji liriltfrgstglu p`ęutgc, krživi jfkgni c`žf bfhgtcgzgritg c`Ĉ p`bgtgăl`hi g `r`k u p`bgtgăl` jfkgnstv`. [` jf spfogăn`st krživf u kn`suvf ukružfnji. Zi rizbglu `k kruhge `rhingziogji, l`jf til`ę

mjfltg rizbgl`vinji prgjitfbji g nfprgjitfbji, krživi jfkgni cujfkgng nir`k. Ki mg sf p`stghbi e`c`hfngziogji, krživi c`

94=

stvfn suvfrfngtft l`jg Ĉf ki `kbuăujf ` t`cf l` jf prgjitfbj, iQ`st`jinjf nfprgjitfbji `zniăivi ki p`st`jg p`tfnogjibni prgstg krživf. [u nistupi p`bgtgăl` stinjf krživf l`ji prfp`zniLi` supr`tn`st sv`j`j l`nofpogjg jilf krživf, _oecgtt nivživu. Qrfci njfcu, `ni prfkstivbji gkfntgtft krživf g kruũtv

p`st`jg p`bgtgăl` ―kruũtv`‗ gbg ―isògjiogji‗, p`st`jg sic` p`bgt

p`bgtgăli ―zijfkngoi‗–.8 @ni c`žf ki p`st`jg sic` li` p`bgt jfr u svil`c kruh`c `mbglu njfn`h urfęfnji (bgmfribgzic, kfc`lritgji) vbist jf kfofntrgrini, i sicgc tgc krživi jf kf

Zi _oecgtti, suvfrfn jf `nij l`jg `kbuăujf g u sbuăiju vin



Zi _oecgtti, suvfrfn jf `nij l`jg `kbuăujf g u sbuăiju vin

_ mzgr`c ki jf vinrfkn` stinjf stibni p`tfnogjibni c`huĈn` prgjitfbjfc, suvfrfn jf tij l`jg trfmi ki k`nfsf kbulu liki tin` stupi ni snihu g ũti u t`c sbuăiju trfmi ăgngtg. _oecgtt h`v``sn`vi svil`h p`bgtgăl`h stinji. Nf p`st`jg ngjfkin p`bgtgălg usp`stivbjfn `kbul`c, i g sic ustiv jf pr`gzv`k `kbulf. ‒G pli` svilg p`rfkil, p`ăgvi ni nfl`j `kbuog, i nf ni n`rcg.–

v`h suvfrfngtfti jf, lil` mjiũnjivi [rioy M. _tr`nh, ‒ki kbuli (vinrfkn` stinjf) g ki niăgng `kbulu u slbiku si t`c gznsbu ki jfkn` mfz kruh`h (`kbuli g vinrfkn` stinjf) nfciju scn`, vinrfkn` stinjf nf trfmi rizucjftg li` stinjf ei`si, vfĈ l

jfc jf suspfnk`vin ustiv, i kbulf k`n`sg suvfrfn. Li` ũt` tngũf, ‒vinrfkn` u priv`suęu jf p`kukirn` ăuku u tf`b`hgjg–.9

zg Q`bgtgă li tf`b`hgji, _oecgtt gzbižf sv`ju tfzu prfci l`j`j l`nofptg c`kfrnf tf`rgjf krživf sflubirgz`ving tf`b`ũlg l`nocjfnjgv` g ni l`nofpt suvfrfngtfti. @n tf`b`ũl` p`rgjflb` l`ngtfti mjiũnjivi p`bizfĈg `k sv`jf kfngogjf suvfrfngtfti li`rfkn`c stinju, u l`j`j p`bgtgăl` gci prgcit nik privngc n`rtt tvrkg ki jf l`nofpt suvfrfngtfti ul`rgjfnjfn u tf`b`ũl`j l`n

ăuk` gkfntgogri s vinrfkngc stinjfc), prfci l`j`j M`h c`žu svjftslf t`l`vf g ăuk`c (Xunkfr ) ulgnf prgr`knf zil`nf l


`kn`sf. V t`c scgsbu, privng l`nofpt suvfrfngtfti ngjf ziprik` sflubirgz`vini m`žji trinsofnkfnogji.9=

Q`sfmng ispflt _oecgtt`v`h riki prfkstivbji g tfcitgziogjvbiăfnji p`bgtgăl`hi, l`jf n vgkg u sflubirgziogjg tf`b`ũlf utfc

tgăl`hi g suvfrfngtfti. Ni trihu Xfmfri, n suspfnzgju p`bgtgăvfĈ`j k`cgniogjg mgr`lritgz`vin`h rhingziogjsl`h g tfen`b`ũl

živi p`ăgnjf ki humg sv`h v`ęu g jfkn`h k`n`sgòi kbuli. Nbgtgălg l`nofptg vgũf nfciju snihu l`ju su nfliki p`sjfk`vi`kuprgjftg kgnicgog tfen`b`hgjf, mgr`lritgjf g `rhingziogjf. _tòy M. _tr`nh, lr`z p`jic sflubirgziogjf g u sflubirn` k`mi, _



y h, p j j ,

vritgtg l`nofptgci suvfrfngtfti g p`bgtgăl`hi iut`rgtft l`jg su _oecgtt`vi nijjiăi lrgtgli jf upuĈfni bgmfribgzcu g kfc`

h`viri vbikivgnu svf-c`Ĉn`h prfksjfkngli l`jg sf l`ntr`bgcfngc kgrfltngc gzm`rgci. Qrfci _oecgttu, ‒nfhiogji p`bgsikržini u svil`c l`nsflvfntn`c gnkgvgkuibgzcu svililtgăl`j prilsg nfp`vfrfnji prfci svgc zicgsbgvgc p`bgtgălgc

živngc mbgogci, ibg ngliki nf v`kg li s`pstvfn`j p`zgtgvn`vg g p`bgtgog.–9; Bgmfribgzic `sogbgri gzcfęu ftgăl`h g fl`n`ckujuĈg gst`vrfcfn` p`bgtgăl`. NihbiũivijuĈg gnkgvgkuibnf v

juĈg krživg nfutribng stitus, bgmfribgzic nfhgri svilg intih`n

ăfhi fl`n`cgji prfuzgci k`cgniogju nik krživ`c. _ mzgr`

cfbjfnjf ni prgnogpu t`bfrinogjf, bgmfribgzic p`luũivi ki p`

Qirbicfntirgzic, li` `mbgl nir`knf rfprfzfntitgvn`stg, `ctvu upbgtinjf u sdfru p`bgtgăl`hi. Zimbuki cftizgălf kin`gkfjg jivn`h uci bfžg, prfci _oecgttu, ni nfprfp`znit`j nfstg gkfji bgmfribgzci g kfc`lritgjf. GnsgstgrijuĈg ki sf kfc`

jf li` vbikivgni zisn`vini ni prgnogpu jfknil`stg gzcfęu vnik l`jgc sf vbiki, _oecgtt pr`nibizg ki tij ogbj c`žf mgtg s

l`ntflstu supstinogjibnf jfknil`stg g e`c`hfn`stg, p`ũt` u svsbuăiju kfc`lritgji sici pr`gzv`kg n`vg sb`j irgst`lritgjf.96

_ e gtt gtg g gb gj gtg gũt j j k k




su uvgjfl p`tfnogjibn` l`ngltuibng, mukuĈg ki su p`k utjfoi p`bgtgăl`hi. V t`c scgsbu, ub`hi p`bgtglf jf ki prgpgt`cbjivki intih`ngzic prftviri u ih`ngzic, `kn`sn` nfprgjitfbji u

Cùddf, sbgăn` li` g ]`rty, uv`kg litfh`rgju l`ntgnhfno

gkfntgtfti. Nisupr`t Cirx`v`c krfęgvinju gkfntgtfti, li` p`(intih`ngstgălg) uvjft`vin`c, Cùddf scitri ki sf gkfntgtft s

rfbiogji=9 l`jf nf c`riju mgtg intih`ngstgălf, vfĈ ih`ngstgălf gtgtft ngjf nužin, vfĈ l`ntgnhfntin. _t`hi, lbisng p`rfkil lipgg pr`bftfrgjiti c`žf gcitg ibtfrnitgvu u nfl`c kruh`c tgpu pc`riju mgtg nužn` fl`n`cslf prgr`kf. Kruhgc rgjfăgci, prfc



jfkni `p`zgogji (pr`bftfrgjit/lipgtibgstg), ngjfkin gkfntgtft, ngthrupiogji nfciju prg`rgtft u kruũtvu, mukuĈg ki jf kruũtv` u orizbgăgtgc stibngc stinjfc ih`ngzci (pr`tgvngũtvi) cfęu rizb

jici. MukuĈg ki nf p`st`jg jfkin stibng l`nzgstfntng gkfntgtftfl`n`csl`-p`bgtgăli p`zgogji (Cirx), prfci Biobiuu g Cùd

h`v`rgtg ` kruũtvu li` ` k`vrũfn`c g lsgrin`c t`tibgtftu.==

Qrfci Cùddf, svilg gkfntgtft nistijf u pròfsu gkfntgltgcf, ngliki ngjf k`vrũfn. Kruhgc rgjfăgci, kruũtv` ngjf k`vrvfĈ stibng `kn`s rizbgăgtge hrupiogji l`jf k`bizf u rizbgăgtf rfbstgtugriju njge`vf gkfntgtftf. MukuĈg ki jf kruũtv` nfk`vrũfng uddf scitri ki kruũtvfni zmgbji trfmi ki sf pr`citri li` p`bs Biobiu`c, Cùddf h`v`rg ` efhfc`ngjg (tfrcgn l`jg prfuzg

ngi Hricsogji), tj. ` p`bgtgăl`j uvjft`vin`stg kruũtvi. Zi `vf hfc`ngji zniăg sgstfc rfbiogji g t` u scgsbu ki il` sf svilg gkni `p`zgogjg ‒cg/`ng–, `nki ‒`ng– prfkstivbji uvjft c`huĈn`sstgtutgvnu vinjsl`st– (o`nstgtutgvf utsgkf), ũt` zniăg ki l`nstn`h ‒cg– uvgjfl `vgsg ` tgpu ‒`ng– `k l`jge sf rizbglujf.=? V tũt` pgũf Biobiu, efhfc`ngji jf l`ntgnhfntni. _dfri p`bgtgăl`

uddf, zisn`vini jf ni kgjib`hu, risprivg, kfmitg, sbihinju, ibg nikcftinju gzcfęu rizbgăgtge p`zgogji cgũbjfnji. [i sdfri nf gsg gj V t g b bgtgăl j e

944

zic, tj. c`huĈn`st ki sf fsfnogjibni prftp`stivli p`bgtglf g p prgjitfbjstv` (intih`ngzic) trinsd rcgri u pr tgvngũtv` g nikczic). [u tf`rgju Cùddf nizgvi ih`ngstgălg pburibgzic g prfktfrnitgvu k` tiki k`cgnintngc tf`rgjici ihrfhitgvn`h g kfbgmkfbi kfc`lritgjf. K`l ihrfhitgvng c`kfb prfkvgęi p`bgtglu lnjf l`cpr`cgsi gzcfęu rizbgăgtge snihi l`jf sf nikcfĈu u kritgvni kfc`lritgji, l`ji sf rizvgji li` rfilogji ni `vij gnstc`kfb, tfžg ki stv`rg vfzu gzcfęu c`ribn`stg g p`bgtglf, stviribgtgăl`hi riog`nibng l`nsfnzus srfkstvgci sb`m`knf kgslusgjfog`nibgstgăl`c kfbgmfritgvn`c prgstupu, Cùddf prfp`znijf p



ęfnjfc stristg u jivnu sdfru. ‒\...ZSi ―ih`ngstgălg pburibgzictil kfc`lritslf p`bgtglf ngjf ki fbgcgũf stristg gz sdfrf jivn``nibng l`nsfnzus uăgngbi c`huĈgc, vfĈ ki c`mgbgũf vf strisslgc pr`jfltgci.–=6 Qrfci Cùddf, stristg, li` ibtfrnitgvi riogstgăf Eimfrcis u sv`c kfbgmfritgvn`c c`kfbu kfc`lritgjfnu ub`hu u d`rcgrinju p`bgtgălf sdfrf žgv`ti. Q`k stristgci, `

jfvi p`trfmf ki sf vbiki, prfuzcf c`Ĉ, zmiog trfnutng rfžgc.ci, ih`ngstgălg pburibgzic prfvbikivi riog`nibnu l`cunglitgv

kfĈg fbfcfnit stristg u sdfru p`bgtgăl`hi.Cùddf sf nf sbižf si _oecgtt`c ki tfnzgji gzcfęu kfc`lr

ci prùzr`lujf l`ntrikglogju g, ni tij niăgn, nfusihbiũfn`st,zipriv` sikržg cjfst` pirik`lsi ‟ kfc`lritsl`h pirik`lsi

zg [ef Kfcòritgo Qirik`x, Oeintib Cùddf u bgmfribn`c knf kfc`lritgjf tlrgvi kfc`lritslg ‒kfogt–. Zniăijn` jf ki tutgvni tfnzgji cfęu ‒hricitglici– sb`m`kf g jfknil`stg. Q`zgji ngliki nf c`žf prfvizgĈg, vfĈ sf ` nj`j sic` c`žf prfh`ăgtf niăgnf, `ni stviri pirik`ls. =4

Kfc`lritgji, scitri Cùddf ni trihu _oecgtti, uvgjfl p`kr

cfnit k`vrũfnji l`jg jf nužin u svil`c pròfsu l`nstgtugsinjiofs l`jg zietgjfvi kgslrgcgniogju gzcfęu ‒nis– g ‒njge–. Bgmfr

etgj tgl e tg j k g bg tgăl


tiki c`žfc` p`stivgtg ofntribn` pgtinjf kfc`lritsl`j p`bgtgk`Ĉg k` l`nsfnzusi gslbjuăgvinjfc. Lbjuăng gse`k jf usp`stivogju cg/`ng usihbiũfnu s pburibgstgăl`c kfc`lritgj`c.=8 ‒K`l

―cg/`ng‗ kn`s u l`jfc su kvgjf strinf nfprgjitfbjg l`jg nf kgj jfkngălu sn`vu, ih`ngzic jf ―cg/`ng‗ kn`s u l`jfc sul`mbj

prgznijuĈg ki nf p`st`jg riog`nibn` rjfũfnjf zi njge`v sul`m, gphgtgcgtft sv`jge `p`nfniti. @ng su ―pr`tgvngog‗, i nf nfprgjitf

jf nfprgjitfbj, ibg bfhgtgcng nfprgjitfbj s l`jgc kgjfbgc` nflf zivf zit` ũt` kgjfbgc` prgvržfn`st ftgăl`-p`bgtgălgc prgnogpgci b

lritgjf: sb`m`ku g jfknil`st. @n` l` ăfhi sf nf sbižfn` jf zn



cfntiogji tge prgnogpi g tilv` sf nfsbihinjf nf c`žf rizrgjfũgtg riog`nibn`c kgslusgj`c. Gz pfrspfltgvf ih`ngstgăl`h pburibgz

lritslf p`bgtglf jf ki stv`rg g prftv`rg nfprgjitfbji u pr`tgvngliăgjgc sf gkfjici cg sul`mgc`, ibg ăgjf priv` ki mring tf gkfjfc` u pgtinjf. Ih`ngstgăl` sul`mbjivinjf jf sic prfkusb`v p`lritgjf, k`l gnsgstgrinjf ni l`nsfnzusu g `kmgjinjf l`ndr`nti

ipitgjf g nfzik`v`bjstvi hrięini sv`jgc p`bgtgălgc uăfũĈfc. Qrfci Cùddf, priv` zniăfnjf bgmfribnf kfc`lritslf t`b

zucgjfvi trftgrinjf pr`tgvngli li` bfhgtgcnge `p`nfniti. Cni Kfrrgki`vu gkfju ‒l`nstgtutgvnf vinjsl`stg– lil` mg p`licjfst` rizbglf ‒cg/`ng– u l`nstgtugsinju l`bfltgvnge p`bgtgăs jfknf strinf, tf k`lizibi ki `vi rizbgli nf c`ri ki sf svf

tgălu nfhiogju, li` ũt` mg t` _oecgtt `mjisng`, s kruhf. Zi kfc`lritsl`c pirik`lsu, Cùddf sf p`zgvi ni Xgtthfnstfghrf–, tvrkfĈg ki riog`nibn`st bgmfribnf kfc`lritgjf zivgsg `ti (rizbgăgtge `mbgli hrięinstvi) g ki jf, st`hi, ngliki nfĈf priog`nibni g rizucni `s`mi. Cùddf gkf kibjf g Xgtthfnstfg

prfv`kg u jfzgl c`Ĉg, tvrkfĈg ki jf p`jic mjfltgvn`stg l`jg n

`nibgstgălg prgstup l`nstgtugrin lr`z ăgn`vf c`Ĉg. Q`ũt` sf krilogji uvgjfl kfũivi unutir crfžf c`Ĉg, ‒hbivn` pgtinjf zbgtgl gj l l bg g g tg Ĉ Ĉ l l t gtg mbgl

945

snu rizbglu gzcfęu jivnf g prgvitnf sdfrf, Cùddf zih`viri hri

li` usb`v zi krživinjf p`bgtgăl`hi. @ni tvrkg ki stvirinjf kf

jfkgnioi (hrięini) c`žf ki mukf c`huĈf sic` cubtgpbgogrinkgslursi, `mbgli žgv`ti l`jg njfhuju gkfntgliogju s kfc`lrit

stgci. @mfserimrujuĈg iltgvn` uăfũĈf hrięinji u v`ęfnju krž( p`bgty), i èrimrujuĈg prgvitgziogju žgv`ti, flstrfcng `mbgog su p`stibg rispr`strinjfng, ũt` uhr`živi sic` kruũtvfn` tlgv`nf, bgũfng c`huĈn`stg ki sf gkfntgluju s uz`rngc seviĈinjgcn`hg bjukg u svf vfĈ`j cjfrg trihiju zi kruhgc `mbgogci l`liogjf, ũt` vf`ci ăfst` c`žf ki k`vfkf u `pisn`st hrięin



l`ji mg trfmib` ki ujfkgng kfc`lritslu p`bgtgălu zijfkngou.– ?

Q@BG[GĂL@, ZIJFKNGOI G [@[IBG[I]GZIC Ninoy g Bioùf-Bimirtef pr`cgũbjiju pr`mbfc p`bgtgăl`hi

vrũfn`h, svf`muevitn`h g l`niăn`h p`bgtgăl`h pr`hrici, m p`bgtgli l`ji prftfnkujf ki muevitg svf sdfrf žgv`ti (fl`n`c

`rhingziogjslu) prftfnkujf ni t`tibgtirgzic. Q`bizni tiăli njgenji jf rizbgl`vinjf p`bgtglf g p`bgtgăl`hi, hkjf p`bgtgli prfksti

prilsu, k`l jf p`bgtgăl` mgtni prgr`ki p`bgtgălf prilsf g gkf`b` Ninoyfvi g Bioùf-Bimirtef`vi inibgzi p`bizg `k tfzf k

sv`j`j mgtg nf`kv`jgv` `k b`z` jf. Li` pr`st`r intih`ngzcbjinji, l`nglti, p`bgtgăl` jf u sivrfcfn`j p`bgtgăl`j tf`rgjg

b`hi, p`bfcglf, kruhgc rgjfăgci, cgũbjfnji. Qrfci Bioùf-Bioyu, nužn` jf `mjisngtg `n` ũt` z`vfc` mgtn` su-prgpikinj

p`bgtgăl`hi, kn`sn` mjisngtg p`bgtgăl` lr`z b`z`dsl` `krt`.?? Ninoy g Bioùf-Bimirtef privf `vu rizbglu ki mg `mjis`kn`s p`bgtgăl`hi g b`z` jf, l`jg sf cingdfstgri upriv` u nstrin`c `krfęfnju. Dgb`z`dsl`, li` g sic p`jic sumjflti, j

mgb` `krfęfn` g irtglubgrin` lr`z rizbgăgtf p`bgtgălf d`rcf. Ninoy g Bioùf-Bimirtef h`v`rf ` ‒p`bgtgăl`c `krfęfnju bg bg găl bj b j l j gj


`kuvgjfl mgbi krfęfni pburibgtft`c rizbgăgtge stijibgũti. _ krbgtgăl` jf mgb` pr`st`r jivn`h nikcftinji g risprivf lil` ` ęfnju, til` g li` pr`st`r risprivf g sp`rfnji. V t`c p`hbfknistibi gz nfl`h mbgli jivnf sdfrf, gz pburibgtfti gkfji l`jf s

bf u jivn`c (p`bgtgăl`c) pr`st`ru. _t`hi, Ninoy g Bioùf-luju b`z` ju, li` k`vrũfng slup tf`rgji l`jf sf nf k`v`kf utgăl`, li` k`vrũfng slup gkfji l`jg rfhubgri kruũtvfnf `kn`

jgog iut`ri, g b`z` ji g p`bgtgli/p`bgtgăl`, ni tij niăgn, prfkũfnf pr`hricf l`jf trfmi mn`vgtg, nf li` nflg slup p`bgtgăl

hrici, vfĈ li` pgtinjf. Ni tij niăgn, p`bgtgăl` p`stijf uvjf



slgc, li` nfli vrsti stibn`h pr`pgtgvinji p`bgtgălf prilsf.Q`bgtgăl` sf, ni gzvjfstin niăgn, seviĈi li` prftp`stivl

su-cgũbjfnji. Kruhgc rgjfăgci, p`vbiăfnjf p`bgtgăl`hi `zn

ăfnjf b`z` jf li` k`v`ęfnji u pgtinjf, g sv`jfvrsn`h su-cOeintib Cùddf, Ninoy g Bioùf-Bimirtef sv`ju kgstgnlogjutgăl`h gzvbiăf gz Efgkfhhfr`v`h l`nofpti `nt`b`ũlf rizbglf.

ji jf upriv` rizbgli `nt`b`ũlf g `ntgălf sdfrf l`-fhzgstfnogjftij niăgn, seviĈi li` Efgkfhhfr`vi `ntgăli sdfri, gbg fcpgrn` kbuăgvinjf gbg v`ęfnjf žgv`ti u zijfkngog. Nisupr`t p`bgt`nt`b`ũli kgcfnzgji l`ji sf `kn`sg ni k`v`ęfnjf u pgtinjf.

Q`vbiăfnjf p`bgtgăl`hi sf kfũivi u n`c c`cfntu liki p

jf sic` p` sfmg rizucbjgv` g liki uzcgăf b`z`dsl`c pr`pg

g Bioùf-Bimirtef `vkjf h`v`rf ` suvrfcfn`c stitusu p`l`hi. ‒Q`bgtgăl` sf p`vbiăg, `nki, u `n`j cjfrg ki `n` ngjf p pgtinju, vfĈ prgjf t` l`jf, u p`bgtgog, pr`bizg nfpr`pgtin`.–?4 Ninoy g Bioùf-Bimirtef vgkf prgcjfr dfn`cfni ngvfbgrinjkruũtvfngc u p`bgtgăl`j fl`n`cgjg, hkjf p`bgtgăl` humg sv`ju

sv`ju spfogăn`st g stipi sf s stibgc sdfrfci kruũtvfn`h žgv

l`k Ninoyi g Bioùf-Bimirtefi, nf trfmi cgsbgtg li` nflu l`jf sf `kghrivi kruũtvfng žgv`t, vfĈ li` `nt`b`ũlu prftp`g t gj Q bgtgăl gă b j Ĉ tg

981

sic` p`vbiăfnjf p`bgtgăl`hi, jfr sf n` mzninjujf li` lružfũt` u mgtg `krfęujf sic scgsi`. [gcf p`bgtgăl` p`stijf gcin

og li` k`vrũfn`c g u p`tpun`stg p`bgtgăl`c pr`st`ru. Nikibu p`tpun`stg trinsd`rcgri u t`tibgtirn` mukuĈg ki sf cingdfstg

k`cgniogji l`ji jf u gstg cie g p`vbiăfnjf g k`vrũfnjf p`bgtgăl[`tibgtirgzic, li` p`tpuni k`cgniogji p`bgtgăl`hi, `hbf

n`j gcinfnogjg, `kn`sn` ojfb`lupgrinju, ibg g pùnutirnjivin`h žgv`ti p`k zijfkngălu p`bgtgălu mgt. Li` tiliv, t`tibgtirnicfĈf b`hglu k`vrũfn`stg g zitv`rfn`stg g, u t`c scgsbu, p

ju cftizglf li` jfkn`h k`vrũfn`h sgstfci. Kruhgc rgjfăgc



p`bgtgăl`hi prfkstivbji t`tibgtirgzic, kn`sn` cingdfstiogjuogjf, l`ju `vkjf trfmi sevitgtg li` p`tpunu k`cgniogju g zitstrulturf. Ninoyfv g Bioùf-Bimirtef`v stiv jf ki jf c`kfni gzvjfsngc nfstijinjfc g, til`rfĈg, ngvfbgrinjfc rizbgli, stih`ngzici l`jf su sf irtglubgribf g usihbiũivibf u sdfrg p

cgc tgcf, sdfri p`bgtgăl`hi, li` sdfri u l`j`j jf ustrijn` vb

g supr`tstivbjfn`st rizbgăgtge stiv`vi g p`zgogji, uzcgăf i njfuzgci ‒p`bgtgălg bfhgtgcgrin vbikijuĈg v`limubir sghurn`stguăgnl`vgt`stg–.?5 [`tibgtirgzic jf, s jfknf strinf, utfcfbjfn

m`bgălgc hurici vbikiri, ũt` jf njfh`vi trinsofnkfntni ls kruhf, `n pr`gzv`kg p`tpunu gcinfnogju zijfkngof, l`ji lgci zitv`rfnu strulturu l`ji gslbjuăujf mgb` l`ju flstfrg`rn

Ninoy g Bioùf-Bimirtef h`v`rf ` kvgjf vrstf t`tibgtirgzilbisgăng g zisngvi sf ni trinsofnkfntibn`jhurg vbikiri (gcp

kruhg tgp jf zisn`vin ni p`tpun`j k`cgniogjg p`bgtgăl`hi, tj. n

bgtgăl`hi si `stibgc vrstici iut`rgtitgvnge kglsursi. Kruhg, nt`tibgtirgzci l`jfc Ninoy g Bioùf-Bimirtef h`v`rf, zni

sv`kg ni p`bgtglu li` zijfkngălu svreu g zijfkngălu mgt kruũ

Ninoy g Bioùf-Bimirtef scitriju ki sf p`bgtgăl` trfmi pgtinjf. V t`c scgsbu, g b`z` ju (li` g p`bgtglu) trfmi rfkfg g tg l gbg t gj g tgtg j j k ę


trinsofnkfntngc gbg, pil, trinsofnkfntibngc (supstinogjibngcuvjft`c njfn`h p`st`jinji, prg ăfcu zijfkngoi `kmioujf t`tnfnogju, `kn`sn` li` vbistgtu sic`k`v`bjn`st g sic`k`vrũf

V tflstu Gs Fvfrytegnh Q`bgtgoib , Ninoy pgũf ki sdfri p`bgtgl

uvbiăgtg u sfmf kruhf pr`st`rf fhzgstfnogjf: ‒\...S nfp`bgtgălf s prgvitnf, il` sf c`riju up`trfmbjivitg tg tfrcgng. _vf su (sdfrf)

scgsbu rgjfăg, kgjfbjfnf.–?7 Kruhgc rgjfăgci, prgjf svilf p`bgtogjf p`bgtgăl`hi st`jg sgnhubirn` pburibn` kjfb`vinjf rizbgăgtgeogjf li` ũt` su: ftgli, niuli, rfbghgji, ucjftn`st, pr`gzv`knjibgtgli sf c`žf sevitgtg sic` li` cjfst` mgtli-zijfkn`, ibg sic

j bjg tg l j t j t L ũt gũ Oe g t e D



cjfrbjgv`stg l`ji stijf tv`rfni. Li` ũt` pgũf Oergst`pefr Dyncjfst` hkjf jf `n` ũt` zniăg mgtg zijfkn` `tv`rfn` `krfęfnju.

Zi rizbglu `k cgsbgbioi p`put Oirbi _oecgtti g Oeintib CBioùf-Bimirtef nf žfbf ki h`v`rf ` sdfrg p`bgtgăl`hi sicìntih`ngzici g ih`ngzici. Q`bgtgăl` jf sdfri u l`j`j sf `kghzic g kfmiti, ibg sf `ni l`k `vge drinouslge b`z`di seviĈi g

zijfkngălf fhzgstfnogjf. L`-fhzgstfnogji jf nfsvfkgvi ni p`jfogju. Q`bgtgăl` p`st`jg li` ‒cg–, li` pr`st`r sgnhubirn`h g pbung Ninoyfv g Bioùf-Bimitef`v ogbj u inibgzg p`bgtgăl`hi jf stivin ‟ svfstg p`bgtgăl` ni pr`st`r pburibn`stg sgnhubirn`stg. l`hi ngjf nfli p`sfmni p`bgtgli, p`bgtgăl` urfęfnjf, ngtg nflivbikiri gbg vbist, vfĈ sic` rfbiogji, `kn`sn` sgnhubirn` pburi

sf p`bgtgăl` supr`tstivbji jf sbihinjf, jfr jf, prfci Ninoyu g tefu, sbihinjf u stiv`vgci niznili lriji p`bgtgăl`hi, u ăfcuBy`tirk`v`c tfz`c ki ngvfbgrinjf kgslursi v`kg u t`tibgtirgzic

ăgci, n` sf nf scgjf rizucgjfvitg li` nfli duzgji vfĈ, prgjf st`r rizbgăgtge p`zgogji, stiv`vi g pfrspfltgvi. Q`bgtgăl` jf cjfsn`.;9 Q`bgtgăl` sf nf trfmi cgsbgtg li` p`bgtgli, `rhingziogji g u

ngăl`h žgv`ti, vfĈ li` pr`pgtgvinjf sicf p`bgtglf. V t`c scgsoyu, trfmi kmiogtg nisbgjfęf p`bgtgălf b`z` jf li` bfhgtgcgzgj k m ę k ũt ‒Egt t m g t g




ci. Kruhgc rgjfăgci, suvfrfngtft jf c`huĈ sic` li` ]ùssfi`

gbg Efhfb`v c`nire l`jg ‒nf vbiki ngtg gci c`Ĉ–, vfĈ jf tu jfc`Ĉ, l`nstgtugri ‒nf-sic`-k`v`bjnu zijfkngou– l`ji sf gspbfbiogji. ‒Vpriv` p`jic suvfrfngtfti g sic`-k`v`bjn`stg c`riju

ving u gcf jfkn`h in-iregăn`h suvfrfngtfti l`jg sf p`vbiăg kbji cn`h`strulf d`rcf p`bgtgălf k`cgniogjf.–;8 Ninoyfvi niogtg p`jic rfprfzfntitgvn`stg g huriogjf vbikiri, jfr jf sgnhu

prfci Ninoyu, sic suvfrfngtft._t`hi sf Ninoy p`zgvi ni ]ùssfùi. NijvfĈi vižn`st vf

ussfiui, s jfknf, g Ninoyi s kruhf strinf, jf u cgũbjfnju pr`m

tgăl m bgk gbg m g lb gă g j



tgăl`hi mfz hurf bgkfri gbg m`hi g lbisgăn`h p`gcinji suvfrni `kv`jfn`h `k nir`ki. ‒_uvfrfng nir`k jf nir`k bjukg l`ăgnf sumjfltgci u svil`c scgsbu: ũt` zniăg, li` `kn`s prfchi u `kn`su svge prfci kruhgci g li` p`kvrhivinjf svge tQ`zgvijuĈg sf ni ]ùssfiui, Ninoy ulizujf ni c`huĈn`st srfngtfti ni ngv` nir`ki, t` jfst, u pr`st`r hkjf suvfrfngtft vg

vfrfngtft u scgsbu l`jg su cu m`žinsl` priv` g M`kfn`vi p ji kivibf, g hkjf sf uvgjfl vfzgvi` zi nflu vgsgnu, trinsofnk`kvijibi k tgjfbi, nir`ki, hrięingni. ‒_uvfrfn`st nir`ki zsn`, u ]ùssfiui, nijrikglibngjf stinjf suvfrfn`h pr`tusb`v`k c`nirei l`jg sf c`žf zilb`ngtg gzi upuĈgvinji ni m`žins`n` mgb` d`rcibn`, nir`k li` suvfrfn sic sfmf trfmi sevit

gbg tgjfb` l`jf sf sic` `mbglujf: t` jf prfkcft uh`v`ri, l`jgussfiui, gzvin pilti ` sghurn`stg, sici gnstgtuogji uh`viriă jfbi, kruhgc rgjfăgci sic`hi ă`vjfăinstvi li` ũt` gsprivn` Kruũtvfn`h uh`v`ri.–;7 Kruhgc rgjfăgci, Ninoy p`zgvi ninf nf-sumjfltgvnf suvfrfn`stg gbg pil nf-suvfrfnf p`bgtglf.

Lil` sc` c`hbg vgkjftg, p`bgtgăl` jf lr`z rizbgăgtf pfrg`k

tgălf

b`z`

jf ni rizbgăgtf ni

ăgnf tuci

ăfn`. L`k _oecgtti, stivbji snihu jfkgnstvi krživf. _bgjfkfĈg _oecgtti, Cùddf p

bgtgăl l d ũt bgăgtge b gj l j g kg

98;

v` ni nflg `mjfkgnjujuĈg l`nofpt g st`hi sf nf c`žf h`v`rgtsic`hi kruũtvi, vfĈ sic` nfprfstin`c pr`gzv`ęfnju rfbirizmgjiju sbglu ` c`huĈn`stg stimgbn`h gkfntgtfti. _bgănu l`nciju Bioùf-Bimirtef g Ninoy. @ng, li` g Cùddf, p`bizf `

s kruhf p`zgogjf, `k kgjihn`zf ki p`bgtgăl` p`bil` humg sv`jiutn`n`cn`st g ki hi, st`hi, trfmi `mn`vgtg g p`n`vn` pr`c

Intih`ngstgo, ih`ngstgo ink sgnhubir pburib `d te



[egs irtgobf gs in ittfcpt t` prfsfnt egst`rgoib kfvfb`pcfn`d tef p`bgtgoib. [erùhe p`sgtg`ns `d Oirb _oecgtt, Oeintib Cnfst` Biobiu, Jfin-Buo Ninoy ink Qegbgppf Bioùf-Bimirtefc`nstritfs terff kgddfrfnt unkfrstinkgnhs d tef rfbitg`ns mftw

tef p`bgtgoib. Xegbf Oirb _oecgtt unkfrstinks tef p`bgtgoib is te`d i stitf ink kfnfs gt terùhe tef intih`ngstgo rfbitg`n drgfnk/

ink Biobiu kftfrcgnf tef p`bgtgoib is ih`ngstgo, trinsd`rcgnh i

tef fncgty gnt` tef rfbitg`ns mftwffn ikvfrsirgfs. Gnstfik d _

fncgty, is wfbb is Eimfrcis‗s kfbgmfritgvf kfngtg`n `d kfctef`rftgogins suhhfst i o`nofpt `d ih`ngstgo pburibgsc seùbk

wegoe wùbk, ib`nh wgte tef ihrffcfnt, nfofssirgby gnobukf k p`bgtgoib cittfrs. Ninoy ink Bioùf-Bimirtef, sgcgbirby t Cbiu, ink d`bb`wgnh Efgkfhhfr, mrgnh tef p`bgtgoib gnt` rfbitg`negoib ink kfnf gt is i o`nstint qufstg`ngnh `d ourrfnt p`bgtgoteit fvfry ihrffcfnt nfofssirgby bfiks t` t`tibgtirgingsc s` teteus ibwiys nffks t` mf `pp`sfk t` p`wfr ink h`vfrncfnt.

Lfy w`rks: tef p`bgtgoib< p`bgtgos< intih`ngsc< ih`ngscrib< bgmfribgsc< kfcòrioy< t`tibgtirgingsc< s`vfrfghn< s`vfr

[u Xfgcgnh`v`

l d gj t



nf`l`nduogjinstv` hb`mibn`c rizk`mbj



[u Xfgcgnh

Li hb`mibn`j ftgog: kue`vnf gcpbgsbicsl`-l`nduogjinsl`h kgjib

@sjfĈic ki cg jf ulizini vfbgli ăist ũt` gcic `vu

ki gstrižgc kue`vnf gcpbgliogjf `v`h kum`l` sikr

VKL /VKO



@p j h

tuibn`h zijfkngăl`h p`teviti. Nisb`v ‒Li hb`mibn`j ftgogni c`j`j lrgtgăl`j svgjfstg ki jf gzristijuĈi hb`mibni zijfkng

p`trfmg zijfkngălg kjfbjgvge vrgjfkn`stg lil` mg prfvbikibiogju, kgslrgcgniogju g drihcfntiogju, tf ki sf zietgjfvi gstcfęuogvgbgziogjslg kgjib`h li` l`ril p`nik pr`vjftgtfbjsl

c`kfrn`h Zipiki zi uv`ęfnjf riũgrfnf p` svgjftu ungvfrziogjf ` hb`mibn`j ftgog.@tuki, p`ăf` mge sv`jf rizcgũbjinjf lrgtgălgc pr`pgtgvi

svjftgtfbjsl`h cfntibgtfti c`kfrn`h Zipiki. Q`ũt` sic pr`duogjinsl`h eucingzci, p`kgjfbgĈu sv`jf pr`cgũbjinjf ` c`ci l`nduogjinslf trikgogjf zi hb`mibnu ftglu. ZivrũgĈu si nf

vgz`rnge gkfji ` kue`vngc gcpbgliogjici zi gsbicsl`-l`ndb`h zi nistijuĈg n`vg svjftslg p`rfkil.Qr`svjftgtfbjslg cfntibgtft, l`jg bfžg u `sn`vg nistinli c

ki, nijkgnicgăngji jf g nijtrinsd`rcitgvngji gkf`b`hgji u bjuZipriv`, svi hbivni p`kruă ji zingcinji liriltfrgstgăni zi kuhuju v`c cfntibgtftu: znin`st g tfengli, gnkustrgjslg lipni fl`n`cgji, kfc`lritsli p`bgtgli, cis`vnf l`cungliogsvfuăgbgũng ofntrg tf pr`dfsg`nibnf `rhingziogjf. @tuki su vnjfhujfc` li` kfngogjf c`kfrnf svgjfstg i l`jf ulbjuăuju

985

lu, B`nk`nu g Qirgzu, cfęutgc, ni jf stibi mgtg stinkirk gntfbfltuibnf bgkfrf kgbjfc svgjfti. _citric ki E`nh L`nh, [_gnhipurf g Luibi Bucpur ngsu gzuzfog.

Cfęutgc, l`rfltn` rizucgjfvinjf pr`svjftgtfbjsl`h cfn

l` til` zietgjfvi tv`rfnu risprivu njfh`v`j kfstrultgvn`hbg tfengălg rizvgtil c`žki jf mg` spfltilubirn` p`stghnuĈng`zn`stg u ringc dizici gnkustrgjslf rfv`buogjf, ibg diust`vsf sp`zni, gstrižujf, `sv`jg g p`kjircg, nijvgũf kfstimgbgzgrijtgvni gkf`b`hgji l`j`j jf svgjft glik svjfk`ăg`. Lil` su zipi

prftp`stivbjibf ub`hu gn`vit`ri, fhzflut`ri g sukgji gntfrni

vgbi ghrf kfngrinf u p`jc`vgci nitjfoinji zi m`hitstv` g c



vgbi ghrf kf ngrinf u p`jc`vgci nitjfoinji zi m`hitstv` g cbjfni jf p`z`rngoi zi rist, rizvgtil g, nirivn`, flspbìtiogju

]izubirfni sbgjfpi sgbi flbitintn` jf gsp`bjgbi nf`muzki

prfci bjuksl`c r`ku, prgr`kg g sic`j sfmg. @vij kfstrultgvnsfkini p` prvg puti u bjuksl`j egst`rgjg jf uăgng` kržgv`st bju

mbfcitgăn`c. Kruhgc rgjfăgci, cg, bjuksli mgĈi, gzvrhnubg

t`bglf vrstf, l`jf su sf jfknil` til` siki prgkružgbf p`pgsu u Nfli cg mukf k`puũtfn` ki umiogc psfrviogju ni v`c cj

`ăivic` si nfăuvfn`c lrgz`c bjuksl`h `pstinli, vfĈ scžfni vrsti. _vgjft liliv p`znijfc` p`kn`sg ripgknu g tfcfbjL`ngltng t`l`vg cgũbjfnji kinis sup`st`jf u svgjftu, cfęu

ju mgtg prfp`znitg li` kfngrijuĈf liriltfrgstglf bjukslge uv

Qrvg jf hb`mibgziogji l`ji nf trfmi k`kitn` gstrižgvinjf, nrisprivi ` putu gnd`rciogji. _vgjft jf cfęus`mn` p`vfzin, i

vfzgvinjfc, bjukslgc `kn`s`c, `nki mirfc `vgc fbfltr`nCfęutgc, gkfji ` hb`mibn`c sfbu nužn` nf p`lizujf gntfhrlizujf rizbgl`vn`st, kgdfrfnogrinjf, tf ăil kgslrgcgniogju. Vnip`sf u p`sbjfknjge 91 k` 96 h`kgni, kruhg vrb` c`Ĉng t`l

sti` jf u svgjftu, i t` jf p`trihi zi niũgc l`rgjfngci, ur`ę

fbgzc`c. Liki sic stukgri` ni Eirvirku 974=. h`kgnf, nijvg k g tgălge t gj j k l g k j l bt b ũ

[V XFGCGNH

Qibfstgng, ibg jfknil` til` g u Bitgnsl`j Icfrgog g Eiwijgci<

_jfvfr-Juh. Nfkivn` jf kruũtvfng sicgt u L`pfneihfnu sniž

sf p`zimivg pgtinjfc sgr`ciũtvi, nfzip`sbfn`stg g kruũtvfnf

l`ji jf prùzr`ăfni svjftsl`c lrgz`c g, nirivn`, vjfr`vinj

sc` zimrgnutg cfęuvjfrslgc sul`mbjivinjfc gbg l`nglt`c_ jfknf strinf, hb`mibgziogjslg pròfs sf nfgzmjfžn` nist

snihi ur`ęfngũtvi gbg b`libgzci muji. Nf p`sjfkujfc` ‒gbg-gric` cgsbgtg p`nik ‒gbg-gbg–. C`ric` niuăgtg ki cgsbgc` u p`

@vij niăgn ‒g-g– cgũbjfnji p`cižf nic ki slb`pgc` uh`v` j`c, s jfknf, g b`libgzc`c, s kruhf strinf. ųfbg` mge ki p`

lil` mge gbustrgri` l`cpbflsn`st v`h pr`mbfci nf sic` zie ę Ĉ j k l l mgb l @ j g j



p h pe`vnf v`ęf, vfĈ jfknil` til` zi mgb` l`hi. @v` jf pgtinjf ăgt`c `mbglu žgv`ti.

Nfkivn` sic prgsustv`vi` slupu u Jipinu ni l`jfcu ` lubtur`b`ũlgc pgtinjgci u piogăl`c rfhg`nu =9. st`bjfĈ

mgb` g gntrghintn` g gntfbfltuibn` gziz`vn` ki p`sbuũic nfl

jf uc`vf u Jipinu, l`jg su snižn` k`lizgvibg egp`tfzu l`jidr`ntgrini si jipinslgc v`kstv`c, tj. gntfrniog`nibgziogj`c

j`c g rf-izgjingzgrinjfc.Cn`hg k vis sf sjfĈiju ki jf prgjf vgũf `k st`tgnu h`kgni

lgoeg zih`viri` Jipin l`jg prfkv`kg Izgju g l`jg sf prgkružuj`k st`tgnu h`kgni Jipin jf mg` uspjfũin, cfęutgc, pgtinjf n

mukf kg` Zipiki, vfĈ lil` ki sf rf-izgjingzgri, ki sf vritg Igst`vrfcfn` p`st`jg pròfs ur`ęfngũtvi l`jg trižg ki sf prfpgzv`r Jipinioi.

Gntfrniog`nibgziogji, hb`mibgziogji, rf-izgjingrinjf g ur`ęrul`v`ęfng u gst` vrgjfcf. V urhfntn`j sc` p`trfmg n`vf c

mibnf ftglf, l`ji mg nic p`c`hbi ki pb`vgc` uzmurlingc

zi uspjfe `v`h kue`vn`h zijfkngăl`h p`teviti, prfkbižfcsf prfp`zni u`ăbjgv` `ksustv` gkfjf zijfkngof, i lic`bg hb`

j tgt bj l j lt

951

KVE@TNG ]F_V]_G HB@MIBNF ZIJFKNGOFT bjn`st ki sf t`bfrgri nfjfknil`st, vjfri u spisivitfbjsl

bjumbji g nf`muzkini irciogji ihrfsgvn`h fh`gzci uvfbglf s

mru vjfru u pr`hrfs, rizuc g gnkgvgkuibgzic. Q`trfmu ki sf gz

ni nilini zi d`rcgrinjfc ‒hb`mibn`h sfbi– g ki sf irtglubgrgzcfęu drihcfntgrin`h svgjfti gsluũivic` u niũfc svil`kg gcihgnirnu zijfkngou zi bjukslu vrstu li` ojfbgnu sjfĈi sv

mrgnutge gntfbfltuibioi ni Zipiku g jfknil` til` u Gst`ăn`jetgjfvi, mirfc u nijcinj`j cjfrg, zicjfnu prgnogpi l`rgst`bzgri lil` sf ũgr`l` kfngri` ‟ mgb` li` l`rgst`bjumbjf nflf

ngjf gbg niogjf ‟ n`vgc zbitngc privgb`c: ‒Nf ăgng kruhgci



j j p hbg` kruhg tfmg ki uăgnf–.

Q`ũt` jf zbitn` privgb` gslizin` u nfhitgvu, n` c`ri mgtzgtgvngc prgnogp`c: ‒Lil` mge sf ustin`vg`, c`ric p`cihustin`vf< lil` mge sf p`vfĈi`, c`ric p`c`Ĉg kruhgci kiGnlbuzgvng `sjfĈij zijfkngof, l`jg jf utfcfbjfn ni zijfkngăl

c`svgjfstg rfflsgvn`h uci, ftgăl`-rfbghgjslg jf ogbj, li` g C`mgbgzgrinjf mirfc trg vrstf kue`vnge rfsursi nužn` jf li

rib` ki vi jfkn`stivni vgzgji mukf utfcfbjfni u egst`rgăn`stg

l`cpbflsn`stgci l`jg pùăiviju niũf putfvf žgv`ti kinis. Qăujf ftgăl`-rfbghgjslf trikgogjf c`kfrn`h Zipiki, nir`ăgt` hr ăl

kigzic g lrũĈinstv`. _ici ăgnjfngoi ki su `kghribg zniăijnu u

lu pr`svjftgtfbjsl`h cfntibgtfti ăgng nf`mgăn` zingcbjgv sbuăi pr`pgtiju sv`jf `kn`sf prfci nistinlu c`kfrn`h Zipiki ln`vu jivnu sdfru zi trinsvibugrinjf tgpgănge zipiknjiălge vrgj

Flslbuzgvn` kv`jstv` (kge`t`cgji) citfrgjf/kuei, tgjfbi/r

pr`din`h, ă`vjfli/prgr`kf, stv`rgtfbji/stv`rfn`h gbg s`pstviĈf sf trinsofnkgritg lil` mg sf k`pustgb` vre`vngc vrgjfkn`s

svft`st zfcbjf, l`ntgnugtft mgĈi, l`rgsni gntfrilogji gzcfęungof g prgr`kf, tf uzijicn`st gzcfęu ă`vjfăinstvi g nfmi li

[V XFGCGNH

slgc cfntibgtft`c lil` mg d`rcgribf sv`ju lrgtglu nipikn`trgzci l`jg jf u mgtg pr`svjftgtfbjsl`h pr`jflti.

Kruhi vrsti kue`vnge rfsursi sf gzv`kg gz nfzipiknjiăl

ilsgjibn`h rizk`mbji l`jf, nirivn`, ulbjuăuju egnkugzic, ę

zic u južn`j g juh`gst`ăn`j Izgjg, l`nduogjinstv` g ti`gzic ugsbic kgbjfc svgjfti. _buăij gsbici jf nip`sf vižin zi c`kfr

gsbic zipriv` k`prgng` p`jivg rfsnfsinsf g st`hi jf k`prgng` jfstg. Vz t`, u sjfvfrnìcfrgălgc g zipikn`fur`pslgc kruũ p`sbjfknjge h`kgni stghcitgzgrin `k strinf ilikfcslf zijfkkgji, tf vbiki li` rikglibni kruh`st. [f ftgăl`-rfbghgjslf trik

kgbf su s`stgogrinf g priltgănf rfsursf u svjft`niz`rgci, rgtuogjici stgb`vgci `mriz`vinji g `mrisogci bjukslf p`vfzin`



ogjici, stgb`vgci `mriz`vinji g `mrisogci bjukslf p`vfzin` p`c`Ĉg ki sf rizvgju stgb`vg žgv`ti, l`ntgnugrinji g ibtfrnitgr`psl`h g sjfvfrnìcfrgăl`h gbustrgrinji pr`vjftgtfbjsl`h c

Gnkustrgjsli gst`ăni Izgji, p`k utjfoijfc l`nduogjinstvi,

kue`vnge sgbi, vfĈ jf rizvgbi cinjf nfhitgvnu, prfci t`cf, c

tiogjslu g cinjf l`rgst`bjumgvu c`kfrnu ogvgbgziogju. L`fhzfl`n`cgjf si vbikgngc v`kstv`c, kfc`lritsli p`bgtgli si c(uprivbjiăl`c fbgt`c gslbjuăgv` prfci sp`s`mn`stgci), tf gn

ogjitgvf si hrupn`c `rgjfntiogj`c uăgngbg su `vij rfhg`n fl`tgălg nijkgnicgăngjgc svjftslgc p`kruă jfc `k Kruh`h svjf

Gcpbgliogjf k`prgn`si l`nduogjinslf ftglf nistinlu gnku

Izgjf zm`h c`huĈf p`jivf egnkugstg

ălge,

ęignslge, mukgstg

ă

`mbgli c`kfrngtfti kibfl`sfžng su nf sic` zi Zipik, vfĈ zibgnu. Q`zipiknjiăfnjf tzv. l`nduogjinslf Izgjf (ulbjuăujuĈg Lgnu, _gnhipur, E`nh L`nh, [igwin g Tgjftnic) c`žki sucgjfngbg njfzgn kue`vng pfjziž, cfęutgc, njfzgng ur`ęfngălgăujuĈg cieijinslg mukgzic, ti`gzic, ũgnt`gzic, ũicingzic

lb`rnf trikgogjf) p`sjfkuju `tp`rn`st ni p`privbjinjf găgnf jf prgsustv` u n`v`j sgntfzg.

N j j t k m k Ĉg k j gž g d

95=

[rfĈi vrsti kue`vnge gzv`ri ulbjuăujf tzv. gzv`rnf ur`ęfk`c`r`kiălf Icfrglinof, Eiwijof, Ci`rf g mr`jnf pbfcfnslf rfbghgjslf trikgogjf u Južn`j Icfrgog. @nf su kfc`nstrgribf,

hu g fstftslu fbfhinogju, ki su bjukslg žgv`tg `kržgvg j`ũ `k nf

Gcpbgliogjf zi priltgăng žgv`t su kibfl`sfžnf. Njge`v niăgn bjli ngjf lrgvi prfk`kžmi uci, vfĈ gslustvfni zmgbjn`st u niũk`mu. _pfogăn` mgbjfžjf ur`ęfngălf trikgogjf jf kum`lg sjful`rgjfnjfn`st. _vili k`ciĈi rfbghgjsli trikgogji jf utlini u lst` l`jf sgcm`bgzgri niăgn `pižinji, niăgn cgũbjfnji, `mbgl žgũtf, svjft`niz`r. [rfmibg mgsc` p`luũitg ki uăgc` gz `vf trik

Vzfvũg u `mzgr nfnicjfrnf litistr`dibnf p`sbjfkgof pr`svjftibgtfti c`kfrn`h Zipiki p`st`jf `ăgtf bflogjf ki c`kfrng niă



tibgtfti c`kfrn`h Zipiki, p`st`jf `ăgtf bflogjf ki c`kfrng niăc`žf uăgtg gz ur`ęfngălge rfbghgjslge trikgogji gzv`rnge nir`ki. Qkgoi ur`ęfngălf nir`knf utlin`stg u l`nlrftng b`libgtft jfstf nj

p`kr`mni sp`zniji njge`v`h lružfnji. Zmgbji, rizhringăfnji gzbjuksl`h prfmgvibgũti g prgr`kf su prghuũfni. Gcpbgogtn` u v`c

jinji jfstf zizmgbjivinjf uzijicn`stg g rfogprògtft gzcfęu intr jfti g l zc si `pĈfngti, l`jg su `m`jf nužng g p`žfbjng. @n` ũtăgtg gz njge jfstf n`vg niăgn pižinji, n`vg mbgl žgvbjfnji, n`v`svjft`niz`r.

Lrgtgli pr`svjftgtfbjsl`h cfntibgtfti g njfzgn gzvfkfng c`kfrũbjinji gz gzv`rnf svgjfstg, lil` su jf gntfrprftgribg zigntfrfsgrin

ũbjinju hrięing svgjfti, c`hbi mg mgtg cgsi`n` lrijnjf pr`v`litgvnfslr`cn` ki ližfc` ki sc` zip`ăfbg ki rizvgjic` ăftvrtu vrs

sursi gz sr ăglf sic`h pr`svjftgtfbjsl`h pr`jflti. Niũf kgsogpbgng

njf, zijfkngălg ăgn rikgjf nfh`bg gz`bgrini m`rmi, prvg jf l`ril prstg ‒lrfitgvnge z`ni– l`jf su prfkvgkjfbf vjfrslf v`ęf g ftgăng ciăn` ulbjuăujf zimrgnut`st lrgz`c ă`vjfl`vf prgr`knf l`bgo

hgjslg pburibgzic g cubtglubturibgzic. [il`ęfr, žfbg` mge jfkniltg, zi sv`ju vbistgtu gkfntgliogju, bjukslg ispflt dfcgngstgăl`h p

k gk l j tgt bj l t bgt t m mgb k l t

[V XFGCGNH

G_BIC G L@NDVOGJIN_[T@: _[JFOGš[I_i cubtglubturn`h g rfbghgjsl`-pburibgstgăl`h stijibgũti, nf

puũtfn` ki p`nukgc lritil l`cfntir ni l`nduogjinslu kue`Ĉic ni mr`jni stjfogũti, nip`sf u `pĈfc p`kruă ju kruũtvfnfgsbici g l`nduogjinstvi. V mjf trikgogjf, nihbisil jf k gzbjfniũfh vbistgt`h kue`vn`h l`rpusi ki sbužg p`bgtgăl`c l`rpus

sgrin g p`svfĈfn bgkfr, ũt` jf gkfji k nijvgũfh `s`mn`h p`stg p`kuăivinjf g bgkfrstv` c`riju mgtg gnd`rcgring lr`z lubturnĈij prg`rgtfti. V p`sbjfknj`j inibgzg, v` mg trfmib` mfzmgjfkspgriogjf. Kruhgc rgjfăgci, kue`vng bgkfr jf jfknil` til` p`b

u p`jc`vgci `mfzmjfęgvinji stinkirki gnspgriogjf. Nihbisstg ` kužn`stg i nf jfkn`stivn` ni privgci p`jfkgnoi št` v



stg ` kužn`stg, i nf jfkn`stivn` ni privgci p`jfkgnoi. št` v p`stijf utjfoijni g snižni, vgũf jf kužni g mivfzni rikgtg zitvi `pĈfngt`. [il`ęfr jf nihbiũfn` u `mjf trikgogjf ki sf prvl`h g kruũtvfn`h p`rftli tfcfbjg ni l`nsfnzusu g eirc`ngjg

Gkfjf k`mr`tv`rnf vbistg g nfrizkv`jfn`st gzcfęu p`bgtgăl`

ribn`h iut`rgtfti su gkfjf l`jf su zijfkngălf `mjfci trikgogjiũtgnsli rizbgl`vn`st gzcfęu lribjfvsl`h k`st`jinstvi g k`mr

vgnf, tf gzcfęu gstgnslg k`mr`tv`rnf vbikivgnf g vbikivgnf lc`Ĉni g fl`n`cslg uăgnl`vgti. Gsbic g l`nduogjinstv` jfkn

zijfkngălf gkfjf suũtgnslgc rizbglici gzcfęu bjukslge mgĈivi žgv`tgnjsl`h oirstvi, tf gzcfęu ogvgbgziogjf g mirmirstvi. G

bjuksl`h mgĈi trfmi mgtg p`svfĈfn c`huĈn`stg ki prftp`stivg `svgjft ucjfst` ki hi ungũtivi. G egst`rgjslg, gsbic jf mg` jfknivgbgziogjslge snihi u svgjftu, l`ji jf ustin`vgbi n`vf kruũtvfnstgtuogjf. V l`nduogjinsl`j pfrspfltgvg, bjuksli mgĈi ngsu sic

p`bgtgăli mgĈi l`ji su `mkirfni bgnhvgstgăl`c sp`s`mn`ũĈu. @til` p`svf ukružfni p`ftgăni, kruũtvfni, egst`rgjsli g cftiz

Bjuksli mgĈi su p`bgtgăli g cuzgăli mgĈi, jfr uvgjfl p`st`jz`ninoi gzcfęu nis li` p`jfkgnioi g niũf zijfkngof, s jfk

95;

Bjuksli mgĈi su til`ęfr p`bgtgăli mgĈi u t`c scgsbu ũt` `zniăij kgstrgmutgvnf privkf, v`kstvi g dfr p`stupli. _vf su `v

g u gsbicslgc g u l`nduogjinslgc trikgogjici. Bjuksli mgĈi segst`rgjsli mgĈi s l`bfltgvngc sjfĈinjfc. Ngsc` sic` kh`v

jft `vkjf. @kh`v`rng sc` til`ęfr zi niũf prftlf g niũf r`k mgĈi su cftizgăli mgĈi. Nijvgũi bjuksli strfcbjfnji ngsu si p`bgtgălf g fl`n`cslf žgv`tgnjf, vfĈ li` kue`vni mgĈi. Kum`

nf d`blb`rnf trikgogjf u Lgng, p`k utjfoijfc l`nduogjinslf togriju ki sustiv vjfr`vinji ulbjuăujf mirfc pft kgcfnzgjiv`kstv`, r`kgtfbji g uăfnjf. V `v`c sustivu vjfr`vinji jfst

ngjf sic` eucingstgălg p`vfzini, vfĈ jfknil` til` g kue`vL`nduogjinslg put c`žf sf liriltfrgzgritg li` niăgn uăfnji



L`nduogjinslg put c`žf sf liriltfrgzgritg li` niăgn uăfnjivjfl. @v` ulbjuăujf kvgjf kgcfnzgjf. _ jfknf strinf, ũgrfĈg pr`

prfci mgtfbjg, susjfkstvu, zijfkngog, kruũtvu pĈfngt`, niogjg, s

su p`nik svfhi. Qrfci t`cf, vij pròfs sf c`žf zicgsbgtg u rgjf l`nofntrgănge lruh`vi. Ibg n jf jfknil` til` pr`kumbjuju

kumbjujuĈg pròfs spfogogri ki mgsc` trfmibg uăgngtg svf ki nžgc` zkrivgc, niũf srof g uc gntfbghfntngc, niũu kuũu ăgst`cbjintngc. Vhbivn`c, t` jf mfslrijng, nfprftrhnutg pròfs lrfittrinsd`rcgrinji, g li` zijfkngălg ăgn g li` kgjib`ũlg `kh`v`r N

V `v`c scgsbu sc` ul`rgjfnjfng g utling u niũ ftngogtft,cbju g niũf tfcfbjn` vjfr`vinjf. Cfęutgc, gst`k`mn` sc` `

vgũf ũgrfĈg e`rgz`nt zni

ăfnji u kn`su, zi svf vgũf rizvgjiju

Ĉ

ngliogjf. @v` jf rizb`h zm`h l`jfh l`nduogjinog rizucgjfviju

stizu li` uăfnjf tgjfbi g uci gbg uăfnjf prgr`kg g sukmgng. @vvinjf ki jf svil` `k nis `suęfn ki mukf jfkgnstvfni `s`mi ur`ăgt` stinjf. Vsprl`s sukmgng g utlin`stg li` nužn` strultuăfnjgci u niũ`j uvjft`vin`stg, mkirfng sc` mfslrijngc c`vbistgt` trinsd`rcgrinjf u niũfc pròfsu uăfnji ki mukfc`l`jf su usięfnf u tij pròfs li` ũt` su sb`m`ki, privgăn`st,

j j j k l t l bg ă j ă tg K lb

[V XFGCGNH

nòfntrgzic til` ki bjukslf vrstf muku u stinju prfp`znitg pri

ęu prgr`kf, s jfknf, g ă`vjfli, s kruhf strinf. Zmgbji, p`trfmi svjftslgc p`rftl`c ngjf kfngrini u p`jc`vgci sul`mi ogvgkfngrini u p`jc`vgci kgjib`hi ogvgbgziogji, prgzninji rfbghgjs

g cubtglubturibgzci, tf prfp`znivinji p`trfmf zi zijfkngălgcg p`trfmf zi hb`mibn`c zijfkngo`c g hb`mibn`c ftgl`c mfz hniũf ul`rgjfnjfn`stg u niũgc vbistgtgc lubturngc rfsursgci.

GCQBGLIOGJF G_BIC_L@-L@NDVOGJIN_L@H KGJIB@Ftgălf g kue`vnf gcpbgliogjf gsbicsl`-l`nduogjinsl`h kg

`hringăfnf l`nduogjinslf pfrspfltgvf, mirfc su tr`strulf. `mzgr ki sf c`kfrn`st l`ntgnugrin` `mbglujf trikgogj`c g ki



`mzgr ki sf c`kfrn`st l`ntgnugrin` `mbglujf trikgogj`c g ki og c`kfrn`stg zniăijn` rizbgluju `k `nge _jfvfrnf Icfrglfr`pf, l`nofptuibng ipirit l`jg jf l`rgũtfn ki kfngri c`kfr

mgtg gspgtin. Nflg `k vge su gstgnslg hb`mibng g c`kfrng. Nflg

lg g fur`pslg. C`ric` gspgtitg gzn`vi, prgcjfrgof, vibgkn`st g

tržgũnf fl`n`cgjf, kfc`l`ritslf p`bgtglf li` nf`kv`jgvge kfrn`stg. Qrftp`stivbjijuĈg ki c`kfrngzic ngjf tfl jfkn`stivziogji g ki c`kfrngstgălg pròfs c`žki prftp`stivbji rizn`blf `mbglf, ũt` c`žfc` niuăgtg gz izgjsl`h gslustvi u c`kfr

mgvũfh _`vjftsl`h _ivfzi g rikglibn` pbinslf fl`n`cgjf u găgng sf ki suhfrgri ki jf tržgũng cfeingzic pun` riog`nibngj

niăgn `rhingzgrinji c`kfrnf fl`n`cgjf `k t`tibgtirnge g iuttvfnge gnžfnjfrgnhi. Cfęutgc, v` nužn` nf zniăg ki sf vbik

rfbfhgritg (pr`hnitg) u p`zikgnu. Izgjsl` gslustv` jisn` p`li

v`kstv` vbikf ngjf nfsp`jgv` si niăgn`c dunlog`ngrinji tržKi bg `v` suhfrgri ki izgjslg rizv`jng c`kfbg k`puũtiju k

rilogju gzcfęu p`bgtglf g fl`n`cgjf l`ji jf gnl`nhrufntni (n

zipiknjiălgc, nip`sf icfrg

ălgc gslustv`c0 @v` v`kg tfcvrgjfkn`stg. C`žfc` bg gzn`vi gspgtitg tfcfbjnf pr`svjftgtfbj

l ũ b m k j k l g b bj k l

954

pgtgvinjf gkfji vbistgt c gkfntgtftu, `mgtfbjsl`j ftgog, kruũtvnju g vbikivgnf ni niog`nibngc, rfhg`nibngc g gntfrniog`nib_trfcbjfnjf n`v`c svjftsl`c p`rftlu utfcfbjfn` jf ni kgjib`

p`ũtgvinju bjukslge privi, tf sf cfęulubturibni suriknji c`

gkfibgstgăl`c u svjftbu sgr`ciũtvi, nfzip`sbfn`stg g kruũtvfogjf kgbjfc svgjfti. Cfęutgc, surięgviălg nip`r ki sf prùăil` stipinjf zm`h uzijicn`h `m`hiĈgvinji g ki sf prùăivijrizbgl`vn`stg zm`h uzijicn`h uviživinji vrgjfkn` jf gstriž

Kruhi gcpbgliogji gsbicsl`-l`nduogjinsl`h kgjib`hi jfstf

zniăijn` k`prgngjftg kue`vn`c sic`rizucgjfvinju Lgnf gbg

svgjfti. V vfzg s `vgc, vižn` jf prfp`znitg g, nirivn`, p`ki p`st`jg vfbgli cinjgni cusbgcini l`ji zipriv` mr`jg =1 c



p j j j p j@ng ulbjuăuju nir`kf l`jg h`v`rf g l`jg nf h`v`rf lgnfslg jftfhribng kg` lgnfsl`h sic`rizucgjfvinji. @tuki, rizucjftg

vgci njfh`vge tfcfbjnge vrgjfkn`stg, zi Lgnfzf, jfstf jfknilzucgjfvinjf. [rfmibg mgsc` prgznitg cusbgcinslg k`prgn`s l

uz ũgr`lu egst`rgjslu pfrspfltgvu. _vg sc` vrb` dicgbgjirng sngc trh`viălgc flspfkgogjici, h`kgnici prgjf hbivnge trh`zipiknjiălge sgbi, l`jf su prfkv`kgbg cusbgcing. Nirivn`, duogjinslg kgjib`h u Lgng zip`ăf` jf pun` prgjf c`kfrn`h ri

jf Ciro` Q`b` p`sjftg` Lgnu g kv`r Lumbig Leini, pr`niũihbivnge v`ęi cusbgcinsl`h p`rgjflbi ni kv`ru. ]fhg`nibn

zucjftg gsbic li` hbivnu rfbghgju u cn`hgc vižngc kgjfb`vinhxg-ju, Hinsu-u, Ugnjginh-u, mfz ki sp`cgnjfc` jfknil`ngăni p`kruă ji.

Nfkivn`, gzvjfstin mr`j cusbgcini unutir Lgnf jf p`koe`vn`stg seviĈfnf u gsbicsl`c scgsbu zi lgnfslf gntfbfltuihucfnt zi kue`vn`st jf uvjfrbjgv, jfr su lgnfslg gntfbfltuibo pr`svjftgtfbjslg cfntibgtft sogjfntgzci, citfrgjibgzci, prih

cfrogjibgzci, gzhumgbg vfbglg kg` sv`jge vbistgtge kue`vnge rfgj j g b l k e tg lg lg g t b lt b g mg

[V XFGCGNH

sbimiũin, n kibfl` tfăf. @n` u ũt` sf vkjf upuũtic`, kilbscgsbfni, kgjib`ũli l`cungliogji g uzijicn` l`rgstin kgslu

L`niăn`, ăil g u c`j`j lrijnjf `hringăfn`j gzb`žfn`stg gs

sic ki p`st`jg vfbglg kg` u gsbicu l`jg prùăivitfbj l`nduo

niuăgtg gz njfhi. Gsbicsl`-l`nduogjinslg kgjib`h u `v`c sbuuzijicn` `m`hiĈujuĈf `mriz`vn` gslustv` zi l`nduogjinof

Gsbicsli zicgsi` _vfc`huĈfc jf rizucbjgv` kue`vn` pgt

scgsbu `ni jf sp`jgvi si l`nduogjinsl`c trikgogj`c g, u gst` vr jinsli trikgogji c`žf niuăgtg ki pròjfnjujf ăgst`tu tf kue`vnsnihf, gkfjf, p`l`rn`stg g p`ngzn`stg `c`huĈujf nic ki sf

r`pstvi, hriczgv`stg g tjfsl`mf, tf ki sf kržgc` p`žfbjn`h `s`n`vu kue`vnu kgcfnzgju l`ji jf utlini u niũ svil`knfvng žg



ogjinog, l`jg sc` kvfĈ prgvglnutg u niũ`j p`trizg zi prgzninjfccfrogjibngc uspjfe`c, trfmi ki uzcfc` u `mzgr tij sivjft. Ziritgvn` g cgsi`n` pr`v`litgvn` ki niuăgc g prgcgjftgc dfn`cegti l`jg su si cn`c p`kgjfbgbg mr`jng cusbgcinslg prgjitfbjg. @

ngsu gzvfkfng gz nfăfhi si ăgc sc` dicgbgjirng u `v`zfcibjslũt` jf Q`sbingl Cueiccfk p`vfzi` si vjfrngl`v`c rik`ũĈu jfh Bgoi ujutr g uvfăfr, srfĈ`c l`ji nikciũujf svf tjfbfsnf usrfĈi, gz c`jfh `s`mn`h uhbi hbfkinji, lrijnjf jf kgrbjgvi g gnsp

_ fnhbfsl`h prfvf`:

[`wirks i Hb`mib Ftegos: _pgrgtuib Gcpbgoi`d tef Gsbic-O`nduogingsc Kgib`huf

[ef o`ntfnt `d Gsbic ink O`nduogingsc gs o`cprgsfk `



] IBQE XFMF]

ulbjuăfn u risprivici li` prfkstivngl Lgnf, lgnfsl`h svjft`nb`z` jf, gbg l`nduogjinstvi.

V `v`cf riku pbingric ki gspgtic rizb`hf zm`h l`jge njgbg mirfc nflg `k njge, (`vij sikiũnjg l`jg Ĉf mgtg inibgzgrin)

priv` ki muku ―b`z` ji‗. [vrknji ngjf nfp`bfcgăli. K`sik,bglf d`lusgring ni `s`mu [u Xfcgnhi prgjf nfh` ni njfh`vfki, c`rib` sf lizitg ki jf n ‒cgsg`nir– (Bgu _euxgin) g ‒zih`

mfrt` Mrfsoging) l`nduogjinstvi, gbg ‒gntfbfltuibng iltgvgsti g il(Fzri D. T hfb), svilg òrtivijuĈg tfnzgjf gzcfęu b`z` jf g rfb`z` jf g p`bgtglf. Cfęutgc, ul`bgl` su iut`r`vf rfbghgjslf

ef t`bgl` vižnf ki k`stitn` lvibgogriju nflg tflst li` nfũt`b`z` ju, `nki sf ăgng ki mg sf `vf svref biel` c`hbf p`lizi



Vl`bgl` nf p`lizuju, gbg sf pil `n` ũt` p`lizuju pròjfnjuzi til`vrsnu lvibgliogju, `nki sf ăgng ki `vij tflst c`žfctitg li` b`z` ju.

D`lus u `v`cf riku jf (h`t`v`) flslbuzgvn` p`stivbjfn n

st`vgci. Qrv` Ĉu sf p`zimivgtg pgtinjfc ‒št` jf

b`z`

ji0–, l mge sf p`zimivg` jfkn stivngc rizb`h`c ki nflg, gbg kruhg kc`ri prg`pĈgtg tvrknju ki nflg tflst jfstf gbg ngjf b`z`dsl`hlizgviĈu ki ũt` sf vgũf rizcitri `kh`v`r til` ki mukf suũtgn

pgtinjf ‒št` jf b`z` ji0–, l`cpbflsngjg mg trfmi` mgtg (prgcjfsbgăn`st), k`l sf pulg p`srfkng prgstup vjfr`jitn` `sbinji ni j

h`v`r. Vzgcic ki sf mgb` l`jg `kh`v`r, suũtgnslg gbg p`srfkntgritg uz up`trfmf rgjfăg ―b`z` ji‗. Jfkni tilvi up`trfmi jf `l`jg ăfst` l`rgstg rgjfă ―b`z` ji‗. @tuki Ĉu p`nukgtg inibgzu [uti b`z` jf, l`ji Ĉf tlrgtg nip`sf zingcbjgv nibiz, p`put n`ki ngjf b`z` ji gbg jfstf jfkgn` b`z` ji u vrb` spfogjibn`csf upuũtic u p`cn` ăgtinjf [u-`vge p`tgoijnge tflst`vi, nisbtgnugtft mgĈi: lgnfslf vgzgjf prgr`kf– (975;.).= InibgzgriĈu `vi

971

lusgrinjf ni ăftgrg lbjuăni pisiži, k`v`kfĈg vf pisižf u vfz mr`jfc pgtinji u l`ntflstu niũfh pgtinji ‒št` jf b`z` ji0–c`nstrgriĈu niăgn lr`z l`jg mg sf tij tflst c`hi` rizcjftg li`tgăl`c mgbjfũl`c gkf`b`ũl`j kgcfnzgjg [u-`vi tflsti, l`ju

v`rn` ghn`rgritg, zivrũivi `vij rik.

@ QG[INJV ‒š[@ JF DGB@Z@DGJI0–Vzfvũg u mzgr ki jf sic`pr`cgũbjinjf mgb` cfęu p`pubirn

ziogjici t`hi ũt` b`z` ji jfstf gbg ăgng, ngjf gznfnięujuĈf ki jf b`z` ji0– ăfst` mgb` p`stivbjin`, prgcjfrgof, flspbgogtn` s

zin`, @rtfhi y Hissft, Xgtthfnstfgn, Jispfrs, Efgkfhhfr gbg Krg. Cfęutgc, `v` pgtinjf jf jfknil` til` p`stivg` g Zeinh K`

哽孵映仁麲哽孵宴懇詽做仁麲 š



97;8. (哽孵映仁麲0哽孵宴懇詽做仁麲0/ št` jf b`z` ji0trfmi` rikgtg0), gbg nfkivn` pr`dfs`r _vfuăgbgũti u Qflgnhu, Eu孵映仁麲0/ št` jf b`z` ji0).? _t`hi, u suvrfcfn`c l`ntfl

jf vin svilf sucnjf k`lizib` ki Ĉf mgtg `k gntfrfsi u Fur`pg,

vjfr`jitn` k hb`mibn`h gntfrfsi, mfz mzgri ũt` nfl` cgsbg h pgtinji g ũt` nfl` cgsbg t`cf ki bg jf gbg ngjf gntfrfs zi mgb` lCfęutgc, pgtinjf ‒št` jf b`z` ji0– c`žf mgtg p`stivbjf

svreici ni ucu. Q` c`c cgũbjfnju, `kh`v`rg ni `vi pgtinjkiju p`k kvgjf rizbgăgtf litfh`rgjf l`jf vgsf kvgjf rizbgăgtfstrinf, `v` pgtinjf c`žf mgtg p`stivbjfn` u svreu pr`nibižf

`kh`v`ri ni njfhi. _ kruhf, pgtinjf c`žf mgtg p`stivbjfn` unji p`srfkn`h `kh`v`ri. Q`t`nju nizgvic p`srfkn`c (gnst jfr `ni ngjf ni prv`c cjfstu cgũbjfni li` `kh`v`r ni pgtinz` ji0–, vfĈ sf `kh`v`r rikgjf usviji til` ki `kh`v`rg ni tinji (gbg ki sbgjfkg nflu kruhu svreu). @vf sf kvgjf litfh`rgtvrknjici l`jf sf prgkiju `kh`v`rgci. _uũtgnslg `kh`v`r `

bjgv kh`v`r ni pgtinjf ‒št` jf

b`z`

ji0– g tuki p`stubgri sl`ji jf p`rižfni mgb` l`jgc uvjfrbjgvgc rizbgăgtgc `kh`v`r`g bg g k Ĉ mg g g gbg e g

] IBQE XFMF]

n`, sb`m`kng sc` ki nf prgkijfc` snižnf tvrknjf `n`cf ũt`suũtgnsl`h `kh`v`ri. @v` jf `n` ũt` nicjfrivic ki siki ur

pgtinjf ‒št` jf b`z` ji0– nf`pe`kn` svil`cf l` up`trfmb‒b`z` ji–, ‒b`z`dslg–, ‒b`z`d– gtk., gbg l` jf zigntfrfsgrin

rgũtfnjf k strinf kruhge zm`h jfkn`stivn`h rizb`hi ki jfkinv`r ni njfhi prg`pĈivi `n` ũt` cg gbg kruhg `zniăivic` `vg

Qrgcjfrgof, l`cpbflsng `kh`v`r ni pgtinjf ‒št` jf b`z`bg sc` ni sr`kn`j sbgăn`stg. Gkfji jf ki prfp`znijfc` nfũt`

ju– (g vjfr`jitn` mgsc` t` trfmibg prfp`znitg li` tilv`) ul`zujf nflf, gil` nf nužn` svf liriltfrgstglf bgstf liriltfrgst

sc` c`hbg cgsbgtg li` `tv`rfn`c gbg l`nstintn`c p`stgzinjuzuci, uz `krfęfnf liriltfrgstglf l`jf su tgjfl`c vrfcfni b gb j t t ;



pr`nibizgbf sv`j put u t`cu.;

Fv` jfkn`lritnf bgstf l`ji `mjfkgnjujf nflf liriltfrgstgl

_buăij 9 _buăij = _buăi

Q`trihi zi gstgn`c x xL`nofptuibng p`si` x x

Bgnhvgstgăli inibgzi x

_ic`pr`cgũbjinjf x x

_tvirinjf n`v`h v`limubiri x

Nicjfrivin li` ‒

b`z`

ji– x x xQrgeviĈfn li` ‒b`z` ji– x x

Nisăgn žgv`ti x

G t k. str.

@mritgc` p`z`rn`st ki nf p`st`jg jfkni liriltfrgstgli l`

sikrživi g p`lizujf. Ăil g il` t`cu jfstf tiliv sbuăij, `nitribi flslbuzgvn` liriltfrgstgăn`c g k`stitn`c ki liriltfr

97=

gbg p`sjfkujf ‒b`z`dslu– kgcfnzgju. Vl`bgl` u kruh`c sbuc` h`t`v` svf vf liriltfrgstglf, c`žfc` sjfĈitg ki nihgnj` t`cu li` `ăgt`c g flbitintn`c sbuăiju ‒b`z` jf–. št`vgsimgrf liriltfrgstglf l`jf ni rizbgăgtf niăgnf ulbjuăujf iut`r

stgtugrinjf iut`ri, ăgtitfbji(f), tflst, g cft`k(f) u tflstu, gtk`tv`rfngc `n` ũt` sf cgsbg ki jf p`srgjfkg. @n` ũt` jf sbuăij bjinju pgtinji. Cfęutgc, `pĈfngt` mgsc` c`hbg lizitg ki ăfz`d0), tflst`vg (b`z` ji0) gbg prilsf (b`z`dslg cft`k, b`l`nstgtugriju tgp`vf sbuăijfvi, gbg mg svilg c`žki zisbužg` svstu. @vkjf, c`jf stijibgũtf jf jfkn`stivn` t` ki mg mgb` l`jg s

v`r trfmi` mgtg ni tilv`c gbg sbgăn`c stupnju l`cpbflsn`s`ăgt g mrz` p`stivbjfn u grfbfvintn`st lr`z mr`jnf, vrb` rizbsikiũnjf up`trfmf rgjfăg ‒b`z`ji–



sikiũnjf up`trfmf rgjfăg ‒b`z` ji–.

[V XFGCGNH @ DGB@Z@DGJG[u ăfst` up`trfmbjivi rgjfă ‒b`z` ji– u rizbgăgtgc l`n

p`svf jisn` ũt` sikrživiju rizbgăgtf up`trfmf `vf rgjfăg zijl`nofpt b`z` jf `n prglizujf, g nfcic rizb`hi ki vjfrujfcl`cpbflsnu l`nofptuibgziogju li` ũt` jf ni l`ju sic upriv

jf nijjisngjf irtglubgri` sv`jf stijibgũtf ` b`z` jg u sfrgjibubjfngc gzcfęu 9781. g 9784. h`kgnf. V jfkn`c `k `vge ăbinc` sbjfkfĈg gsliz, u l`jfcu jf [u vjfr`jitn` irtglubgri` l`n

gzn`sfĈg cgũbjfnjf _tuirti Eicpsegrfi:‒Dgb`z` ji li` prgr`kni dunlogji uci jf nf`vgsn`, nfsci

bjukslf iltgvn`stg. @ni nukg vbistgtf zil`nf, rizvgji sv`jfkf g gzimgrf sv`jf vbistgtf prfkcftf–.6

Cfęutgc, `v` pun` nf lizujf, `sgc ki jf b`z` ji `ăgt`kruă jf bjukslf iltgvn`stg, prgr`kni dunlogji uci, l`jg p`sjfl`nf, cft`kf g prfkcftf. št` zniăg nf`vgsn`st u v`c l`ntfsic`k`stitn`st0 Il` jf t` prgr`kni dunlogji, ki bg jf uvgjfl mg 0 Il e Ĉ l g j Ĉg l mg j ă

] IBQE XFMF]

stvirinjf n`vge, pr`kumbjujuĈg stirf uvgkf u svf kgcfnz jfstg< `ni jf kue`vni p`trihi zi gstgn`c lr`z cfkgkitgvnli` g b`hgăl` zilbjuăgvinjf–.4

@v` jf vgũf krfęujuĈf g flslbuzgvngjf slgogrinjf p`kruă ji

n`stg nizvin` b`z` ji, p`kruă jf l`jf lubcgngri u jfknil`sf tvrkg ki Ĉf b`z` ji mgtg gst` ũt` g ‒kue`vni p`trihi zi gstkgtitgvn` pr`cgũbjinjf, li` g b`hgăl` zilbjuăgvinjf–. [u k`bilbjuăli p`stubgrijuĈg nflf prfcgsf mfz pun` p`jiũnjfnji gbg pki, b`z` ji ‒li` tfcfbjn` gstrižgvinjf `n`h ũt` bfžg u `sn`ri mgĈi– (ki bg cgsbg ni bg琄0) c`ri k`Ĉg u k`sbue si ‒ulupn

bjuksl`h p`st`jinji– g, tuki, zikiĈi jf b`z` jf ki ilucgbgkr`st. Cfęutgc, ziũt` mg t` mgb` til`0[u `v l`nofpt b`z`jf jf jisn` rfbghgjslg `lvgrfn: kue`



[u-`v l`nofpt b`z` jf jf jisn` rfbghgjslg `lvgrfn: kue`

gstgn`c, jfknil` til` lr`z cfkgtitgvn` pr`cgũbjinjf, i nf si

l` zilbjuăgvinjf. Q`st`jg pun` gslizi u [u-`vgc kjfbgci l`jrfbghgjsl` u`lvgrfnjf b`z` jf: ‒u hbivn`j strujg gst`ănjiăl`

st`jib` jf seviĈinjf ki jf

b`z`

rinjf sic` p` sfmg rfbghgjslb`z`rinji jf ... stin`vgtg `mbgl kue`vn`h `pbfcfnjgvinji–,nf zniăg sic` gspgtgvitg tfcfbjf niũfh mgĈi, vfĈ jfknil` tilkue`vn`st–.8 Cfęutgc, til` rfbghgjslg prg`pĈfn l`nofpt b`n` [u-u, ngjf u`Ĉf flslbuzgvin zi Gst`l. [u ulizujf ni gzv`b`z` jf si sbgăngc uscjfrfnjfc. Vz t`, zi rizbglu `k kruhki jf b`z` ji u Fur`pg lisngjf jfkn`stivn` `tgũbi kruhgc p

jf pbingri ki suhfrgri ibtfrnitgvnu egst rgju b`z` jf u Fur`‒Zipriv`, sbgăni `rgjfntiogji sf c`žf pr`niĈg u cgstgălgQbit`ni, rik`vgci sv. Iuhustgni, st`gogci, cfkgfvibngcoibi, Lgfrlfhiirki g kjfbgci c`kfrnge b`z`di li` ũt`

mfr, Himrgfb Cirofb g Cirtgn Efgkfhhfr. V svjftbu v`h g mgb` `n`h egnkugzci, mukgzci, gbg l`nduogjinstvi, h`rf sbgtfbjg ăgng sf ki sgcm`bgzgriju hb`mibnu p`trihu zi b`z`ũĈ l j lb k C b ― b g kj k ă j

97;

b`z` jf. @n ulizujf ni tu vrstu b`z`rinji til`ęfr li` ‒z` ju–, p`jic l`jg jf pbf`nistgăin g l`jg ngjf nftgpgăin zi [ki b`z` ji sici p` sfmg, sulbikn` njfcu, jfstf u mgtn`cngrini. [u `mjiũnjivi sv`ju up`trfmu `v`h p`jci rfbghgjslf

lin`c njfzgn`h rizbgl`vinji `k b`z`dsl`h prùăivinji r`n vgkg rfbghgjslg ispflt u sic`j iltgvn`stg b`z`rinji, i ` `n`cf ` ăfcu sf b`z`ri. Njfh`vi pr`vgz`rni kfngogjb`z` jf jfstf: ‒gstrižgvinjf bjukslge uvgki lr`z kgsogpbgngrinzm`h hbivnf svref kue`vn`h trinsd`rcgrinji sfmf–.7

L`nofpt b`z` jf, tvrkg [u, ngjf nfu`mgăijfn zi fur`ps

st`bjfĈi g zi nflf `k njge ăil tv`rg hbivnu p`rulu. @n nukrf p`tvrkf sv`j`j tvrknjg. Njfh`v jf hbivng svjfk`l Himrgfbsf u`mgăijfn` scitri rfbghgjslgc prfkstivngl`c tj prfkstiv



sf u`mgăijfn` scitri rfbghgjslgc prfkstivngl`c, tj. prfkstivsl`h fhzgstfnogjibgzci. [u sf nip`sf p`zgvi ni Cirofb`v ‒njfh gslustvi– g njfh`vu lirilftrgziogju b`z` jf li` ‒gslcgrin`h u cgũbjfnjf– g b`z` jf li` l`pinji.91 Q`rfk Cirof

til` nukg prgcjfr Ciurgof Mb`nkfb`vf liriltfrgziogjf

b`zũbjfnji cgũbjfnji– ( pfnsçf pfnsintf).99 Vl`bgl` sf rfbghgjsliĈi ũgr`l`, [u pgũf u mgbjfũog, nki vij p`jic jfknil` til` pbjf li` ũt` su Ciurgof Cfrbfiu-Q`nty gbg Jfin-Qiub _irtrf pog`-p`bgtgăl`h t`tibgtirgzci l`jfh `ng prfkvgęiju jfstf u p`zg kue`vnf trinsd`rciogjf nijvfĈf snihf–.9=

@tuki, vrb` jf jisn` ki [u seviti lgnfslu b`z` ju li` prcjfr rfbghgjslf b`z` jf, ibg ki jf vij dfn`cfn sic p` sfmkjf jf st`hi prgcjfr hkjf [u nf trižg ki egp`stizgri kge`t`cnfslf g zipiknjiălf b`z` jf. Q`st`jf kruhg prgcjfrg hkjf `

p`stizgri til`vrsnu kge`t`cgju, npr. liki prgpgsujf nir`ăgtuogjinstvu u hb`mibn`j p`trizg zi b`z`dsl`c cukr`ũĈu, ibg t`Kge`t`cgji l`ju `n l`rgstg (g egp`stizgri0) jfstf kruhi, `niLgnu g Zipik. G li` ũt` sic rfli` gznik, [u h`v`rg ` kvgjf v

j g k j gj k l ž ũt k j tg [ j

] IBQE XFMF]

risprivbjin`h sustivi gkfji–, gbg mfz ulizgvinji ni kruhf, ‒rbgzi g gntfbfltuibng kgslurs–, ‒p`trihi zi `mjfltgvngc gstgnicbgzi–, ‒lrgtgăli inibgzi–, ‒sustiv gzhriknjf– gbg jfkn`stivn`ũbjfnjf.9? Kge`t`cgji l`ji v`kg [u-`v` cgũbjfnjf l`nofptu

`ni gzcfęu lgnfslf g egnkuslf g fur`pslf b`z` jf / rfbghgj jfknf, g inibgtgălf b`z` jf, s kruhf strinf. [u jf `ăgt` svjfbgtgăli b`z` ji `ni l`ji sf prùăivi u vfĈgng ilikfcslgesg`nibn`h p`ruăivinji b`z` jf u Fnhbfsl`j g _jfkgnjfngc Iživici. @v` p`lizujf pr`v`litgvng p`tfnogjib [u-`v`h l`n

jf, l`jg gkf pr`tgv rizucgjfvinji t`h hbivn`h t`li. V `v`c

ng, li` ũt` jf n t`hi k`mr` svjfstin. @n p`ksjfĈi ni Efgkfhcgũbjfnjf trfmi mgtg sb`m`ęfn` k pr`dfsg`nibnf b`z` jf. Vsl`c ăbinlu [u trižg `k sv`jge ăgtitfbji ki p`ęu si ]goeir



sl`c ăbinlu, [u trižg `k sv`jge ăgtitfbji ki p`ęu si ]goeir p`nik spfogjibgstgălge b`z`dslge lruh`vi.9; Ki mukfc` jib`z`di, nip`sf `nge l`jg rikf u l`ntgnfntibn`j b`z`dsl`j tv`rg` mg rfkulog`ngstgăl`c stijibgũtu ` b`z` jg li` inibgt

Cfę

utgc, ki mukfc` gzn`vi jisng, tfl nfl`bgogni njge mg t`spfltgvf rfbghgjslg upuĈfn`h l`nofpti b`z` jf. št`vgũf, ăgsjfkujf p`prgbgăn` usl` sevitinjf inibgtgălf b`z` jf. @n`

ji p`k inibgtgăl`c b`z` j`c tfũl` jf pgtinjf g k`lizgvin`riltfrgziogjf, cfęu l`jgci nflf sbgăf `ngci l`jf [u l`rgstg

mgtg k`stitngci.96 [` jf inibgtgăli b`z` ji `k l`jf [u nist`žg, l`ji c`žf mgtg prgcjfrfni k`mrgc rizb`zgci g l`ji jfkn

mgtg prgcjfrfni [u-`v`j mg`hri jg g stinju b`z` jf u _IKtij ũt` sf strgot` sfnsu inibgtgăli b`z` ji p`jivbjujf til` kb`z` ji, uzfvũg u `mzgr [u-`v rfbghgjslg u`lvgrfn l`nofpt

pil sic`b`z` ji p` gcfnu, b`z` ji u mrnutgc zirfzgcib`z` ji l`nofptuibgzgri li` kue`vni p`trihi zi gstgn`c g b`z` ji‗ cinjli t`c kue`vn`c kgcfnzgj`c, `nki ―inibgt

jfkn`stivn` ngjf b`z` ji.

974Ăgng sf ki [u ngjf p`svfci scgrfn p`vbiăfnjfc vf l`nz

bjfũog, `n nist`jg ki pr`nięf gzbiz, l`jg prfkbižf rikglibn` rũtf ` inibgtgăl`j b`z` jg, ibg l`jg ‟ ki t` mbižf p`stivgc` ‟bjivi sic`rizucgjfvinju mr`jnge inibgtgălge b`z`di (nf mr

tgălge b`z`di, tj. dfn`cfn`b`hi). [u pgũf:‒Nirivn`, c`žfc` suhfrgritg ki b`z`ritg u mbglu inibgzgnjfh jfzgli til`ęfr c`žf gcitg kum`lg rfbghgjslg scgsi`. bjgv` ki sf mr`jng b`z` mivf `v`c zikiĈ`c bgnhvgstgă`mbgli cfntibnf kgsogpbgnf, il` nf kue`vn`h sic`trins@vi mgbjfũli ngjf p`jfkgniăng prgcjfr u [u-`v`c kjfbu. V

ju gz 9784. h`kgnf, [u ircgri stijibgũtf pgũuĈg ki ‒c`žf mgtcjfĈgvinjf ki jf niăgn b`z`rinji l`jg sf c`žf p`svf suzhgjsl`h‗ b`z`dsl`h inhižgrinji rgjfkil, ul`bgl` g nfc`huĈ



hgjsl`h b`z`dsl`h inhižgrinji rgjfkil, ul`bgl` g nfc`huĈnisbgjfęu mfz `mzgri lil` `n` usl` mgb` kfngrin`–.98 _ `mbgtgălu b`z` ju, ăgng sf ki `v` gcpbgogri lil` nijvfĈg mr`jtgăiri nf zni ũt` ăgnf, gbg ki mg sprfcn` prghrbgbg rfbghgjslu

`n`h ũt` su k`gsti rikgbg ki jf t` prgk`mgb` njge`vu p`z`rn`Liki [u u ogtitu gznik ulizujf ni `mbgl cfntibnf kgsogpkruhgc cjfstgci h`v`rg l`nduogjinstvu li` mbglu žgv`ti, `mjisngtg ziũt` jf lisngjf, upuĈfn ni t` `k strinf Egbiry Qutvrb` p`zgtgvn` ni Qgfrrf Eik`t-`vu lnjghu gz =11=. h`kgnf lbjfni Fxfrogsfs spgrgtufbs ft pegb`s`pegf intgquf / Kue`vnf

li b`z ji. V t`j lnjgzg, Eik`t h`v`rg ` l`nofptu b`z`žgv`ti ( pegb`s`pegf o`ccf cingårf kf vgvrf). Li` nfl` pki sp`cfnfc lil` `prfli b`z` ji li` b`hgăl` zilbjuăgvili` `mbgl žgv`ti n`sg nflu sikiũnju rfbfvinogju. Nirfkng ldi, l`ji Ĉf mgtg `kržin =19?. h`kgnf u Itgng, mgĈf p`svfĈfn ji li` gstrižgvinjf g li` niăgn žgv`ti–. Nip`sf zingcbjgv`ki bg Ĉf `vij l`nhrfs uspjftg u rizjiũnjfnju t`hi ki p`st`jg b`z` jf l`jg c`žf gnd`rcgritg `mjf l`nofpogjf b`z` jf lg b j l ăg žg t N ă kg k mg t

] IBQE XFMF]

[FL_[VIBNI INIBGZI [V XFGCGNH-@T@H ‒L @N[GNVG[F[I MGĄI– (975;.)Ki bg gbg nf iut`r nfl`h tflsti cgsbg ` `n`cf ũt` pgũf li`

mgtg jfkni zniăijli b`z` jf, cfęutgc, ngjf nužn` zniăijli

pùzkin` gkfntgogrini jfkgn` lr`z niăgnf ăgtinji nfl`h tflstc`žf mgtg zniăijli l`ji jf u pr`tusb`vbju si kruhgc liriltfrhg c`žki p`sjfkuju rizb`h ki lvibgogriju nflg tflst l`jg jf nt`r ki jfstf b`z` ji p`ũt` jf nfũt` kruh` nfh` b`z` ji (jfli` cinjf vrgjfkn`c `k b`z` jf, gbg vgũf vrgjfkn`c `k b`sic`c ucjftngăl`c kjfbu). @ăgt`, jfknil` til` c`žf k`Ĉg u

ngjinsgrinju, i tflst sf c`žf scitritg b`z`dslgc, cfęutgc, liv`c b`z` j`c.

V `n`cf ũt` sbgjfkg nukgc vjfrn` ăgtinjf [u-`v`h ‒L`n



V `n`cf ũt` sbgjfkg nukgc vjfrn` ăgtinjf [u-`v`h L`nlgnfslf vgzgjf prgr`kf– (975;.), l`jf jf nipgsin` ni fnhbfsĈf sf ni pgtinjf ‒št` jf b`z` ji0– ni nfl`bgl` niăgni. @vtgvn` lritil, 9? prgntinge stringoi, g ngjf strulturgrin lr`z m

nisb`vf gbg `zniăivinjf mr`jfc. št` sf tgăf gzv`ri, [u orpg gzžcini tflst`vi ni lgnfsl`c g tfl nfl`bgl` ni fnhbfsl`c, inintn` `sbinji ni tflst`vf l`jf su nipgsibg nf`l`nduogjinslc`vgci sikržiji, `vij tflst nist`jg ki pružg ăgtitfbjgci sti

jfvinjf hbivnf tfcf l`ji jf gnkgogrini u nisb`vu, tj. l`ntgnugl`ji jf u `v`cf tflstu ni rizbgăgtf niăgnf p`vfzini si c`k

nfsl`h– (rgjfă l`ji p`mbgžf `zniăivi kruhu rgjfă, niũi nip., p`ăgnjf si niv`k`c Drfkfrgoli X. C`tf-i, l`jg `pgsujf lgnf jfkgnstvfn u nfp`sjfk`vinji cgti stvirinju– g, st`hi, li` `ntri svgjft li` ‒sp`ntin` sic`pr`gzv`ęfnjf l`zc`si– (str. ?6tgăin u svfzg si prfte`kn`c tvrknj`c nfp`sjfk`vinju mgb`nge cgt`vi, ibg mfz rfzfrvf prgeviti vu kruhu. @n zip`ăgnjf

lr`z risprivbjinjf tfcfbjn`h p`jci qg, lr`z k`kitn` l`rgũtf`v`h p`jci ‒`rhingăl`h lgnfsl`h l`zc`si– g lr`z prglizg

975gcpbgliogji–, cfęu l`jgci jf gkfji ‒svf`muevitnf eirc`ngă`vjfăinstvi l`jf tv`rg jfkn` tgjfb` si nfm`c g zfcbj`c. [vi si p`ksjfĈinjfc ki sf bjukg, `liriltfrgzgring li` nijgntfbsfnzgtgvngji mgĈi u ungvfrzucu, c`riju inhižgritg u ‒nip`r

grin`c– sic`lubtgvgrinju lil` mg žgvjfbg prfci sv`jgc nir`cgci si nfm`c g zfcbj`c.Q`st`jf mr`jng niăgng inibgzgrinji nfl`h tflsti. [flstuib

`v`h ‒L`ntgnugtfti mgĈi– ni p`nukg vkjf kvgji sf lr`z gkflge lbjuănge rfăfngoi gbg pisiži, l`jg sbužf li` tiălf ubisli

p`rni pgtinji l`ji su p`vfzni si pgtinjfc ` t`cu ‒št` jf

Zip`ăgnjfc sic`c prv`c rf

ăfngo`c `v`h tflsti:

9.Lgnfsl` vjfr vinjf u l`ntgnugtft mgĈi tfcfbjng c`tgv l



Lgnfsl` vjfr vinjf u l`ntgnugtft mgĈi, tfcfbjng c`tgv l

`nt`b`hgjf, gci kibfl`sfžnf gcpbgliogjf u lgnfsl`j b`

fpgstfc`b`hgjg, fstftgog g ftgog. (str. ?6)

i) Tjfr`vinjf li` pr`lbicgrinjf ki jf nfũt` sbuăijV v`j rfăfngog, p`st`jg tfnzgji gzcfęu sgcubtin`h lirilt

tgnugtfti mgĈi li` ‒lgnfsl`h vjfr`vinji– g ‒tfcfbjn`h c`tgt`b`hgjf–. Mirfc u mr`jngc prglizgci, `nt`b`hgji jf prfogznli` nfũt` u ũt` sf vjfrujf ki jfstf sbuăij, vfĈ li` `n` ũt` j`mzgri ni `n` ũt` sf vjfrujf. Mfz `mzgri l` jf zigntfrfsgrin r`k vjfrujf ăgng sf ki p`stivbji sòg`b`ũl` pgtinjf, cfęutgcrfsgrin zi `n` ũt` jf `nt`b`ũlg sbuăij p`stivbji b`z`dsl` pgtn` [u up`trfmbjivi rgjfă ‒`nt`b`hgji– u rizbgăgt`c scgsbu g lcfntgritg ki t` g ăgng g prftp`stivgtg u l`jfcu zniăfnju `n ti

jitn` nic p`jic ‒tfcfbjng c`tgv– kijf nih`vjfũtij ki sf `nup`trfmbjivi u nfl`nvfnog`nibn`c scgsbu. N`, ũt` `v` znc`tgv u `nt`b`hgjg gniăf0 [u up`trfmbjivi `vij p`jic gzn`v

‒trg tfcfbjni c`tgvi– l`ntgnugtfti, ojfbgnf g kgnicgzci, kvfcingriju gz prv`h ũt` bfhgtgcgri prg`rgtft u slbiku si prvgc

] IBQE XFMF]

jfknil` til` g ni `ăgt` nfpr`cjfnbjgv niăgn up`trfmbjivi rg‒svgjft–, ‒zmgbjn`st–, ‒l`zc`s– g ‒ungvfrzuc–. Nf p`st`jg mofptuibng rik, ngtg nip`r ( Irmfgt ic Mfhrgdd ) u v`c tflstu lg rizjisng` up`trfmbjivini zniăfnji `vge rgjfăg, til` ki mgsc

p`stivgtg ki su svf l`rgũtfnf ki uevitf nfũt` `k `n`h ũt` j(cfęutgc, `n` ũt` jf nicjfrivin` `stivbji sf ăgtitfbju ki pr jitn` nfk`stijuĈg l`nofptuibng rik suhfrgri ki ‒mgĈf– u`pĈfgntfrfs`vinji, vfĈ ki jf t` vjfr`vinjf.

m) Dgb`z` ji g rfbghgji ... g fpgstfc`b`hgji, fstftgli g ftg Nfl`nvfnog`nibni up`trfmi rgjfăg ‒`nt`b`hgji– sf nikib

tvrknj`c lil` vjfr`vinjf u `n` ũt` jf tfcfbjng c`tgv lgnfsf uzgci ki p`sjfkujf ‒kibfl`sfžnf gcpbgliogjf– u lgnfsl`g rfbghgjg ũt` nirivn` uv`kg u [u-`vu rfbghgjslu b`z`ju Q



g rfbghgjg ũt`, nirivn`, uv`kg u [u-`vu rfbghgjslu b`z` ju. Qbg mg c`hb` mgtg ki ‒lgnfsl` vjfr`vinjf– ngjf sic` `n` ũt` ssbuăij, vfĈ kfogkgrin` `n` ũt` sf vjfrujf ki jf sbuăij u rfbghg

Nirivn`, rgjfă ‒vjfr`vinjf– c`žf sf l`rgsgtgtg li` u ‒vjfru

hrik p`k gcfn`c Mufn`s Igrfs– gbg, rfbghgjslg, ‒lrũĈingn vjf p`kgn niũ pistgr–. Vzfvũg u `mzgr [u-`v l`nofpt b`z` jf, r prftiogji up`trfmf rgjfăg ‒vjfr`vinjf– u `v`j rfăfngog zmgbjivjfr`jitni. Ibg, gpil, p`ksjftngl ni nimrijinjf jf gznfnięujnijcinjg. Q`mrijijuĈg b`z` ju g rfbghgju, ũt` jf zniăfnjf k‒fpgstfc`b`hgji–, ‒fstftgli– g ‒ftgli–, svge rgjfăg l`jf sf sc

nuju rizbgăgtf kgsogpbgnf unutir b`z` jf0 Nf uzgcic `v` lgzhrikgc rizbgăgtu lbisgliogju, jfr ul`bgl` mg t` mg` tiliv jiciăn` prgvulb` vfĈu p`z`rn`st k v`h nimrijinji, l`jf ncfntgrin` ng u `v`c tflstu, ngtg prfci c`jfcu zninju u tfliogjf u mgb` l`jfcu kruh`c.

o) C`kglit`r ‒lgnfslg–

V pisižu gznik, rgjfăg su lvibgogrinf prgkjfv`c ‒lgnfnjf– g ‒`nt`b`hgji– Ăil g il` `stivgc` p`strinof sòg`b`ũl

=11b`žni lgnfsli cftizgăli prftp`stivli–, ‒lgnfslg niăgn cgũslg p`jic– gbg ‒‒lgnfslg svjft`niz`r–. @n` ũt` sf kfũivi u scjfrgci jfstf t` ki jf kruũtvfng l`bfltgvgtft egp`stizgrin, licng ăgngbio, l`jg prftp`stivbji stvirg, kijuĈg prgstinil, tf li

sjfkujf stijibgũtf g niăgn cgũbjfnji. Nirivn`, [u jf svjfstin prgcjfrg, gil` vrb` rgjftlg, u l`jgci n ulizujf ni nflu rizn muevitn`j ungd`rcn`stg. Qrgcjfrgof, liki h`v`rg ` p`jcu ă

`n`c l`jg tv`rg jfkn` tgjfb` si ungvfrzuc`c, `n sp`cgnjf ogăn` lgnfslg p`jic g ki st`jg u l`ntristu si ‒ti`gstgăl`c gũinji, s jfknf, g mukgstgălgc l`nofpt`c suzkržin`stg, s kru

;?). Cfę

utgc, li` ũt` jf mrz ki prgcgjftg, p`jic ‒jf t`bgl` Ĉfn `k strinf Lgnfzi, u nir`kn`j li` g u lubturn`j fbgtg, ki mr` `liriltfrgzgrin `pĈgc lgnfslgc svjft`niz`r`c– (str. ;



ũt` p`st`jg u rizn`bgl`stg mrz` jf vriĈfn` p`k lgũ`mrin krutgvgtfti ‒lgnfsl`h–.

Cfęutgc, ũt` jf si nisb`v`c v`h tflsti: ‒L`ntgnugtft mg

zgjf prgr`kf0– _bgjfkfĈg kruhg kg` v`h nisb`vi,

ăgt` ki p`st prgr`kf l`jf su prglbikn` lvibgogrinf ‒lgnfslgc–. Zmgbji, [

rgjfă ‒vgzgji– u `v`c tflstu u nfl`bgl` sbuăijfvi, prgcjfrgo` Zeinh Zig-jfv`j vgzgjg prgr`kf, gbg Ki` Jg-fv`j vgzgjg prgr`kzujf ni C`tf-`vu liriltfrgziogju lgnfslf vgzgjf prgr`kf. Cfăij ki svilg `k njge irtglubgri rizbgăgtu vgzgju prgr`kf g ki scng si rizn`bglgc ‒lgnfslgc vgzgjici prgr`kf–. Vcjfst` t`hi

jfknu tf gstu vgzgju l`ntgnugtfti mgĈi, gil` [u til`ęfr up`tr`k njge lil` mg gstilnu` rizbgăgtf stupnjfvf vgzgjf. V p`jc`vti, [u up`trfmbjivi Zeinh Zig-ji, Ki` Jg-i g kruhf lil` mg lizi` ni prgcjfru sv`jf hbivnf tfzf ` l`ntgnugtftu mgĈi.=1 V`n st`hi litlik up`trfmbjivi rgjfă ‒vgzgji– jfkn`stivn` lilsv`ju hbivnu tfzu l`ntgnugtfti mgĈi, li` liki ulizujf ni ‒`

ju l`ntgnugtfti mgĈi l`ji lizujf lgnfslu fpgstfc`b`hgju– (st g ž t g gj l j k l t l g j g

] IBQE XFMF]

t`cgjf ngũti cinjg k ‒`nfc`huĈivinji niũf gstgnslf vgzgjf–bgl` p`st`jg pburibn`st vgzgji prgr`kf sp`cfnuti u [u-`v`c t` pburibn`st rizbgăgtge irtglubiogji jfknf tf gstf vgzgjf, p`hbivgzgjf prgr`kf.

Ki sf vritgc ni kruhg kg` pisiži:

=.Oe‗g \qgS, ulritl`, ă gng sf nfikflvitngc ki sf `mfzmgj

miolhr unk zi rizvgtil fcpgrgjslf znin`stg lil` jf se

u p`zgtgvgstgă l`c scgsbu. Cfę utgc, `n` ũt` `ni prgmiv

cftid`rgă lg niă gn siznivinji, fpgstfc`b`ũlg p`luũij kcubtgkgcfnzg`nibni prgr`ki zmgbjn`stg lr`z usp`rfkmu

suhfstgju (str ?8-?5)



suhfstgju. (str. ?8 ?5)

i) Niăgn siznivinjiV v`c pisižu, [u pgsujf qg li` `n` ũt` `mfzmjfęujf ni

li` p`luũij u fpgstfc`b`hgjg. @tuki, vkjf d`lus ngjf ni `n`cki jf sbuăij g ngjf ni `n`c ũt` jfstf sbuăij, vfĈ ni t`cu lil`ũt` sbuăij jfstf. [u-`v` zingcinjf jf zi `n` u ũt` ‒Lgnfzg– vjt`b`hgju, li` g zi fpgstfc`b`hgju. Ki k`kic` l`nduzgjg, [u sph`v` ‒hbivn` zingcinjf– jfstf ‒lil` gkfji nfkgdfrfnogrin`žg li` `sn`vi zi ujfkgnjfnu l`zc`b`ũlu tf`rgju– (str. ?5). Ă`v`c tflstu, `n` ũt` ‒Lgnfzg– vjfruju sp`jfn` jf si lgnfsl`cfpgstfc`b`hgj`c g l`zc`b`hgj`c. G p`stijf jisn` ki lgnfsli

ji `vkjf ngjf nicjfrivini til` ki uližf ni fpgstfc`b`hgjf lu lgnfslgc tflst`vgci, li` liki lvibgogri, prgcjfrgof, Zei stfrn Gnsorgptg n /Zipiknjiă lg c`t`襰銕 li` ‒cftizgălu ;9), vfĈ jf nicjfrivin ki uližf ni ‒niăgn ni l`jg Lgnfzg `piu k`liz t`hi, lgnfsli jf `nt`b`hgji nicjfrivini til` ki ul

zmgbjn`stg l`ji kfngri lgnfslg niăgn vgęfnji svgjfti– (str. ?5)nf g– nf pfrogpgrij sic` mgbjn`st ri bgăgt` fĈ jf njge` i

=1= m) Cftid`rfTjfr`jitn` ngjf mgbi k`mri zicgsi` d`lusgritg sf ni p`jic ‒

vinji– mfz uzgcinji u `mzgr [u- vf lvibgliogjf t`h niăgni ll`h niăgni siznivinji–. Cfęutgc, ăukgc` sf t`cu ũt` mg cf

siznivinji c`hi` mgtg. Gzn`vi, [u up`trfmbjivi rgjfă ‒cftid`kvi prgcjfri. _t`hi, ogtgrijuĈg `pislu Xinh Hfn-i (9;5?.-96l` ubizgc` u p`st`jinjf lr`z trinsd`rciogju (eui-sefnh ),=9`ng zfcbji `tio g cijli< il` ulizgc` u p`st`jinjf lr`z rfpr`k

sefnh ),== `nki su nic `tio g cijli nfm` g zfcbji–, [u nisti‒cftizgăl` ăgtinjf– `v`c ‒k`sb`vn`c zniăfnju ` d`rcgrin

bi si ungvfrzuc`c– (str. ;6). Ngjf p`svf jisn` ũt` `zniăivi uzfvũg u `mzgr ki sf svili `k `vge il`-rfăfngoi gznik prfogzn

r`c. ‒Cftizgăl` ăgtinjf– l`jf [u k`kijf tgăf sf Xinh Hfngk jg g V k g j ‒ d gălg g – d g j



gkfjg qg. V kruh`c prgcjfru, ‒cftid`rgălg scgsi`– d`rcgrinji ungvfrzuc`c jf p`vfzin si gkfj`c sic``pbfcfnjgvinji, tfcvritgtg lisngjf. Cftid`rgălg niăgn siznivinji tfcfbjg sf ni gkfki jf jfkin k mr`jnge niăgni.Ăgng sf ki sf vij nir`ăgtg niăgnni ‒usp`rfkmu, ibuzgju g suhfstgju–. @v` jf niăgn siznivinji l‒humgtil inibgtgălf jisn`Ĉf– si ‒nihrik`c gcihgnitgvn`h m`htgc, `v` jf b`z`dslg niăgn, jfr ‒l`rgsni kv`scgsbfn`st oe‗g ci ki gstrižuju p`kruă ji mgĈi l`ji su nfsevitbjgvi bjukgci lirtfzgjinsl`c kge`t`cgj`c– (str. ?8). Vgstgnu sf zietgjfvi `niogji lil` mg sf sevitgb` lil` suhfstgji c`žf v`kgtg zninju `zg`nibn`j prgr`kg zmgbjn`stg–. Cfęutgc, gcihgniogji til`ęfr ghcjfrgci Qut`vinji ni Zipik / Jùrnfy t` tef Xfst 襰遊訕, _/ tef Krfic d tef ]fk Oeicmfr紆樟夭 g kruhgc n`vfbici llil` mg gzb`žg` lil` p`jic ă`vjfăinstvi l`jg d`rcgri jfkn` tzuc`c jfstf ul`rgjfnjfn u lgnfsl`c svjft`niz`ru til` ki ‒l` Lgnfzu ki zicgsbg ki ieit gbg l`cik žiki p`sjfkuju k`sti

nu spgrgtuibn`st ki sf trinsd`rcgriju u bjuksl` mgĈf– (str. ;?)g t ũt ăg g bgtg ũt k gj g k bg mg

] IBQE XFMF]

Fv` nirfkn`h pisiži:

?.Ă gng sf ki sf u svil`c sbuă iju nf `kvijic` `k prgr`k

prùă ivic` ni nfzigntfrfsgrin niă gn. @n` ũt` ă gngc`

nf sic` gslbjuă ujfc` niũf `sjftgbnf `pižijf, vfĈ jfknniũ l`nofptuibng ipirit til` ki c`žfc` ulbjuă gtg prgr

`sjftbjgv`st g k`pustgtg prgr`kg ki nis `mujcg u sv`j`j p

(str. ;8)

i) Nfzigntfrfsgrin` prùăivinjf

Tjfr`jitn` jf zingcbjgv` prgcgjftgtg bftgcgof ki jf p`jic păfhi ni nfzigntfrfsgrin niăgn u `v`c tflstu [u uvfbglf l`rki jf gci` ni ucu znin`st. Qrgcjfrgof, u l`ntflstu qg, [u sp`rgji rizbgăgtge c`kibgtfti oe‗g nf c`žf gzizvitg gkfjf li` ũt



`rgji rizbgăgtge c`kibgtfti oe g nf c`žf gzizvitg gkfjf li` ũtcft, nf`mrięfng p`kiog gbg mfzvrgjfkni ăgnjfngoi, tf st`hi ntg svgjft `tuki, h`bg, nf`mrięfng g mfzvrgjfkng, i lil` mg hi nzninstvfngl prùăivi`, inibgzgri`, cingpubgri` g l`ntr`bgrik`n`sg `vu rfăfngou nft`c nil`n kruh`h pisiži l`jg jf rispu l`jfcu sp`cgnjf ‒b`z`dslu p`zikgnu zi rizvgtil fcpgrlil` su seviĈfnf u p`zgtgvgstgăl`c scgsbu–. Gznik, u inibgzofpti b`z` jf, prgcgjftg sic ki jf njfh`vi hbivni cfti lrb`z` ji, tj. ul`bgl` ngjf seviĈfni li` rfbghgjsli prilsi, vfĈni, lil` jf Cirofb p`stivbji, u ‒l`nstrulogjg nfzigntfrfsgri

tgrin`h sustivi gkfji–. @n` ũt` [u ăgng sf gci ni ucu li` rliv, gbg nf-lgnfslg niăgn p`scitrinji svgjfti, jfstf stijibgũtf

pgrgjslf g p`zgtgvgstgălf znin`stg, li` g inibgtgălf b`z` jfsnf znin`stg.

m) @mustivi `sjftgbnge pfrofpogji g l`nofptuibn`h ipi

Q`scitrinjf prgr`kf nf li` gzvinjsl`h prfkcfti, zi [u-tn` si Zeuinhzg-jfv`c prfp`rul`c ki ‒sbuũic` uc`c rik

=1;trfmi` gslbjuăgtg, pgtic` sf lil` mg cfkgtiogji c`hbi gĈg slnjfc. [il`ęfr, ngjf p`svfci jisn` l`ju ub`hu ‒cftid`rgălg nji–, l`jf jf prfte`kn` uzft` ki mukf ibtfrnitgvi nfzigntfrfăivinju h`bge prfkcfti, ghri u gslbjuăgvinju `sjftgbnge pfro

l`nofptuibn`h ipiriti, l`jg jf siki prfkstivbjfn u supr`tn`rfsgringc prùăivinjfc. Jiciăn`, niũ l`nofptuibng ipiri jf inhižgrin u usp`rfkmg, ibuzgjg g suhfstgjg jfknil` til`, ũtùp`trfmg cftid`rf. V ringjfc pisižu, liki [u mjiũnjivi lilng lgnfslg cgsbgtfbjg– ngsu ‒b`z`ribg– u pbit`ngălgc tfrcgnupriv` l`rgstg` lil` mg prfng` gkfju vfbglf trinsd`rciogjf (

`n sp`cgnjf ki su `ng ‒l`rgstgbg l`nofptuibng ipirit lil` jf cgũbjfnjf– g ki jf zi njge ‒prglbikni cftid`ri zi rizucgjzuci mgbi mg`b`hgji prgjf nfh`bg zgli– (str. ?7). @mritgc` p`v`c pisižu privg rizbglu gzcfęu l`nofptuibnge ipiriti g



`v`c pisižu privg rizbglu gzcfęu l`nofptuibnge ipiriti g ăgtge zicgũbjinji, rikgjf nfh`bg ki prgpgsujf up`trfmu sbgli ‒ng, tj. ]fbghgjsl`-b`z`dsl`j string, tf n`j l`nofptuibnge ipslf– strinf, tj. zninstvfn`-inibgtgăl` b`z`dsl`j string.

L`niăn`, ăftvrtg lbjuăng pisiž l`jg žfbgc ki gstilnfc ` p`sbjfknjf kvgjf rfăfngof `v`h tflsti:

;. Gstgni jf ki sc` sr`kng si prgr k`c. Cfę utgc, li` bju

c`ric` sf uă gngtg vrgjfkngc til`vrsn`h `kn`si. (str. ;

i) @ mgĈu l`jf jf vgũf gbg cinjf jfkn` si ungvfrzc`c Ni lriju v`h tflsti, liki sf [u inhižgri u risprivg ` tfc

l`jg tv`rg jfkn` tgjfb` s ungvfrzuc`c, jfkgnstvfn`st bjuksl`ęfni, ũt` jf u slbiku si [u-`v`c ‒eucingstgăl`c vgzgj`c– sli mgĈi prfci [u-`v`c stijibgũtu, su jfkgnstvfni p` t`cunijvfĈu gntfbghfnogju g sfnzgtgvn`st `k svge c`kibgtfti mgĈi,

rgălg0) `mjiũnjfn` u p`jc`vgci l`nofntriogjf nijvgũf lvibsu bjuksli mgĈi sitlini `k ‒gst`h psge`zg`b`ũl`h citfrgji

] IBQE XFMF]

ju prfci prgr`kg–< [u st`hi h`v`rg ` ‒bjuksl`c lipiogtftu kku gznutri– (str. ;4). Irhucfnt g pr`tuirhucfnt vge rfăfng

mgtg tij ki sc` jfkn` si prgr`k`c (li` ũt` su stgjfnf g krvfĈfsc` cg jfkgnstvfng g rizbgăgtg `k prgr`kf (tj. `k stgjfni g krvf

tflst`vgci, [u l`rgstg p`jc`vf ‒intr`p`l`zcgăl`h– g ‒gnlbustg– lil` mg gstilnu` `vij uvgk. Cfęutgc, gst`vrfcfn` ‒d`rctgjfbi si ungvfrzc`c zietgjfvi l`ntgnugring nip`r ki sf `krng– si string bjukslge mgĈi< ‒ungvfrzuc ngjf iut`citslg utjf

mirfc nf ni ‒sgcm`bgăl`c g gslustvfn`c stupnju– (str. ;4`pbfcfnjgvinjf, bjuksli mgĈi sf c`hu `pbfcfngtg, tj. lr`z `

‒sfmgănge žfbji– ( sg yu

秉欽) g ‒eirc`ngzgrinjf \njge`vgeS vnji g cgsbg–. V `v`c scgsbu c`žfc` žgvjftg g p`lizitg sf v

r`ăgt`h `kn`si s prgr`k`c, ăil gil` sc` sr`kng s nj`c. Cs `ngci l`jg sf nf inhižgriju u sic``pbfcfnjgvinju g nf p`



s `ngci l`jg sf nf inhižgriju u sic``pbfcfnjgvinju g nf p` jfkngci `v`h `kn`si0 [u sp`cgnjf u t`c sbuăiju jfkn`stisprfcng zi prgr`ku i lic`bg zi ―stipinjf si kue`c Nfmfsi ;8). Ăgng sf ki `v` gcpbgogri ki bjuksli mgĈi c`hu mgtg vgũfn` si ungvfrzuc`c g vjfr`jitn` `mjiũnjivi ziũt` [u litliksil ki sf `sbinji ni nflu vrstu lružn`h zilbjuăgvinji, li` kbjuksli mgĈi jfkn` si ungvfrzuc`c, mukuĈg ki c`hu p`stitg lizujf ki `ng c`riju p`hbfkitg ni njfhi lil` mg p`stibg jfzuc`c, jfr su jfkn` si njgc. Liki [u p`stivbji pgtinjf u `v;4) t`cu lil` ki sevitgc` ‒`nt`b`ũlu tvrknju– u Ze`nhy

prgr`ku `krfęujf Nfm`– (大味乌謍怨< [u sbgjfkg Xgnh-tsgt v`k), `n sf tiki `sbinji ni v`limubir l`jg jf l`rgstg` u kruhlil` mg gzrizg` ―lružn`st‗ (gbg ‒kgjibfltgălg kn`s–) gzcfęu ‒`njf– g ‒fhzgstfnogjibnf rfibgziogjf–.=; Gz `vf pfrspfltgvf, nf ngtg p`svf p`hrfũngc ki sf `vf kvgjf p`sbjfknjf rfăfngof ``nt`b`hgjg g nip`sf ftgog.

m) Ftgli, b`z` ji g rfbghgji

=14ĈijuĈg sf nizik gznfnięujuĈfc g zih`nftn`c p`mrijinju u`v`h tflsti (nimrijinju gcpbgliogji t`hi ũt` jf c`tgv u lgnf

jg ` ‒lgnfsl`j b`z` jg, rfbghgjg, fpgstfc`b`hgjg, fstftog g ftgo jf l`bgl` ăgtivf lnjghf ki [u nf up`trfmbjivi jfkn`c rgjfă

‒ftglu– u `stitlu `v`h tflsti, k`l `mgbit` l`rgstgrgjfăg ‒

b`b`hgji–, ‒fpgstfc`b`hgji–, li` u mirfc nfl`bgl` prgbgli ‒fst jinjf sf c`žf uăgngtg cinjf zih`nftngc ul`bgl` sf ăgti li`kibfl`sfžnf gcpbgliogjf u lgnfsl`j rfbghgjsl`j b`z` jg li`rin` u fpgstfc`b`hgjg, fstftgog g ftgog, jfr `v` jf `n` ũt` sf zu tflstu. V inib`hgjg ni [u-`vu rfbghgjslu b`z` ju, vjfr`ji

hbg mgtg pr`cgũbjfng ki pr`ăgtic` ‒nij

b`z`ă

ngjf– p`jc`vfnisb`vbjfnf si ‒rfbghgjsl`-–.=6 Vl`bgl` `n pgũf ‒`nt`b`hgji–hgji–, g ‒l`zc`b`hgji–, vjfr`jitn` mgsc` trfmibg ăgtitg ‒rfbghji– ‒rfbghgjsli fpgstfc`b`hgji– g ‒rfbghgjsli l`zc`b`hgji– @



ji , rfbghgjsli fpgstfc`b`hgji g rfbghgjsli l`zc`b`hgji . @liki [u nihbiũivi ki p`ăftil Zipiknjiă l`h c`ti ngjf sic

jfv ‒ăbinil vjfr`vinji–, vfĈ jfknil` til` ‒njfh`v`h `nt`b`` bjuksl`c mgĈu– (str. ;=). ‒Ăbinil vjfr`vinji– sf uzgci zk(‒nf sic`–), nt`b`hgji jf n` ũt` c`ri mgtg gstilnut` (‒vfĈ j@v` til`ęfr h`v`rg ki kruhg srfkgũnjg sb`žfng nf`b`hgzic pb`z` jf l`jg [u l`rgstg u sv`jgc kjfbgci, gil` ngjf u v`c tbgz`c `vkjf, jfstf ‒ftgăl`-rfbghgjslg– (usv`jfn `k MfnjicgnQrgcjfrgof, [u hi up`trfmbjivi u tflstu nisb`vbjfn`c li` ‒Nsli rfbghg`zn`st g bjuksli p`vfzin`st–, l`jg jf til`ęfr nip9751-ge g u l`jfcu flspbgogtn` ulizujf nizik ni hbivnu tfcni ‒l`ntgnugtft mgĈi–, l`rgstfĈg v`limubir rfbghgjf, rfbghg`znstg.=4 V t`c tflstu, `n til`ęfr prfk`ăivi sv`jf rizucgjfviogjinsl`h scgsbi ‒mgvinji rfbghg`zngc– li` ‒inhižgrin`st usd`rciogjg sfmf li` `pĈfc iltu–.=8Mgvinjf p`m`žngc ulbjuă

jflit, g `v` sf ziuzvrit gzn`vi uzgci li` h`t`vi ăgnjfngoi l

ogtn` gslizini u ‒l`ntgnugtftu mgĈi–.Z ũ j Ĉg t l t b bg žk mg bg g

] IBQE XFMF]

e`vnf p`trihf zi gstgn`c, tj. p`trihf l`ji sf u ftgălgc p`jckg u sic``pbfcfnjgvinjf, i u rfbghgjslgc p`c`vgci u lrijnrinjf sfmf, tf p`trihu l`ji sf kfogkgrin` pr`v`kg unutir zijg ungvfrzuci uz stijibgũtf ` t`cu ki fhzgstfnogjibn` zizmgbjg

t`b`ũlg tvrkg ki jf sbuăij, p`hbivgt` bjuksl` jfkgnstv` si nfm[u-`v tflst, ăgng sf, prfk`ăivi `n` ũt` sf tvrkg ki jfstf ‒lgn

z`r, l`jg jf rizb`h zi p`trihu li` ũt` jf t` njfh`vi ‒prgcirnil` ‒b`z` ji– u [u-`vgc kjfbgci prfkstivbji tu p`trihu, nkc`žf p`scitritg li` prfkstivbjinjf `n`h ũt` mg svjft`niz`rz` jslg c`hi` prftp`stivbjitg, `n`h ũt` mg lr`z gcpbgliogju

tg mgtg

b`z`d, ucjfst` ki jf `vij tflst prgcjfr sicf

b`z`

c`žf mgtg ` b`z` jg l`ji, ul`bgl` jf t` sic`rfflsgvn` prstgnu mg c`hb` mgtg `mgbjfžjf b`z` jf, ibg pgtinjf ` t`cu kiscgsbu sicg tflst c`žf mgtg scitrin b`z`j`c j`ũ uvgjfl



scgsbu sicg tflst c`žf mgtg scitrin b`z` j`c j`ũ uvgjfl nikibjf gnzgstgri ni njfcu.

@DGB@Z@DGJG

V

[V

XFGCGNH

-@T@C

‒L @N[GNVG[F[V MGĄI– (975;.)[flstuibni inibgzi jf p`lizibi ki [u vfĈg kg` v`limubiri l

vrstf l`nofptuibn`h riki g tfrcgn`b`ũlf riũăbicmf ăfcu msbgtg li` tgpgăn`j liriltfrgstgog b`z` jf. [il`ęfr jf p`lizin

ji zi [u-i usl` p`vfzini si rfbghg`zn`ũĈu g rfbghgj`c, til` kl`vinjf b`z` jf `k rfbghgjf scitri liriltfrgstgl`c b`z` tflst jiciăn` ngjf k`stitin ki mukf b`z` ji. Cfęutgc, nfofptuibn` kjfb` c`žf mgtg rfzubtit svjfsnf kbulf, ‒b`z`dslstrinf [u-i.=5 G kgdfrfnogjiogji b`z` jf g rfbghgjf jf ‒c`kfrnil`ji mg, ul`bgl` mg sf prgcgjfngbi ni ‒prfkc`kfrnf– tflst`vribi mr`jnf tflst`vf zi l`jf sf gniăf kržib` ki su prgcirnf gũt` jfstf b`z` ji. @tuki, vjfr`jitn` nf mgsc` trfmibg mgtg eg`v`h tflsti li` `n`h l`jg ngjf ‒b`z`ăin–. Vp`trfmi liril

=15 mgtg k`lizin` ăil g ul`bgl` mg sf irhucfntgrib` ki nf p`st`jgkruhf liriltfrgstglf l`jf mg jfknil` uspjfũn` c`hbf mgtg gzdrizgrijuĈg Xgbbgici Jicfsi, v` mg c`hb` prgk`ngjftg gstgng z` ji, tj. ‒gstgni zm`h pun` t`hi, ut`bgl` gstgni–.=7Vl`bgl` m

tfrfsgring zi p`stivbjinjf pgtinji ` t`cf ki bg jf [u-`v ‒L`b`z`dslg tflst, vjfr`jitn` mgsc` sf inhižgribg u kgslusgjg ` nrgstglici b`z` jf l`jf mg sf vjfr`jitn` p`zgtgvn` ustvrkgbf g `v` jf `n` ũt` nicjfrivic ki uăgngc u `n`cf ũt` sbgjfkg.

Qrvi liriltfrgstgli l`ju mge žfbg` ki risprivgc jfstf ti kinicjfrivin li` b`z`dsl` kjfb`. V v`c tflstu p`st`jg nfl`b

suhfrgiju til`vrsng zilbjuăil, li` lik sf tflst rft`rg

ălg stivbjiogju ‒lgnfslf– nisupr`t ‒zipiknjiălf– b`z jf. [u prfk`ăiv

ki su ispfltg ‒lgnfsl`h svjft`niz`ri– u l`ntrikglogjg si ‒lirte`t`cgj`c gzcfęu kuei g citfrgjf– (str. ?8), gbg ‒c`kfrnf zi



j j ( ), jf pr hrfsi– (str. ?7). [il`ęfr sf suhfrgri ki [u tvrkg ki ‒pb`n`st oe‗g-ji k`puũti b`z`ci ki gstrižuju– `krfęfni ‒p`kr?8), gbg ki ‒trikgog`nibng lgnfslg cgsbgtfbjg... ngsu b`z ribg– l`jgci sf `n sic p`kuzf` u `v`c prfkcftu (str. ?7). [u-`vsf rizh`viri si ‒zipiknjiăl`c b`z` j`c– jfknil` til` sf`n mgbjfžg ‒nfu`mgăijfnu p`tfũl`Ĉu u ăgnjfnju sevitbjgvgc oe‗

zipiknjiăl`j b`z` jg– (str. ?8). Ziũt` mgsc` hi žfbjfbg uăgngtgc p`jc`vgci ul`bgl` nf mgsc` uzfbg ‒zipiknjiălu b`z`

pirnjil`c gbg prglbikngc l`ntflst`c `n`hi ũt` jf qg0 L t`c

jf [u nicjfrivi` ki t` mukf b`z`dslg tflst, `nki mg t` jici ji u scgsbu `v`h p`jci lil` hi jf sic [u njfh`vi`. Cfęutsbu, b`z` ji jf uzfti li` prilsi, li` sic``pbfcfnjgvinjf g t`h lubtgvgrinji, ũt` sf ăgng ki jf liriltfrgstgli b`z` jf l`ji jvi ni tflst`vf mfz ulizgvinji nizik ni sv`jfh iut`ri gbg ăgtic`hbg mgtg `ng l`jg pr`bizf lubtgvgrinjf gbg trinsd`rcgrinjf. @v

jiciăn` ăgtibg li` b`z` ju, gil` su c`hbg up trgjfmgtg mgb lb j l l mg tg bg k j k ‒L tg gt t mgĈ – j l

] IBQE XFMF]

njf zi gstgn`c, mirfc zi nflu vrstu gstgnf gbg zi nijvgũg stupirinji, tfcfbjfc l`jfh sf svili rizbgl`vn`st huri p`strinof spjfb` k` jfkn`h ‒lgnfsl`h svjft`niz`ri–. Cfęutgc, `n` ũt`cjfru ki k`lizujfc jfstf k`v`ęfnjf u `kn`s prfci nfl`c l

riku u `v`c tflstu l`jg sf c`ri p`zimivgtg njfh`vgc cubtgr`c. @v` mg c`hb` mgtg zih`nftn`, li` ũt` jf gznik ustvr ęfn`tuibng rik prfogzn` n` ũt` nfk`stijf u v`c tflstu, ki sf nf msgtg ni fnhbfslg v`limubir ‒`nt`b`hgjf–, ‒fpgstfc`b`hgjf– gtk.lusgric` ni lgnfslg v`limubir ni l`jg jf ulizgvin` g l`jg jf`v`c tflstu, `nki mge prfkb`žg` ki p`st`jg jisin p`luũij rizvijinji zniăfnji t`h v`limubiri. @v` jf nij`ăgtgjf u p`hbfku q

drizgrin` ni rizn`bglf niăgnf, niv`kfĈg ringjf prgjfv`kf g usv p`zgogjf gzn`vi g gzn`vi pr tgv vge prgjfv`ki (str. ?4-?8). _iv`ęfnji gbg piridrizgrinji nužn`stg ulbjuăujf l`nofptf, p`ũt`



j p j j j p , pni l`jg sf ližf ki sf g gzv`rngl g prgjfv`k ni jfkin gbg kruhg niliv l`nofptuibng rik jf n` ăgcf sf Efgkfhhfr p`zimivg` gzctgăl`h hr ăl`h g sv`jfh njfciăl`h, gbg `n` ăgcf sf Xgtthfnst

p`zimivg` u p`hbfku njfciăl`h g fnhbfsl`h. [ij prgjfv`k uc`hi` ulbjuăgvitg, l`nofptuibng rik l`jg mg c`hi` mgtg gbustrv`k qg u E`cfr E. Kums-`vu ‒citfrgji-fnfrhgji–, l`ju [u jfrgstg u `v`c tflstu u `mrnut`c p`rftlu - ‒fnfrhgji-citfrgji–up`trfmbjivi` qg氯 u lgnfsl`c ăbinlu gz 9759. h`kgnf, ibg u jru u ‒L`ntgnugtftu mgĈi– up`trfmbjivi gzriz ‒l`nhurgrinjf f

jf– (str. ;;), ũt` sf prfv`kg nizik u lgnfslg k`sb`vngc flsofh`kgnf li` nfnhbginh-wuzeg jgfhù胳釀-牧質絑槌, gil` mg皋絑槌 c`hi` mgtg sivrũfn` sevitbjgv lgnfslgc ăgtitfbjgci.?9

su prfv`kgtfbj(g) fnhbfsl`h ăbinli `ptgribg ki siăuviju [u-`vn`vn`c prfv`ęfnju. V l`nofptuibngc tfrcgngci, `v` mg c

prfv`kgtfbj(g) pgbf u prgjfv`ku ‒fnfrhgji-citfrgji– stin`vgtg v

c`kglit`r l`nofpti qg, gbg [u-`vu up`trfmu njfhi. Ki su jfk‒ gj t gj – l k b g gj k g g j k gbg

=91]`cini Jilms`ni g njfh`v p`jic ‒mbgzil– lil` mg `pgsi` l‒sic`\urinjinjiS u pr`ũgrfnu zmgbjn`st lr`z trinsd`rcgrinjf (str. ;8). L`niăn`, sicg c`tgv l`ntgnugtfti g ăfst` up`trfmb‒binoi mgĈi– mi su usv`jfni gz kjfbi Irteuri @. B`vfj`yi, [e

`d Mfgnh / Tfbglg binio mgĈi (97?4.), ũt` jf `

ăgt` egst`rgji gkfjb`z` jf–. @tuki, [u, nirivn`, nf sbgjfkg B`vfj y-fvu rispri

tftu, gbg binou mgĈi, vfĈ l`rgstg `mjf li` p`kb`hu lil` mg gzriăgt`, p`hbivgt` `n` ũt` `n scitri ki jf lgnfslg prgjf nfh`bg nfZi `vgc k`v`ęfnjfc u vfzu nf-lgnfsl`h v`limubiri si `ngcsf inhižgri u l`nofptuibn`c riku l`jg p`tgăf n`vi pgtinji u g ũt` scitric b`z`dslgc, ibg b`z`dslgc zm`h upriv` pun`

Ki bg jf gbg nf `n` ũt` k`lizujfc ki jf l`nofptuibng rik vtflstu scitri sf zik`v`bjivijuĈgc tvr ęfnjfc l`jf jf liriltfrgl`ju sic p`mr`ji` gstgc gcfn`c, g l`ji jf, nirivn`, prfpuũtfn



jf Oeirbfs _inkfrs Qfgrof prglbikn` vgzuibgzgri` li` ―zijfknli‗, gbg ―lrgtgălge gstrižgviăi‗. Gst` p`sjfkujf [u-`v l`nofpt sf vjfr`jitn` c`hi` sevitgtg (pr`cgăuĈg ucjfrfngju tvrknju `sf [u pr`cgăf) li` prgjfkb`h zi liriltfrgstglu b`z` jf. Cfęhb` gcitg zniăfnjf zi risprivbjinjf pgtinjf ‒št` jf b`z` ji0 nslgjg niăgn nfh` ũt` jf t` mg` ogbj gbg tvrknji `v`h riki ki k`pr

[V XFGCGNH G Q@BG[GLI ―LGNF_LF DGB@Z@DGJF‗ųfbg` mge prgvfstg lriju `vu lrgtgălu mgbjfũlu. [il`ęfr, p

li kgcfnzgji l`ji sf p`lizujf u `v`c tflstu, l`ji c`ri k`ksustv`c mgb` lilv`h pr`mbfcitgzgrinji stitusi l`jg jf prgsvjft`niz`r–. Vl`bgl` jf njfh`v stitus ‒rfbghgjslf b`z` jf–vrsin stitus trfmi` mgtg lrgtgălg risprivbjfn, i l`jg ngjf. Qrgcst`jg lrgtgăli risprivi irhucfntgci nge l`jg gnzgstgriju kib`z` ji trfmibg mgtg `pĈfngt` gzkgdfrfnogrinf. Ziũt` jf ‒kue`

gstgn`c– prglizini li` ‒hb`mibni p`trihi zi b`z`dsl`c cbgl b l bj kgl ‒lg lg–0

] IBQE XFMF]

zglu, vfĈ ni Lgnfzf li` kruũtvfng g lubtur`b`ũlg l`bfltgvgtfspfltgvf, [u ăgng sf pr`c`vgri g pr`v`kg lubtur`b`ũl`-l`nzfku (pr`hric), g v` sf p`lizujf u tflstu u sustivn`c nip`ruu gzrgoinjf ‒lgnfslf– p`zgogjf (l`ji, usputgof, u [u-`vgc kjf

irtglubgrinjfmgb` li` ‒gst`ăn`-izgjsli– gbg ‒l`nduogjinsli– pGkf`b`ũli kgcfnzgji jf `ăgti u nip`ru ki sf prgpgũf kruũtv

vgtftu rizucbjgv` stijibgũtf, l`jf sf ăgt` ipstriegri gz mr`jngg rizn`bglge stijibgũti p`jfkgnioi, l`jf tv`rg l`bfltgvgtft g l`jni sustivin niăgn. V p`hbfku pgtinji ` t`cu ‒št` jf b`z`

prfci njfcu gzimrin`c gznik, `v` tfl zniăg ki jfkni lirilk`mr` mgtg kg` rizn`bglf bgstf liriltfrgstgli, p`stivbjfni slup`nibgzgribi sr`knf sbgăn`stg `n`hi ũt` jf rizbgăgt`, ibg l`jf ngvfzing l`nofptg li` ũt` su b`z` ji g gkf`b`hgji.?? Ki bg prfũt` li` jfkn` gbg kruh` c`ri sf p`zimivgtg uvjfrbjgv` irhuc



sustv`c gbg `ksustv`c kruhge liriltfrgstgli. Qrgstup sr`knci l`nofptu b`z` jf jiciăn` k`puũti irhucfntf ki jf nibg jfknil` til` g `nf vrstf irhucfniti l`jg vgkf nflu b`zgju u `v`c tflstu k`l vgkf g nflf kruhf kgcfnzgjf u njfc‒L`ntgnugtftu mgĈi– p`st`jf mr`jnf kgcfnzgjf. Vvjfrbjgv` g u`vgc vbistgtgc p`jc`c ‒rfbghgjslf b`z` jf–, p`st`jg b`z`sli kgcfnzgji. Cfęutgc, ũt` mg tij p`jic c`hi` k`mr` slrgv

jfknil` til` p`st`jg g gkf`b`ũli kgcfnzgji l`ji ulizujf ni bg` nizvitg p`bgtgl`c ―lgnfslf b`z` jf‗.

_ fnhbfsl`h prfvf`:

=9=Qegb`s`pey, [u Xfgcgnh, ink [u Xfgcgnh

‒[ef O`ntgnugty `d Mfgnh– (975;)?;

[ef wrgtgnhs `d [u Xfgcgnh 杒綣明 (*97;1) irf inte`b` pbgnfs is kgddfrfnt is ]fbghgùs _tukgfs, Qegb`s`pey, _òg b`hycgngstritg`n, ink Q`bgtgoib [ef`ry. Qfreips tef gssuf gs c`rf otef cubtgkgsogpbgniry rfofptg`n d [u‗s w`rl eis t` k` wgte kgdtgitg`ns `d kgsogpbgnfs. @rpfreips gt gs c`rf prihcitgo ink eidiot teit [u gs `dtfn gnobukfk gn kgsoussg`ns is irfprfsfntitgvtef Oegnfsf w`rbkvgfw, `d Oegnfsf pegb`s`pey `r `d O`nduog

Gn tegs pipfr, tef iute`r sfts ùt t` fxicgnf rfis`ns d`r w`r it bfist `nf `d tefc, tef `nfprfsfntby t` mf inibysfk, cgt` mf ―pegb`s`pey‗. [ef obigc gs n`t uno`ntr`vfrsgib.Egtefe b b d k te d [ X g g te te



eivf birhfby dòussfk n tef pfrs`n d [u Xfgcgnh ritefr te[eusgt eis mffn sigk teit ef gs i ‒cgssg`niry– (Bgu _euxginbgzfr– (Vcmfrt` Mrfsoging) dO`nduogingsc r ‒m`te in gntfb

ink in iotgvf tegnlfr– (Fzri D. T`hfb), rfspfotgvfbykriwgnh mftwffn pegb`s`pey ink rfbghg`n ink mftwffn pegb`s`pey i

Qrglizg





Egbc` Nfgcirbgji

Zninstvfni prgăi ` ulizinj

[]G KF_F[BJFĄI CFđVH@]JI

Qrgjf trg kfsftbjfĈi u Cfęuh`rju u zipikn`j Efrofh`v

prflgk u sic`rizucbjgvgc t`l`vgci rfbghgjsl`h g krub`libnf zijfkngof ‟ mjivbjfn` jf vgęfnjf ulizinji H`spf. Tg

su, p` zijfkngăl`c g ustrijn`c svjfk`ăfnju, k`žgvjfbg g p`t`c uăftgrg kjfv`jăgof g kv`jgoi kjfăili. Ăgc sf `mjivgb`, vgęfnjf ul

VKL /VKO =8-?9=.;8-658.4



ăftgrg kjfv`jăgof g kv`jgoi kjfăili. Ăgc sf mjivgb`, vgęfnjf ulhringof b`libn`h k`hięiji g su`ăfnjf si njfh`v`c k`h`ęfn

gzvin `lvgri rfbghgjslge gnstgtuogji g k`ltrgnibn`h orlvfn`h p

p`mgjinji njfh`vf svftf vjfr`k`st`jn`stg. K`hięij ăuki u Cfęugstgnslg k`hięij, nfli kruhi p`vgjfst l`ji jf gznfniki nistupgbiog`nibngc p`kruă jgci rfbghgjsl`h žgv`ti nir`ki, ibg g nisupr`turfęfngc t`l`vgci kruũtvfn`h žgv`ti p`bgtgălf zijfkngof.

Tgęfnjf ulizinji H`spf u Cfęuh`rju zmgb` sf u vrgjfcf

kivgnf nik kruũtvfngc pròfsgci g p`bgtgăl`h nfc`huĈivi

p`jfkgniănge k`hięiji u zfcbjici sògjibgzci lilvi jf mgh`sbivgji. K`hięijg su mgbg n`v`stg l`jf sf urfęgvib` g puũtib

vrgjfcf g nki ge sf utipib` u pbinsli g pbingrijuĈi kfũivinj

u pr`pihinku. Cfęuh`rjf jf tiki mgb` til` rfĈg sfb` u fl`n

jfn`j g p`bgtgălg kgslrgcgngrin`j srfkgng, M`sni g Efrofh`vg

tgălg nijpriv`vjfrngjg sistivng kg` vgũfniog`nibnf juh`sbivf

sgstfc`c jfkn`pirtgjslf vbistg g prfdfrgringc itfgstgălgc svjjuh`sbivfnsl` kruũtv` u ojfbgng mgb` jf mrfcfngt` vgkbjgvgc

=94

Qrvi rfilogji p`bgtgălf vbistg mgbi jf uprivbjfni ni p`mgjin

nji g ni p`luũijf ki sf njfh`v` kjfb`vinjf hringăg g zihisg u

ng. Vsprl`s t`cf g usprl`s tp`rgci g suzkržin`stgci u ogj

ci lit`bgălf orlvfnf egjfriregjf, vgjfst ` vgęfnju ulizinji H

svgjft`c g Cfęuh`rjf jf p`stib` cjfst`c cis`vn`h e`k`

ăiũcni rfbghgjsli, fl`n`csli g p`bgtgăli rfibn`st ulizinji usp`s

zvgjibi u cingdfstiogjici vjfrsl`h prgeviĈinji nir`ki g p`jfk

ibg g u pr`tusb`vngc gzrizgci gkf`b`ũlge p`mgjinji g fl`n`csl

ògjfbnf vbistg, k`ltrgnibnge orlvfnge kmgjinji g ustin`vnge p pubgstgălge cfkgjslge flspbìtiogji g l`ndr`ntiogji. [`cf su s

t`vbjujuĈf g p`svfĈujuĈf gntfrprftiogjf g b`libgziogjf Cfęuh`r

p`vfzin` si k`bižfnjfc e`k`ăisngli si svge strini svgjfti, l

b` l`rjfngtu fl`n`cslu g urminu prf`mrizmu Cfęuh`rji, riz

nist`jinji `l` scjfũtinji ăuki u Cfęuh`rju u rizbgăgtf rfhgj

pgrgjf u rizbgăgt` vrfkn`vini p`bji vjfrslf g svjft`vnf svgjfst



pgrgjf, u rizbgăgt` vrfkn`vini p`bji vjfrslf g svjft`vnf svgjfst

Kfc`lritgziogji g p`bgtgăl` sic`stibjgvinjf dfkfribnge jf

sbivfnsl`j krživn`j zijfkngog, rispik Juh`sbivgjf g ihrfsgji n

ofh`vgnu, tf kgrfltn` ulbjuăgvinjf cfęunir`knf zijfkngof u

u `sghurinjf cgri u M`sng g Efrofh`vgng, kibg su rizbglici c

ogjici g fseit`b`ũlgc g p`bgtgălgc tfrgt`rgjibgziogjici Cfęuh

ăfnji g n`vu egjfriregju vižfnji. Ni k`ltrgnibn`c p`bju lit`b

nis sf `kvgjiju m`rmi zi prgzninjf g `kmrini nfprgznivinji u

u Cfęuh`rju, k`l u `v`c svftgũtu nir`knf rfbghg`zn`stg lit`

kibjf cis`vn` zik`v`bjiviju sv`jf p`trfmf zi svftgc g spisfrisprivi gzcfęu p`jfkgnioi u lit`bgăl`j orlvg, l`jg u k`hię

h`rju vgkf ăgt`vinjf svft`h, g prfkstivngli orlvfnf egjfriregj

jiju, kinis jf cgrngji g cinjf ptfrfĈfni gslbjuăgv`stgci, i u r

ofsgjici e`k`ăisngli vjfr`vitn` jf vgũf gnkgvgkuibnge rfbghg

zingcinji nfh` bg u vrgjfcf jfkn`pirtgjsl`h p`rftli g t`l`c

u M`sng g Efrofh`vgng. [iki jf e`k`ăiũĈfnjf Cfęuh`rji, li`ă ũĈ j bj l jg j b k g t gj bg tgăl

EGBC@ NFGCI]BGJI

rgci Cfęuh`rji, vgkjfbioi H`spf, svfĈfngli l`jg vrũf vjfrs

sngli s`mi zi gznijcbjgvinjf, pr`kiviăi u trh`vgnici, p`sbu

ringci. Qr`citrinji jf mgbjfžgbi u sb`m`kngjgc knfvngălgc z

kumbjgvibi u rizimgrinju hf`hridslge, rfbghgjslge, p`bgtgălge g

m`sinslèfrofh`viăl`h cjfsti ulizinji H`spf, u su

ăfbjfnjofpogji g rizbgăgtge gcpbgliogji ulizinji u b`libn`j zijfkngog

b`libnf zijfkngof. @k tge knfvngălge zipgsi g rizcitrinji, u

ăinstvi ` kfũivinjgci u Cfęuh`rju g ăgtinji egst`rgjslf bgt

g zfcbjg, risprivbjinji tf`b`ũlge g egst`rgjslge pr`mbfci uliz

stvu g `mgbjfživinji vbistgtf p`zgogjf zninstvfn`h pr`citriă

p`scitrinf iltfrf rfbghgjslge g svjft`vnge riknjg u Cfęuh`rjuvfrgf jf siăgngbi kjfb` H`spgng rit`vg / Intr`p`b`hgji ulizin

M`sinsl` gzkinjf `v`h kjfbi p`jivbjujf sf u kruh`c kfs

slu drinousl`h gzv`rngli g u prvg cie tfũl` jf gzmjfĈg p`c

cfni iltuibgzgrinji rfbghgjf g nisb`vnf prfp`rulf kjfbi nf gk



cfni iltuibgzgrinji rfbghgjf g nisb`vnf prfp`rulf kjfbi nf gk

h`v`c prgjfcu u jfzgăn`j srfkgng njfh`vf srfkgũnjf tfcf. N

vfbglge svjft`vnge prgp`vgjfstg sukmgng ă`vjfăinstvi, l`jgc

vg` si `mjiv`c p`vritli trikgog`nibngc c`Ĉgci rfbghgjf u

sl`h gst`li g p`lizi` u sb`cu sògjibgstgălge p`rfkili u F

sf dimubgrinji svgjfti nierupgbf su rfbghgjslf tfcf g tfcitgz

V M`sng g Efrofh`vgng, li` g u kruhgc zfcbjici mgvũf juh`

bgtgălf zijfkngof, u l`jgci sf nf til` kivn` trpg` cinjil k

sl`c p`kruă ju, kinis sf `kvgji niritgvni stgegji prgăi ` rfbg

sf p`zgviju ni rfbghgju g prgăi l`jf sf prfkstivbjiju rfbghgjslgci liki su ‒b`libnf– g ‒ungvfrzibnf– rfbghgjslf tfcf gcibf

rgci krul ăgju p`bgtgălu fvgkfntn`st, m`sinsl` gzkinjf intr`

` Cfęuh`rju svilil` mg ulbjuăgvib` `pĈu prfkn`st kjfbi s p

jf g p`sfmnu prfkn`st k`ciĈf rfbghgjslf tfcf u `kn`su ni gz

li u Drinousl`j gbg prgjfv`ki u nfl`j kruh`j zfcbjg. Kinis

u M`sng g Efrofh`vgng sf, vjfr`vitn` vgũf nfh` u kruhgc zfgj bg tgăl tl b Ĉ gj b l j

=95

h`v hustgũ g njfh`vi ulupni gnkgdfrfntn`st. V gstg cie, nis

tflstuibnf prfp`rulf kjfbi Fbgsimfte Obivfrgf tilvf su ki sf

ăgng ki `n` nf zivrjfęujf p`sfmnu pižnju g ki sf njfh`vgc `

sic` pr`ũgrujf spgsil lnjghi l`jf tv`rf m`sinslèfrofh`vi

su vrgjfknge g mfzvrgjfknge kjfbi ni p`kruă ju rfbghgjf.

@vij rik Cfęuh`rju prfp`ruăujf sf lrijnjf kgslrfpintnbjivinjfc. Cftid`rgălg nisb`v ` rit`vgci ‒nfmfslf lribjgo

bjujf sb`m`knu, sbgl`vnu mriku prgsutn`stg H`spf u Cfęuh`

l`ngltn`c u`lvgrfnju, k`l p`jc`vni l`nstrulogji p`kni

zninstvfng stitus ulizinji g mfĈivi zninstvfnu inibgzu nfă

kfrng zninstvfng cfntibgtft u privgbu `krgăf b`h`s g zninstv

slbiku s tgc nfsuhbisjfc, tflst k`ăflujf gzcgjfũin`ũĈu liz

ăfnji li` sikržijn`c g stgbsl`c nfl`nzgstfntn`ũĈu l`ji sf

kjfbi u l`jgci sf `mrięuju sivrfcfnf rfbghgjslf p`jivf, nf

ki bg sf tf p`jivf p`kvrhivi sb`m`kngc lnjgžfvngc `mrikic



ki bg sf tf p`jivf p`kvrhivi sb`m`kngc lnjgžfvngc `mrikic

flspbìtiogjici gbg cft`kgălgc zninstvfngc prgstupgci g t

strulogjici. Jfkn`stivn`, u susrftu si H`spgngc rit`vgci

j`c ulizinji nf vgkg sf ngtg sf c`žf prògjfngtg ũt` mg sf zip

ăgtinjfc `v`h kjfbi: sb`m`kni iut`rsli prgăi gbg cft`kgăni

sprivi. Zit` jf c`huĈf ki sf ni`l` rizb`žn` `kcie `kust

ki sf prftp`stivg ki sf rikg ` kjfbu ũt` gziz`vngc nisb`v`c

p`knisb`v`c žfbg `sghuritg p`z`rn`st u `kn`su ni kruhi kjf

ci u zipikn`j Efrofh`vgng, l`ji su lrfnubi prgjf trg kfsftbjf

n`h p`sbgjfp`knfvn`h bjftnjfh kini pftnifst`h`kgũnji kjfv`sfbu uzvglnubi ki vgkg mbgstivu sgbuftu žfnf, g zilbjuăg ki jf

sbuăij sfnziog`nibgstgăl`h gbg tfnkfnog`zn`h rimbjfnji tfcf

t`h u svjft`vn`c vgkglu niũfh k`mi.

N` il` sf prgevitg lnjgžfvng gziz`v nisb`vi gbg zninstvfn`nisb`vi, ăgtinjf H`spgnge rit`vi / Intr`p`b`hgjf ulizinji

trfnutlu uăgngtg ăgtinjfc nflèfrfntnf virgjintf vfĈ pr`ăgtiQ l t Ĉ k j gă H g ge t gkg g

EGBC@ NFGCI]BGJI

g gcpbgliogjici. I t` su c`kfbg tuciăfnji rfbghgjslge p`jiv

ęfng u kfvftnifst`c st`bjfĈu g u l`jgci sf svf cinjf rizji

tge p`jivi i svf vgũf cingdfstgri nfc`Ĉ c`kfrnf prgr`k`zni

jfsnf svgjfstg prfk njge`vgc sivrfcfngc gziz`vgci. Kinis

l`rngjg sbjfkmfngog zninstvfn`h `kn`si prfci stvirn`stg nf

gslbjuăgv` kruũtvfngc uzrògci ũgrfnji rfbghg`zn`stg u vrfc

c`kfrnu svgjfst `krfęfn` gslbjuăgvinjfc gzvinjslge iut`rgt

ngrinji gnstgtuogji g p`niũinji bjukg. L`niăn`, u m`sinslè

ăgtinju l`jf ulbjuăujf lrgtgăli zninji intr`p`b`hgjg g b`libn

prvf stringof kjfbi Fbgsimfte Obivfrg Ĉf vjfr`vitn` pr`gzv

ĈujuĈg ni trikgogju intr`p`b`hgjf u l`j`j jf `ni cinjf niuli

sv`jstvgci g tfl`vgnici i vgũf prilsi lubturibn`h gcpfrgji

jibn`h trftgrinji b`libnge vjfrslge zijfkngoi g trikgogji, pbfc

lge b`jibn`stg g sul`mi. Nisb`vni g sikržijni nfsuhbisji H`

Intr`p`b`hgjf ulizinji tiki Ĉf sf rizucjftg li` intr`p`b`ũ



p h j j j p

ogji– nfprgznit`h cirgjinsl`h ulizinji u Cfęuh`rju g li`

sli prgcgtgvgziogji ogvgbgziogjsl`h lrij`bgli zipiknf Efrofh

slèfrofh`viăl`h kruũtvi g p`vgjfstg.I il` jf til`, il`, kilbf, v` kjfb` ni nfiutfntgăin, nfl`

hrikgrijuĈg niăgn h`v`rg Cfęuh`rju n` ũt` sf vfĈ zni ziev

l`nzgstfntngjgc prgp`vgjfkinjgci g gntfrprftiogjici, ziũt` sf

vgtg. [il` gzhbfki g til` mg sf ni prvg p`hbfk c`hb` p`stupgtg.

b` Fbgsimft Obivfrgf sbuăij jf liki jf ũtfti `stitg prg prv`j rfil

pr`tusb`vbjf g `mgbjfžji tflsti H`spgnge rit`vi, ũt` `kcie piv`kf ni lrgvg zilbjuăil njfh`v`j ulupn`j nfzingcbjgv`stg g

stg. Qrgăi gbg risprivi ` Cfęuh`rju, l`ju jf Fbgsimfte Obivfrg

n`nũibintn` rizvgbi u H`spgngc rit`vgci, zisbužujf pižnju l

st`jinji ki sf sihbfki g rizucgjf stvirn`st Cfęuh`rji ni tfc

nge p`scitrinji g pr`cgũbjinji, ibg tilvge p`scitrinji g pr`c

`tv`rfni zi rizbgăgtf prgstupf stvirn`stg Cfęuh`rji g zi rizbgtge g j t ge k ũ j j t g l j t

==1

u kuũici bjukg. Q`bizni `krfkngoi njfzgni nist`jinji jf uviž

l`cpbflsn`stg gbg l`cpbflsnf c`huĈn`stg Cfęuh`rji li` tf

ti gstrižgvinji g un`ũfnjf t`h uviživinji u rfl`nstrugrinjf g

stvirn`stg Cfęuh`rji gznutri, gzcfęu g gzi kfũivinji l`ji su

st` u zipikn`j Efrofh`vgng uăgngbi cjfst`c cis`vn`h e`k

srftinji bjukg si riznge strini svgjfti. H`spgng rit`vg su rfzubt

ęuh`rji g M`snf g Efrofh`vgnf li` l`cmgniogjf g l`cpbgliog

ibnge zniăfnji vjfrf, kruũtvi g p`vgjfstg, g p`luũiji ki sf t` vg

niăgn l`cmgniogjf gntfrprftiogjf g niriogjf.

[fcitsl` pgtinjf H`spgnge rit`vi li` risprivf `tviri s

b`libgziogj`c Cfęuh`rji g gstgoinjfc l`nstgtutgvnge fbfcfn

ji– li` rfbghgjslf, fl`n`cslf g p`bgtgălf l`nhuriogjf l`ji

ni cn`h` ũgr`j sofng nfh` ũt` jf t` sofni fcpgrgjsl`h Cfęuh`

ngli. Kvgjf virgjintf gcfn`vinji `znilf su zi p`vfzinu p`b

b`ũlu tfrgt`rgjibgziogju Cfęuh`rji g p`vfzin` `mgbjfživinjf



j j h j p j j

n`h g cfęunir`kn`h p`b`žiji. V `sn`vg, t` su p`lizitfbjg sp

jicn`h usb`vbjivinji svft`h pr`st`ri vjfrf g lrftinji vjfrnglist`ri priltgăn`h žgv`ti g lrftinji bjukg l`jg su v`ęfng svjft`vnV H`spgngc rit`vgci pr`st`rg svft`h g svjft`vn`h su jfkin u

jfũiju sf, suzmgjiju, nikgbizf g p`nflik rizbgluju. V tilv j n

b`žgv`stg, u gst`vrfcfn`c jfkgnstvu g kv`strul`stg njge`vi vg

ju sf p`m`žni, spisfnjsli, fl`n`csli, p`bgtgăli, sgcm`bgăli

nji u Cfęuh`rju. Qrv`c gslustvu ulizinji g nfv`bjici vgkgb

h`vi `mzninjgvinji g prgcjfrgci lisngjge gnkgvgkuibnge g zijbižfnji– vgkgbioi g e`k`ăisngli lr`z rizbgăgti unutirnji stinj

ci nfp`srfkn`h uăfstv`vinji vjfrngli Cfęuh`rji u gst`vrfc

nju ‒`mjf stvirn`stg– g lrftinji gzcfęu rizbgăgtge l`cpftfnogj

stgtugrinji stvirn`stg, u rizcitrinju Fbgsimfte Obivfrgf prglbj

lf g gnstgtuog`nibni p`stupinji p`bgtgălge g orlvfnge vbistg pr

H`spf, k`hięijg gz mbgžf g kibjf pr`ũb`stg lriji g zfcbjf li` sig gt l gj tg t gũt l j kgj bg j k gălg žg t g

EGBC@ NFGCI]BGJI

nf krgăf. I t` zniăg ki u kn`sgci c`huĈge uzijicnge kftfr

cgrinju zniăfnji Cfęuh`rji uăfstvuju vjfri g niknirivnf p

žf ki sf vjfrujf u njge`vu ăukfsnu stvirn`st, p`vgjfsn` nisb

gz pr`ũb`stg ervitsl`h, srpsl`h g m`ũnjiăl`h nir`ki l`ji ngsu

zivrũiviju u egst`rg`hridslgc risvjftbjfnjgci, vfĈ žgvbjuju u

t`b`hgziogjici g c`mgbgziogjici, sivrfcfng kruũtvfng žgv`t g

vinji l`ji nf trižf p`sfmn` prgzninjf, jfr hi sghuriviju sv`j

ũĈu g sv`jgc kgrfltngc kjfb`vinjfc.

[fžgũtf rizcitrinji u H`spgngc rit`vgci ngjf, kilbf, `hri

gbg tfcfbjng k`hięij ulizinji u Cfęuh`rju ni riăun `n`hi ũ

zvin`, pr`cgjfnjfn`, pr`gzvfkfn`, gbg pil u `kn`su ni p`v

l`ji su cu prfte`kgbi g l`ji su hi prfk`krfkgbi vfĈ g tgcf ũ

kruũtvfng g cfntibng lrij`bgl `v`h cjfsti u zipikn`j Efrofh

ng `mrnut` `k t`hi. Fbgsimfte Obivfrgf prglizujf hf`hridslg,

ogjibng icmgjfnt žgv`ti vgkgbioi g ulizinji, h`v`rg lil` su



`k vgkgbioi u Cfęuh`rju prfn`ũfni gbg prfv`ęfni u `tlrgvfnj

ăg g prfkstivbji jfzgăn` gsluũfnjf li` prvg prgstup e`k`ăisngl

‒H`spg–. @ni nf gzrgăf l`niăng suk ` prgr`kg utfcfbjujuĈfhnirivn`h– gbg ‒trfnutli dunkicfntibn`h vrfcfni–, lil` su

Cgrofi Fbgikf gcfn`vibg tiălu k`kgri ă`vjfli fcpgrgjf g ips

kuzgci vbistgt` kgrfltn` suăfbjfnjf si cftifcpgrgjslgc trfn

oi u Cfęuh`rju, lil` h`k sf k`h`kg` g il` sf k`h`kg`. [ ũ

tviri u `mjflt gcfn`vinji, i ũt` mg u Cfęuh`rju c`hb` mgtg s

nf g svjft`vnf zih`nftlf, zi jfknf, gbg pil sbuăij rfbghgjsl`h gsn`h flsofsi, zi kruhf, u H`spgngc rit`vgci sf nf rfbitgvgzgr

zgri. Ngftzoef jf tvrkg`, g svilil` prftjfrgvi` tvrkfĈg ki nf p

of, vfĈ sic` gntfrprftiogjf. N` vfĈ su Gmn Eibkun u ăftrnifs

ttgsti Tgo` u `sicnifst`c st`bjfĈu, svilg ni sv`j niăgn u sv`

ci `l` gzhriknjf n`vf znin`stg li` znin`stg ` svjftsl`j p`v

lil` jf u su`ăfnju si p`vgjfsngc zniăfnjfc ăgt`vinji m`žgjj gę j l j ă t j bg t ũl gă t

===

n`h `kh`v`ri ni vjfrsl` pgtinjf ulizinji u Cfęuh`rju, jfr s

rgjsl`-trinsofnkfntn`h ũt` hi jf Ciurgof Mbinoe`t zniăg` fl

tinjfc dfn`cfn`b`hgjf, ni tij niăgn nf p`stivbji.

Vcjfst` t`hi gci suhfstgvn`h svjfk`ăfnji iut`rgof vbist

jfkn`strin`stg zninstvfnge ipstrilogji g prgstupi, g gci, vgũf

sbgăngc kjfbgci, h`v`ri g rizh`v`ri s`mi l`jf sf sv`jgc p`jf

slgc c`tgvgci g svjft`vngc p`stupogci supr`tstivbjiju znin

m`žfnjgci g `mfzbgăfnjgci bjukslge rfbghg`znge tfžnjg g iliti,

psfuk`rfbghgjslgc g gkf`b ũlgc ips`butgzgrinjgci. Juniog prg

viăl`c m`h`ũt`vn`c gkfntgtftu ervitslf H`spf ‟ ulizinji–

og, vgkgòg, vjfrngog, `sp`rivitfbjg g l`rgsngog ‒Cfęuh`rji–, l

ringjge g sivrfcfnge p`vgjfsnge zmgvinji u Cfęuh`rju g M`sng

gntfrprftit`rg rfbghgjslge p`jivi rizbgăgtge nistr`jfnji g l`cpf

vg iltg p`m`žn`stg, žrtv`vinji, trpbjfnji, rit`vinji, nisgbji, p

ũbjfnji, p`jivbjuju sf u prgăg Fbgsimft Obivfrgf gzcgjfũing u sp



` m`rmici zi ulizinjf H`spf li` ‒`mjflti p`m`žn`stg– g prgă

m`rmici u l`jf sf ulizinjf H`spf uv`kg li` ‒p`bgtgălg sumjfl mf m`rmf vgkgbioi g p`jfkgnge svfĈfngli zi prgzninjf vjfr`k`nji ulizinji H`spf u kn`su ni krul ăgjf nistr`jfnf prfkstiv

p`bgtgălge gnstgtuogji g, sicgc tgc, zi priv` ni p`m`žn`st g vjf

l`jg u t` vjfruju. Kruhf m`rmf su ftngălg g gkf`b`ũlg sul`mg g p

g mbgž`j pr`ũb`stg Cfęuh`rji g M`snf g Efrofh`vgnf g ulbjuăg

H`spf u gsprivbjinjf p`vgjfsnge nfprivkg g umbiživinjf gnkg

bfltgvnge nfv`bji u sikiũnj`stg, u rjfũivinjf sivrfcfnge kruũzik`v`bjivinjf l`bfltgvnge p`trfmi g p`bgtgălge gntfrfsi.

Xgbbgic Jicfs, pgsio lbisgăn`h kjfbi s p`kruă ji intr`p`b

hgjf rfbghgjf, krži` jf ki ũgr`l` p`znivinjf p`jfkgniănge prgc

`sghurivi vgũf cukr`stg k p`sjfk`vinji ipstriltnge d`rcub mgbf kum`lf, pi jf lnjghu ]izn`bgl`stg rfbghg`zn`h gslustvi

slf prgr`kf gspung` svjfk`ăinstvgci žgvf rfbghg`zn`stg. Gz t g j lbj ă l k ‒bj k l g k gũt gj l

EGBC@ NFGCI]BGJI

bghg`zn`stgci g sv`jgc vjfrslgc nikici, ki mg niũbg utjfeu

zi sfmf gbg sv`jf mbgžnjf. Njge`vi s`mni lizgvinji g p`stupo

prfkivinjf ‒t`c tic` svgjftu– ni niăgn žgv`tn`h etgjfnji g p

prgr`kf, i nf `s`mn`h sic`p`rgoinji g `lrftinji bfęi ‒`v`

prfkivinjf gslbjuăujf sucnjf g rfzfrvf, ibg sf njgcf nf nfhgr

stvirn`st gz l`jf sf p`kuzgci e`k`ăisngăl` put`vinjf ngtg

lgc `sjfĈinjgci g tfžnjici p`ngũtivi bjukslg liriltfr kru

etgjfnji. _tin`vngog sfbi g hrik`vi, cbikf g stirf `s`mf, e`k

ũting Cfęuh`rji, p`jfkgniăn` svjfk`ăf ` t`cf lil` jf žgvb

njf žgv`tn`h stivi g lil` jf žgv`tng stiv krfęfn p`trfmici

n`rcici. C`huĈn`stg intr`p`b`hgjf ulizinji p`lizuju sf u

njgci li` p`tvrkici žgv`tnf c`Ĉg vjfrf u`pĈf g vjfrf u ul

c`Ĉg l`ji jf gst`vrfcfn` gntgcni, `s`mni, jivni, l`bfltgvn

H`spgngc rit`vgci gzcgjfũinf su prgăf rfbghg`znge vjfrngli

t` su `s`mf l`jgci jf mgtn` ulizinjf H`spf, si prgăici ` p



ngogci Cfęuh`rji, i t` su `ng `ng l`jgci jf zniăijn` vjfr`

njf H`spf, g ti gzcgjfũin`st nf gsp`stivbji sf li` nflèfrfn

simfte Obivfrgf. Gbg, il` sf gsp`stivbji, nf ăgng sf prfsukn` v Nfliki sf h`v`rgb` prizn`vjfrju rfbghgjslge gntfrprftiogj

v`rg ` prizn`vjfrju zninstvfnge ăgnjfngoi. V cfęuvrfcfnu sfn`stg gkf`b`ũlge l`nofpiti g prfk`kžmg. V H`spgngc rit`vgc

hgjg ulizinji tfcitsl` pgtinjf Cfęuh`rji ngjf scjfũtfn` u l

zninstvfn`h gbg gkf`b`ũl`h kh`v`ri, l`jg sf uniprgjfk krfęu

zi fseit`b`ũlf g fcpgrgjslf zih`nftlf Cfęuh`rji, vfĈ sf p`stil`jf gzgslujf rizcitrinjf u sv`j`j vgũfstrul`j tv`rfn`stg. Q`

gzkinjf kjfbi Fbgsimfte Obivfrgf prfkstivbji k`prgn`s `mnivbj

njg ikflvitngjfh kn`si p`ũt`vinji prfci kruũtvfngc g rfbghgj

ci g gziz`vgci Cfęuh`rji. N` `n` jf gst`vrfcfn` g krihòj

živinju stirf sbim`stg u k`ciĈgc znin`stgci kruũtvu, l`ji

n`su prfci rfbghgjslgc p`jivici g cingdfstiogjici rfbghg`zb m t j bt t t j k j b m tg ũt ge g t b

==;vfzf si kuũici g kuũfvn`ũĈu bjukg. G kilil`, u nfprglbikngc

z`tlrgviju sf tijnf ngtg sf rjfũiviju prgjfp`rg rfbghgjslge p`jiv

prgjfp`rg cgstgogriju gbg minibgzgriju.

V drinousl`j lubturg gz l`jf k`bizg kjfb` Fbgsimfte Obivf

lefgc jf `tgũi` nijkibjf u sòg`b`ũl`c prftvirinju rfbghgj

stvir–, u gstgoinju kruũtvfn`h p`rgjflbi g sgcm`bgăl`h kruũtv

rfbghgjslge p`jivi. Njfh`v sòg`b`hgzic ni p`kruă ju rfbghgj

njf vjfrsl`h kruũtvfngc lrgtgl`vibg su cn`hg, i rfprfzfntit

scitritg lrgtglf Efnry O`rmgni g Ciurgof Cfrbfiu-Q`ntyi. Q

bghgjslg dfn`cfn sf nf c`žf gzv`kgtg gz kruhf stvirg, `mjiũn

p`bgtgălge, sògjibnge, ftngălge, fl`n`cslge gbg hf`hridslge

jf prvg dfn`cfn u scgsbu `pižinji zvuli gbg m`jf. @n jf p`ă`n` ũt` mjiũnjivi cn`hf stvirg, i ngjf n` ũt` sf mjiũnjivi C`hu sf stfĈg p`žfbjnf p`bgtgălf, sògjibnf, ftngălf, fl`n`c

slf `l`bn`stg, ibg t` nfĈf pr`gzvfstg `krfęfng rfbghgjslg dfn`

bgl jg g g bj k jg b d j g



bgl` p`st`jg prvg g p`sbjfknjg rizb`h dfn`cfni, t` jf fhzgstf

vjfruju, i zi njge mg mgb` nfkjfb`tv`rn` lizitg: ‒Q`ližgtf s

`mjiũnjfng–. V kgrfltn`j risprivg si Kurlefgc`vgc p`hbfkQ`nty niv`kg ki sf ngũti nf k`mgji il` sf vjfrsl` gbg svft` z

tvfn`c, jfr sf u kruũtvfn`c nigbizg ni gstf pirik`lsf, gstu k

gstu cjfũivgnu jfkgnstvi g `km`jn`stg, žfbjf g striei, l`ji sf

rfbghgjsl`c g l`ji jf ăgngbi pr`mbfc. _t`hi, liki sf rfbghg`z

kruũtvfngc nf gkf sf `k criăn`h li svgjftb`c, nf `mjiũnjiv

vi pr`mbfc vfĈ sf p`k kruhgc gcfn`c pr`nibizg gsti nfjisn mbfc. Fbgsimft Obivfrgf u H`spgngc rit`vgci / Intr`p`b`hgj

ăf kuh prfci nijutjfoijngjfc drinousl`c sòg`b`hu, ibg sf u

Cfęuh`rji nf zik`v`bjivi Kulefgc`vgc p`stivbjinjfc k

stvirn`stg u l`j`j sf l`rgjfng g sicgc tgc gsorpbjujf rfbghgj

iltf e`k`ăisngli Cfęuh`rji `ni nf prfkstivbji li` p`stup

l`jg sic` cingdfstgriju sv`ju kruũtvfnu prgr`ku g gzvrũivijuk ũt tg Ĉ g l lt m ž tg m l j tg ltg

EGBC@ NFGCI]BGJI

su u inibgzg ringjge ulizinji u Mislgjg, Njfciăl`j g Gtibgjg p

jibn`-p`bgtgălf `lvgrf, `ni gzn`sg sv`jf stijibgũtf g jfkin `k

`lrfnubi prgăg H`spg: ‒p`bgtgăl` kjfb`vinjf ulizinji jf ofn

jfkgng uvjft ki sf nf prfmrgũu iltg p`m`žn`stg–.

šgrfnjf rfbghg`zn`stg li` `mrfknf g c`bgtvfnf prilsf, li` p`trihf zi svftgc, li` tlrgvinji g p`tvr ęgvinji vjfrn`stg trin`cgjf nikf g bjukslf s`bgkirn`stg, siki jf c`cfnit pĈf svguniprgjfk jf nfuvjfrbjgv` svil` liriltfrgzgrinjf sikiũnj`stg

gbg zinfcirujf. Cfęutgc, `v` jf til`ęfr vrgjfcf liki sf pr

dr`ntiogjici rfbghgjslge g nfrfbghgjslge snihi u svgjftu, u gst

nf ub`hf rfbghgjslge gnstgtuogji g u p`tfnogrinju up`trfmf rfb

p`bgtgălge, cihgjslge, turgstgălge g kruhge c`mgbgziogji. V p

tvfnge znin`stg svil`knfvn` sf pr`gzv`kf kjfbi u l`jgci sf

bghgjg g ni l`ji sf rfbghgjslg žgv`t svf cinjf `mizgrf, jfr jf s

l`jg prgeviĈiju suk svjft`vnge znin`stg u stvirgci vjfrf. N

g g bg gj l k g bg gj lg bg m j j



ng, prgzfcni rfbghgjsli p`nuki g rfbghgjslg p`pubgzic mujiju u

ngc g gzvingnstgtuog`nibngc p`kruă jgci rfbghgjf g nicfĈu s

flspbìtiogjici g minibgziogjici nfpr`biznge bjukslge p`trsvfăingc g p`st`jingc. I gzv`rni vjfrsli cgsi` gsorpbjujf sf

jfkn`stg k`ltrgnf g kfvibvgri u gst`k`mn`j p`bfcgog si vubh

lgc nisbjfęfnjfc c`kfrn`h riũăirivinji svgjfti g si vubhir

rf g vjfrslge gnstgtuogji l`jf sf prftviri u sikržijf gkf`b`ũl

ji g tfengăli srfkstvi knfvnge spisfnji. V `vilvgc prgbglic

kjfbi l`ji scinjuju pr`st`r zi lrijn`stg, zi svftf g svjft`vnzi bgjfvf g kfsnf mfscgsbg. Kjfb` Fbgsimfte Obivfrgf jf p` p

ăfnju g gntfnogjg tilv` kjfb`. Qrfcki lrupnf rgjfăg nisb`vi g

prvg cie h`v`rf krul ăgjf, H`spgng rit`vg su uvjfrbjgvi znin

k`hięiju svft`h u svgjftu svjft`vn`stg g upbgvu svjft`vn`h u

t`h, ` Cfęuh`rju g M`sng g Efrofh`vgng li` sbuăiju p`vgjfsn

hf g l`cpbgogrin`stg vfzi vjfrsl`h g kruũtvfn`h.





Mfrnirk Eirmiũ

Niki Eirmiũ

Oe g e E l

7 8 8 1 ? 6 1 4 9 8 1 1 6

G__N 1?61-4988



Oergst`pefr E``lwiy

Fkcunk Eussfrb

Kfin L`cfb

Kivgk Lfbb`hh Bfwgs

@bgvfr Ciroeirt

Egbc` Nfgcirbgji

Ciro ]goegr

Qftfr D. _triws`n

Frnst [uhfnkeit

]ibpe Xfmfr

[u Xfgcgnh

Vrsubi X`bd

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Dijalog [godina 17, broj 1-2; 2011.]