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Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

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Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning. 200510003 김광진 200610403 신지윤 200610030 권은해 200713239 김진웅 200510343 조창현 200810482 진혜원. Again Boramae Park. A TABLE OF CONTENTS. 목차 1 IMAGERY 목차 2 LITERAL AND FIGURATIVE IMAGES 목차 3 METAPHOR 목차 4 SIMILE - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

DiscoveringShakespeare’smeaning

Page 2: Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

목차 1 IMAGERY 목차 2 LITERAL AND FIGURATIVE

IMAGES

목차 3 METAPHOR

목차 4 SIMILE

목차 5 PERSONIFICATION

목차 6 EMBLEM

목차 7 SYMBOL

Again Boramae ParkA TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page 3: Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

Definition of Imagery

Any series of words used to create a mental image,

figure, or likeness of a person, place or thing.

Uses of Imagery

To suggest the atmosphere of a scene

To reveal the attitudes of his speakers

To define the nature of the universe in which his dramatis

personae function

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

1. Imagery

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Uses of Imagery

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

1. Imagery

<bloody knife before Macbeth>

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Definition of Literal Images

where a straightforward evocation of a specific object is

involved

Uses of Literal Images I know a bank where the wild thyme blows,Where oxslips and the nodding violet grows,Quite over-canopies with luscious woodbine,With sweet musk-roses, and with eglantine.

(p.32) (A Midsummer Night's Dream, II.i.249-252)

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

2. Literal and Figurative Images

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Definition of Figurative Images

where an object, or state is defined in terms of another

Uses of Figurative Images

To make an imaginative leap in order to comprehend an

author's point

"He ran like a hare down the street" - Figurative

"He ran very quickly down the street" - Literal

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

2. Literal and Figurative Images

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Definition of Metaphor Identifying, rather than comparing, one object with another, thus

transferring the qualities of the second to the first.

Uses of Metaphor To realize a new and different meaning To increase stylistic colorfulness and variety

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

3. Metaphor

When we are born, we cry that we are comeTo this great stage of fools,

(p.33) (King Lear, V.iii.189-190)  A walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage

(Macbeth)

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Definition of Simile

Involving a comparison between one object and another,

and being usually introduced by 'as' or 'like'

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

4. Simile

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Uses of Simile

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

4. Simile

"And what's her history?""A blank, my lord. She never told her love, but...sat, like patience on a monument, smiling at Grief."

Sblood, I am as melancholyas a gib cat, or a lugged bear.(p.32) (Henry IV, I.ii.71-72)

(Twelfth Night, II.iv.114-116)

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Definition of Personification

The representation of an abstract concept or inanimate

object in human terms

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

5. Personification

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Uses of Personification To makes objects and their actions easier to visualize for readers

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

5. Personification

But look, the morn in russet mantle cladwalks o'er the dew of yon high eastward hill -

(p.32) (Hamlet, I.i.171-172)

Sleep...knits up the raveled sleeve of care.... balm of hurt minds, great nature's second course, chief nourisher in life's feast.

(Macbeth)

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Definition of Emblem Pictorial image that represents an abstract idea or a

concept, or a person such as king or saint. Emblem embodies some abstraction in concrete, visual terms; a tribe, or nation, a virtue or a vice.

Definition of Symbol Something such as an object, picture, written word,

sound or particular mark that represents something else by association, resemblance or convention, and evokes one object, or concept, while simultaneously suggesting another, unrelated one.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

6. Emblem and Symbol

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Differences between Emblem and Symbol

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

6. Emblem and Symbol

The christian cross is a symbol of the Crucifixion; it is an emblem of sacrifice.

Red Cross is a symbol of the International Red Cross; it is the emblem of the humanitarian spirit.

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Uses of symbol

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

6. Emblem and Symbol

Come, seeling Night,

Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful Day,

And, with thy bloody and invisible hand,

Cancel, and tear to pieces, that great bond

Which keeps me pale! - Light thickens; and the crow

Makes wing to th'rooky wood;

Good things of Day begin to droop and drowse,

Whiles Night's black agents to their preys do rouse.

<Macbeth, thinking about Banquo's murder > (p.34) (Macbeth III.ii.46-53)

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Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

Cleo, I dreamt there was an Emperor Antony. O such another sleep, that I might see But such another man!Dol[abella]. If it might please ye, -Cleo. His face was as the heavens, and therein stuck A sun and moon, which kept their course, and lighted The little O, the earth.Dol. Most Sovereign creature, -Cleo. His legs bestrid the ocean, his rear'd arm Crested the world: his voice was propertied As all the tuned spheres, and that to friends: But when he meant to quail, and shake the orb, He was as ratting thunder. For his bounty, There was no winter in't: an autumn 'twas That grew the more by reaping: his delights Were dolphin-like, they show'd his back above The element they lived in: in his livery Walk'd crowns and crownets: realms and islands were As platers dropp'd from his pocket.

(V. ii. 76-92)

• In Antony and Cleopatra, the imagery implies the superhuman qualities of the central figures.

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Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd throneBurn'd on the water: the poop was beaten gold;Purple the sails, and so perfumed thatThe winds were love-sick with them; the oars were silver,Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke, and madeThe water which they beat to follow faster,As amorous of their strokes. For her own person,It beggar'd all description: she did lieIn her pavilion - cloth of gold, of tissue - O'er-picturing that Venus where we seeThe fancy outwork nature. On each side her,Stood pretty dimpled boys, like smiling Cupids,With divers-colour'd fans, whose wind did seemTo glow the delicate cheeks which they did cool, And what they undid did.

Through literal and figurative images, Enobarbus creates a vision of ultimate sensuousness and eroticism to describe Cleopatra.

Agr[ippa]. O, rare for Antony!Eno. Her gentlewomen, like the Nereides, So many mermaids, tended her i'the eyes, And made their bends adornings. At the helm A seeming mermaid steers: the silken tackle Swell with the touches of those flower-soft hands, That yarely frame the office. From the barge A strange invisible perfume hits the sense Of the adjacent wharfs. The city cast Her people out upon her; and Antony Enthron'd i'the market-place, did sit alone, Whistling to the air; which, but for vacancy, Had gone to gaze on Cleopatra too, And made a gap in nature.

(II.ii.191-218)

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Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

Figurative language not only enlarges the arena of the spectators imagination, but also could be interpreted in a wider context which implicates symbolic meaning. Also, the human beings who move about the stage

become ciphers for something larger than themselves, participating in a conflict that has a wider significance than a clash between mundane individuals.

In short, Figurative language.. Evokes an atmosphere or location Defines the idiosyncratic nature of specific individuals Projects the theme by aligning one character with

another, or differentiating between groups.

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Drawn from a single area of experience and used

throughout a dramatic composition to widen the implications

of the events that are enacted

Form one of the principal routes by which the meaning of a

specific play may be explored

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

Iterative imagery

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ex

In Hamlet, images of disease pervade the dramatic language, suggesting not merely the corruption of one individual but the degeneration of an entire society. -Francisco-Barnardo-Hamlet : Denmark is 'an unweeded garden / That grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature / Possess it merely' → Human +natural corruption-Laertes :

The canker galls the infants of the springToo oft before their buttons be disclos'd,And in the morn and liquid dew of youthContagious blastments are most imminent.

(I.iii.39-42)  -King(Old Hamlet) : The poisoning of the king, the head of the body politic, emerges as the fount of the sickness that pervades the play world.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

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In terms of plot, Macbeth is merely the story of the murder of a good king by an ambitious subject. Through imagery, it can reflect the cosmic upheaval consequent upon the fracturing of natural bonds, and a horrifying vision of a mental landscape born of the individual's violation of his own moral nature.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

Imagery of inversion― 'Fair is foul, and foul is fair'   ― seated heart knock at [his] ribs, Against the use of nature, (I.iii.136-7)  ― Function is smother'd in surmise, And nothing is, but what is not. (141-2)

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Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

The study of imagery first emerged as a major critical preoccupation in 1930s.

A number of books have appeared on the figurative language of specific plays since 1930s.

The student of studying shakespearian drama has to concentrate to the text

Because we can appreciate the expanding circle of significance that the imagery of a play generates through close reading.

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Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

Student has to attempt to realize the visual effects and to consider the relationship between those effects and images.

Because Shakespeare’s poetry is designed to work upon the imagination of the spectator as the drama evolves. And Its effects are discovered in the play.

Unfortunately, as opposed to the theatre-goer, the reader is deprived of the visual effects that transform the poetic expression into the dramatic realization of it.

So it is hard to perceive for the reader to perceive close relationship between stage spectacle and figurative language.

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‘Richard ’ affords a straightforward example of figurative Ⅱlanguage and stage spectacle complementing one another.

Henry Bolingbroke, having been banished by King Richard, returns to

England in arms and insists his lands distrained by the King.

In act a company of rebels, including Bolingbroke and ⅢNorthumberland, approach Flint castle where Richard has taken refuge.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

The imagery and stage spectacle in ‘Richard ’Ⅱ

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Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

Henry Bolingbroke’s message to king Richard

On both his knees doth kiss King Richard’s hand,

And sends allegiance and true faith of heart

Provided that my banishment repeal’d And lands retor’d again be freely granted; If not, I’ll use the advantage of my power And lay the summer’s dust with showers of blood

The fact that a follower commands to his king means reduced King’s majesty.

The imagery that Bolingbroke employs denotes his deferential relationship to his sovereign, and also emphasizes the discrepancy

(=disagreement) between their social status.

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Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

Tottered battlements is a literal description of the castle. (=> imagery)

The word ‘tottered’ implies that the castle is ‘tattered’(=ruined), and

‘tottering’ as if about to fall.

And the description of the castle has reference to its occupant,

Richard.

The imagery suggests the insecurity, not only of the castle

which is Richard’s physical shelter, but also of Richard’s social

position.

Henry Bolingbroke :

Let’s march without the noise of threat’ning drum,

That from this castle’s tottered battlements

Our fair appiontments may be well perus’d

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At this point, the King appears on the upper stage, and his physical eleva-

tion is an emblematic representation of his superior social status.

The aspect of the King’s role that brings glory to his people like the sun

is realized in visual terms on the stage by Richard’s appearance, richly clad,

and upon the upper stage.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

Henry Bolingbroke :

See, see, King Richard doth himself appear,

As doth the blushing discontented sun

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Yet looks he like a king, Behold, his

eye,

As bright as is the eagle’s, lightens

forth

Controlling majesty.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

The eagle is the king of birds, and Richard is a king among men.

The eagle soars high above the earth, scanning the world below him with

an acute gaze, as Richard, in his majesty, over-sees his subjects.

King’s appearance on the upper stage fuses these concepts.

On the upper stage, Richard looks down, literally, upon his subjects

clear-sightedly.

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Richard [To northumberland] :

We are amaz’d, and thus long have we stood

To watch the fearful bending of thy knee,

Because we thought ourself thy lawful king;

And if we be, how dare thy joints forget

To pay their awful duty to our presence?

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

By failing to kneel to the monarch, Northumberland not only

withholds a gesture of respect, but also enforce his own

growth in relation to the King.

Richard Unable to imposes his authority, and his surrender

can be seen next speech.

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Richard :

Most mighty prince, my Lord Northumberland,

What says King Bolingbroke? Will his Majesty

Give Richard leave to live till Richard die?

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

The ironic speeches in which Richard now salutes

Bolingbroke’s messenger indicate the reversal of

roles and that is unchangeable.

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Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

Examples from ‘Richard ’Ⅱ

1) Rich. Down, down I come, like glist'ring Phaeton,

Wanting the manage of unruly jades.

In the base court? Base court, where kings grow base

To come at traitors' calls, and do them grace!

In the base court? Come down? Down, court! down, king!

For night-owls shriek where mounting larks should sing.

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Richard's action : The movement denotes his submission to superior force, but it also enacts a descent from kingship to 'baseness', from supremacy over others to the common human condition.

⇒ the significance of the stage spectacle is enriched by the figurative language that accompanies it.

Playing upon the sun image used in relation to the sovereign : The image transforms Richard from the true, sun-like monarch, to an aspirant to that role, with his descent from the upper stage enacting his waning authority and foreshadowing his destruction.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

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2) Rich. Up, cousin, up; your heart is up, I know,Thus high at least, although your knee be low.

The visual and verbal imagery of ascent and descent is continued.

This points towards the ultimate nature of the predominance that Bolingbroke is to gain.

Bolingbroke is in the ascendancy and Richard is doomed to decline.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

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3) Now is this golden crown like a deep well That owes two buckets, filling one another, The emptier ever dancing in the air, The other down, unseen, and full of water, That bucket down and full of tears am I, Drinking my griefs, whilst you mount up on high. The aspirants to the crown of England, as the

deposed king comments in the above act, are like two buckets in a well. Showing the elevation of one and the decline of

the other. It is alternation of fortunes that the stage

spectacle and the figurative language combine.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

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Examples from 'Othello'1) an old black ram Is tupping your white ewe; The figurative language turns upon a contrast which is

realized in terms of stage spectacle. It is built upon colour. From the very outset of the play

images evocative of darkness and light are in opposition to one another.

2) I ha't, it is engender'd; Hell and night Must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light. From this point onwards the literal darkness in which the

action is set becomes evident.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

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3) Rod. Here is her father's house, I'll call aloud. Iago. Do, with like timorous accent, and dire yell, As when, by night and negligence, the fire Is spied I populous cities.

…(skipped) Awake! what ho, Brabantio! Thieves, thieves, thieves!

…(skipped)BRANBANTIO at a window.

…(skipped) Zounds, sir, you are robb'd, for shame put on your gown,

…(skipped) Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, A host of devices are used here to communicate the night-time

setting to the audience. The darkness of the play world has been implied by the nature of the

characters' exchanges, by the imagery, and the disposition of the actors on the upper and lower stage.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

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4) Bra. Give me a taper, call up all my people: This accident is not unlike my dream, Belief of it oppresses me already: Light I say, light! stirred into action by the cries of the men below

him, begins to call for light ⇒ confirming the blackness.

5) Enter BRANBANTIO in his night-gown, and Servants with Torches.

The night-time setting is reaffirmed by his costume, and the torches carried by his attendants.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

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Examples from 'Othello'

The combined significance spectacle and imagery in these

scenes would have been much more evident to the

Elizabethan play-goer than to the twentieth-century reader.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

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The visual impact of these opening scenes is crucial to the meaning of the play as a whole.

From the opening lines of the play in which two gentlemen converse about a third, the verbal and visual imagery combine to carry the spectator forward into a species of hell.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

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Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

stereotype response evoked by stage picture

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stereotype response evoked by stage picture

black- evil devil- grotesque black man surrounded by leaping flames - carry off souls

∴ Othello → diabolical force the instigator of evil

white - virtue

∴ Iago → ‘honest’ manreverse

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

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The spectator is thus obliged to move from the stereotype

response evoked by the stage picture, through confusion, to

the recognition that it is not the black Othello who is the

instigator of evil, but the 'honest' Iago who is the white man,

and it is from this recognition that much of the intellectual

excitement of the play springs.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

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Examples from ' King Lear '

Actualize the concepts upon which the imagery of the play

turns.

"This coronet part between you."

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

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"This coronet part between you."

kingdom

conceivable inconceivable

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

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fragmentation of an indivisible entity

possibility of future competition between the two sons-in-law for meaningful sovereignty.

worthless

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

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Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

“ Nuncle, give me an egg, and I’ll give thee two crowns.···When thou clovest thy crown i’th’ middle, and gav’st away both part, thou bor’st thine ass on thy back o’er the dirt…”

The fool uses an egg that has been cut in half as an image of Lear’s conduct in relation to the crown.

Cloven his crown in two Violent and disturbing image

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Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

The crown is the crown of Lear’s own head, and the cleaving of it is the rending of his own being as individual, father, and king.

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Thank you!