1

DIN VN CHO MNG

GS. Nguyn Ha

Hiu trng Trng i hc Ngoi ng, HQGHN

Knh tha qu v khch qu, tha cc nh nghin cu, cc nh gio dc Hn Quc

hc trong v ngoi nc.

Trc tin, vi t cch l Hiu trng trng i hc Ngoi ng - HQGHN, n

v u n trong c nc v o to v nghin cu ting Hn v vn ha Hn Quc ti Vit

Nam, ti xin c gi ti ton th qu v li cho mng trn trng nht.

Hi tho i mi trong vic dy hc v nghin cu Hn Quc hc ti Vit

Nam vi s ti tr ca Vin nghin cu Hn Quc hc Trung ng (AKS) hm nay l

hi tho quc t ln th 3 v ngnh Hn Quc c t chc ti trng chng ti. Vi n

v u mi v chuyn mn l Khoa Ngn ng v Vn ha Hn Quc, hai Hi tho quc t

c t chc thnh cng v gy c ting vang vo nm 2009 v 2012. Nm 2011,

Khoa nghim thu d n Bi dng nh nghin cu Hn Quc hc ca Vit Nam cng

vi s ti tr ca AKS. u nm 2015, nhm nghin cu ca Khoa i din cho hn 100

hi vin ca Hi Nghin cu khoa hc v Hn Quc ca Vit Nam (KRAV) tin hnh

v nghim thu bo co Nghin cu nh hng ca Hallyu trong i sng Vit do Trung

tm Vn ha Hn Quc h tr kinh ph, to cho nhng nghin cu mang tnh lin

ngnh, mang tnh x hi ha v ng dng cao sau ny.

Vi b dy 20 nm xy dng v pht trin, ngnh Hn Quc ca Trng i hc

Ngoi ng - HQGHN v ang st cnh cng vi cc n v c o to v nghin cu

v Hn Quc khc, em li nhng thnh cng ng ghi nhn trong cng cuc ph cp,

qung b Hn Quc hc ti Vit Nam. Mc d sinh sau mun hn so vi cc khoa o

to khc trong Trng, nhng Khoa Ngn ng & Vn ha Hn Quc vi sc tr, vi s

tip th nh hng tch cc ca Hn Lu v phong cch Hn Quc, ngy cng tr thnh

mt im n tin cy cho cc ng nghip, i tc v bn b gn xa. Thnh cng c

th hin trong cc cng vic, hnh ng v con s c th nh: s ging vin ca Khoa c

bng tin s, ang l nghin cu sinh chim 12/25 cn b ging dy (gn 50%). Tng s

im NCKH ca Khoa nm 2014 t 4500 im (im trung bnh NCKH ca mi cn b

cao gp i so vi qui inh) vi gn 30 bi bo ng trong cc tp ch chuyn ngnh ca

Vit Nam v Hn Quc, cc tham lun ti hi tho khoa hc quc t v Hn Quc ting

Hn v vn ha Hn Quc . Kt qu tuyn sinh nm 2014-2015, ngnh ting Hn l mt

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trong nhng ngnh c im u vo cao nht.S lng chuyn gia Hn Quc n lm vic

v giao lu hc thut cng nh s lng ging vin, sinh vin ca Khoa sang Hn Quc

hc tp v nghin cu ngy cng tng. Trong nm 2014- 2015, Khoa Hn Quc cng

hon thnh nhim v xy dng Chng trnh ting Hn dnh cho hc sinh ph thng, d

kin s c dy nh mt ngoi ng 2 ti mt s trng ph thng ca H Ni v thnh

ph H Ch Minh. Khoa v Nh trng cng tin hnh thm nh mt s chng trnh

o to ting Hn cho cc trng Cao ng, i hc khu vc min Bc. D kin, trong

tng lai gn, Trng s m Chng trnh thc s v Hn Quc hc, Chng trnh ting

Hn s phm.

Mc d trong thi gian qua, ngnh ting Hn ca Trng t c mt s thnh

cng ng ghi nhn, nhng tp th cn b ging vin ca Khoa Hn Quc cn lun nhn

thc su sc rng: nhng c hi, thun li lun i km vi thch thc, kh khn. Bi ton

t ra l lm sao c th gi vng v nng cao v th u tu, pht trin bn vng theo

hng bm st nh hng pht trin ca Nh Trng, p ng cc nhu cu ngy cng cao

ca x hi trong lnh vc o to v nghin cu Hn Quc hc.

Nhn dp ny, ti cng xin gi li cm n trn trng ti cc c quan chnh ph Hn

Quc, cc trng i hc, vin nghin cu Hn Quc v Vit Nam tch cc h tr v

nhn lc, vt lc cho ngnh ting Hn ca Trng i hc Ngoi ng -HQGHN trong

thi gian qua. Mong rng s h tr, hp tc qu bu s ngy cng c cng c, nng

cao cng ging nh quan h c bit, tt p gia Vit Nam v Hn Quc.

Cui cng, xin chc cho hi tho ca chng ta thnh cng rc r. Chc cho ngnh

Hn Quc hc ca Vit Nam c nhng bc tin di trong 20 nm vo nhiu nm tip theo

na.

Chc qu v sc khe v thnh cng!

3

Prof. Nguyen Hoa

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DIN VN KHAI MC

Th.S. NCS. Trn Th Hng

Trng Khoa Ngn ng & Vn ha Hn Quc

Trng i hc Ngoi ng, HQGHN

Knh tha Qu v i biu, tha qu hc gi, qu thy c!

Li u tin cho php ti c thay mt tp th cn b, ging vin Khoa Ngn ng

& Vn ha Hn Quc Trng i hc Ngoi ng, i hc Quc gia H Ni xin gi li

cm n v li cho mng trn trng nht ti ton th qu hc gi, qu thy c tham d

Hi tho quc t v Hn Quc hc ca Trng i hc Ngoi ng - i hc Quc gia H

Ni.

Nh qu v bit, ngnh gio dc v nghin cu v Hn Quc hc Vit Nam ra

i c khong 20 nm. Trong thi gian y, ngnh c nhng bin i, pht trin

khng ngng c v cht v lng. Nu nh vo u nhng nm 2000, ngnh ny vn cn

rt non tr, thiu thn v nhiu mt nh nhn lc, trang thit b dy- hc, ti liu tham kho

phc v nghin cu th hin nay, c th ni ngnh c s trng thnh ng ghi nhn.

Cho php ti gi li cm n chn thnh nht ti cc v tin bi, cc bn b ng nghip, v

cc th h n em cng hin cng sc cho s nghip gio dc v nghin cu Hn Quc

hc ca Vit Nam trong sut thi gian qua. Nhn y ti cng xin trn trng cm n i

s qun, Vin nghin cu Hn Quc hc Trung ng v Qu Giao lu quc t Hn Quc

c bit quan tm, h tr ngnh Hn Quc hc ca Vit Nam c c nhng thnh

qu ng ghi nhn.

Tnh n thi im ny, i ng ging vin, nh nghin cu v ting Hn v Hn

Quc hc ca c nc (tnh c cc c s o to mi) l gn 200. Trong s , c

khong mt phn ba s ging vin v ang hon thnh chng trnh tin s ng chuyn

ngnh, i a s ging vin c bng thc s c o to bi bn ti Hn Quc. S sinh

vin chnh qui theo hc ting Hn trn c nc l gn 4000. Ngoi ra cn c hng vn hc

vin ting Hn phi chnh qui ang theo hc ti cc Trung tm Sejong, trung tm Hn ng

trn ton lnh th Vit Nam. Tp ch Hn Quc hc c quan ngn lun ca Hi nghin

cu Hn Quc hc ca Vit Nam ra i nm 2012 phn no nh du mt bc trng

thnh trong nghin cu, hc thut v Hn Quc hc ti Vit Nam. Hng nm, s lng bo

co, bi vit khoa hc, lun n Sau i hc c cng b ngy cng gia tng v s lng,

nng cao v cht lng tr thnh ngun ti liu tham kho hu ch cho gii chuyn

mn, cc sinh vin v hc vin cao hc. Cc hi tho quc t v gio dc v nghin cu

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ting Hn v Hn Quc hc c t chc u n, thng k ti cc c s o to ting

Hn chnh ca Vit Nam nh Trng i hc Khoa hc x hi v Nhn vn H Ni,

Trng i hc Ngoi ng - i hc Quc gia H Ni, Trng i hc Khoa hc x hi

v Nhn vn H Ch Minh em li nhiu hn c hi cc chuyn gia gio dc, cc

hc gi nghin cu v ngn ng v vn ha ca Vit Nam c th giao lu, chia s nhng

nghin cu mi ca mnh vi nhau v vi cc ng nghip trong v ngoi nc.

Trong chin lc pht trin ca mnh, trng i hc Ngoi ng - i hc quc gia

H Ni xc nh pht trintheo nh hng nghin cu, phn u tr thnh trung tm o

to v nghin cu c uy tn trong khu vc v gio dc ngoi ng, ngn ng, quc t hc.

Nm trong xu hng pht trin chung y, Khoa Ngn ng v Vn ha Hn Quc tng

bc cng c, y mnh nng lc nghin cu khoa hc ca cn b ging vin, khng

ngng tm kim m rng cc c hi hp tc v o to, nghin cu khoa hc theo tiu

chun khu vc v quc t. Hi tho ngy hm nay l mt trong nhng minh chng th hin

c gng hng ti s pht trin bn vng ca n v v c phng din gio dc v nghin

cu v ngn ng v vn ha Hn Quc ti Vit Nam. Khoa phn u n 2018 s kin

ton trn 50% i ng ging vin c trnh tin s, m thm ngnh o to sau i hc v

Hn Quc hc ti Vit Nam. Tch cc ng gp cc hot ng, sn phm khoa hc cng

ngh c ngha trong qu trnh thc y pht trin Hn Quc hc ti Vit Nam. Khoa s

gi vng v khng nh v tr dn u trong cng cuc ph cp v qung b v ngn ng

v Vn ha Hn Quc ti Vit Nam.

Trong qu trnh n lc, phn u v mc tiu chung y ngha y, chng ti rt

mong nhn c s hp tc, h tr tch cc t cc Trng i hc i tc ca Hn Quc,

cc ng nghip, chuyn gia ang v s nghin cu, ging dy Hn Quc hc ti Vit

Nam. Ti tin rng vi lng nhit thnh v s cng hin khng mt mi ca tt c qu v,

ngnh Hn Quc hc ca Vit Nam s tip tc gt hi c nhiu thnh cng rc r trong

tng lai khng xa.

Xin trn trng cm n v chc cho Hi tho ca chng ta thnh cng tt p.

H Ni, thng 4 nm 2015

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MA. Tran Thi Huong

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9

HALLYU T GC NHN QUYN LC MM

GS.TS Mai Ngc Ch

Hi Nghin cu Hn Quc hc ti Vit Nam

1. Thuc phm vi quyn lc, ngy nay ngi ta hay nhc n hai khi nim c quan

h khng kht vi nhau, l quyn lc cng (hard power) v quyn lc mm (soft

power). Quyn lc cng c coi l quyn lc vt cht, bao gm tim lc kinh t, ti

chnh, qun s, khoa hc cng ngh, dn s v.v. Quyn lc mm l quyn lc phi vt cht,

quyn lc th ch. Tuy nhin s phn bit nh trn cng ch c tnh cht tng i, chng

hn sc mnh kinh t cng c th l quyn lc mm khi thu ht, hp dn nc khc bng

s thnh vng ca nc mnh m khng dng n cc bin php cm vn hay trng pht

kinh t. Quyn lc cng thng c cc chnh ph quc gia s dng nhm mc ch

cng p hoc mua chuc quc gia khc, trong khi quyn lc mm li thin v chc nng

thuyt phc quc gia khc lm theo mnh mt cch t nguyn. Ni theo Joseph Nye,

quyn lc cng c thc hin ch yu bng cch e da v mua chuc (vn c v mt

cch trc quan vi cy gy v c c rt) cn quyn lc mm l kh nng t c

iu mnh mun, thng qua s thu ht, hp dn ngi khc m khng cn dng n v lc

hay e da. Cng theo Joseph Nye, quyn lc mm bao gm 3 yu t: vn ha quc gia, h

gi tr quc gia v chnh sch quc gia (1).

Trong lch s quan h quc t, quyn lc cng c chnh ph cc quc gia s

dng nh mt bin php trng yu v, trong nhiu trng hp, mang li hiu qu ln.

Cu ni Chn l thuc v k mnh phn no ni ln sc mnh ca quyn lc cng.

Tuy nhin iu khng c ngha l lch s quan h quc t ch c quyn lc cng. Thc

t cho thy nhiu quc gia s dng quyn lc mm rt c hiu qu, c bit l trong

chnh sch i ngoi. Ngy nay tnh hnh chnh tr x hi th gii thay i nhiu. Cc

quc gia ang hng vo mc tiu ton cu ha, ha bnh, hp tc, pht trin, xu hng

i thoi thay cho xu hng i u. Trong x hi hin i, s ph thuc ln nhau

gia cc quc gia l mt c im ni bt. Trong mt bi cnh nh vy, quyn lc mm

cng c chnh ph cc nc tn dng. Ngay c nhng quc gia vn rt mnh v quyn

lc cng nh M, Nga, Trung Quc, Nht, cng c thc rt r v sc mnh ca

quyn lc mm.

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2. So vi cc nc pht trin nh M, c, Nht, Nga, tuy l mt con rng ca

chu nhng tim lc kinh t v qun s ca Hn Quc vn mc thp hn. Do vy

trong ng li i ngoi ca Hn Quc, chnh ph rt c thc tp trung vo quyn lc

mm. y l iu va ph hp vi xu th ca thi i va ph hp vi hon cnh v

thc lc ca Hn Quc. Trong nhng thp nin cui ca th k XX v nhng nm u

ca th k XXI, thc thi quyn lc mm, Hn Quc ch trng n vn ha quc gia,

sc mnh kinh t, chnh sch i ngoi v tch cc tham gia vo cc t chc quc t cng

nh cc lin minh cn bng trn th gii. Chnh ph Hn Quc c nhiu bin php ku

gi cc t chc chnh ph v phi chnh ph, cc c quan a phng, cc phng tin

truyn thng...cng phi hp hnh ng cho mc tiu thc thi quyn lc mm t hiu

qu cao nht.

Ni dung quyn lc mm m Hn Quc v ang hng ti ch yu thuc v

ba lnh vc ni n trn, tc l chnh sch quc gia, h gi tr quc gia v vn ha

quc gia. Thc hin cc ni dung ny, chnh ph Hn Quc nhm vo mc ch a hnh

nh t nc v con ngi Hn Quc ra vi th gii, m trc ht l ra khu vc ng

Bc v ng Nam . Ba ni dung trn c tin hnh ng thi v theo nguyn tc

ci n h tr, b sung cho ci kia. C th thy r iu ny qua nhng chnh sch quc gia

v vn hac a ra v thc thi rt kp thi ngay t nhng thp nin cui th k XX.

C th ni trong khi nhiu nc cha thc r rt v sc mnh v ngha to ln ca

quyn lc mm ni chung, vn ha mm ni ring th Hn Quc c hn mt chin

lc tm xa v vn ny. y l l do gii thch v sao cui th k XX u th k XXI,

vn ha Hn Quc, hnh nh t nc v con ngi Hn Quc nhanh chng trn

ra khu vc v th gii (Hallyu), thu ht c s ch ca ng o ngi dn nhiu

quc gia.

C th dn ra hng lot k hoch v chnh sch vn ha ca chnh ph Hn Quc

trong my chc nm gn y nhm pht huy quyn lc mm. Ngay t nhng nm 1980

2000, Hn Quc a ra K hoch mi v pht trin vn ha, K hoch 10 nm pht

trin vn ha, Tm nhn vn ha nm 2000, K hoch thc y mng li thng tin

siu tc (1995), K hoch thc y thng tin ha (1996), Tuyn ngn vn ha ca

tng thng (1998), Lut c bn khuyn khch cng nghip vn ha (1999), v.v. Bc

vo th k XXI, vi Chin lc Cool Korea, Hn Quc thc s a vn ha tr

thnh vn trng i trong chin lc pht trin quc gia. i km theo cc k hoch v

chnh sch l vic cho php thnh lp nhiu c quan, t chc trc thuc chnh ph hoc

tng thng nh C quan vn ha sng to Hn Quc, Hi y vin nhn hiu quc

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gia, v.v. Tt c nhng vic lm nu trn u hng vo mc tiu pht trin v xut khu

vn ha. C th ni chin lc xut khu vn ha trong thi i ton cu ha l mt

chnh sch khn ngoan, mang c trng Hn Quc. V qua mt nhiu quc gia pht

trin, Hn Quc thnh cng ngon mc trong chnh sch ny. i vo chi tit, c th

ni thm rng, mi nhn ca xut khu vn ha Hn Quc chnh l pht trin cng

nghip gii tr. Trong lnh vc ny, Hn Quc xng ng ng vo v tr s 1: Hn Quc

thc s tr thnh cng quc v cng nghip gii tr. Nm lnh vc cng nghip gii tr

m Hn Quc chim lnh c th hiu v th trng th gii l game, in nh, hot

hnh, truyn tranh, pht thanh v truyn hnh. Nh vy xut khu vn ha Hn Quc

mang 2 ngha to ln: 1) To ra gi tr kinh t, 2) Qung b c hnh nh t nc v

con ngi Hn Quc ra nc ngoi. i xa hn na hon ton c th ni rng hng ha

ca Hn Quc xut khu ra th trng nc ngoi thng qua quyn lc mm. Quyn lc

mm gip Hn Quc nng cao v th kh nng cnh tranh trong khu vc v trn th

gii, bi l nhiu lnh vc ca quyn lc mm Hn Quc u c u th kh r nh m

nhc, thi trang, phim nh (2)

3. Nhng trnh by trn y cho thy, i vi Hn Quc, vn ha tr thnh

mt ngnh cng nghip cng nghip vn ha- v l mt ngnh cng nghip mi

nhn trong pht trin kinh t quc gia. Cng nghip vn ha khng ch hng ni vi

mc tiu xy dng mt x hi Hn Quc nhn vn, vn minh, m c bn sc dn tc

m cn hng ngoi va vi mc tiu kinh t, thu ht ngoi t v mnh, va nhm mc

tiu qung b vn ha, qung b hnh nh t nc v con ngi Hn Quc ra nc

ngoi. Vi cch nhn nh vy th Hallyu c ngha v cng to ln i vi s pht trin

kinh t - x hi ca Hn Quc. Hallyu l nhn t ch o ca quyn lc mm trong chin

lc pht trin t nc ca Hn Quc.

Thnh cng ca Hallyu c th xem xt t hai kha cnh ni trn, tc l c

kinh t ln vn ha. T gc kinh t, c th ni, Hallyu to nn cn st yu thch v

tiu th sn phm vn ha Hn Quc. Kim ngch nhp khu vn ha Hn Quc ca Vit

Nam l mt v d. Nm 2006 kim ngch nhp khu t Hn Quc ca Vit Nam t 800

ngn la, nm 2007 hn 1 triu la v n 2010 ln n 4,6 triu la, tng 450%

(3). i vi ngnh cng nghip vn ha Hn Quc, doanh thu nm 2003 t 630 triu

la, nm 2007 t 1,55 t la, nm 2008 l 2, 604 t la v nm 2010 ln n 3,074 t

la (4). Qu thc, xt t gc kinh t, l nhng con s rt n tng.

Nhng sn phm vn ha Hn Quc gn vi Hallyu c th phn thnh 2 loi: 1)

Nhng sn phm mang ni dung (content-based products) nh phim truyn hnh, m

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nhc, truyn tranh, gameonline, 2) Nhng sn phm/dch v tiu dng (Hardware) nh

m phm, thi trang, m thc, in thoi di ng, in t, D sn phm thuc loi

no cng c ngi dn th gii ho hng n nhn, nht l gii tr. Cng t gc nhn

kinh t cn c th thy mt kt qu khc, l s gia tng khch du lch n Hn Quc.

Nh Hallyu, nhiu ngi trn th gii mang lng cm mn t nc v con ngi Hn

Quc, v th l ngi ta t tour n x s ca Kimchi, nhn sm, ca sng Hn th

mng - ni hn h ca bao i trai ti gi sc m ngi ta mi thy trong phim!

T gc nhn vn ha, nh Hallyu, th gii bit n Hn Quc mt cch tng

tn. Nh Hallyu, ngi khp ni bit n cc mn n, m phm v cc hng ha khc ca

Hn Quc. c bit, thng qua phim nh, ngi ta hiu r v cuc sng sinh hot gia

nh, ng x x hi, phong tc tp qun, tn gio, Nho gio, nghi thc giao tipca

ngi Hn Quc. Thng qua phim nh, ngi xem, nht l gii hc sinh, sinh vin, bit

n v ngng m cc ngi sao Hn Quc. Khi c hi: Bn ngh sao v t nc v

con ngi Hn Quc?, nhiu ngi Vit Nam tr li: Thin ng chu , Thin

ng tuyt trng, ta c th hnh dung nim ca h v Gic mng Hn Quc

(Korean Dream) (5). ng l khng c phng tin no qung b hnh nh t nc,

con ngi hiu qu bng in nh (6) v Phim truyn hnh gi vai tr tin phong

trong vic to nn Hallyu (7).

Hallyu to ra c s ngng m ca ngi nc ngoi i vi vn ha, t

nc v con ngi Hn Quc. Hallyu, do vy, thc s l mt nhn t c u th nht, hiu

qu nht trong s cc nhn t to nn h thng quyn lc mm ca Hn Quc. Vy

nhng nguyn do g khin cho Hallyu c c sc li cun cao nh vy? Tr li cho cu

hi ny, ngi ta c th dn ra rt nhiu l do khc nhau: s tng trng kinh t vt bc

ca Hn Quc; x hi thc s dn ch, t do to iu kin cho ngi dn thay i

nhn thc v nhu cu i vi vn ha gii tr; chin lc marketing n khch hng c

thc hin bi bn, chuyn nghip, v.v. Tuy nhin, theo chng ti, nguyn nhn quan

trng nht, c tnh cht quyt nh, l s lnh o sng sut ca chnh ph Hn Quc

trong vic a vn ha tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip xut khu iu m t chnh

ph dm ngh v dm lm vi mt quyt tm rt cao v mt chin lc thc thi bi bn,

chuyn nghip nh Hn Quc. cng l mt bi hc m Vit Nam c th tham kho.

CH THCH

(1) Dn theo Hong Minh Li (ch bin), i sch ca cc quc giav vng lnh th ng

Bc v s gia tng quyn lc mm, NXB Khoa hc X hi, 2013, trang 10.

(2) Hong Minh Li (ch bin), sdd , trang 52.

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(3) Nguyn Th Thm, Mt s tc ng ca Hn Lu i vi Vit Nam Nhn trn gc vn

ha x hi, Tp ch Hn Quc, s 3/2014, trang 94.

(4) Nguyn Th Min Tho, S pht trin ca cng nghip vn ha Hn Quc hin nay, Tp ch

Nghin cu ng Bc , s 6/2012, trang 14-15.

(5) Phan Th Thu Hin, S tip nhn v nh hng ca ln sng vn ha Hn Quc trong gii

tr Vit Nam hin nay (Qua kho st kin hc sinh, sinh vin), Tp ch Hn Quc, s 1/2012,

trang 29.

(6) Hong Minh Li (ch bin), sdd , trang 22.

(7) Phan Th Thu Hin, bi d, trang 18.

TI LIU THAM KHO

Kim-myeong Hye, Hn lu gia ng ba ng Hin trng v nhng tn ti ca Hn

Lu, Tp ch Hn Quc, s 2/2012.

Phan Th Thu Hin, S tip nhn v nh hng ca ln sng vn ha Hn Quc trong

gii tr Vit Nam hin nay (Qua kho st kin hc sinh, sinh vin), Tp ch Hn Quc,

s 1/2012.

Hong Minh Li (ch bin), i sch ca cc quc gia v vng lnh th ng Bc

v s gia tng quyn lc mm, NXB Khoa hc X hi, 2013.

Trng Vn Minh, i truyn hnh Thnh ph H Ch Minh v qu trnh ln sng Hn

Quc thm nhp Vit Nam qua phim truyn truyn hnh, Tp ch Hn Quc s 1/2012.

Nguyn Th Min Tho, S pht trin ca cng nghip vn ha Hn Quc hin nay, Tp

ch Nghin cu ng Bc , s 6/2012.

Nguyn Th Thm, Mt s tc ng ca Hn Lu i vi Vit Nam Nhn trn gc

vn ha x hi, Tp ch Hn Quc, s 3/2014.

Dng Minh Tun (ch bin), Quan im v i sch ca cc quc gia v vng lnh th

ng Bc v trin vng hnh thnh m hnh cng ng ng , NXB Khoa hc X

hi, 2014.

14

Prof. Mai Ngoc Chu

1. (soft power) (hard

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(1) Hong Minh Li (ch bin), i sch ca cc quc giav vng lnh th ng Bc v s

gia tng quyn lc mm, NXB Khoa hc X hi, 2013, trang 10 .

(2) Hong Minh Li (ch bin), sdd , trang 52 .

(3) Nguyn Th Thm, Mt s tc ng ca Hn Lu i vi Vit Nam Nhn trn gc vn

ha x hi, Tp ch Hn Quc, s 3/2014, trang 94.

(4) Nguyn Th Min Tho, S pht trin ca cng nghip vn ha Hn Quc hin nay, Tp ch

Nghin cu ng Bc , s 6/2012, trang 14-15.

(5) Phan Th Thu Hin, S tip nhn v nh hng ca ln sng vn ha Hn Quc trong gii

tr Vit Nam hin nay (Qua kho st kin hc sinh, sinh vin), Tp ch Hn Quc, s 1/2012,

trang 29.

(6) Hong Minh Li (ch bin), sdd , trang 22 .

(7) Phan Th Thu Hin, bi d, trang 18.

Kimmyeong Hye, Hn lu gia ng ba ng Hin trng v nhng tn ti ca Hn Lu, Tp

ch Hn Quc, s 2/2012.

Phan Th Thu Hin, S tip nhn v nh hng ca ln sng vn ha Hn Quc trong gii tr

Vit Nam hin nay (Qua kho st kin hc sinh, sinh vin), Tp ch Hn Quc, s 1/2012.

Hong Minh Li (ch bin), i sch ca cc quc gia v vng lnh th ng Bc v s gia

tng quyn lc mm, NXB Khoa hc X hi, 2013.

Trng Vn Minh, i truyn hnh Thnh ph H Ch Minh v qu trnh ln sng Hn Quc

thm nhp Vit Nam qua phim truyn truyn hnh, Tp ch Hn Quc s 1/2012.

20

Nguyn Th Min Tho, S pht trin ca cng nghip vn ha Hn Quc hin nay, Tp ch

Nghin cu ng Bc , s 6/2012.

Nguyn Th Thm, Mt s tc ng ca Hn Lu i vi Vit Nam Nhn trn gc vn ha

x hi, Tp ch Hn Quc, s 3/2014.

Dng Minh Tun (ch bin), Quan im v i sch ca cc quc gia v vng lnh th ng

Bc v trin vng hnh thnh m hnh cng ng ng , NXB Khoa hc X hi, 2014.

21

Prof. Cho Hang Rok

Abstract

Recently, Korean Government requires the marriage immigrants who got married

to Korean citizens to equip basic knowledge when they obtain Immigrant Spouse Visas.

The above mentioned basic knowledge refers the command of Korean language and the

comprehension of Korean custom. And the evaluation of it is based on the Nationality

Law of Korea.

Korean government implements this policy because the marriage immigrants

could experience matrimonial difficulties and also could be vulnerable members in

Korean society if they don't know Korean language and custom.

Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) Level 1 is the required level of command

of Korean Language when a marriage immigrant obtains the Immigrant Spouse Visa.

That is the level which is necessary for the basic communication with Koreans. At the

time of visa application, a marriage immigrant must submit either the certificate of

TOPIK equivalent to Level 1 or higher or the certificate demonstrating the completion of

a basic level of Korean language course in an education institute designated by Korean

Ministry of Justice. But it is not easy to take the TOPIK or to take a course at an

education institute designated by Korean Ministry of Justice in a foreign country.

Therefore, an interview can be conducted in order to examine the applicant's command of

Korean language, if he/she wants it at the time of visa application. The test which is

implemented at this process is the Test of Basic Knowledge for Marriage Immigrants to

obtain the Immigrant Spouse Visa.

Vocabulary, grammar and discourse comprehension are evaluated in the test. The

test has 25 problems; Five for vocabulary, five for grammar, and fifteen for discourse

comprehension. A marriage immigrant should gain more than 60 points to obtain the

Immigrant Spouse Visa.

It is anticipated that this system will provoke changes in Korean language

22

education in Vietnam because there are number of marriage immigrants in that area.

Therefore, Korean language education institutes in Vietnam need to prepare for the

system. Fortunately, an obvious effect of education is expected, as marriage immigrants

have strong motivations. And, since the details of the evaluation are announced, it is easy

to develop an education program. It could be recommended that the education institutes

in Vietnam develop programs based upon the analysis of the sample tests. This will help

them enhance the capability of Korean of their students and contribute to the stable

development of Korean education in Vietnam.

1.

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2015

(2015.1.31. , : )

150,798 60,412 24,427 39,702 12657 11062 4589 2678 2379 17,319

(100%) (40.1%)

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(3.0%) (1.8%) (1.6%) (11.5%)

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(84.9%)

48,360 17,014 39,048 11,434 10,744 4,572 2,608 2,298 8,889

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48

DNG CHY XUYN VN HA TRONG X HI HN

QUC NG THI: SUY T KHI C CUN SCH

WAY BACK INTO KOREA CA CHOONG SOON KIM

PGS.TS. L Vn Canh

i hc Ngoi ng- i hc Quc gia H Ni

Abstract

Professor Choong Soon Kim published the book Way back into Korea: A new

insight by a native anthropologist come home in which he describes the dramatic

changes in the contemporary South Korean society. He also explains the causes of those

changes from an anthropologist perspective. In this talk, I will use the transcultural flow

theory to answer the questions and the paradoxes he raises concerning those changes. I

hope this can help to understand the current South Korean culture more comprehensively.

My conclusion is that forms of South Korean culture, like those of any culture in the

world keeps moving, changing under the influence of other transcultural flows and then

are reused refashion new South Korean identities. It is this cultural dynamics that create

both the paradoxes and the strengths that South Korea what is it today. The talk also

raises an important point to consider in studying culture so as to avoid falling into the trap

of cultural stereotypes.

Content

Gio s Choong Soon Kim l nh nghin cu v nhn hc vn ha. Sau khi nhn

bng Tin s v chuyn ngnh nhn hc ca i hc Georgia (Hoa K), ng li Hoa

K lm cng tc ging dy v nghin cu ti i hc Tennessee trong sut ba thp k

(1971-2001). Nm 2002 ng tr v qu hng Hn Quc ca ng v hin l Hiu trng

trng i hc Cyber University of Korea. Hai trong s nhng cng trnh nghin cu ca

ng l cun Kimchi and IT xut bn nm 2007 ( c dch ra ting Vit) v cun Way

back into Korea: A new insight by a native anthropologist come home do nh xut bn

Ilchokak xut bn nm 2014. Ti mun ni v cun sch th hai ny ca ng v theo hiu

bit ca ti y l mt cun sch cung cp cho c gi nhng thng tin ton din nht v

nhng bin i v x hi, kinh t, gio dc v vn ha ca Hn Quc trong sut chiu di

lch s ca Hn Quc. Do c o to v tng tham gia ging dy nhiu nm ti mt

trng i hc ca Hoa K nn tc gi phn tch nhng bin i trong x hi Hn quc

theo quan im nhn hc vi ci nhn va l ngi ng ngoi x hi Hn Quc va l

49

mt thnh vin ca dn tc Hn Quc. y chnh l yu t lm tng gi tr hc thut ca

cun sch.Trong cun sch ny, tc gi Choong Soon Kim i ngc li lch s ca Hn

Quc tm cu tr li cho nhng cu hi v x hi Hn Quc ng i. Nhng cu hi

l:

iu g cho php Hn Quc c nhng bc nhy vt v kinh t trong mt

thi gian rt ngn?

Bng cch no ngi Hn Quc li thnh cng trong vic xy dng nhng nh

my -t c quy m ln nc ngoi, xy dng c dng sng nhn to v i

Libya v a Hn Quc tr thnh mt trong nhng dn tc i u v cng

ngh thng tin hin i?

Ti sao li c rt nhiu hc sinh Hn Quc i du hc ti nhng trng i hc tt

nht ca chu u v Bc M?

Tt c nhng cu hi trn c tc gi tr li mt cch su sc theo phng php

nhn hc vn ha da trn s phn tch lch i. Trong bi vit ny ti ch tp trung trnh

by nhng suy ngh ca ti v nhng thay i vn ha trong x hi Hn quc theo mt l

thuyt khc : l thuyt dng chy xuyn vn ha (Transcultural Flow) vi mc ch a

ra mt cch nhn a dng hn v nhng bin i vn ha trong x hi Hn Quc ng

i.

Dng chy xuyn vn ha l g?

Cc hc gi nghin cu v ton cu ha vn ha cho rng ton cu ha khng dn

n s ng nht v vn ha. Ngc li, ton cu ha s dn n s lai ghp v vn ha.

Nh vy, trong mt th gii ton cu ha, khng mt nn vn ha no c th tn ti c

lp m khng chu nh hng ca cc nn vn ha khc. Cc hnh thc vn ha xuyn

quc gia s lan truyn theo nhiu hng khc nhau. Alastair Pennycook (2006) nh

ngha khi nim dng chy xuyn vn ha nh sau:

Ti s dng thut ng ny nghin cu nhng cch thc m cc hnh thc

vn ha di chuyn, thay i ri li c ti s dng to nn din mo

nhng cn tnh (identities) mi trong cc mi trng x hi a dng. V vy,

thut ng ny khng ch ni n s di chuyn ca vn ha m cn ni v s

lnh hi, bin ci ca ngi khc thnh ci ca mnh, thay i v ti to

thnh nhng hnh thc mi. (tr.7)

Ni mt cch n gin, khi nim dng chy xuyn vn ha ni ln mt thc t l

khng mt nn vn ha no bt bin vi nhng c tnh nguyn s ca n. Ngc li,

mi nn vn ha u cha ng nhng yu t lai ghp t cc nn vn ha khc. V vy,

cc dn tc xy dng nhng cn tnh ca h qua s tng tc v tip xc vi cc nn vn

ha khc.

50

Ngy nay, vic di c trn phm vi ton cu cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh

hin i trong cc phng tin truyn thng i chng thc y mnh m dng chy

ca cc quan im, cc phng thc lao ng v cc hnh vi lan truyn gia cc nn vn

ha trn phm vi ton cu nhng vi nhng hnh thc khc bit gia cc quc gia. Trong

qua trnh , cc hnh thc vn ha qun chng (popular culture) c vai tr c bit.

Pennycook cho rng m nhc qun chng v bng l nhng hin tng c sc mnh to

ln lm mt i s khc bit gia a phng vi th gii, gia truyn thng vi ng

thi. Nhng hin tng phn nh nhng dng chy, nhng thng lu v tnh d tan

chy ca cuc sng trong k nguyn ton cu.

Vy ti sao li phi quan tm n dng chy xuyn vn ha? Cu tr li l hiu

c cc dng chy xuyn vn ha s gip chng ta hiu bit y hn v cn tnh v

cng ng ca chng ta; chng ta l ai trong mi quan h vi ngi khc v chng ta

thuc cng ng no?

Khi nim dng chy xuyn vn ha ni ln c s vn ng qua thi gian,

khng gian v nhng gii han vn ha khc. N cho php chng ta hiu c y hn

bn cht su bn trong ca x hi Hn Quc

Hn Quc trong dng chy xuyn vn ha

Do dng chy xuyn vn ha tc ng n mi nn vn ha trong lng ton cu

hm nay nn Hn Quc khng th khng chu tc ng ca n v kinh t, chnh tr v vn

ha. Hn Quc vn trc y l mt quc gia n dn tc, n ngn ng v n vn ha,

nhng tt c nhng kha cnh cnh x hi ang thay i.

Brandt (1971 trch trong Kim 2014, tr. 280), mt nh nghin cu nhn hc Hoa

K khi i in d ti mt lng va lm ngh nng va lm ngh nh c Hn Quc vo

gia thp k 1960 ca th k 20 nhn xt v x hi Hn Quc nh sau:

Ngi ta c th nhn thy nhng hnh thc c x i nghch trong tt c cc nn

vn ha, nhng hnh nh nhng hnh thc i nghch th hin r nt hn

Hn Quc so vi cc phn cn li ca th gii.

Tc gi Choong Soong Kim (2014) nhn xt rng nu by gi Brandt i in d

Hn Quc ng s c chng kin khng nhng ch l nhng hnh vi i nghch m cn

bt gp nhiu nghc l bi v x hi Hn Quc ang bin i rt nhanh. S bin i

din ra nhanh n mc, Tudor (2012) phi a ra kt lun rng Bt c mt pht biu no

v i sng Hn Quc ng vo mt thi im nht nh c th s tr nn hon ton sai

nhanh n mc nm ngoi mi d on (tr. 280). Choong Soong Kim (2014) a ra bn

nghch l trong i sng x hi hin nay Hn Quc.

1. C rt nhiu ngi Hn vn ang v vn s giam mnh trong c tin v ch

ngha dn tc n sc tc bt chp d lun x hi v kin ca tng lp tr

thc Hn quc ni v x hi a vn ha Hn Quc.

51

2. Ngi Hn thng c xu hng sng hng ni nhng li hnh ng theo

cch hng ngoi.

3. Mi quan tm ln nht ca ngi Hn quan tm l tng trng v pht trin

kinh t nhng s c gng bo tn mi trng t nhin ca h khng km g

ngi dn cc nc pht trin.

4. Nhng tn d Nho gio Hn Quc l rt ln, th nhng Hn Quc li l

quc gia ng u tin bu ra mt v Tng thng l n.

Ngi Hn Quc vn tin rng ngi Hn c chung mt dng mu, mt ngn ng

v mt vn ha. Nim tin ny c vo ni dung gio dc trong nh trng gio

dc tinh thn dn tc cho hc sinh. Tuy nhin, gn y nhng dng ngi nhp c vo

Hn Quc ang thch thc nim tin ny. Theo con s thng k ca B T php Hn

Quc, nm 2012 Hn Quc c 932,000 ngi ngoi quc thuc 184 quc gia khc nhau

c l nhng ngi nh c lu di Hn Quc, chim 1,8% tng s dn Hn Quc

khong 50 triu. Nu cng c con s nhng ngi n Hn Quc ngn hn th con s

ngi ngoi quc ln n 1,42 triu. Theo kt qu thm d d lun ca Vin Chnh tr

hc Sogang c n 82,9% ngi c hi tr li rng Hn Quc tr thnh mt x hi

a vn ha.

Ngi Hn vn tin rng h u xut thn t mt tc ngi mang trong mnh dng

mu Hn thun khit, do vy thi phn bit chng tc l kh ph bin trong ngi

Hn. Kim Nho-young, mt cn b lm vic ti Trung tm h tr cc gia nh a vn ha ,

khi tr li phng vin Tp ch The Diplomat ni rng:

Ngi Hn thng c thi khng tt vi nhng ngi c ngun gc a

vn ha. Do s ngi di c t cc quc gia ang ni ln n Hn Quc ngy

cng tng, ngi Hn thng cho rng nhng ngi ngoi quc ny l

nhng ngi i ngho n Hn Quc kim tin.

Theo kt qu nghin cu do B Bnh ng gii v Gia nh ca Hn Quc thc

hin trong nm 2012 th c n 41,3% s gia nh a vn ha Hn Quc ni rng h b

phn bit i x so vi con s 36,4% trong kt qu iu tra nm 2009. Bo co nm

2012 ca B ny cho thy nhng ngi c ngun gc a vn ha khng nhng phi chu

phn bit i x m cn gp nhiu kh khn khc nh kh khn v giao tip, s khc

bit vn ha v tm trng c n (Tae-jun Kang 2013).

Vic kt hn vi ngi nc ngoi trong nhng nm gn y, ch yu l nam gii

Hn Quc kt hn vi ph n nc ngoi (75%). T l kt hn vi ngi nc ngoi

nng thn cao hn so vi t l trung bnh ca c nc do nhiu nam gii Hn Quc trong

tui 30-50 nng thn khng tm c ph n ngi Hn kt hn. Theo thng k

nm 2006, s c du ly chng Hn Quc nhiu nht l ngi Trung Quc (66,2%), tip

sau l ngi Vit Nam (18,7%) (Moon, 2010) .Theo Choong Soong Kim th khong 200,

000 c du ngi nc ngoi ly chng ngi Hn sinh c 150,000 tr em, gp

52

phn a dn s Hn Quc ln 50 triu. Nm 2005, t l sinh Hn Quc l 1,076, con

s thp nht trn th gii. Tuy nhin, con ci ca nhng cp v chng ny lun b phn

bit i x vi nhng mc khc nhau.

Tm hn hng ni nhng hnh ng hng ngoi ca ngi Hn c Choong

Soong Kim miu t kh y . Khong 7 triu ngi Hn ang nh c ti 73 quc gia,

chim t l 13,6% dn s 50 triu ca Hn Quc. Cc cng ty Hn Quc c hng

li t nhng ngi Hn nh c nc ngoi ny trong vic qung b cc sn phm cng

nghip ca h ra th trng. Choong Soong Kim (tr. 291) vit:

Hn 10, 000 tnh nguyn vin KOICA ang lm vic ti 65 quc gia v

gn 23, 332 cc nh truyn gio Tin lnh ang lm vic ti 169 quc gia.

Trong khu vc t nhn, trong s 11, 733 cng ty Hn Quc c s ngi

lm t 50 ngi tr ln, th 21,3% c cc chi nhnh t ti trn 150 quc

gia vi tng s vn u t l 44 t la M. n thng 4 nm 2012, c

239,213 hc sinh Hn Quc ang theo hc nc ngoi, phn ln l M

(73,351 tc 30,7%), Trung Quc (62, 855 chim 26,3% ) v Vng quc

Anh (12, 580 chim 5,3%). Trong khi hin c khong 89, 537 sinh vin

ngoi quc ang theo hc ti Hn Quc. Con s hc sinh Hn i du hc

cao hn nhiu so vi con s sinh vin ngoi quc n hc ti Hn Quc.

Hn Quc cng rt quan tm n cc hot ng vn ha, ngh thut thu ht s

ch ca th gii. Ln sng Hn Quc hay Hallyu (Hn lu?) l mt v d tiu biu.

Hallyu quan tm n lnh vc gii tr di ba hnh thc: nhc pop, kch truyn hnh v

in nh. Choong Soong miu t tc ng ca Hallyu nh sau:

Nhc pop (K-pop) cng rt ph bin cc quc gia chu Phi nh Uganda,

Ethiopia v Kenya. ti cc quc gia ny nh tc ng ca Hallyu m

hc sinh a phng thch hc ting Hn. Ti Thi Lan, Hallyu thp

bng s say m hc ting Hn. C c mt Khoa sau i hc v Hallyu ti

trng i hc Cng gio ca Hn Quc (The Catholic University of

Korea). Trng ny m mt chin dch dy ting Hn trc tuyn (e-

Learning) cho trn 100, 000 c du ngi nc ngoi v cho mi ngi

trn th gii qua mng Internet min ph. Hin ti khong 8,000 ngi ti

70 quc gia ang theo hc cc kha hc ting Hn trc tuyn..Do s

thm nhp su rng ca Ln sng Hn Quc vo cc quc gia trn th

gii, hiu qu ca n cn hn c s thn tng i vi Hn Quc. Hn bt

c ci g khc, Hallyu a Hn Quc ln bn th gii. N gip

lm tan bin quan nim khun so v lc hu cho rng Hn Quc l mt

vng c lp ca phng ng. Nh c ln sng ny s lng ngi nc

ngoi n Hn Quc t mc k lc l 6 triu ngi vo nm 2005 (tr.

293-294).

53

Do nh hng ca Nho gio, ngi Hn Quc cho rng con ngi, thin nhin v

Cha l bnh ng, l nhng thc th cng tn ti vi nhau. Trit l ny cho rng con

ngi nm trong thin nhin. Tuy nhin trong giai on u pht trin kinh t, mi

trng t nhin ca Hn Quc b tn ph phc v pht trin kinh t. Cho n khi

kinh t pht trin, mc sng c nng cao, ngi Hn Quc bt u thc c

s cn thit phi bo v mi trng. Nhiu tp qun truyn thng, nht l truyn thng

chon ngi cht thay i v vn ha ha tang ang c ngy cng nhiu ngi dn

chp nhn. Vn ha ha tng mi ni ln ny s gip ch cho vic gn gi v p t

nhin ca nhng ngn ni Hn Quc bi v vic chon ngi cht trong mt thi gian

di lun tp trung cc vng i, ni (Choong Soong Kim, tr. 307). Seoul v ang

chng kin s ni ln ca phong tro dn s nhm mc ch cao li sng chm nhng

mang li thnh qu. Trung tm ca phong tro ny l mt i qun nng dn thnh th

lm vic v mt tng lai xanh cho thnh ph ch khng phi theo ui mt li sng

nhanh hn v c l d dng hn (Choong Soong Kim, tr. 308).

V chnh tr thc trng nam khinh n ca Nho gio thay i Hn Quc vi

vic b Park Geun-hye c bu lm Tng thng vo ngy 19 thng 12 nm 2012.

Choong Soong Kim cho rng vi vic c c, b Park Geun-hye lp nn nhiu k lc

trong x hi Hn Quc. Th nht, b l v n Tng thng u tin trong lch s Hn quc.

Th hai, b l Tng thng Hn Quc u tin c ngi thn sinh l cha b cng tng l

Tng thng Hn Quc. Th ba, b l v Tng thng u tin Hn Quc c nhiu

phiu bu nht (51,55% k t cuc bu c trc tip ph thng u phiu u tin c t

chc vo nm 1987. Th t, b l v Tng thng Hn Quc u tin khng lp gia inh.

Th nm, b l v Tng thng Hn Quc u tin c bng i hc v khoa hc chuyn

ngnh k thut in t. Choong Soong Kim cho rng c l kt qu cuc bu c ny s

chng minh mt s bin i ngon mc nht i vi Hn Quc trong lich s dn ch 64

nm ca quc gia ny. Ngi Hn c cch lm cho th gii kinh ngc (tr. 311-312).

Kt lun

Cn tnh vn ha hay cn gi l bn sc vn ha (cultural identity) khng phi l

ci g c sn t trc ri truyn li cho cc th h sau qua khng gian, thi gian, lch

s v vn ha. N lun c bin i (Hall 2009). Cn tnh vn ha l mt s sn sinh

lun trong qu trnh bin i v lun c to nn trong hon cnh c th. S lai ghp v

vn ha di tc ng ca dng chy xuyn vn ha c th hin r trong s miu t v

x hi Hn Quc ng thi ca tc gi Choong Soong Kim. iu th hin trong bn

nghch l m tc gi Choong Soong Kim miu t trong cun sch Way back into

Korea: A new insight by a native anthropologist come home.

Hallyu chnh l s lai ghp gia nt vn ha c trng ca Hn Quc vi nhng

nt vn ha ca phng Ty v chu to ra mt phong cch c mt khng hai ti

thi im ny ca lch s.

54

S lai ghp gia vn ha Hn Quc vi nhng nt p ca cc nn vn ha ca

nhn loi ri ti to li mt vn ha ring ca Hn Quc chnh l cu tr li cho nhng

vn m tc gi Choong Soong Kim nu trong cun sch ca ng. y cng chnh l

mt im quan trng cn lu khi nghin cu vn ha Hn Quc trnh nhng sai lm

v cch nhn khun mu trong vn ha.

Ti liu tham kho

Brandt, V. S. R. (1971). A Korean village: Between farm and see. Cambridge: Harvard

University Press.

Hall, S. (2009). Cultural identity and diaspora. Trong cun Theorizing diaspora: A reader

(tr. 233-246) do J. E. Braziel v A. Mannur (ch bin). Malden, MA and Oxford, UK:

Blackwell Publishing.

Moon, S. (2010). Multicultural and global citizenship in the transnational age: The case

of South Korea. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 12 (1), 1-15.

Pennycook, A. (2006). Global English and transcultural flows. New York: Routledge.

Tae-jun Kang. (2013 August 20). Koreas multicultural growing pains. The Diplomat.

Thediplomat.com/2013/08/Koreas-multicultural-growing pains/

Tudor, D. (2012). Korea: The impossible country. North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle

Publishing.

55

- WAY BACK INTO KOREA

Ass.Prof. Dr. Le Van Canh

University of Languages and International Studies

Vietnam National University, Hanoi

1971 2001 30

. 2002

. Kimchi and IT (2007

) Way back into Korea: A new insight by a native

anthropologist come home (, 2014 ) 2 .

Way back into Korea .

, , .

. .

. .

?

, ( )

,

?

?

.

(Transcultural Flow)

.

56

57

. .

.

. Alastair Pennycook

(2006) .

(identities)

.

. (7 )

,

.

.

.

. .

Pennycook

.

.

?

,

.

.

.

,

. ,

.

Brandt (1971, 2014:280 ) 1960

.

58

.

(2014) Brandt

() .

. Tudor (2012: 280)

. (2014)

4 .

1.

.

2.

.

3.

.

4.

.

,

.

.

.

, 2012 184 932.0000

5

1,8% .

1.42 .

82.9%

.

.

. The Diplomat Journal

59

, Kim Nho Young

.

.

.

2009 36,4% 2012 (, Ministry

of the Gender Equality & Family) , 41,3%

.

2012

, ,

.

(75%). 30-50

.

2006 ,

(66,2%) (18,7%) (Moon, 2010).

2 15

5 . 2005

1,076 .

.

. 50 73 13,6%

7 .

. (291 )

.

KOICA 65 , 23.332

169 . 50

1.733 440

15 21.3% .

2012 4 , 239.213

. (73.351 30,7%), (62. 855

26,3% ), (12. 580 5.3%) .

60

89. 537 .

61

.

- .

. K-pop, 3

.

.

K-pop ,

.

. .

The Catholic University of Korea .

e-learning 10

.

70

8000 .

.

.

. 2005

6 . (293-294 )

,

.

.

.

.

,

.

. (, 308 ).

.

62

.

.

2012 12 19

.

.

, ; ,

, , 1987

51.55% , , ,

.

64

.

. (311-312 ).

, (cultural identity) , ,

. (Hall

2009).

.

(Transcultural flow)

. Way back into Korea: A new

insight by a native anthropologist come home

4 .

.

Way Back into Korean .

.

Brandt, V. S. R. (1971). A Korean village: Between farm and see. Cambridge: Harvard University

Press.

63

Hall, S. (2009). Cultural identity and diaspora. Trong cun Theorizing diaspora: A reader (tr.

233-246) do J. E. Braziel v A. Mannur (ch bin). Malden, MA and Oxford, UK: Blackwell

Publishing.

Moon, S. (2010). Multicultural and global citizenship in the transnational age: The case of South

Korea. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 12 (1), 1-15.

Pennycook, A. (2006). Global English and transcultural flows. New York: Routledge.

Tae-jun Kang. (2013 August 20). Koreas multicultural growing pains. The Diplomat.

Thediplomat.com/2013/08/Koreas-multicultural-growing pains/

Tudor, D. (2012). Korea: The impossible country. North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing.

64

SECTION 1: VN HA - X HI HN QUC

65

CH NGHA CNG NG TRONG VN HA DOANH

NGHIP VIT NAM V HN QUC

PGS.TS. Phan Th Thu Hin

Trng Khoa Hn Quc hc

Trng HKHXH&NV H Quc gia Tp H Ch Minh

Abstract

Comparative study of Vietnamese and Korean corporate cultures is a topic of

scientific and practical significance. Corporate culture (enterprise culture / business

culture / organization culture), as a sub-culture, is inevitably linked to a national culture.

Thus, a comparative study of Vietnamese and Korean corporate cultures can contribute to

enlighten identities of two nations.Nowadays, Korea is a leading investor in Vietnam

with over 2,800 active businesses. However, many Korean companies in Vietnam are not

very successful in human relationship between Korean managers and Vietnamese staff.

Understanding Vietnamese and Korean corporate cultures can contribute to promoting

their cooperation.

Besides of sharing many Oriental / East Asian basic similarities, Vietnamese and

Korean organization cultures are different in many national characteristics.In this paper,

we would like to analyze the similarities and differences between Korean and Vietnamese

collectivism as one of basic dimensions of their organization cultures. Our paper aims to

offer some suggestions for improving mutual understanding between Korean and

Vietnamese staffs, improving business effect of Korean companies in Vietnam.

Keywords:Vietnamese - Korean relation / cooperation, Korean companies in Vietnam,

Korean Organization Culture / Corporate culture / Enterprise culture / Business culture,

Vietnamese Organization Culture / Corporate culture / Enterprise culture / Business

culture, Comparative Study.

DN NHP

Nghin cu so snh vn ha doanh nghip Vit Nam v Hn Quc l mt ti

c ngha khoa hc v thc tin. V phng din hc thut, vn ha doanh nghip

(corporate culture / enterprise culture / business culture / organization culture), vi t

cch mt tiu vn ha (sub-culture), gn b cht ch vi vn ha ca mt dn tc

66

(national culture). Do , qua nghin cu vn ha doanh nghip c th gp phn soi sng

bn sc vn ha dn tc (identity) Vit v Hn. V phng din thc hnh, hin nay, Hn

Quc l nh u t hng u Vit Nam vi hn 2.800 doanh nghip ang hot ng.

Tuy nhin, Hn Quc cng l nh u t khng phi rt thnh cng trong quan h nhn

s gia cc nh qun l ngi Hn v cc nh qun l, nhn vin ngi Vit. Hiu bit

vn ha doanh nghip Vit Nam v Hn Quc trong so snh c th gp phn xc tin

quan h hp tc gia hai dn tc.

Bo co ca chng ti tp trung so snh ch ngha tp th trong vn ha doanh

nghip Vit Nam v Hn Quc. Kt lun rt ra t trng hp so snh cng c th gi

s vn dng khi qut hn i vi quan h gia Hn Quc v ng Nam ni chung.

1. Ch ngha cng ng nh mt chiu kch ca vn ha doanh nghip Vit

Nam v Hn Quc

C nhiu cch hiu khc nhau v khi nim vn ha. Geert Hofstede nh ngha

vn ha l s lp trnh tm thc tp th, phn bit nhng thnh vin ca nhm hay loi

ngi ny vi nhm hay loi ngi khc (Culture, it is the collective programing of the

mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from

another 1

). Theo Hofstede, vn ha doanh nghip (organizational culture / corporate

culture) l mt trong nhng lp vn ha (layer of culture), th hin cch thc m nh

qun l / nhn vin c x hi ha trong t chc lao ng ca h (the way employees

have been socialed by their work organization2. Theo Chan Sup Chang v Nahn Joo

Chang, h thng qun tr kinh doanh l mt chc nng ca nn vn ha. iu y c

ngha rng vn ha ca mt dn tc nh hng n v h thng ha h thng qun tr

kinh doanh ca dn tc y3 (a management system is a function of its culture. This mean

that the culture of a nation influences and systematizes the management system of that

nation). Nghin cu so snh vn ha doanh nghip Vit Nam v Hn Quc, v vy, gn

b khng th tch ri vi nghin cu so snh vn ha, bn sc dn tc Vit Nam v Hn

Quc.

Ch ngha c nhn (Individualism) vs. Ch ngha cng ng (Collectivism) c

xem nh mt trong nhng chiu kch quan trng ca vn ha doanh nghip.

Ni bt nh nhng cng trnh nghin cu v quan h gia vn ha dn tc v vn

ha doanh nghip ca Geert Hofstede, sut t nhng nm 1970 n nay lun lun thu ht

s ch ca gii hc gi, xc nh 6 chiu kch quan trng ca vn ha doanh nghip:

1 Geert Hofstede: Cultures and Organizations Software of the Mind (PDF version), tr 1.

2Geert Hofstede: Cultures and Organizations Software of the Mind (PDF version), tr 3. 3 Chan Sup Chang & Nahn Joo Chang 1994:9.

67

(1) Power Distance (Khong cch quyn lc), (2) Individualism vs. Collectivism (Ch

ngha c nhn trong s tng phn vi Ch ngha cng ng), (3) Masculinity vs.

Femininity (Nam tnh trong s tng phn vi N tnh), (4) Uncertainty Avoidance

(Trnh s bt nh), (5) Xu hng Pragmatism (Ch ngha thc tin / Ch ngha thc t)

lin quan n Long Term vs. Short Term Orientation (nh hng di hn trong s tng

phn vi nh hng ngn hn), (6) Indulgence vs. Restraint (Thoi mi / Hng th

trong s tng phn vi Kim ch / Khc k). Trong , Ch ngha c nhn v Ch ngha

cng ng lin quan mc tng thuc m mt x hi duy tr gia nhng thnh vin

ca n. N lin quan n hnh nh t ng ca ngi ta c nhn din trong thut ng

ti hay chng ta. Trong x hi c nhn ch ngha, con ngi quan tm cho chnh h

v gia nh h. Nhng x hi ch ngha tp th, con ngi thuc v nhng nhm quan

tm n h v i li, h trung thnh vi nhm 4.

Trong cng trnh nghin cu v nhng nn tng vn ha, chnh tr, kinh t ca h

thng qun tr kinh doanh Hn Quc, Chan Sup Chang v Nahn Joo Chang so snh

Nht Bn Hn Quc Hoa K v 7 kha cnh lin quan ti vn ha qun tr kinh

doanh: (1) Blood on bahavors (Thi i vi mu, qun s), (2) Mythic tradition

(Truyn thng huyn thoi), (3) Territorial location (V tr v cm gic an ton lnh th),

(4) Family and blood relationship (Gia nh v quan h huyt thng), (5) Alumni and

education relation (Bn ng mn v quan h v hc vn), (6) Regionalism (Ch ngha

a phng), (7) Reciprocity (Quan h tng h v lng trung thnh) th trong s , c

n 4 kha cnh (4), (5), (6), (7) lin quan n ch ngha cng ng.

Ch ngha cng ng (Collectivism) c xem nh mt trong nhng c im

quan trng ca vn ha doanh nghip Hn Quc v Vit Nam.

Theo kt qu kho st x hi hc (thc hin lin tc nhiu nm vi quy m, s

lng ln trn mu c tnh i din, tnh in hnh cao) ca Hofstede, ch s ch ngha c

nhn ca Vit Nam v Hn Quc ln lt l 20 v 18 cho thy c hai l nhng x hi ca

ch ngha cng ng. ng ch l cc nc ni bt ng Bc (Trung Quc, Hn

Quc) v ng Nam (Vit Nam, Thi Lan, Singapore) u c ch s ch ngha c nhn

thp (18 20), duy ch Nht Bn c ch s c nhn trung bnh. Cc nc chu tng

phn su sc vi Hoa K, ni ch s c nhn rt cao (91). Nh vy, c s tng ng

gia Vit Nam v Hn Quc (cng nh hu ht cc nc chu khc) v ch ngha cng

ng, trong ch ngha cng ng ca Hn Quc cn cao hn Vit Nam (v thuc loi

cao nht chu , cao nht th gii).

4 G.Hofstede 2011: 8; cp nht vi http://geert-hofstede.com/vietnam.html

http://geert-hofstede.com/vietnam.html

68

USA

China

Japan

Korea

Vietnam

Thailand

Singapore

IDV

91

20

46

18

20

20

20

Table 1. Individualism Index (IDV) values for USA, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam,

Thailand, Singapore (Phan Th Thu Hin lp bng, da trn kt qu ca Hofstede)

Theo L. Robert Kohls (2001) trong Hc t duy kiu Hn (Learning to Think

Korean), h gi tr vn ha Hn Quc truyn thng c nhng thay i quan trng t

1965, c bit khi chuyn sang th k XXI, tuy nhin, trc sau thng lnh vn l Xu

hng nhm (Group Orientation) ch khng phi l Individualism (Ch ngha c nhn),

Independence (S c lp), Privacy (Ring t)5. Boy Lafayette De Mente (2014) nghin

cu Kiu thc Hn trong kinh doanh (The Korean Way in Business) cng khng nh nh

th6. L. Robert Kohls v Boy Lafayette De Mente u so snh vn ha doanh nghip

Hn Quc vi vn ha doanh nghip Hoa K.

Tuy nhin, cng c kh nhiu kin khng hon ton tn ng. Cc hc gi Nht

Bn nh S. Hayashi (1985), Y. Hasegawa (1987), T. Kusayanagi (1980), T. Watanabe

(1987), qua so snh Hn-Nht, khng nh rng ngi Hn duy tr ch ngha c nhn, mt

kiu hnh x c nhn ch ngha c o (trong khi ngi Nht theo ch ngha tp th),

ngi Hn trung thnh vi nhng c nhn trong nhm (khc ngi Nht trung thnh vi

nhm). Cc hc gi Hn Quc nh D.K. Kim v C.W. Kim (1989), T.K. Lee (1977) cng

xem l ngi Hn c cch ngh c nhn ch ngha, hnh x ch k, t nht cng tha

nhn thi c nhn ch ngha nh mt hin tng ngoi bin trong x hi hng v

cng ng, theo ui nhng quan tm c nhn trong bi cnh nhm7 . Theo C.S.

Chang (1989), ngi Hn pht trin mt kiu thc hnh x ng thi va mang tnh

cng ng va mang tnh c nhn8.

Trong khi ch ngha cng ng trong vn ha doanh nghip Hn Quc c

kh nhiu nh nghin cu quan tm tuy kin cn nhng khc bit th vn ha doanh

nghip Vit Nam nhn chung cha my c ch . Ch ngha cng ng trong vn ha

doanh nghip Hn Quc thng c so snh Hoa K v Nht Bn. Nh vy, vn cn

cn thit nhng nghin cu chuyn su, c h thng v ch ngha cng ng ca Hn

Quc v Vit Nam, c bit nhng nghin cu so snh lm r c im tng ng cng

nh sc thi c th gia hai dn tc.

2. Hon cnh hnh thnh ch ngha cng ng trong vn ha Vit Nam v Hn

Quc

5L. Robert Kohls 2001: 60-65. 6 Boy Lafayette De Mente 2014: 49-50. 7 Chan Sup Chang & Nahn Joo Chang 1994: 45-46. 8 Chan Sup Chang & Nahn Joo Chang 1994: 55.

69

Phn ny so snh nhng iu kin t nhin v x hi gp phn hnh thnh c

im tng ng cng nh sc thi c th gia ch ngha cng ng trong vn ha

doanh nghip Vit Nam v Hn Quc.

1. Thnh phn chng tc

Hn Quc t xa l mt x hi thun chng (homogeneity), ch c mt dn tc

Hn. Dn c trn bn o Hn thun nht v th cht, ngn ng, vn ha hn hu ht

nhng nhm ln c dn bt k ni u trn th gii9. Vit Nam li l quc gia a dn

tc (heterogeneity) vi 54 dn tc. X hi a vn ha (multicultural) c xu hng d

dng hn trong chp nhn tha nhn, t phn bit hn gia trong nhm (in-group) v ngoi

nhm (out-group) so vi x hi n vn ha.

2. Sn xut kinh t

D khi u khc nhau (Vit Nam hi lm, trng trt trong khi Hn Quc sn

bt, du mc), nhng sut truyn thng lu di v sau, c hai u ch yu lm nng nghip

trng la. S gn kt cng ng ca c dn trng trt nhn chung mnh hn so vi c dn

du mc.

3. Hon cnh lch s

C Vit Nam ln Hn Quc u tri qua thi gian lu di b gic ngoi xm. Hn

Quc tng cng c khong 400 nm b xm lc, bi Trung Quc v Nht Bn. Vit

Nam b Trung Quc, Php, Nht Bn, M xm lc, trc sau hn 1200 nm. Nhu cu

chng gic ngoi xm thng l mt ng lc mnh m gn kt cng ng.

L h qu ca hon cnh lch s ny, c Vit Nam ln Hn Quc u chu nh

hng vn ha Trung Quc, vi Pht gio v Nho gio. Pht gio d hng ti gii thot

c nhn, vn c du n quan trng i vi ch ngha cng ng qua thuyt ging v c

t bi, yu thng ng loi, yu thng chng sinh. n nay, Pht gio vn l tn gio

vi s lng tn cao nht Vit Nam (12%) cng nh Hn Quc (25%). c bit l

Nho gio, vi t cch mt trit hc-chnh tr nhn mnh tm quan trng ca trt t gia

nh, trt t x hi da trn trch nhim o c trong quan h tng h gia cc thnh

vin trong gia nh (chng-v, cha-con, anh-em) v x hi (vua-ti, bn hu), gp

phn tng cng ch ngha cng ng Vit Nam v Hn Quc. Nho gio Hn Quc

c xem l cn nghim ngt hn c Trung Quc. Vit Nam th trn c tng bn a

ng Nam vi khuynh hng bnh ng dn ch, Nho gio tr nn mm mi hn.

4. Qu trnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha

Hn Quc t nhng nm 1960 bt u qu trnh tng trng thn k, tr thnh

mt trong nhng cng quc kinh t ca khu vc v th gii, vi nhng chaebol [ (

)] hng mnh, nhng th vn minh. Trong khi , Vit Nam mi ginh c c

9

Choong Soon Kim 2007: Kimchi and IT.

70

Nm T l dn s th (%)

VIT NAM HN QUC

1950 11,6 21,35

1960 14,7 39,1

1970 18,3 50,1

1980 19,2 68,7

1990 20,3 81,9

2000 24,5 88,3

2010 30,4 90,2

lp v thng nht t nc t nm 1975, n nay cng vn lun phi sn sng chin tranh

bo v ch quyn, Vit Nam mi l nc ang pht trin, mi ch bc vo giai on u

ca cng nghip ha, hin i ha, mi ch c t doanh nghip va v nh, v c bn vn

cn l x hi tam nng (nng thn, nng nghip, nng dn).

H1. So snh v trnh pht trin cng nghipcn c gi tr gia tng hng cng nghip

ch to trn u ngi (MVA)vi Hn Quc cao nht v Vit Nam thp nht trong 5

nc chu 1

Bng so snh di y cho thy t l dn s thnh th Hn Quc tng nhanh dn

u t nhng nm 1960 trong khi Vit Nam tng rt chm. Theo thng k nm 2010,

dn s thnh th Hn Quc chim n 90,2% trong khi Vit Nam ch chim 30,4%.

X hi th, cng nghip l mi trng to iu kin cho s hnh thnh v pht trin

ch ngha c nhn, khc vi x hi nng thn, nng nghip duy tr lu di ch ngha cng

ng.

Table 2. T l dn s thnh th Vit Nam v Hn Quc (1950 - 2010)10

10World urbanization Prospectives: The 2009 Revision Population Database. V Website Vn phng Thng k quc gia

Hn Quc

63

Thm na, trong khi Hn Quc t nhng nm 1960 pht trin ch ngha t bn th

Vit Nam trc sau vn pht trin theo nh hng x hi ch ngha, d gn y chuyn

t c ch bao cp sang c ch th trng. Hn Quc, thng lnh l kinh t t nhn.

Theo thng k nm 2011, ch ring 10 chaebol ln nht chim n 79% GDP.

Fig 2. The 10 Largest Chaebols Share of South Koreas GDP (2011)

Trong khi , Vit Nam, khu vc doanh nghip nh nc, doanh nghip tp th

vn chim t trng v vai tr ln nht. Theo thng k nm 2013, tuy cc doanh nghip

nh nc ch chim hn 1% v s lng song li cung cp hu ht cc sn phm, dch v

quan trng ca nn kinh t, gp phn bo m cc cn i v m (ngn sch Nh nc, an

ninh lng thc, an ninh nng lng, cn cn thng mi), ang l lc lng sn xut

ch cht ca nhiu ngnh, nhiu lnh vc quan trng nh: Bo m hn 85% sn lng

in, xng du; thc hin 98% sn lng vn ti hng khng ni a; hn 90% h tng

vin thng; 56% dch v ti chnh, tn dng; 70% lng go xut khu; hn 80% phn

ha hc Cc doanh nghip lun to ra hn 30% tng thu ngn sch, cha tnh thu t

du th qua Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam; chim 33% tng trng kinh t.

Trong s cc doanh nghip ng thu thu nhp doanh nghip cc nm 2010 v nm 2011

th doanh nghip nh nc chim 16/20 v tr hng u, trong c 10 doanh nghip np

thu nhiu nht u l doanh nghip nh nc11. C ch bao cp, nh hng x hi

ch ngha l mi trng ca ch ngha cng ng trong khi c ch th trng, t bn ch

ngha l mi trng ca ch ngha c nhn.

5. Nhng thay i th h

C th xp vo iu kin th t, tuy nhin, ng tch ring thnh iu kin th

nm, l nhng thay i th h trong vn ha dn tc cng nh vn ha doanh nghip

Vit Nam v Hn Quc.

11 NH GI NG VAI TR CA DOANH NGHIP NH NC.

HTTP://NGUYENTANDUNG.ORG/DANH-GIA-DUNG-VAI-TRO-CUA-DOANH-NGHIEP-NHA-NUOC.HTML

http://nguyentandung.org/danh-gia-dung-vai-tro-cua-doanh-nghiep-nha-nuoc.html

64

Hn Quc, trc ht l th h 386 [386 ()], th h sinh vo

nhng nm 1960, vo i hc nhng nm 1980 v cui nhng nm 1990, h qung tui

30 tui. Th h ny tc ng mnh n i sng kinh t, x hi, chnh tr ca Hn Quc

sut hai thp k (nhng nm 1990 v nhng nm 2000). Khc vi cha m h, th h ny

khng tri qua chin tranh Triu Tin, h sinh ra khi Hn Quc bt u k tch ct cnh

kinh t. Nhng nm tui tr, h tch cc u tranh chng ch c ti thc hin dn

ch. H cng khng hi lng vi s qun bnh trong ngho kh m n lc lm giu,

khong cch giu ngho ngy cng ln. Theo L. Robert Kohls, trong h gi tr Hn Quc

t nhng nm 1965, c s duy tr nhng gi tr truyn thng v hnh thnh nhng gi tr

mi, hin i: th h 386 chnh l th h trong khi vn duy tr xu hng nhm (group

orientation) th va coi trng di sn dng di (birthright inheritance) va nhn mnh s t

lc, phn u, ci thin (self-help, improvement); c xu hng nh gi con ngi qua

hnh ng, quan tm n thnh tu (doing orientation, achievement) hn l xu hng

nh gi con ngi qua tnh trng bn th (being orientation); chuyn qua quan h cnh

tranh (competition) hn l hp tc (cooperation)12

.

Hin nay, Hn Quc li ang chng kin mt thay i quan trng vi Th h Mi

(New Generation), c gi l Shinsedae, ang tui 26-35, ln ln sau suy thoi

kinh t Chu nm 1997, hc i hc Hoa K, thng tho ting Anh v c mt phi

cnh ton cu. Th h ny thc t (pragmatic) hn cc th h trc, xu hng tiu th

hn, ch ngha c nhn mnh hn do nh hng ca ton cu ha, internet v cc phng

tin truyn thng i chng.

i vi Vit Nam, thay i quan trng t nm 1986, khi t nc bc vo thi

k i mi, chuyn t c ch bao cp sang c ch th trng. Tuy nhin, dng nh cha

xut hin Vit Nam nhng thay i th h mnh m, c tnh bc ngot, h trng, nh

hng ng k n ch ngha cng ng trong vn ha dn tc ni chung, vn ha doanh

nghip ni ring nh kiu th h 386 hay Tn Th h Hn Quc.

3. Nhng tng ng v khc bit v ch ngha cng ng trong vn ha doanh

nghip Vit Nam v Hn Quc

Nh ni trn, ch ngha c nhn vs. ch ngha cng ng l mt chiu kch

quan trng trong vn ha doanh nghip. Phn ny so snh ch ngha cng ng trong vn

ha doanh nghip Vit Nam v Hn Quc, tuy nhin khng xem xt n nh mt chiu

kch c lp m trong quan h vi cc chiu kch khc ca vn ha doanh nghip nh

mt h thng.

Geert Hofstede, da trn phng php nh lng (kt qu kho st iu tra x

hi hc) cho thy c im tng ng l vn ha doanh nghip Vit Nam v Hn

Quc u th hin ch ngha cng ng cao. Nghin cu ny, k tha cng trnh i trc,

12L. Robert Kohls 2001: 62

65

ch yu dng phng php nh tnh (tip cn h thng, lin ngnh), c gng lm sng t

nhng kha cnh c th khc bit c trng bn cnh c im khi qut c tnh tng

ng gia Vit Nam v Hn Quc. Trong mt c im khi qut c tnh tng ng,

chnh nhng kha cnh c th khc bit c trng cng cn thit c tm hiu thu o

gip cho giao tip, hp tc gia hai bn thc s hiu qu.

1. thc cng ng v thc c nhn. Trung thnh vi cng ng v trung

thnh vi c nhn

Chang Chan Sup v Chang Nahn Joo s ha cc kiu thc nhm vi quan h

gia thc cng ng v thc c nhn khc nhau qua mt ta vi trc tung ch

thc cng ng ( thc v chng ti / chng ta) vi 9 mc t thp n cao v trc

honh ch thc c nhn ( thc v ti) cng vi 9 mc t thp n cao.

Fig 3. Ta v mng li thc c nhn v thc cng ng (I-We Consciousness

Grid)13

Cc vung A, B, C, D 4 gc l nhng im cc oan. A vi thc ti cao

nht, thc ta thp nht c th xem l in hnh ca nhm T ng trung tm, ch k.

Ngc li, C vi thc ta cao nht, thc ti thp nht c th xem l in hnh ca

nhm Trung thnh m cc c nhn u hin dng li ch cho quyn li ca nhm. D,

c thc ta ln thc ti u thp nht, th hin nhm Trng rng, h v: mt nhm

khng hot ng hoc ang hp hi. B, c thc ta ln thc ti u cao nht, c

th l mt nhm Xung t, tranh chp, ni i u cng thng gia nhng ngi lnh o

v cc thnh vin, hoc cng c th l mt nhm c kh nng Vt qua khi ngi lnh

o xc nh mc tiu tha mn c nhng quyn li c nhn ln quyn li tp th. E

chnh gia mng li ny l ni c thc ta ln thc ti u trung dung, c gi

13

Chan Sup Chang & Nahn Joo Chang 1994: 48.

66

l im Tha hip t n khi s sng cn ca nhm b e da v tt c mi thnh vin

u cm thy tnh th khng hong.

Chang Chan Sup v Chang Nahn Joo t ng tnh vi W. Safire (1987), D. Darlin

(1987), I. Bruma (1988) cho rng ngi Hn lm vic nhm yu hn so vi ngi Nht,

u tin la chn c hi cng vic tt hn l gi trung thnh vi cng ty, c tnh b phi

v t tha hip14

. Theo hc gi ngi Nht, J. Kumon (1980), nu ngi Nht tan ha c

nhn trong nhm theo kiu ni hm (Melting pot) th ngi Hn gia nhp nhm theo

kiu T Salad (Salad Bow) ngha l c nhn vn duy tr ci ring ca mnh. Ni cch

khc, gia nhp nhm, mi c nhn ngi Hn vn nguyn th tnh Hydrogen hoc

Oxygen ca mnh, khc vi trong nhm ca ngi Nht cc th tnh ring r, c lp

bin mt ch cn Nc m thi15

. Ngi Hn khng gc C (Trung thnh) m gc

B (Xung t, tranh chp / Nhy vt, vt qua).

Theo chng ti, v c bn, ngi Vit cng gc B (Xung t, tranh chp / Nhy

vt, vt qua). Kh nhiu hc gi cp kiu thc nc i: va c tnh cng ng

va c tnh t hu, tnh t tr ca ngi Vit. Theo , ngi Vit quan tm n li ch

cng ng. Mt khc, cng c u c t hu, tnh t tr. Rung ai th ny pht b. i

vi vic chung, nhiu khi c thi li, ngh rng mnh khng lm th ngi khc s

lm: Cha chung khng ai khc; Nhiu vi khng ai qut ca cha. Ca chung khng xem

l ca mnh nn c thnh ng Ca cha v khng t nhn vin tn dng ti sn ca t

chc (in, nc, in thoi, thi gian) cho cng vic c nhn16

.

Vi nh hng Nho gio m ti trung khng th phc v hai ch, vn ha

doanh nghip Hn Quc coi trng c trung thnh. i vi nhn vin mi, lun c nghi

l nhp mn gio dc truyn thng cng ty. Doanh nghip Hn Quc cng u tin cho

ch tuyn dng c i, nhn vin lm vic cng ty cho n lc ngh hu, v ngc

li, cng ty cng c nhiu ch u i dnh cho nhng ngi c thm nin cng tc.

Tuy nhin, khi nim trung thnh y cn c hiu vi ngha tng h. S trung

thnh vi cng ty ca ngi Hn da trn c s cng ty quan tm n quyn li c nhn

v gia nh h. Trch nhim ca cng ty l to iu kin cho nhn vin c thu nhp tt,

c hi pht trin ngh nghip tt cng nh quan tm, chm sc i sng nhn vin nh

nhng thnh vin trong gia nh. Nhng cng ty ln pht trin nhng chng trnh phc

li x hi cho nhn vin: cp cn h, t chc cc i l bn hng, dch v y t gia nh,

m trng hc, h tr chi ph gio dc cho con ci (tr tin hc t mu gio n trung

hc, thng my tnh c nhn khi vo i hc), tr gip cho cc nghi l gia nh Lnh

o cao cp ca cng ty c xem nh hnh nh ngi cha trong gia nh, c trch nhim

m bo quyn li cho cc thnh vin. V nhn vin trung thnh phc v, nh s n p

14 Chan Sup Chang & Nahn Joo Chang 1994: 49. 15 Chan Sup Chang & Nahn Joo Chang 1994: 47. 16Chng hn, Tran Ngoc Them 2004: Tm v bn sc vn ha Vit Nam. NXB Tng hp Tp. HCM. Researching Vietnamese Cultural Identity. Ho Chi Minh City Publishing House, tr 190-198

67

cng n i vi c nhn ngi lnh o nh vy hn l trung thnh vi nhm nh mt

ton th. Khi khng hi lng vi ngi lnh o ny, khng hi lng vi s i ng ca

cng ty ny, khi c c hi tt hn mt cng ty khc, ngi Hn chuyn vic kh t do.

Nht l trong bi cnh vn ha Nho gio m thnh cng s nghip ca mi c nhn c

ngha duy tr truyn thng gia nh, nng cao v th gia nh. Ni cch khc, tinh thn

cng ng, i vi ngi Hn, khng l mc ch t thn m l phng tin hon

thnh nhng mc tiu c nhn.

Khi nim Trung thnh hu nh khng c nhn mnh trong vn ha doanh

nghip Vit Nam. i vi doanh nghip nh nc th nhn vin, vn c qun tnh ca c

ch bao cp, thng hng ti gn b lu di, sut i, s b tinh gin bin ch, v hu

sm Thi dng nh ch yu l mun m bo, ti a ha quyn li c nhn

hn l trung thnh vi c quan, doanh nghip. i vi doanh nghip t nhn, nhn vin,

vn gn vi truyn thng tiu nng lu di, thng xc nh mnh ch l ngi lm thu

ch rng buc vi cng ty bng mt quan h hp ng. Hin tng nhy vic kh ph

bin. Tuy nhin, ngi Vit rt trng tnh. Nn nu thy rng mnh c ngi lnh o,

c cng ty quan tm, chm sc nh nhng thnh vin trong gia nh th h s gn b

trung thnh, nhit tnh, tn ty vi ngi lnh o, vi cng ty .

C th ni, s gn b vi doanh nghip ca nhn vin Hn Quc v Vit Nam,

ch yu trn c s mc tiu c nhn, v c bn tng i lng lo. S trung thnh

ngi Vit cn m nht hn ngi Hn.

Tuy nhin, mt khc, chng ta cng thy ngi Vit trung im D, khu vc

Tha hip, nht l khi b gic ngoi xm v cc c nhn sn sng hy sinh tt c cho c

lp dn tc, m nhng thi k nh vy l rt nhiu trong lch s Vit Nam. Trong khi c

truyn thng yu nc, on kt, ht mnh v dn tc trong chin tranh th sang thi bnh,

ngi Vit li cha pht huy tt truyn thng y trong lao ng xy dng t nc, phn

u cho dn giu, nc mnh. V im ny, ngi Hn c thc r rng hn v thnh

t ca c nhn mnh khng th tch ri s thnh vng ca doanh nghip cng nh s

hng mnh ca t nc v tn hin cho Gisul boguk. Phong tro Ngi Hn Quc

dng hng Hn Quc c ngi Hn thc v t nguyn thc hin hiu qu hn so

vi ngi Vit trong phong tro ngi Vit Nam dng hng Vit Nam.

2. Ch ngha gia tc v Ch ngha cng ng lng x. Ch ngha cng ng v

khong cch quyn lc

Cng ng m ngi Hn Quc coi trng v gn b su sc nht, chnh l gia

nh, gia tc (Family). Ngi Hn l mt trong nhng dn tc hng v gia nh

(family-oriented) nht th gii17

. Theo Kohls, trong khi ting Anh c khng nhiu hn 2

t t ch tt c cc thnh vin trong quan h gia nh, ting Hn c n 181 t18

. n mc

17 Chan Sup Chang & Nahn Joo Chang 1994: 11 18 L. Robert Kohls 2001: 125

68

nhiu hc gi ni n ch ngha gia tc (familism) Hn Quc. Nguyn tc ca h

thng gia nh c xu hng huyt thng (Principle of Blood-oriented Family System) tr

thnh mt trong nhng nguyn tc quan trng ca vn ha doanh nghip Hn Quc.

Nhiu doanh nghip mang tnh gia nh tr, huy ng vn v c iu hnh bi cc

thnh vin trong gia nh, quyn lc theo li cha truyn con ni. Theo U ban Thng

mi bnh ng Hn Quc, hnh thc s hu ca cc gia nhtrong 30 Chaebol ln nht

Hn Quc tng t 43,8% (nm 1995) ln 44,1% (nm 1996), ln 44,5% nm 1998 v nm

1999 tng ln ti 50,5%19

. Trong sut my thp k tn ti, 90% quyn tha k tp on

c chuyn t cha sang con trai hoc anh em trai.

Vit Nam d c nhng cng ty do cc thnh vin trong gia nh, gia tc lm

ch v vn hnh nhng khng c c im qun tr kinh doanh vi xu hng gia nh

(family-oriented business).

Trong vn ha Vit Nam, gia tc khng phai la m hinh t chc quan trong nht .

Ging nh ngi Hn coi trng munjung: Mu c hn nc l, ngiVit cng coi

trng huyt thng: Mt git mu o hn ao nc l. Tuy nhin, ngi Vit ng thi

cng ht sc coi trng tnh lng xm: Bn anh em xa mua lng ging gnv d dng

m rng t Nh n Lng n Nc. Theo Trn Ngc Thm, c dn Vit Nam Bc B

v Nam B sng tp trung thnh nh ng lng ln, phi cng nhau chung sc chng hn

hn, chng l lt... Trong khi , ia hinh nui a Hn Qu c chia ct, khng tao nn

nhng ng b ng rng ln, buc c dn phai sng tng i phn tan . Do , trong khi

Hn Quc ni bt vi chu nghia gia t c th Vit Nam li ni bt vi ch ngha cng ng

lng x.

Vi nguyn tc ch ngha gia tc, vn ha doanh nghip Hn Quc l s m rng

ca vn ha gia nh Hn Quc truyn thng theo li gia trng, th hin qua ngi lnh

o trong vai tr ngi cha ng u gia nh, cai tr bng quyn lc tuyt i; th hin

qua uy quyn ca ngi trn, s tun phc ca ngi di. Ni bt l nguyn tc tp

trung quyn lc. Tc ng Hn Quc c cu: Nhiu ngi v tr cao th ni v. Ngay

c ngy nay, khi mt th h nh qun l tr hc hnh t phng Ty tr v, tip thu nh

hng phng Ty, qun l qua delegation of authority v gii trung tm qu trnh ra

quyt nh (decentralized decision-making process) th v c bn, qun tr doanh nghip

Hn Quc vn mang tnh uy quyn v gia trng [Chang 135-136]. Trong qu trnh ra

quyt nh ca doanh nghip Hn Quc, c gi l Pumui, vic ly kin cp di

phn nhiu ch tham kho, thm ch ch mang tnh hnh thc, chnh thc ha mt

quyt nh do cp trn t quyt.

Nguyn tc trt cp (Principle of Strict Hierarchical Order) trong doanh nghip

Hn Quc th hin qua tinh quyn uy ngi trn va tinh phuc tung ngi d i. V h

qu tch cc, nguyn tc ny to nn tnh trt t, k lut nghim trong x hi. C nhn c

19Joseph E. Stiglitz v Shahid Yusuf 2002: Suy ngm li s thn k ca ng , Nxb Chnh tr Quc gia.

69

thc bn phn cao. Tuy nhin, mt hn ch l ngi trn , tnh quyn uy d sinh ra

thi c on (dokdan); cn ngi di thi tinh phuc tung c th dn n thoi nhu

nhc.

Ch ngha cng ng lng x ca Vit Nam, t trong truyn thng, gn vi tinh

thn dn ch, bnh ng. Cn b nh nc c gio dc t tng chnh quyn do dn,

cho dn v v dn, cn b l cng bc, l ngi y t ca nhn dn, phc v nhn dn,

phi gn dn mi c nhn dn yu mn, ng h. D qua thi bao cp, hnh nh

ngi lnh o dn ch vn c xem l mu mc. Li khen i vi mt lnh o l

ng y rt gn dn, ng y c tc phong qun chng Trong doanh nghip nh

nc cng vn duy tr th ch qun l coi trng kin ca tp th: a s thng thiu s,

thiu s phc tng a s". Khi ra quyt nh, ch trng b t: (1) ng, (2) Chnh

quyn, (3) Cng on (4) on thanh nin. Lnh o thng c nhng bui gp g, tip

nhn vin, lng nghe kin ca nhn vin.

Vit Nam khng pht trin ch ngha gia tc nhng li em li ng x kiu gia

nh vo doanh nghip. Gia cc thnh vin cng s vn c kiu xng h theo vai v

tui tc hay quan h gia nh. Khc vi doanh nghip Hn Quc, ting Hn c n trn

50 t ch cp bc trong cng ty, mi ngi lun xng h theo chc v, v tr cng vic,

khng k n quan h gia nh, tui tc.

Tnh cng ng, lng x, i khi dn ch n thiu nguyn tc, dn n cn bnh

"trn bao di khng nghe" kh ph bin trong x hi Vit Nam qu kh v hin ti.

Tham kho kt qu nghin cu qua kho st iu tra x hi hc ca Hofstede, c

th thy khc vi Hoa K c khong cch quyn lc kh thp; phn ng cc nc

chu c khong cch quyn lc cao v kh cao, nht l Trung Quc v cc nc chu

nh hng vn ha Nho gio Trung Quc. X hi Hoa K mang tnh trc honh

(horizontal), dn ch, bnh ng (equality) hn, cc x hi chu mang tnh trc tung

(vertical), tn ti (hierarchy) hn.

USA China Japan Korea Vietnam Thailand Singapore

PDI 40 80 54 60 70 64 74

Table 3. Power Distance Index (PDI) values for USA, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam,

Thailand, Singapore (Phan Th Thu Hin lp bng, da trn kt qu ca Hofstede)

ng ch l, cng ng , khong cch quyn lc ca Hn Quc (v Nht

Bn) thp hn Vit Nam. D nh phn u ca mc ny phn tch, ngi lnh o

cng nh quy trnh ra quyt nh trong doanh nghip Hn Quc c tnh gia trng, c

on hn. S d nh vy l v khong cch quyn lc khng ch lin quan ti s phn bit

v thi ng x gia ngi quyn lc (powerfull) v ngi t quyn lc (less powerfull)

m cn lin quan n cn c cho vic phn bit cc v tr quyn lc cng nh kh nng,

c hi cho vic vn ln trn nhng nc thang quyn lc. Trong h gi tr vn ha doanh

70

nghip Hn Quc t sau nm 1965 c nhng bin i quan trng: trong khi vn duy tr xu

hng nhm (group orientation) th va coi trng di sn dng di (birthright inheritance)

va nhn mnh s t lc, phn u, ci thin (self-help, improvement); c xu hng nh

gi con ngi qua hnh ng, quan tm n thnh tu (doing orientation, achievement)

hn l xu hng nh gi con ngi qua tnh trng bn th (being orientation). Nhn vin

v tr thp c th vn ln nh nng lc hnh ng, nh thnh qu hnh ng thc t

ca mnh ch khng ch do dng di, xut thn. Trong khi , doanh nghip Vit Nam,

vic tuyn dng, thng tin nhiu khi ph thuc vo nhng quan h con ng chu cha,

ph thuc vo gii, tui tc ca nhn s.

3. Ch ngha cng ng v nhng quan h nhn s

X hi ca ch ngha cng ng coi trng s ha iu, ha hp gia nhng thnh

vin trong nhm.

Trong cc chiu kch ca Hofstede, lin quan n iu ny l ch s nam tnh vs.

n tnh. Mt x hi vi ch s nam tnh cao thng tp trung vo cnh tranh, thnh tch

v thnh cng, trong khi , ch s nam tnh thp hn, ngha l n tnh hn th thng

quan tm hn n cht lng cuc sng v s quan tm, chm sc ln nhau. Qua kt qu

kho st ca Hofstede, c th thy Hoa K, Trung Quc, Nht Bn c ch s nam tnh cao

v rt cao, trong khi cc nc ng Nam c ch s nam tnh thp. c bit, Hn Quc

l mt nc ng v l mt nc kinh t pht trin hin i nhng c ch s nam tnh

thp, thm ch thp hn c Vit Nam, ngha l n tnh hn Vit Nam.

USA China Japan Korea Vietnam Thailand Singapore

MAS 62 66 95 39 40 34 48

Table 4. Masculinity Index (MAS) values for USA, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam,

Thailand, Singapore (Phan Th Thu Hin lp bng, da trn kt qu ca Hofstede)

Ngi Hn ni chung trong Tnh (Jeong), coi trng nhng c x m p Tnh

ngi (Injeong), nhn mnh tm quan trng ca Gibun (tm trng, cm xc, trng thi

tinh thn).

Vai tr ch Tnh th hin rt r rng trong mng li quan h nhn s ca ngi

Hn. Qua bng v thang o tin cy (Trust-Base Scale) c xy dng t kt qu

nghin cu ca C.S.Chang 1989, K.D.Kim and C.W.Kim 1989 di y, vi 0 im l

hon ton khng tin cy v 100 im l tin cy tuyt i, c th thy mc tin cy cao

nht dnh cho nhng ngi rut tht trong gia nh, nhng h hng thn thit (t 97 n

100 im). Cng c tin cy cao v kh cao l nhng thnh vin cng nh th, ngi

cng c quan, bn ng mn, nht l bn hc ph thng trung hc; ngi cng h, ngi

cng qu, ngi cng ngh nghip, ngi cng s thch, hng xm tin cy thp

dnh cho ngi khc tn gio, tin cy rt thp dnh cho ngi l v hon ton khng

tin cy ngi nc ngoi.

71

Table 5: Trust-Base Scale of Korean1

Khng ch phn bit v tin cy. Ngi Hn cn thit lp nhiu hi, nhm gia

nhng thnh vin tin cy v tng h nhau. Nh hi cu sinh vin, hi ng hng, hi

cng h, hi cng s thch, hi cu t chnh tr, hi cu chin binh c bit, phi ni

n h thng FAR (Family Gia nh, Alumni Bn ng mn, Regionalism Ch

ngha a phng). Quan h gia nh chng ta cp trn (ch ngha gia tc trong

doanh nghip Hn Quc). Quan h bn ng mn cng rt quan trng. Hi cu hc sinh,

sinh vin l mt mng li hng mnh, tin bi c th nh hng n ngh nghip tng

lai v c cuc sng c nhn ca mt ngi. Bn cng lp ph thng trung hc c xem

gn nh ngi trong gia nh (quasi-family member). Trong phng vn tuyn dng,

nhng cu hi u tin thng l v trng m ng vin tt nghip v nu l cng

trng vi nh qun l ang phng vn th ngay lp tc xy dng c thin cm v kh

nng c c c hi vic lm tng ln. Trong s cc nh qun l cao cp 7 Chaebol

hng u (Huyndai, Samsung, LG, Daewoo, Ssangyong, Sunkyong) c ti 62,3% xut

thn t trng i hc Quc gia Seoul. Hi ng hng cng ng vai tr quan trng.

Chng hn, vic tng thng Roh Tae Woo cng hai v tng thng trc ng ny u n

t Kyungsang doh khin s chnh khch qu vng ny chim s lng ln trong

chnh ph. Tng t khi Kim Yong Sam lm tng thng th nhn vin cao cp chnh ph

li c s lng rt ln t Chungla qu ng. Ni cch khc, c th thy tnh chnh thng

72

ca nhng t chc phi chnh thng ny trong vn ha dn tc ni chung, vn ha doanh

nghip ni ring ca Hn Quc. Nhng quan h tng h mang tnh o c v phi chnh

thng c coi trng v quan tm pht trin bn cnh nhng quan h chnh thng, mang

tnh lut php, hp ng vn l i hi ca qun tr kinh doanh hin i.

H thng mng li tin cy ring t da trn cc quan h c nhn ny khin cho

trong vn ha doanh nghip Hn Quc, rt quan trng l vai tr ca gt lin kt

(linking-pin). Khi cn xin vic, cn k kt hp ng, n hp tc kh ph bin ngi

ta c gng tm mt ngi trung gian tip cn quan chc c quyn lc. V th x hi

ca ngi trung gian cng cao th c hi c cp php, c hi kt giao lm n ca doanh

nghip vi i tc cng ln.

Ngi Vit cng coi trng Tnh Ngha. Tuy nhin, c nhng khc bit gia ngi

Vit v ngi Hn v phn bit tin cy. Ngi Vit hu nh khng quan tm n tn

gio ca ngi khc, hu nh khng phn bit tin cy theo tiu ch cng hay khc tn

gio. Trong khi ngi Hn hon ton khng tin cy ngi nc ngoi th ngi Vit li

ci m v tin cy hn i vi ngi nc ngoi. Ngi Vit cng c hi cu sinh vin,

hi ng hng nhng nhng hi ny ch l nhng t chc phi chnh thng, tng i

lng lo, thng gp nhau dp l tt, dp k nim, t tc ng quan trng ti cc kha cnh

th ch trong vn ha doanh nghip.

Ngi Vit mong ng x C l c tnh, khi khng c trn vn c hai th

nghing v tnh nhiu hn: Mt b ci l khng bng mt t ci tnh. Do , thng bn

cnh lut th li c l, u i, chiu c cho ngi thn quen. Tng t nh ngi Hn