DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah kata-kata kalimat yang diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.

Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-katansi pembicara kepada orang lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.

 

Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :

I.         Statement (pernyataan)

II.      Command (perintah)

III.   Question (pertanyaan)

Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect Speech :

1.        To be & Auxiliary Verbs

Direct                                       Indirect

Am/is/are                    -             was/were

Shall/will                     -             should/would

Can                             -             could

May                            -             might

Must                          

Have/has to                 -             had to

Ought to

 

2.        Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat)

Direct                                       Indirect

now                                 -           then

tomorrow                         -           the following day

next week                        -           the following week

tonight                             -           that night

today                               -           that day

yesterday                         -           the day before

last night                          -           the night before

last week                         -           the week before,

                                                    the precious week

here                                  -           there

this                                   -           that

these                                -           those

 

3.        Tenses

Direct                                       Indirect

Simple present                   -        simple past

Simple past

                                           -        past perfect

Present perfect

Present continous              -        past continous

Present perfect continous  -        past perfect continous

Simple future                     -        past future

 

I.         STATEMENT

Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :

 

He said

He said to me                    that + reported words

He told me

 

e.g  - Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali twice.”

- Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.

 

-   Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow”

-   Father said that he was going out of town the following day.

 

-   Mary told John “my father warned me last night”

-   Mary told John that her father had arned her the night before.

 

-   My sister said to me “I don’t like tennis”

-   My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis.

 

-   Tom said “I didn’t go to school this morning”

-   Tom said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning.

 

Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak mengalami perubahan.

e.g  - John says “I will go to Bandung tomorrow”

- John says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow

 

-   Mary says “I have seen that film”

-   Mary says that she has seen that film.

 

-   My brother says “I met Tom at the party last night”

-   My brother says that he met Tom at the party last night.

 

-   Tom says “I don’t like English”

-   Tom says that he don’t like English.

 

 II.      COMMAND

Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :

1.      Positive Command

Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :

to + infinitive

He asked me

He told me

e.g   - He asked me “Open your book”

- He asked me to open my book.

 

-  Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”

-  Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.

 

-  Mother asked John “Pay attention to what I say”

-  Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says.

 

-  John told Mary “Wait until I come”

-  John told Mary to wait until he comes.

 

-  The teacher said to the students “Be quiet while I am talking”

-  The teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking.

 

2.      Negative Command

Dalam  perintah negatif kita tambahkan not  to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.

 

e.g   - Mary told John “Don’t wait for me”

- Mary told John not to wait for her.

 

-  I told him “Don’t mention it to anyone”

-  I told him not to mention it to anyone.

 

-  Father asked her “Don’t go there alone”

-  Father asked her not to go there alone.

 

-  Ira asked Tom “Don’t come to my house again”

-  Ira asked tom not to come to her house again.

 

-  Mothers asked John “Don’t smoke too much”

-  Mother asked John not to smoke too much.

III.   QUESTION

Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :

 

Positive Form

He asked me       where

                 When etc.  

e.g   - The man asked me : “Where do you live ?”

- The man asked me where I lived.

 

-  John asked Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”

-  John asked Mary why she got angry with him.

 

-  I asked him : “When did you get back from your trip ?”

-  I asked him when he had got back from his trip.

 

-  He asked me : “How will you go there ?”

-  He asked me how I would go there.

 

-  John asked the girl : “What is your name ?”

-  John asked the girl what her name was.

 

Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes & No Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if, whether (jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.

 

 

e.g   - The boy asked John : “Does Mary live near  here?”

- The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.

 

-  The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”

-  The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.

 

-  Mary asked me : “Did you she John at the party the night before.

-  Mary asked me whether I had seen John at the party the night before.

 

-  We asked them : “Will you go to the movie with us tonight ?”

-  We asked them whether they would go to the movie with us that night.

 

-  Mother asked John : “Are you going to marry her ?”

-  Mother asked John if he was going to marry her.

 

Note :    Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian

 

IV.   REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE (Jenis Gabungan)

Bila pertanyaan dan pernyataan digabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as (karena)sebagai penghubung pada bagian kalimat pernyataan yang dilaporkan. Dalam hal ini kalimat pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan kemudian. Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh berikut ini :

e.g   - She asked me :”What is the time ?”, my watch has stopped.

- She asked me what the time was as her watch had stopped.

 

-  Ira asked John :”what is the matter with you ?”, You don’t look well.

-  Mary asked John what the matter was with him as he didn’t look well.

 

-  I asked her :”How long have you been studying English ?”, Your accent is very good.

-  I asked her how long she had been studying English as he her accent was very good.

 

-  He told me :”I am off to the movie,” Where are you going ?”

-  He told me that he was off to the movie and asked me where I was going.

 

-  She said :”It is cold inside,” Is the window open ?

-  She said that it was cold inside and asked if the window was open.

 

Bila dalam pertanyaan langsung disertai dengan jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan kata but sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban No dan kata and sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban Yes.

e.g   - He asked me :”Will you go out wiith me ?” No, I won’t.

-  He asked me if I would go out with him but I said I wouldn’t.

 

-  Mother asked John :”Have you had lunch ?” No, I haven’t.

-  Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he said he hadn’t.

 

 

-  She asked me :”Can you meet me tomorrow ?” No.

-  She asked me if I could meet her the following day but I said I couldn’t.

 

-  I asked her :”Do you like vegetables ?” Yes, I do.

-  Is asked her if she liked veggetables and she said she did.

 

-  Mary asked John :”Did you phone me last night ?” Yes, I did.

-  Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before and he said he had.

 

-  Father asked me :”Are you going to the movie tonight ?” Yes.

-  Father asked me if I was going to the movie that night and I said I was.

 

Direct & Indirect with Auxiliaries

Perhatikan perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Auxiliaries

Direct                                       Indirect

Was/were                         -           had been

can                                   -           could

may                                  -           might

must & have to                -           had to

must not                          -           wasn’t to/musn’t

needn’t                            -           didn’t have to

 

e.g -  Mary said :” I was sick yesterday.”

-  Mary said that she had been sick the day before.

 

-  The man asked me :” Can you speak English ?”

-  The man asked me if I could speak English.

 

-  Mary said to John :”You may come to my house tomorrow.”

-  Mary said to John that she might come to his house the following day.

 

-  Mother told John :”You must study harder if you want to pass the exam.”

-  Mother told John that he had to study harder if he wanted to pass the exam.

 

-  The police told me :” You must not drive without license.”

-  The police told me that I wasn’t to drive without license.”

 

-  The teacher told them :”You needn’t hurry.”

-  The teacher told them that they didn’t have to hurry.

 

Sumber ke 2

Reporting

Contoh Direct Speech

 Contoh Indirect Speech

Keterangan

Statement

“I’m so happy.”(Saya sangat bahagia.)

She told me that she was so happy.(Dia mengatakan padaku bahwa dia sangat bahagia.)

Pronoun:subjek “I” menjadi “she” (orang ketiga);Verb:am (present tense) menjadi was (past tense) (misalnya) karena diasumsikan dia sudah tidak terlihat sangat bahagia lagi (biasa saja).

Imperative

“Pleasereconsider myproposal.”(Tolong pertimbangkan kembali proposal saya.)

He requested that Ireconsider hisproposal.(Dia meminta saya mempertimbangkan kembali proposalnya.)

Pronoun:my menjadi his (orang ketiga);Verb:tidak berubah (misalnya) karena diasumsikan penyampai berita langsung menyampaikan perkataan tersebut atau dengan kata lain permohonan masih berlaku.

“Don’t bepanic.”(Jangan panik.)

She told me not to be panic.(Dia mengatakan pada saya untuk tidak panik.)

Verb:menjadi to infinitive pada reporting commands

Yes-no question

“Can I put my bag here?”(Dapatkan saya meletakkan tas saya disini?)

He asked if he could put his bag there.(Dia bertanya apakah ia bisa meletakkan tasnya disana.)

Verb:can menjadi could (misalnya) karena penyampai berita fokus pada fakta bahwa pembicaraan itu merupakan past conversation;Time reference:here berubah menjadi there;if:ditambahkan pada yes-no question

“Will you forgive me?”(Maukah kamu memaafkanku?)

He asked if I wouldforgive him.(Dia bertanya apakah saya akan memaafkannya.)

Verb:will menjadi would (misalnya) karena penyampai berita telah memaafkanspeaker.

Information question

“What‘s your choice?”(Apa pilihanmu?)

She wanted to know what my choice is.(Dia ingin tau apa pilihanku.)

Verb:tetap is misalnya karena penyampai berita masih belum memutuskan apa pilihannya.

Sumber ke 3

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain yaitu Reported Speech. Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma.Contoh:Reporting verb: Tono says,Reported words ”I’m very good at English” Tense yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu:Direct Speech:Simple Present TensePresent Continuous TensePresent Perfect TensePresent Perfect Continuous TenseSimple Past TenseSimple Future TenseFuture Continouos TenseConditionalIndirect Speech:Simple Past TensePast Continuous TensePast Perfect TensePast Perfect Continuous TensePast Perfect TensePast Future Tense/ConditionalPast Future Continuous Tense (Conditional Continuous)ConditionalKalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya,

Contoh :He said, “The sun rises in the east” → He said that the sun rises in the east.PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME (KETERANGAN WAKTU) YANG PERLU DIPERHATIKAN:Direct  :                                               Indirect :Now                                        →        ThenToday                                      →        That dayTonight                                    →        That nightThis week                                →        That weekYesterday                                →        The day beforeThe day before yesterday       →        Two days beforeLast night                                →        The night beforeLast week/year                        →        The previous week/yearA year ago                               →        A year before/The previous yearThree years ago                       →        Three years beforeTomorrow                               →        The next day/The following dayThe day after tomorrow          →        In two day’s time/The following dayNext week/year                       →        The following week/yearOn Sunday                              →        On SundayHere                                        →        ThereThis book                                →        The bookThis                                         →        ThatThese                                       →        ThoseOver there                               →        Over there*etc.PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN AUXILIARIES (KATA BANTU) YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:Can      →        CouldMay     →        MightMight  →        MightMust    →        Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa)*etc.Contoh:The man said, “I must mend the wall next week”The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week.Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya.The girl said, ” I must wash my hands before eating”The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating.Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan.*etc.Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.

Bob said, ” I’m a university student”Bob said that he was a university student.

2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.He told me, “wait for me !”He told me to wait for him.She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”She told me not to cheat anymore.

3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.Mixed type:Contoh:Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.

EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :

1.      D : She says to her friend, “ I have been reading “

I : She says to her friend that he has been reading

2.      D : He will say, “ The girl wasn’t ugly “

I : He will tell them that the girl wasn’t ugly

3.      D : Reza said, “ I’m very sleepy “

I : Reza said that he was very sleepy

4.      D : He has told you, “ I am writing “

I : He has told you that he is writing

5.      D : Mother said to her son, “ study hard “

I : Mothe advised her son to study hard

6.      D : My friend said to me, “ I don’t like football “

I : My friend said to me that he didn’t like football

7.      D : She said, “ I didn’t go to campus

I : She said that she hadn’t gone to campus this morning

8.      D : Rikza says, “ I have seen that movies “

I : Rikza says that she has seen that movies

9.      D : Mother asked her, “ Don’t go there alone “

I : Mother asked her not to go there alone

10.  D : Father asked robi, “ Don’t smoke too much “

I : Father asked robi not to smoke too much

Sumber ke 4

“Direct and Indirect speech

Direct and indirect

Direct speech adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyempaikan kata-kata yang diucapkan seseorang apa adanya (original sentence), tanda mengubah structur gramatikalnya direct speech biasanya ditempatakan dalam tanda kutip “….”

Direct speech terdiri dari dua bagian

-          Direct verb/introductory verb/main clause (kata kerja yang memberitakan)

-          Reported speech/sub clause (kata yang diberikan)

Indirect speech adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyampaikan isi pokok kata-kata yang diucapakan seseorang (bukan original sentence) dengan beberapa perubahan didalamnya. Indirect speech mengunakan conjuction (kata penghubung) dan tidak mengunakan tanda kutip. Conjuction that biasanya dipakai untuk kalimatt berita atau pertanyan (statement) dan tidak digunakan untuk kalimat Tanya dan perintah (interrogative and imperative sentence)

Dalam ilmu bahasa kalimat yang diucapkan seseorang dapat dibedakan menjadi beberapa jenis

1. Statement (pernyataan)

2. Question (perntayaan)

3. Imperative (kalimat perintah)

4. Exclamation (kaliamat seru)

5. Statement (pernyataan)

Ada dua peraturan utama mengenai perubahan waktu dalam reported speech

a)      Kalau reporting verb berbentuk present tense dan future tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech sama sekali tidak berubah

Reporting verb                             reported speech

Simple present tense                    any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

Present perfect tense

Simple future tense

-          Present tense

Reporting verb yang mengunakan simple present tense manakala

@ mengutip sebuah percakapan yang sedang berlangsung

Contoh

Rizal (yang sedang menelpon astrid dari kampusnya) “I am studying now”. Astrid (mengutip pembicaraan rizal) berkata pada shinta (yang sedang bersama dengannya)

Rizal says that he is studying now. Indirect speech

@ membaca surat, majalah, Koran, dll lalu mengutip isinya

@ membaca surat intrupsi lalu mengutipnya

@ mengutip pembicaraan yang sering diucapkan

Contoh

“ You have to study hard”our lecturer often says to us

Indirect speech: our lecturer often says to us that we have to study hard

-          Present perfect tense

@ contoh

Direct sentence: I have told you “kiftiah is reading a novel”

Indirect sentence: I have told you that kiftiah is reading a novel

Direct sentence : she has said to me “kiftiah will go to Australia”

Indirect sentence: she has said to me that kiftiah will go to Australia

-          Future

Contoh

Fact: lisa is known as s very beautiful girl in her campus

Temannya lisa mempekirakan orang yang baru melihat lisa dikampus itu mungking mengatakan bahwa lisa itu sangat cantik. Temannya berkata (indirect sentence): many people say that she (lisa) is very beautiful girl

b)      Kalau reporting verb berbentuk past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech harus diubah kedalam salah satu bebtuk past tense (simple, continuous, perfect, dan perfect continuous) sesuai dengan bentuk tense yang dipakai

Selain bentuk tense yang mengalami perubahan pronoun dan adverb nya juga mengalami perubahan

-          Perubahan ini terjadi pada reported speechnya

-          Penting untuk di ingat bahwa perubahan ini terjadi singkat alami dan logis dan tidak begitu dibutuhkan untuk mempelajri semua aturan-aturan yang rumit dalam menguasainya

@ perubahan tense

Direct                                                  indirect

Simple present                                     past simple

Present continuous                              past continuous

Present perfect                                                past perfect

Present prefect continuous                  past perfect continuous

Simple past                                          past perfect

Past continuous                                   past perfect continuous

Past perfect                                         past perfect

Past perfecontinuous               past perfect continuous

Simple future                                      past future

Future continuous                               past future continuous

Future perfect                                                 past future perfect

Future perfect continuous                   past future perfect continuous

@ perubahan auxiliary catatan saja Cuma dijadikan bentuk past

Contoh

Direct speech                          indirect speech

Am/is/are                                 was/were

Will/shall                                 would/should

May                                         might

Have to/has to                         had to

Must                                        had to

@ perubahan adverb

Direct                                      indirect speech

Now                                        then

Ago                                         before

Last week                                the previous week

Yesterday                                the day before

Last night                                the previous night/ the night before

Yesterday morning                 the morning day

Next                                        the following

Next week                               the following week

Tomorrow morning                 the following morning

Here                                        there

This                                         that

These                                       those

Thus                                        so

Come                                       go

Contoh dalam kalimat

Simple present

Direct: she said, “the man calls”

Indirect: she said that the man called

Present continuous

Direct:

She said, “the man is calling now”

1. Question (pertayaan)

Ada dua aturan utama dalam memahami direct and indirect speech dalam bentuk question atau kalimat pertanyaan

1. Aturan umum

@ apabila reporting verb adalah berbentuk present (simple present, present perfect, dan future) maka tidak ada perubahan reported speech-nya kecuali pada subject pronoun

@ apabila reporting verb adalah berbentuk past, maka terjadi perubahan pada reported speech-nya yaitu pada subject pronoun, tenses, and adverb-nya

1. Aturan khusus

@ jika reporting verb-nya pada direct speech mengunakan say atau tell, maka ketika dalam indirect harus berubah menjadi inquiry, wonder, dan want to know (jika tidak mengunakan object)

@ direct speech yang berbentuk interrogative di ubah menjadi affirmative ketika dalam bentuk indirect speech dan tanda Tanya tidak digunakan lagi

Ada dua bentuk question (kalimat Tanya)

-          Yes/no question

Conjunction yang dipakai pada direct and indirect speech-nya adalah if/whether

@ apabila reporting verb-nya berbentuk present, maka indirect tidak mengalami perubahan kecuali subject pronoun.

Contoh:

Direct speech: she asks me, “are you sick?”

Indirect speech: she asks me If I am sick, atau she asks me whether I am sick atau she asks if I am sick atau she wonder/want to know if I am sick atau she inquires whether or not I am sick

Direct       : ayu asks him, “are you fine?”

Indirect    : ayu asks him if he is fine, atau ayu asks him whether he is fine, atau ayu asks if he is fine, atau ayu wonder/wants to know if he is fine, atau ayu inquired whether or not he is fine.

@ apabila reporting verb-nya berbentuk past, maka indirect speech-nya mengalami perubahan pada subject pronoun, tenses, dan adverb-nya:

Direct: she asked me, “are you sick?”

Indirect: she asked me if I was sick

Direct: ayu asked me, “do you speak English?”

Indirect: ayu asked me if I spoke English

Direct: lisa asked mizan, “can you fix the broken car?”

Indirect: lisa asked mizan if he could fix the broken car

-          W-H question/question word

Conjunction yang digunakan adalah W-H Question (disesuaikan W-H question yang digunakan pada reported speech-nya)

@ apabila reporting verb-nya berbentuk present, maka indirect tidak mengalami perubahan kecuali subject pronoun.

Contoh:

Direct speech: she asks me, “where are you now?”

Indirect: she asks me that where I am now.

Direct: she asks me, “why did you come late yesterday?”

Indirect: she asks me why I came late yesterday

@ apabila reporting verb-nya berbentuk past, maka mengalami perubahan pada subject pronoun, tenses, dan adverb-nyaa

Contoh:

Direct: Lisa asked him, “where did you go to last night?”

Indirect: lisa asked him where he went/had gone the night before (boleh tetap mengunakan simple past atau past perfect)

Direct: tina asked her, “why do you work so hard?”

Indirect: tina asked her why she worked so hard

1. Imperative (kalimat perintah)

Bila reported speech-nya berbentuk kalimat perintah (imperative) kata “say” pada reporting verb pada direct speech-nya harus diubah dan disesuaikan dengan kalimat perintah

Dibawah ini daftar kata-kata kerja yang bisa dipakai untuk menganti kata “say”

pala yang digunakan: verb+pro(noun) object+ to infinitive

Advise someone to

Ask someone to

Encourage someone to

Invite someone to

Order someone to

Permit someone to

Remind someone to

Tell someone to

Warn someone to

Allow someone to

Beg someone to

Challenge someone to

Convince someone to

Direct someone to

Expect someone to

Instruct someone to

Persuade someone to

Urge someone to

Forbid someone to

Recommend someone to

Entreat someone to

Command someone to

Implore someone to

Request someone to

Mengunakan dari kata-kata tersebut diatas digunakan dibagian reporting verb-nya pada indirect speech untuk mengati kata say dan harus disesuaikan dengan beberapa kalimat perintah dibawah ini:

-          Command ( perintah), misalnya order, command, instruct, etc

-          Precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, atau nasehat) misalnya: advise, persuade, encourage, etc

-          Request (permohonan) misalnya ask, invite, request, etc

-          Entreaty (permohonan dengan mendesak) misalanya beg, entreat, implore

-          Prohibition (larangan) forbid, warn, remind, etc

Penting: baik berbentuk present ataupun past, reported speechnya tidak mengalami perubahan pada kata kerjanya (karena mengunakan to infinitive, tetapi apabila reported speecnya terdiri atas dua clause, maka sub clause mengalami perubahan, hal ini berlaku pada bentuk past

1. I.            Positive imperative

Pola: subject+verb+object+to infinitive

Dibagi dua:

@ nominal sentence

Contoh:

Reported speech terdiri dari satu clause

D: she asked him, “ be patient, please!”

ID: she asked him to be patient

Reported speech yang terdiri dari dua clause

D: our lecturer said, “ be diligent if you want to get success in your study!”

ID: our lecturer advised us to be diligent if we wanted to get success in your study

@ verbal noun

Reported speech terdiri dari dari satu clause

D: she said to her office boy, “go away at once”

ID: she ordered her office boy to go away at once

Reported speech yang terdiri dari 2 clause

D: she said to fauzan, “ please fix the computer which gave you last night

ID: she asked fauzan to fix the computer which she had given him the night before

1. II.            Negative imperative

Pola: S+V+O+NOT+To infinitive

Dibagi dua

@ nominal sentence

Satu clause

Our lecturer said, “ don’t be late”

Our lecturer asked us not to  be late

Dua clause

Our lecturer said, “ don’t be lazy if you want to get a good a score”

Our lecturer adived us not to be lazy if you wanted to get good a score

@ verbal sentence

Satu clause

She said her son, “ don’t leave the room”

She forbade her son not to be leave the room

Dua clause

His mother said, “don’t do what your father does”

His mother forbade him not to do what his father did

1. Exclamation (kalimat seru)

1)      Exclamatory

2)      Optative sentenc