Diseño curatorial en la poética y políticade la etnografía actual: Una Conversaciónentre Tarek Elhaik y George E. Marcus

7/30/2019 Diseo curatorial en la potica y polticade la etnografa actual: Una Conversacinentre Tarek Elhaik y George E.

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2/22

EHGHU' [driu~a nd Eidgeiau Uheia`duGld{h >;, dgd{h ;61;Qti~hDetanh{

IUUG? 15961;>9 ( ENN? 566'4 ( ENT? 5 ( @E? C3 'U3 B45#Rh`' 12, Iuutd 1, Oagta{y ;61;)

ehghu, [driu~a nd Eidgeiau Uheia`du du tga vtkìeaeig nd BàeuhDetanh{' Btd btgnana dg 199: ehg d` big nd du~iltà{ tga {db`dsig e{~iea ndund àu eidgeiau uheia`du uhk{d ~dlau nd ndka~d uheia`, vh`~ieh, et`~t{a` y dehglieh nd` vau, à {djig agniga y Al{iea@a~iga dg jdgd{a`' @a {driu~a du~ ni{ijina a à ehltginan eidg~biea y a qtidgdu ud ig~d{dudg vh{ ehghed{, alvìa{ y v{hbtgnia{, ndundvd{uvde~irau aeanlieau, du~hu ~dlau' ehghuud vtkìea eta~{ildu~{a`ldg~d dg `hu ldudu nd dgd{h, layh y udv~idlk{d'

ehghu' [driu~a nd Eidgeiau Uheia`du caed va{~d nd àu uijtidg~du kaudu, ea~`hjhu d gniedu?E@AUD, Ei~au @a~ighald{ieagau dg Eidgeiau Uheia`du TGAL, Lsieh'd{driu~Fu, Và~abh{la Hvdg Aeeduu nd [driu~au Eidg~bieau Duvahàu y @a~ighald{ieagau EUIE, Duvaa'NIA@GD^ Tgird{uinan nd à [ihoa, Duvaa'NHAO, Ni{de~h{y hb Hvdg Aeeduu Oht{ga` @tgn Tgird{ui~y @ik{a{idu, Utdeia'B@AEUHAgndu B@AEUH, Detanh{Btdg~d Aeanliea DKUEH Igbh{la~ihg Ud{ried, Du~anhu Tginhu'CAVI, Ciuvagie Ald{ieag Vd{ihniea` Ignds TE@A, Du~anhu Tginhu'Igbh{ld Aeanlieh ^chlvuhg Ja`d, Du~anhu Tginhu'@AÎGNDS, Uiu~dla [djihga` nd Igbh{laeig dg @gda va{a [driu~au Eidg~bieau, nd Al{iea @a~iga, d` Ea{ikd, Duvaa y Vh{~tja` Lsieh[dnA@yE, [dn nd [driu~au Eidg~bieau nd Al{iea @a~iga y d` Ea{ikd TADL, Lsieh'Uheih`hjiea` Aku~{ae~u EUAV{hQtdu~, Du~anhu Tginhu'

T`{iecu Vd{ihniea` Ni{de~h{y EUAV{hQtdu~, Du~anhu Tginhu'@hu a{~et`hu qtd ud vtkìeag dg à {driu~a uhg nd {duvhguakiìnan dse`tuira nd utu at~h{du= gh {db`doag gdedua{ialdg~d d` vdgualidg~h nd ehghu'

hnhu `hu ~ds~hu d iljdgdu ige`tinhu dg du~a hk{a du~g {djiu~{anhu kaoh à ìedgeia [dehgheilidg~h GhEhld{eia` GhHk{auNd{iranau 5'6 nd E{da~ird EhllhguDetanh{ #ee kygegn)' c~~v?((e{da~irdehllhgu'h{j( iedgudu(kygegn(5'6(de(

Ni{de~h{ nd BàeuhDetanh{? An{ig Khgi`àNi{de~h{ nd ehghu? Lat{h Ed{kighDni~h{a nd ehghu? La{a Va Rd{aEh{{de~h{du nd du~i`h? Ui`ria H{~i y Oh{jd Bh{d{hAuiu~dg~du dni~h{ia`du? Ldìuua A{jdg~h y @iìal Bia``h

Ehli~ dni~h{ia`? Ea~aìga @dg #T' nd Etdgea), B{agmìg [al{d #B@AEUH), Jihehgna Cd{{d{a #B@AEUH), Cd{gg Ika{{a#EAAV), Ctjh Oehld #B@AEUH), @iiua Gh{~c #T' Yh{m, Eagan), @iud~ Ehka #T' Ea~ìea nd` Detanh{), Utuaga Zavvdgu~dig

#B@AEUH), Re~h{ K{d~g #T' @`dina, Duvaa)'

Ehli~ auduh{ ig~d{gaeihga`? Agn{u Jtd{{d{h #Duvaa), Kàgea Lt{a~h{ih #T' Ragehtrd{, Eagan), K{ted Kaj`dy #T' Liali,DDTT), Ea{`hu nd La~~hu #VTE, Eci`d), Ea{ldg Ndd{ #T' nd B`h{ina), Edeiìa Lgnd #T' Eaìbh{gia, Uag~a K{ka{a, DDTT),Bària B{dindgkd{j #T' Uaàlagea, Duvaa), B{ageiueh [hoau #Bàeuh, Ehu~a [iea), Oarid{ Atyd{h #T^ Atu~ig, DDTT), Ohag La{~gdAìd{ #T' Ka{ed`hga, Duvaa), Ohag Vtoanau #T' [hri{a i Ri{jiì, Duvaa), @h{{aigd Gdged` #EDN@A, Chàgna), @tea Qtdi{h`h #T'nd Jghra), Lajna`dga @dg #T' Gaeihga`, Eh`hlkia), [hk Rhu #IUU, Chàgna), [hkd{~h Bh`à{i #T' Etyh, A{jdg~iga)'

Ehh{niganh{du nd` nhuuid{ Ag~{hvh`hja Riuta` dg Al{iea @a~iga? S' Agn{and y Jak{idà _alh{aghDguayh j{bieh d ilajdg nd vh{~ana? Otag E' H{{ag~ia

Niudh y niaj{alaeig? Ag~hgih LdgaIlv{duig? [iuvd{j{ab

Dgrh nd a{~et`hu, igbh{laeig, uhìei~tn nd eagod? {driu~aiehghuFbàeuh'h{j'deUtue{iveihgdu, vdninhu y niu~{ikteig? àìk{d{iaFbàeuh'h{j'de

B@AEUHDetanh{Eaui`à? 1:116252;Ni{deeig? Ea``d @a V{and{a D:1:> y Ar' Nidjh nd A`laj{h, Qti~hDetanh{zzz'bàeuh'h{j'de(c~l`(iehghu'c~l`^d`bhghu? -495; 5;53333 Bas? -495; 5;5:926

ENN 566'4, ENT 5, @E? C3 'U3 B45Iehghu? {driu~a nd eidgeiau uheia`du' Qti~h? BàeuhDetanh{, 199:

r' ? i`' = ;3 el'DgdAk{' 199:Eta~{ildu~{a` dgd{hlayhudv~idlk{dIUUG? 15961;>9

1' Eidgeiau Uheia`du' ;' Eidgeiau Uheia`duDetanh{' I' Baet`~an @a~ighald{ieaga nd Eidgeiau Uheia`du #Detanh{)


3/22

Gh' >;, Dgd{h ;61;IUUG 15961;>9

ENN 566'4 ( ENT 5 ( @E C3 'U3 B45Rh`' 12, Iuutd 1, Oagta{y, ;61;

Qti~h Detanh{

Utla{ih

Nhuuid{

Ag~{hvh`hja riuta` dg @a~ighal{iea

V{dudg~aeig nd` Nhuuid{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1112

S' Agn{and y Jak{idà _alh{agh

Tg udjtgnh dgetdg~{h? à bh~hj{aba d~ghj{biea

ndg~{h y btd{a nd` a{ecirh ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1:51

La{a Bd{gagna ^{hya

Ilajdg, hkod~h y a{~d?à bh~hj{aba nd Jtinh Khjjiagi ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 55>9

A`doagn{a [dyd{h

Ag~{hvh`hja riuta` y ~du~ilhgih dg

à vhu~nie~ant{a eci`dga ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 41:6

Agn{da Ecalh{{h V{dz y Otag Vak`h Nhghuh A`ìdgnd

Nd{dech laya y rindh ehltgi~a{ih?

dsvd{idgeiau nd ag~{hvh`hja ehàkh{a~ira ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' :133

Ea{`hu Y' B`h{du

Niudh et{a~h{ia` dg à vh~iea y vh`~iea nd à d~ghj{aba ae~ta`?

tga ehgrd{uaeig dg~{d â{dm D`caim y Jdh{jd D' La{etu ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 3916>


4/22

Riuta` dld{jdg~d

Dg~{ana v{hcikina #Vtd{~hu nd` Ut{) ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1621;6

Otag E' H{{ag~ia

Ndka~d

@hu tuhu alkijthu nd` a{ecirh, à Ciu~h{ia y à ldlh{ia ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1;5155

Dnta{nh Migjlag

Ni`hjh

Ag~{hvh`hja, eitnan y ordgdu

Tg ni`hjh ehg ^d{dua Ea`ndi{a ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 15:1>9

Lat{h Ed{kigh

^dlau

Dsiu~d tga {dbh{la aj{a{ia dg à Khìria

nd` Lhrilidg~h a` Uheiaìulh8 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 145122

K{tgh Bh{gi``h

[dudau

Zi`b{inh C' Eh{{a`

Ea{~hj{aba heeindg~a` nd à ghrdà

ciuvaghald{ieaga Ag~hgih Ri`à{{td` ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1291:1

Cd{gg Ika{{a y Rie~h{ia Ghri``h

Ciu~h{ia nd à {anih dg Qti~h #1954 1926) Agaci Laea{hbb ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1:;1:>

Ecia{a Vajgh~~a

A~~{ard{uagnh `h u~ajgh? u~h{id nd`à lij{azihgd

detanh{iaga ig Dt{hva ~{a ehg~igti~ d

ealkialdg~h #199:;66:) [t~c @a{a ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1:41::


5/22

Gh' >;, Dgd{h ;61;IUUG 15961;>9

ENN 566'4 ( ENT 5 ( @E C3 'U3 B45Rh`' 12, Iuutd 1, Oagta{y, ;61;

Qti~h Detanh{

Utlla{y

Nhuuid{

Riuta` Ag~c{hvh`hjy ig @a~ig Ald{iea

Nhuuid{u ig~{hnte~ihg ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1112

S' Agn{and y Jak{idà _alh{agh

A Udehgn Dgehtg~d{? D~cghj{avcie Vch~hj{avcy

Iguind agn Ht~uind ~cd A{ecird ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1:51

La{a Bd{gagna ^{hya

Ilajd, Hkode~ agn A{~? ^cd Vch~hj{avcy

hb Jtinh Khjjiagi ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 55>9A`doagn{a [dyd{h

Riuta` Ag~c{hvh`hjy agn ^du~ilhgy ig

Vhu~Nie~a~h{ia` Eci`d ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 41:6

Agn{da Ecalh{{h V{dz y Otag Vak`h Nhghuh A`ìdgnd

Layag [ijc~u agn Ehlltgi~y Rindh?

a Eh`àkh{a~ird Ag~c{hvh`hjy Dsvd{idged ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' :133

Ea{`hu Y' B`h{du

Et{a~h{ia` Nduijgu ig ~cd Vhd~ieu agn Vhì~ieu hbD~cghj{avcy ^hnay? a Ehgrd{ua~ihg kd~zddg

â{dm D`caim agn Jdh{jd D' La{etu ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 3916>


6/22

Riuta` dld{jdg~d

Dg~{ana v{hcikina #Uht~cd{g Vh{~u) ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '1621;6

Otag E' H{{ag~ia

Ndka~d

^cd Alkijthtu Tudu hb Ciu~h{y, Ldlh{y agn ~cd A{ecird ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '1;5155

Dnta{nh Migjlag

Ni`hjh

Ag~c{hvh`hjy, Ei~y agn Yhtgj Vdhv`d

A ig~d{ridz zi~c ^d{dua Ea`ndi{a ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '15:1>9

Lat{h Ed{kigh

^dlau

Khìriau @agn [dbh{l? Nhdu I~ [da``y Dsiu~8 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '145122

K{tgh Bh{gi``h

[dudau

Zi`b{inh C' Eh{{a`

Ea{~hj{aba heeindg~a` nd à ghrdà

ciuvaghald{ieaga Ag~hgih Ri`à{{td` ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1291:1

Cd{gg Ika{{a y Rie~h{ia Ghri``h

Ciu~h{ia nd à {anih dg Qti~h #1954 1926) Agaci Laea{hbb ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1:;1:>

Ecia{a Vajgh~~a

A~~{ard{uagnh `h u~ajgh? u~h{id nd`à lij{azihgd

detanh{iaga ig Dt{hva ~{a ehg~igti~ d

ealkialdg~h #199:;66:) [t~c @a{a ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1:41::


7/22

ehghu' [driu~a nd Eidgeiau Uheia`du' Gtl' >;, Qti~h, dgd{h ;61;, vv' 3916> Baet`~an @a~ighald{ieaga nd Eidgeiau Uheia`duUdnd Aeanliea nd Detanh{'

IUUG? 15961;>9

Niudh et{a~h{ia` dg à vh~iea y vh`~ieand à d~ghj{aba ae~ta`? Tga Ehgrd{uaeigdg~{d â{dm D`caim y Jdh{jd D' La{etu1

Et{a~h{ia` Nduijgu ig ~cd Vhd~ieu agn Vhì~ieu hbD~cghj{avcy ^hnay? a Ehgrd{ua~ihg kd~zddg â{dm

D`caim agn Jdh{jd D' La{etu

â{dm D`caimV{hbduh{ Auiu~dg~d nd Ag~{hvh`hja, Tgird{uinan [ied, DD'TT'

Jdh{jd D' La{etuV{hbduh{ nd Ag~{hvh`hja #Ecaged``h{u V{hbduuh{ hb Ag~c{hvh`hjy),Tgird{uinan nd Eaìbh{gia, dg I{rigd, DD'TT'

[dutldg

Dg du~d ni`hjh, Jdh{jd La{etu y â{dm D`caim dlvidag {ddsaligagnh `hu ealkihu dg à v{e~iea igrdu~ija~ira y `hu va{anijlau igieianhu caed lu nd rdig~d ahu vh{ àu ndìkd{aeihgdu nd Z{i~igj Et`~t{dy ehg~igag dra`tagnh d` ndrdgi{ ndduhu ndka~du dg d` vdgualidg~h y à v{e~iea ag~{hvh`jiea ehg~dlvh{gda' Dg~{d tga bijt{a eàrd nd` lhldg~h nd Z{i~igjEt`~t{dy tg ag~{hv`hjh bh{lanh dg d` vd{hnh qtd uijti a duau niuetuihgdu ud v{hnted tg ig~d{ealkih, tga dsv`h{aeigy tg {dbigalidg~h nd abiginandu ehgedv~ta`du' @a ehgrd{uaeig jdgd{a tg ehgotg~h nd ehgedv~hu du~{a~jiehu eàrd nd`{dvd{~h{ih lhnd{giu~a y ehulhvhì~a, av{deianh vh{ alkhu ag~{hv`hjhu #lhg~aod, niudh, igu~aàeig), qtd igb`tyd dg àbijt{a dlk`dl~iea nd` ~{akaoh nd ealvh' D` `àlanh nd La{etu a v{igeivihu nd `hu 96 vh{ tga d~ghj{aba ehlh ag~nh~ha` {daìulh nduduvd{aganh{ nd vdètàu y ~ds~hu d~ghj{biehu y nd `hu {deidg~du va{aui~ihu nd vd{bh{lagedu dg d` Edg~{hnd D~ghj{aba nd à Tgird{uinan nd Eaìbh{gia dg I{rigd ud ehlkiga ehg à v{hvtdu~a nd D`caim nd à v{e~iea et{a~h{iaèhlh v{hednilidg~h, l~hnh y lhnh nd v{hnteeig ~d{iea qtd ak{a à vhuikiìnan va{a inda{ y ehlvhgd{ tg ìk{higu~aàeig' @a ehgrd{uaeig v{hvhgd ~a`du bijt{au dld{jdg~du y gtdrhu dsvd{ildg~hu ehlh lhnhu a`~d{ga~irhu nd ldniaeignd à d~ghj{aba dg v{heduh y, qtiu, ehlh utu~i~t~hu nd` ~{akaoh nd ealvh dg u liulh'

Vaàk{au eàrd? v{e~iea et{a~h{ia`, d~ghj{aba, ~{akaoh nd ealvh, lhg~aod, igu~aàeihgdu, niudh, a{~d ehg~dlvh{gdh,Ag~{hvh`hja

Aku~{ae~

^ciu nia`hjtd kd~zddg Jdh{jd La{etu agn a{dm D`caim kdjigu ky {driui~igj ~cd ucib~u ig {duda{ec v{ae~ied agn va{anijluigi~ia~dn lh{d ~cag ~zdg~y yda{u ajh ky ~cd Z{i~igj Et`~t{d niuetuuihgu agn v{heddnu ~h dra`ta~d ~cd ab~d{ìbd hb ~chudndka~du ig ehg~dlvh{a{y ag~c{hvh`hjiea` ~chtjc~ agn v{ae~ied' Ehgedv~ta` abbigi~idu a{d dsecagjdn, v{hkdn agn {dbigdnkd~zddg a mdy bijt{d hb ~cd Z{i~igj Et`~t{d lhldg~ agn ag ag~c{hvh`hjiu~ ~{aigdn ig ~cd ab~d{la~c hb ~chud niuetuuihgu'^cd ehgrd{ua~ihg k{igju a ud~ hb mdy u~{a~djie ehgedv~u b{hl ~cd ehulhvhì~ag lhnd{giu~ {dvd{~hi{d nda{ ~h kh~c ag~c{hvh`hjiu~u #lhg~ajd, nduijg, igu~a`à~ihg) ~h kda{ tvhg ~cd dlk`dla~ie bijt{d hb bid`nzh{m' I~ bh`nu La{etu ea`` ig ~cd da{`y96u bh{ ag d~cghj{avcieu au ag ag~inh~d ~h ~cd chvd`duu {daìul hb d~cghj{avcie bi`lu agn ~ds~u agn {dedg~ vd{bh{la~irdva{aui~du a~ ciu Edg~d{ bh{ D~cghj{avcy a~ TE I{rigd zi~c D`caimu ndv`hyldg~ hb et{a~h{ia` v{ae~ied au a v{hednt{d,ld~chn agn lhnd hb ~cdh{d~iea` v{hnte~ihg ~ca~ hvdgu ~cd vhuuikiì~y bh{ ~cigmigj agn ehlvhuigj ag igu~a`à~ihg khhm'^cd ehgrd{ua~ihg v{hvhudu ~cdud dld{jigj bijt{du agn gdz dsvd{ildg~u zi~c bh{l au a`~d{ga~d lhndu hb ldnia~ihg hb

d~cghj{avcy ig v{heduu agn, vd{cavu, au ut{{hja~du ~h bid`nzh{m i~ud`b'

Mdy zh{nu? et{a~h{ia` v{ae~ied, d~cghj{avcy, bid`nzh{m, lhg~ajd, igu~a`à~ihg, nduijg, ehg~dlvh{a{y a{~, ag~c{hvh`hjy

n

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u

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id

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39

1 Du~d a{~et`h ca uinh ~{anteinh nd a rd{uig h{ijiga` dg igjù ~i~t ana Et{a~h{ia` Nduijgu ig ~cd Vhd~ieu agn Vhì~ieuhb D~cghj{avcy ^hnay? a Ehgrd{ua~ihg kd~zddg â{dm D`caim agn Jdh{jd D' La{etu qtd ava{ded dg à ehlviàeigKdyhgn D~cghj{avcie Z{i~igj, dni~anh vh{ Aga La{a Bh{d{h Agjd` y @tea Uildhgd, kaoh d` ud``h dni~h{ia` A{lagnh#ak{i` ;6, ;616)' ^{anteeig nd` h{ijiga`? Ui`ria A{aga'


8/22

La{etu?

@h qtd lu ds~{ah nd` vd{ihnh vhu~d{ih{ a àu ndìkd{aeihgdu e{~ieau nd Z{i~igjEt`~t{d/dg `hu ahu 36 du d` aeeduh a `hu la~d{ia`du y v{heduhu qtd cag nanh `tja{ a`hu, lty ig~d{duag~du, ìk{hu y vdètàu qtd uijtid{hg a du~d vd{ihnh' Qtiuid{a uakd{ltech lu uhk{d d` v{heduh nd igrdu~ijaeig va{a vhnd{ cakà{ uhk{d d` ~dla nd vdètàu h ìk{hu' Vd{h du~d gh du kaoh gigjg vtg~h nd riu~a tg `àlanh va{a rh`rd{ a`~ivh nd {dà~hu y ndue{iveihgdu nd` ~{akaoh nd ealvh qtd v{hvieia{hg `hu ndka~du ndZ{i~igj Et`~t{d' Ehguind{agnh `hu igldguhu ealkihu dg àu ~degh`hjau y ldnihu ndehltgieaeig ndund `hu ahu 96, tg ~ds~h h tga vdètà d~ghj{biea va{deid{a qtdca ndoanh nd ud{ d` hkod~h lu {d`drag~d h ehg~tgndg~d caeia d` eta` ni{iji{ àu v{djtg~au uhk{d {dv{dudg~aeig v{dudg~du dg Z{i~igj Et`~t{d' Duau v{djtg~au ~idgdg~hnara tga ilvh{~ageia eàrd vd{h ndkdg du~a{ ach{a ehlvdgd~{anau ehg ~hnau àu

hvd{aeihgdu nird{uau qtd ud {dv{dudg~ag y ud gdjheiag dg ghlk{d nd` ~{ligh eùieh, ~{akaoh nd ealvh'

D` ~{akaoh nd ealvh du a`jh lu qtd tg ldnih va{a à d~ghj{aba #ehgedkinaehlh tg ìk{h h tga vdètà va{a d` a{ecirh, à kikìh~dea h à layh{ eag~inan vhuik`d nd {dedv~h{du vkìehu)' D` ~{akaoh nd ealvh etk{d tga ra{idnan nd bh{lau ndehlvhuieig nd` la~d{ia` nd igrdu~ijaeig qtd gh uh`h ld{ded ut dsv{duig v{hvia,~ag~h ndg~{h nd` lki~h g~ilh y duvdebieh nd` ~{akaoh nd ealvh uigh ~alkig aèhu~anh nd du~d, ehlh vd{bh{lagedu, v{hnteeihgdu y ehàkh{aeihgdu ehg ra{ihu gird`du nd {dedveig dg ldg~d' Va{a à igrdu~ijaeig nd chy dg na caed ba`~a ~dgd{ tgadu~{a~djia d ilajiga{ a utu ndu~iga~a{ihu h {dedv~h{du, dg~{d `hu eta`du à ehltginan

niueivìga{ia nd h{ijdg du uhàldg~d tgh nd d``hu' D` v{hk`dla nd à {dv{dudg~aeigdu, vh{ `h ~ag~h, h{jgieh a` v{heduh nd` ~{akaoh nd ealvh dg u liulh' Du~d vtg~hnd riu~a gh du dsae~aldg~d gtdrh, vd{h àu gtdrau dueaàu y ~degh`hjau nd ehltgieaeig ghu ilvtùag a vdgua{ uhk{d du~d v{hk`dla dg `hu ~d{{dghu y àu {dàeihgdu nd`liulh v{heduh nd kuqtdna, va{a `hu qtd ya gh ud avìeag andetanaldg~d `hu {dà~hu a` du~i`h nd Laìghzumi uhk{d d` h~{h gi à {db`dsirinan ~iea'

Uig dlka{jh, du v{deiualdg~d du~d v{heduh d` qtd du~ lu hvaeanh chy' Gdedui~alhu bh{lau, dsvd{ildg~hu ehg bh{lau, lhnhu a`~d{ga~irhu y {dv{dudg~a~irhu ]vd{bh{la~ird lhndu\ nd igrdu~ijaeig va{a ehgbh{la{ niuetuihgdu ~d{ieau y nd h~{hu ~ivhu

uhk{d `hu v{hk`dlau ag~{hvh`jiehu' Du~au ehgrd{uaeihgdu ndkdg bh{la{ va{~d nd`liulh ~ivh nd ehuau nd` ltgnh uhk{d àu qtd ~{a~a à d~ghj{aba, à qtd {dqtid{d ndldnihu, bh{lau qtd `d vd{li~ag vhgd{ a` {dru d` la~d{ia` nd` ~{akaoh nd ealvh va{aatnidgeiau nd layh{ nird{uinan' @au ae~ta`du v{dhetvaeihgdu dsvèi~au nd à Ag~{hvh`hja uhk{d ehàkh{aeig y ag~{hvh`hja vkìea, e{dh qtd uhg dsv{duihgdu uig~h

â{dm D`caim y Jdh{jd D' La{etu

96

EHGHU >; ;61; vv' 3916>

/ Z{i~igj Et`~t{d? ~cd Vhd~ieu agn Vhì~ieu hb D~cghj{avcy, dni~anh vh{ Oaldu Eìbbh{n y Jdh{jd D' La{etu, Tgird{ui~yhb Eaìbh{gia V{duu, 1932 #G' nd à D')'


9/22

l~ieau nd du~a ~dgndgeia nd i{ lu a`` nd `hu {dut`~anhu ld{aldg~d ~ds~ta`du y nde{da{ bh{lau nd va{~ieivaeig ehg à d~ghj{aba dg v{heduh'

Li v{hvia drh`teig vd{uhga` dg dua ni{deeig, a va{~i{ nd Z{i~igj Et`~t{d, du~la{eana vh{ d` dguayh nd ldnianhu nd `hu ghrdg~a uhk{d à dld{jdgeia nd à d~ghj{aba lt`~iui~tana' Du~h btd v{drih a à dsvaguig nd ig~d{gd~ vd{h ehgod~t{aka qtd d`~d{{dgh nd` ~{akaoh nd ealvh gh vhna udjti{ uidgnh ijta`' A` liulh ~idlvh, anqti{ig~d{u dg eid{~hu v{hyde~hu nd igu~aàeihgdu y nd a{~d ehgedv~ta` dg etya v{hnteeigud caka {daìanh tg ~ivh nd igrdu~ijaeig uilià{ a` nd` ~{akaoh nd ealvh' Dg tg udg~inh, du~hu v{hyde~hu ehg~dgag `hu ~ivhu nd bh{lau a`~d{ga~irau nd vdgualidg~h, {dv{dudg~aeig y ndka~d nd à igrdu~ijaeig d~ghj{biea qtd yh e{dh qtd uhg ~ag ilvh{~ag~du chy' Dg tga lagd{a vàgibieana, àu igu~aàeihgdu y `hu v{hyde~hu a{~u~iehu nd vd{bh{laged igeh{vh{ag d` {dut ~anh nd à igrdu~ijaeig dg ut v{hvia v{hnteeig'Lidg~{au qtd yh gh e{dh qtd à d~ghj{aba du h ndka ud{ `h liulh qtd du~hu lhrilidg

~hu a{~u~iehu, li a~{aeeig vh{ du~hu `~ilhu ~hla nd d``hu a`jh {dàeihganh a à v{e~iea, qtd e{dh qtd à igrdu~ijaeig d~ghj{biea gh ~idgd y qtd `d caed lteca ba`~a'

Biga`ldg~d, d` ndua{{h``h nd li vhu~t{a vhu~ Z{i~igj Et`~t{d, vh{ ndei{`h nd a`jtga lagd{a, du~ lty igb`tdgeianh vh{ àu ehgnieihgdu v{hviau nd dguda{ igrdu~ijaeig a ag~{hv`hjhu qtd ud du~g bh{lagnh dg à ae~taìnan' @au h{~hnhsiau nd` l~hnh, y à igndvdgndgeia ldg~a` y alkieig nd av{dgniedu k{i`àg~du e{dag b{ieeihgduv{hnte~irau {duvde~h a qt bh{lau gtdrau #y gdedua{ialdg~d at~h{ianau) vtdndg ud{niudanau va{a à v{hnteeig nd ehgheilidg~h ndg~{h, a` ijta` qtd abtd{a, nd àu ehgnieihgdu ehg~dlvh{gdau nd` caed{ ~{akaoh nd ealvh' Y ui, va{a l, à gheig ndniudh #ehg v{u~alhu nd` vdgualidg~h y à vdnajhja nd` niudh, qtd du tga rau~a ig

ntu~{ia v{hbduihga` y aeanliea dg u liula) ud ca ehgrd{~inh dg tga ea~djh{a ehgrdgidg~d y cau~a ach{a ehlva~ik`d a ~{aru nd à eta` vdgua{ à ig~{hnteeig nd gtdrau bh{lau ndg~{h nd à v{e~iea rdgd{ak`d nd ~{akaoh nd ealvh, qtd ehlkigd ~{akaoh~d{ieh ehg ndbigieig nd v{hk`dlau y `hu v{hbtgnied' Tga rd qtd ca`` ut t~iìnan,nduetk{ qtd d` ~{ligh niudh, ehlh ehàkh{aeig, ca uinh {deidg~dldg~d av{hvianh, a tga rd`heinan eaui ri{a`, va{a {dbh{ltà{ ndeh{a~iraldg~d h lu utu~ageia`ldg~d d` ehgheilidg~h, caeidgnh v{e~ieau dg tga ra{idnan nd niueivìgau y dlv{duau chydg na' D` Edg~{h va{a à D~ghj{aba qtd yh cd btgnanh dg à Tgird{uinan nd Eaìbh{gia dg I{rigd, ud ca ehgrd{~inh va{a l dg à ra v{igeiva` h d` àkh{a~h{ih va{a dsv`h

{a{ du~au etdu~ihgdu vhu~ Z{i~igj Et`~t{d, a` v{igeivih dg ~h{gh nd à lhna #h vauiggh {daìana) vh{ à ehàkh{aeig chy dg na, y ach{a uhk{d à gheig nd niudh qtdigeh{vh{a d` ndudh nd uhìna{inandu ehàkh{a~irau nd igrdu~ijaeig'

Nanhu du~hu ag~dedndg~du, ~d rhy a vdni{ qtd cajau tg {detdg~h uilià{ nd ~tu riaodu vhu~d{ih{du a à Ag~{hvh`hja nd à neana nd 1936, bigaìagnh ehg tga dsvìeaeig nd` ndua{{h``h nd ~t v{e~iea ehlh et{anh{, à qtd e{dh qtd du tga bh{la ehlkigana nd igrdu~ijaeig y {dv{dudg~aeig qtd dsv{dua ~t dsvd{idgeia dg ~{akaoh nd ealvh(d~ghj{aba y ut ldeà ehg ~tu ehgheilidg~hu dg eigd y ldnihu nd ehltgieaeig'

Niudh et{a~h{ia` dg à vh~iea y vh`~iea nd à d~ghj{aba ae~ta`

91

EHGHU >; ;61; vv' 3916>


10/22

Du otu~aldg~d du~d ~ivh nd ldeà à qtd ldoh{ dsv{dua, {dv{dudg~a y v{hbtgnia àehgnieig nd v{hntei{ ehgheilidg~h ag~{hvh`jieh nduvtu nd Z{i~igj Et`~t{d'

D`caim?

Va{a l `hu ndka~du nd Z{i~igj Et`~t{d igrheag tg {djiu~{h lty duvdebieh? aqtd` ndtg lhldg~h bh{la~irh ``dgh nd ealighu v{hld~dnh{du, a gird` ehgedv~ta` y ld~hnh`jieh' Dg du~d udg~inh, d` udgnd{h ya caka uinh varildg~anh va{a aqtd``hu nd ghuh~{hu qtd ``djalhu a à Ag~{hvh`hja a ~{aru nd à {d~{huvde~ira ~d{iealdg~d v{iri`djiana hb{deina vh{ `hu ndua{{h``hu nd lu nd ;6 ahu, `hu {d~{auhu ehgedv~ta`du ig~d{niueivìga{ihu tuta`du y `hu ndurhu caeia l`~iv`du lhnd{ginandu nd ag~{hv`hjhu v{dedndg~du' A`jtgau nd àu etdu~ihgdu ag~{hvh`jieau bh{ltànau nt{ag~d àu niuetuihgdu

nd `hu 36 cag uinh ~{a~anau y ~{akaoanau nd lagd{a ehlv`d~a, h~{au uijtdg akid{~au a{driuihgdu, lhnibieaeihgdu y {dbh{ltàeihgdu, lidg~{au qtd h~{au ndkdg uilv`dldg~dud{ nduea{~anau' Dg h~{au vaàk{au, à rina nduvtu nd Z{i~igj Et`~t{dndkd ud{ ehguind{ana ehlh tga dsvaguig nd `hu ealighu ~hlanhu y nd `hu ealighu uig dsv`h{a{nduvtu nd `hu 36, y duh ghu ca ehgnteinh a {dbh{ltà{ à Ag~{hvh`hja ehlh d` A{~dnd bh{ltà{ ktdgau v{djtg~au y, a` liulh ~idlvh, niuda{ vtdu~au dg duedga nd` ~{akaoh nd ealvh nd lagd{a e{da~ira y du~{a~jiea' Du~au v{djtg~au ndkdg ~dgd{ à hvh{~tginan nd tg bt~t{h riak`d y jdgd{huh lidg~{au ehgud{rag tga v{dhetvaeig vh{ àuigjtà{inan nd` v{hyde~h ag~{hvh`jieh y ut lhnh nd v{hntei{ ehgheilidg~h dg du~dealvh ds~dgninh' Tgh nd `hu auvde~hu baueigag~du nd `hu ndka~du a`{dndnh{ nd à aji

~aeig nd Z{i~igj Et`~t{dbtd d` nd dri~a{ ehgrd{~i{ du~a v{dhetvaeig vh{ à uigjtà{inan nd à Ag~{hvh`hja dg tga rijiàgeia nd à b{hg~d{a niueivìga{ia' Dg~hgedu lindtna ehg Z{i~igj Et`~t{ddu tga v{dhetvaeig vh{ ehgud{ra{ dud d~chu' Du~d udg~inhnd ehg~igtinan gh ndkd dg~{a{ dg ehgbìe~h ehg gtdu~{a kuqtdna avauihgana nd gtdrhu lhnd`hu va{a ``dra{ a eakh y ehgedv~taìa{ à igrdu~ijaeig'

Ndkh aj{dja{ qtd igiei li dg~{dgalidg~h bh{la` ehlh ag~{hv`hjh et`~t{a` abigdu nd à neana nd 1996, du ndei{, dg d` lhldg~h v{deiuh dg qtd d` va{anijla ndZ{i~igj Et`~t{d caka anqti{inh tga ui~taeig nibei`, ~ivh Oagh' Dg dua vhea, à{drtd`~a igieia` caka uinh igu~i~teihgaìana y a` liulh ~idlvh {d`djana a tg udjtg

nh vàgh b{dg~d a àu t{jdg~du etdu~ihgdu vh`~ieau j`hka`du qtd ud ig~dguibiea{ag dgà d{a vhu~ 11(9' Dg~hgedu, a` ldghu va{a a`jtghu nd ghuh~{hu, d` vtg~h nd dg~{anadg à Ag~{hvh`hja dg d` lhldg~h vhu~d{ih{ a Z{i~igj Et`~t{d gh btd ~ag~h tgaetdu~ig nd lhnd{ginan rd{utu vhu~lhnd{ginan gi à v{hnteeig nd d~ghj{abau dsvd{ildg~a`du y v{hyde~hu nd igrdu~ijaeig ehg d` hkod~irh nd nduedg~{aìa{ y ndueh`hgia{ àu ea~djh{au nd à lhnd{ginan dt{hdu~anhtgindgud' Dg `tja{ nd d``h `h qtdghu ilvh{~aka edg~{a`ldg~d d{a d` lagdoh etinanhuh nd tg dqtiìk{ih ~dguh dg~{d `hdviu~dlh`jiehvh`~ieh y `h hg~h`jieh(dsvd{ildg~a`(bh{la`' Du~a hga v{hnte~ira

EHGHU >; ;61; vv' 3916>

9;



11/22

nd b{ieeig dg~{d `h vh`~iehdviu~dlh`jieh y `h dsvd{ildg~a`hg~h`jieh, a` ~{aguli~i{ ~alkig tg `djanh nd nird{uau ragjta{niau ciu~{ieau, gh ndkd ud{ dsv{duana gi dgd` inihla nd à at~dg~ieinan et`~t{a` gi ehlh tg ji{h vhu~et`~t{a` eidjh caeia àgdt{hdu~~iea y `hu du~tnihu nd à eidgeia' @h qtd ud {dqtid{d, ndund li vtg~h nd riu~a,du tg {dj{duh a y tga lhnibieaeig nd à dehghla jdhvh`~iea nd vtg~hu nd va{~inay nd ``djana nd` lhnd{giulh #h nd `hu lhnd{giulhu) ehulhvhì~a#u) y nd àu niue{dvageiau qtd du~h ig~{hnted dg àu ctlaginandu, àu eidgeiau y d` a{~d' Y cau~a ach{a,du~a ~a{da ca {dut`~anh ud{ à lu nibei` nd {daìa{' Tga ~a{da qtd ca uinh ~{a~ana ehgd`hetdgeia dg ~t {deidg~d ni`hjh ehàkh{a~irh ehg Vat` [akighz; {duvde~h nd àdld{jdgeia nd gtdrhu ealvhu nd igrdu~ijaeig dg `hu 96, ehlh gtdrhu ldnihu ndehltgieaeig, eavi~a` bigageid{h, kih~degh`hja' Vh{ dodlv`h, à ehg~{hrd{uia qtdut{jd a va{~i{ nd` ealkih nd dgbhqtd nd utod~hu utka`~d{ghu a ì~du y dsvd{~hu h dèalkih nd` h~{h a` chl`hjh ehlh `h dsv{duau~d {deidg~dldg~d vtdndg ud{ riu~hu

ehlh tg ug~hla nd à ~dguig dg d` edg~{h nd du~d ae~h nd dqtiìk{ih' Li ~{akaoh ndealvh ehg eigd nd ragjta{nia y et{anh{du nd a{~d ehg~dlvh{gdh dg à eitnan ndLsieh a` ijta` qtd li v{e~iea ehlh et{anh{ nd eigd {dqtid{d ealiga{ uhk{d euea{au nd ctdrh dg tg ealvh liganh'

Anqti{ ehgeidgeia uhk{d du~hu ~dlau ndìeanhu nduvtu nd `dd{ v{ild{h, ehlhet{anh{ nd eigd igndvdgnidg~d ahu ag~du nd caed{ li Vc'N' ~ag~h Z{i~igj Et`~t{d?~cd Vhd~ieu agn Vhì~ieu hb D~cghj{avcy ehlh à eh`deeig nd dguayhu Riutaìigj^cdh{y5' Alkhu ud ehgri{~id{hg nd igldnia~h dg ìk{hu nd {dbd{dgeia y lagta`du ndigu~{teeig' Du~d `~ilh ehg~idgd igbh{laeig uìna uhk{d àu e{~ieau nd à {dv{dudg~aeig, igieia`ldg~d v{dudg~anau dg à hk{a ag~d{ih{, va{~ietà{ldg~d à ig~d{{hjaeig

uhk{d à rh nd at~h{inan nd` d~gj{abh ea{ae~d{u~iea nd` eigd d~ghj{bieh eùieh vd{h~alkig uhk{d `hu `li~du nd à ldeà nd du~{a~djiau nd at~h{dv{dudg~aeig y nd` ~{akaoh ehàkh{a~irh ~ag ed`dk{anh dg `hu ldnihu nd ehltgieaeig ignjdgau vhu~d{ih{du a `hu ahu 96'

Vh{ h~{a va{~d, Z{i~igj Et`~t{d ud caka aìldg~anh utu~ageia`ldg~d nd `hu du~tnihu nd eigd y ldnihu, caka {anieaìanh àu utk{dau lu kidg ehgud{ranh{au nd

Ag~{hvh`hja riuta` y Ag~{hvh`hja nd` a{~d #`dg~aldg~d nduniktognhàu dg d` v{heduh y a`doagnh à a~dgeig nd à `àlana a`~d{inan {aniea` nd` a{~d y nd àu bh{lauet`~t{a`du gh heeindg~a`du), y caka du~ak`deinh tg ealkih caeia tga kuqtdna nd

bh{lau a`~d{ga~irau nd ehlvhuieig lu a`` nd à lhghj{aba y nd à vdètà d~ghj{biea eùieau' D` ehgu~{te~iriulh {aniea` nd ~ds~hu y vdètàu d~ghj{bieau dsvd{ildg~a`du nd àu neanau nd `hu 36 y 96 {duhgaka ehg li hku~igana igeìgaeig caeia

; Vat` [akighz y Jdh{jd D' La{etu ehg Oaldu Batkihg y hkiau [ddu' Nduijgu bh{ Ag Ag~c{hvh hjy hb ~cdEhg~dlvh{a{y, Ntmd Tgird{ui~y V{duu, ;663'

5 Riutaìigj ^cdh{y? Ud`de~dn Duuayu b{hl R'A'[', 1996199>' Dn' @teidg ay`h{' Gdz Yh{m? [ht~`dnjd, 199>' Dg du~tnihu uhk{d eigd, d` ~{akaoh nd @at{a La{mu, Ea~cd{igd [tuud`` y Ba~ilac hkigj [hgy ld ca aytnanh ijta`ldg~d catkieag `h dsvd{ildg~a` dg~{d d~ghj{aba y d` eigd'

EHGHU >; ;61; vv' 3916>

95



12/22

à du~~iea ehgu~{te~iriu~a y àu du~{a~djiau nd lhg~aod nd` eigd y d` a{~d nd ldnihudsvd{ildg~a` y nd ragjta{nia nd `hu ahu ;6 caeia andàg~d, y nd `hu nhetldg~a`dudsvd{ildg~a`du y nd` eigd vh`~ieh, a` du~i`h K{dec~ nd `hu ahu :6' Dg du~d udg~inh,du~d rget`h duvdebieh dg~{d àu a{~du riuta`du lhnd{giu~au y d` lhnd{giulh nd à

Ag~{hvh`hja tga ehgdsig v{hbtgnaldg~d vh`~iea btd {dae~taìanh, eaui nd tgna va{a d` h~{h, vh{ Z{i~igj Et`~t{d' Du~h ld ``dra a vdgua{ dg ~t dguayh Lhg~aod,a` qtd ld {dbd{i{ `tdjh' Vd{h du~h uijtd uidgnh tg jdu~h la{jiga` dg à niueivìga'Tgh vtdnd due{iki{ à ciu~h{ia nd` l`~iv`d ndudgetdg~{h dg~{d d` eigd nd ragjta{niay `hu ldnihu nd ehltgieaeig, àu ~dh{au nd lhg~aod y Z{i~igj Et`~t{d' Ui du~h udctkid{a cdech dg àu ndìkd{aeihgdu nd `hu 36, à Ag~{hvh`hja gh uh`h cak{a ndu~d{{i~h{iaìanh ut v{hvih `djanh ciu~{ieh, uigh qtd ~alkig vhn{a cakd{ lhu~{anh elh d`à liula vhna ud{ tga btd{a ndu~d{{i~h{iaìag~d ~ht~ eht{~'

Elh vhndlhu t~iìa{ chy du~a btd{a ndu~d{{i~h{iaìag~d nd à Ag~{hvh`hja8

V{ild{h, ehg~igtagnh ehg à hvd{aeig ciu~h{ihj{biea nd {detvd{a{ `hu dsvd{ildg~huag~d{ih{du nd ldnihu nd ehltgieaeig qtd cag {dui~tanh aeeihgdu nd A{~d(Ag~{hvh`hja, ehlh aqtd``hu nd `hu dsvd{ildg~hu d~ghj{biehu dsvd{ildg~a`du nd LayaNd{dg dg Cai~, Lijtd` Ehra{{tkiau dg Kaì y Ud{jdi Diudgu~dig dg Lsieh, h lu alvìaldg~d `h qtd Oaldu Eìbbh{n `àl ut{{daìulh d~ghj{bieh' @tdjh, dg tg udjtgnh lhldg~h, à ~a{da vdgnidg~d du ldnia{ d` ehgu~{te~iriulh {aniea` nd à Ag~{hvh`hja a ~{aru nd `hu niuvhui~irhu nd àu gtdrau ~degh`hjau nd ehltgieaeig, a{~d ndigu~aàeihgdu, rindh niji~a`, a{~d dg à {dn, vd{h ldniag~d tga {tv~t{a j{anta` ehg àduedga laìghzumiaga nd dgetdg~{h y à ehgbiaga nd à d~ghj{aba eùiea dg d` ~{hvhnd a`~d{inan' Du~a {tv~t{a ya btd igieiana vh{ d` ~{akaoh nd ^{igc ^' Ligcca dg

Udgdja` y Oavg, B{ageyu A`yu dg Lsieh, Iuaae Otìag dg La{~igiea' Lidg~{au qtd dèhgu~{te~iriulh {aniea` nd Z{i~igj Et`~t{dnih tga dsv{duig a` ~{hvh nd a`~d{inan dg`hu baueigag~du ~ds~hu y vdètàu d~ghj{bieau dsvd{ildg~a`du nt{ag~d à neana nd1996, gtdu~{au v{dhetvaeihgdu vhu~Z{i~igj Et`~t{d ndkdg ud{ ldnianau qtiu vh{h~{hu lhnhu nd ig~d{aeeig dg~{d ~{hvhu y bh{lau' @a v{e~iea nd et{anh{ ``dj a lehlh à bh{la dsvd{ildg~a` lu hkria va{a a{ki~{a{ h ldnia{ li ~{akaoh igrdu~ija~irh uhk{d lhnd{giulh ehulhvhì~a dg d` Lsieh ehg~dlvh{gdh' @a ig~d{aeeig ndlhnd{giulh ehulhvhì~a #d` ~{hvh nd abiginan dg `tja{ nd à a`~d{inan {aniea`) y d`~{akaoh #bh{la) et{a~h{ia` btgeihgag ~ag~h ehlh tg lhnh nd v{hnteeig nd ehghei

lidg~h ag~{hvh`jieh, ehlh tg la{eh ehlv`doh nd {dedveig' Lu ag, d` ~{akaoh ndet{anh{ du tga igrdu~ijaeig ig~d{ldnia` y tga v{e~iea duvaeia` qtd aka{ea gh uh`hà uaà nd eigd, d` ui~ih nd à lhnd{ginan vh{ dsed`dgeia, uigh ~alkig d` etkh kàgehnd` a{~d nd` ltudh ehg~dlvh{gdh h d` duvaeih igndvdgnidg~d lagdoanh vh{ a{~iu~au'Du~a nhk`d tkieaeig duvaeia` {dqtid{d tga {ddra`taeig nd à aìaga dg~{d `h d~ghj{bieh y d` lhg~aod nd` eigd nd ragjta{nia eaui igu~at{anh vh{ Z{i~igj Et`~t{d y `huealighu bt~t{hu nd `h eigdla~hj{bieh dg à d{a nd` a{~d nd igu~aàeihgdu, gtdrhuldnihu nd ehltgieaeig, d~e' A` dgla{ea{ du~h, ig~dg~h av{hrdeca{ àu vh~dgeiaìna

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ndu nd à igu~aàeig va{a tg tuh vdnajjieh dg à Ag~{hvh`hja' D` ~{akaoh et{a~h{ia`du~ vh{ `h ~ag~h dg tg lhrilidg~h vd{lagdg~d ndg~{h y btd{a nd à Ag~{hvh`hja,caeia btd{a y caeia ndg~{h nd à eàud tgird{ui~a{ia, à uaà nd eigd, d` ui~ih dg~dgninhehlh tg aj{djanh nd `hu ndurhu dg à lhnd{ginan y nd` etkh kàgeh'

La{etu?

Qtiu vhn{alhu ehg~igta{ gtdu~{h ig~d{ealkih ndua{{h`àgnh lu a bhgnh nhu ~dlau qtd ldgeihgau~d? @a ig~d{aeeig nd` lhnd{giulh ehulhvhì~a #d` ~{hvh nd abiginan dg `tja{ nd à a`~d{inan {aniea`) y d` ~{akaoh #bh{la) et{a~h{ia` btgeihgag ~ag~hehlh tg lhnh nd v{hnteeig nd ehgheilidg~h ag~{hvh`jieh ehlh tg la{eh ehlv`doh nd {dedveig' V{ild{h, ehlh `h ignieau~d, à abiginan ghu caed rh`rd{ a` `àla

nh nd `hu dbde~hu nd lhg~aod nd àu duvd{aganh{au niuetuihgdu nd `hu 36 uhk{d dsvd{ildg~hu dg à due{i~t{a y d` eigd d~ghj{bieh #li v{hvih dguayh> uhk{d lhg~aod ydue{i~t{a bigaìa ehg tg `àlanh a `h d~ghj{bieh)' Chy, àu vhuikiìnandu nd lhg~aod ~d{ieh y v{e~ieh va{dedg cakd{ dsedninh d` udg~inh ìli~anh nd `hu lhnhu ndv{hntei{ ~ds~hu y eigd d~ghj{bieh' Va{dedg ~dgd{ lu qtd rd{ ehg à {dv{dudg~aeigy àu bh{lau nd igrdu~ija{, va{~ietà{du a à Ag~{hvh`hja, qtd ~hnara du~g {djinauvh{ d` ~{ligh, alkijth vd{h v{hbduihga`ldg~d dlk`dl~ieh, nd ~{akaoh nd ealvh' Et`du uhg duau vhuikiìnandu8 Y, vhndlhu ndei{ a`jh lu uhk{d à bh{la qtd~d ndua{{h`àu dg ~t v{e~iea nd et{anh{8 Ui à a`~d{inan {aniea` du ~ag~h d` ldnih ehlh `h qtd ndkd{ ud{ dsvìeanh vh{ d` ~{akaoh nd ealvh, dg~hgedu, ud na{a d` eauh nd

qtd à abiginan du ~ag~h d` ldnih ehlh `h qtd ndkd ud{ dsvìeanh vh{ à v{e~ieaet{a~h{ia`8 @au v{e~ieau et{a~h{ia`du igrh`te{ag d` ~ivh nd {dv{dudg~aeihgdu ]vd{bh{lagedu\ qtd uhg ea{ae~d{u~ieau nd` a{~d nd igu~aàeihgdu y nd` a{~d ehgedv~ta` #y tgand àu {ahgdu qtd nduvd{~a{hg li ig~d{u vh{ du~tnia{ utu {dvd{etuihgdu a `h à{jh nd`hu 96 otg~h ehg àu nird{uau lagd{au qtd à d~ghj{aba va{ded ud{ v{hnteina ach{akaoh d` {~t`h nd ~{akaoh nd ealvh)'

Cak`dlhu nd à v{e~iea et{a~h{ia`, v{ild{h, y `tdjh nd àu vhuikiìnandu nd` lhg~aod dg d`à' Du~u caki~agnh, ehlh tg ~{akaoanh{ nd ealvh, tga bh{la kidg dg~dgnina dg~{d ~tu utod~hu va{~ietà{du `hu ltgnhu nd` a{~d y utu ì~du ehlh tg lhntu

hvd{agni d~ghj{bieh h du~u igrdg~agnh tga bh{la nd igrdu~ijaeig ag~{hvh`jieaav{hviana va{a d` v{hk`dla qtd du~tniau8 Ui btd{a au, elh à v{e~iea et{a~h{iaèhlh ~{akaoh nd ealvh, h ut utu~i~t~h, du nibd{dg~d nd à v{e~iea et{a~h{ia` ehlhtga lhnaìnan v{hbduihga` nd` ltgnh nd` a{~d8

> La{etu, Jdh{jd D' ^cd Lhnd{giu~ Udguikiì~y ig [dedg~ D~cghj{avcie Z{i~igj agn ~cd Eigdla~ie Ld~avch{ hbLhg~ajd' Riutaìigj cdh{y? Ud`de~dn Duuayu hb R'A'[', 1996199>' Dn' @teidg ay`h{' Gdz Yh{m? [ht~`dnjd, 199>,5:45'

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D`caim?

Dg ~ag~h tg ~{hvh ì~d{a{ih, du~~ieh y vh`~ieh, à abiginan du~ dg~{d~doina ehg ehlv`doau ciu~h{iau nd` lhnd{giulh ehulhvhì~a y ndka~du uhk{d à lhnd{giaeig qtdgh ud v{du~ag a tga ea~djh{iaeig bei`? à abiginan dg~{d `h v{ili~irh y `h lhnd{gh=à abiginan dg~{d d` ~{hvh eùieh nd` {i~ta` y àu a{~du ehg~dlvh{gdau nd vd{bh{laged v{dudg~ana dg à ehàkh{aeig dg~{d Rie~h{ t{gd{ y [ieca{n Uecdecgd{= `hudgetdg~{hu lil~iehu ehg à a`~d{inan qtd cag jdgd{anh ig~d{udeeihgdu baueigag~dudg~{d à ragjta{nia ciu~{iea y àu eidgeiau uheia`du nt{ag~d `hu ahu ;6 y 56 dg Va{u,dg Eitnan nd Lsieh, Gtdra Yh{m, Uag Vak`h= àu abiginandu vh`~ieau qtd aìldg~aglhnhu ~{augaeihga`du nd uhìna{inan y {duiu~dgeia ehg~{a `hu uiu~dlau gdheh`hgia`du,ehlh vh{ dodlv`h dg d` ehg~ds~h nd `hu niuet{uhu Ut{Ut{ y `hu ch{ihg~du indh`jiehu nd àu d{au vhu~ Kagntgj y vhu~eh`hgia`du qtd nid{hg h{ijdg a `hu dsvd{ildg~hu

vh`~ieheigdla~hj{biehu ehgheinhu ehlh Eigdu nd` d{ed{ Ltgnh' Vd{h d` ~{hvh ndabiginan, ehlh yh `h v{dudg~h aqt, ud uhu~idgd uhk{d tga ~dguig v{hnte~ira ehg d`va{anijla ~{aguet`~t{a` y, dg ehgudetdgeia, à abiginan ndkd rh`rd{ iguhu~dgik`d àehlkigaeig nd à ag~{hvh`hjagiealdg~dehg à rd{uig nd à vtdu~a dg duedga d~ghj{biea ~{aguet`~t{a` ehgedv~taìana a va{~i{ nd` duqtdla Gh{~d(Ut{' @hu ldnihujdgd{anhu vh{ à ehgdsig nd abiginandu ndkd igieia{, ui gh d` ndulag~dàlidg~h, a`ldghu d` etdu~ihgalidg~h y à gtdra bh{ltàeig nd `h ~{aguet`~t{a`4' Du~a du tga~dguig vd{nt{ak`d nd` lhnd{giulh ehg~dlvh{gdh y, vh{ `h ~ag~h, d` v{hk`dla dgd` qtd ~{a~h nd dgbhea{ li ~{akaoh et{a~h{ia`' Vd{h du~d du tg v{heduh akid{~h? tghvtdnd, vh{ `h ~ag~h, du~ak`ded{ y ndua{{h`à{ {dàeihgdu qtd ji{dg a`{dndnh{ nd à abi

ginan dg tg uiggld{h nd lagd{au y jdgd{a{, dg ehgudetdgeia, dsvd{ildg~hu a`~d{ga~irhu a ~{aru nd duau {dàeihgdu'

Ehguind{dlhu d` dodlv`h baueigag~d nd Liecd` @di{iu, tg {dv{dudg~ag~d eùieh nd`hu ndka~du nd Z{i~igj Et`~t{dy nd` {deidg~d ji{h d~ghj{bieh dg d` a{~d ehg~dlvh{gdh' Ehg @di{iu, ghu rdlhu ehgb{hg~anhu a tg dodlv`h nd {dàeig lil~iea dg tgaduedga ~{aguet`~t{a` nd dgetdg~{h qtd jdgd{a tga abiginan dg~{d àu v{e~ieau nd`H~{h et`~t{a` y à ehgedv~taìaeig nd à v{e~iea nd` ag~{hv`hjh' Du~a abiginan ji{adg ~h{gh a tga b{ae~t{a du~{te~t{a` nd` dlk`dl~ieh ag~du(nduvtu nd` ~{akaoh ndealvh' Ehlh ud uakd, @di{iu rih tga abiginan dg~{d àu ed{dlhgiau nd s~auiu y `hu

{i~ta`du nd ~{aged qtd du~tni ehlh d~g`hjh y ut v{hvia duedga nd due{i~t{a aehuana vh{ bag~aulau igjhkd{gak`du' Ldniag~d tga {dàeig lil~iea ehg à a`~d{inan,@di{iu caed tga niu~igeig dg~{d dsvd{idgeia vh~iea y du~tnih d~gh`jieh, dg~{ddue{i~t{a y eidgeiau uheia`du'

4 Tg ealigh qtd yh dgetdg~{h utlaldg~d ~i` du à bh{lt aeig nd dtiaga qtd caed @at{a La{mu uhk{d à ig~d{et ~t{aìnan ehlh tg dgetdg~{h nd `h udguh{ia` qtd vtdnd h gh utuei~a{ud' Vd{h ag au vd{lagded tga nibiet`~an? vdgua{ aed{ea nd `h ~{aguet`~t{a` lu qtd ehlh uilv`du dgetdg~{hu dg~{d utod~hu gaeihga`du y niauv{iehu? tga bh{la ndcaed{ud ligh{a qtd vaua dg~{d `hu utod~hu gaeihga`du y niauv{iehu'

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Du~d dodlv`h nd` {dvd{~h{ih lhnd{giu~a ehg~dlvh{gdh ca uinh ilvh{~ag~d va{al, ~ag~h vhui~ira ehlh gdja~iraldg~d' Gdja~iraldg~d, va{a dg~dgnd{ li v{hvih ~{akaoh et{a~h{ia` ehlh 1) gh uhàldg~d tga etdu~ig nd due{i~t{a #due{iki{ et`~t{a), ;)tga bh{la uh`h va{eia`ldg~d nd{irana nd àu v{e~ieau et{a~h{ia`du nd liu ig~d{`het~h{du, y 5) gh tg {dj{duh a à etdu~ig ilv{hnte~ira nd ui à Ag~{hvh`hja du a{~d h eidgeia' D` ~{akaoh et{a~h{ia`, ehlh yh `h rdh, gh ehgnted a tga kuqtdna, nduvtu nd bigaìanh d` ~{akaoh nd ealvh, va{a tga du~{a~djia nd ~ds~taìaeig qtd ~{anted tgaduedga nd a`~d{inan' Vhui~iraldg~d, d` ~{akaoh et{a~h{ia` du ag d~ghj{aba? {dqtid{d ndà ehg~igta igrdgeig nd gtdrhu gird`du ndue{iv~irhu y {dv{dudg~a~irhu ]vd{bh{la~ird`drdù\ qtd du~g niu~{iktinhu auil~{iealdg~d a ~{aru nd nird{uau cd{{alidg~au qtdtgh vhn{a `àla{ lt`~ildnihu #dg~{driu~au {ania`du, ig~d{gd~, udjldg~hu nd rindhu,ig~{hnteeihgdu nd vdètàu, ~ds~hu, ehldg~a{ihu nd atnih va{a tga eh`deeig nd niuehu)' Li ehlv{dguig nd` ~{hvh nd abiginan ``dra a h~{h {djiu~{h, d` nd à ajdgeia nhk`d

nd` ag~{hv`hjh ehlh et{anh{, a` vaua{ nd` du~a~tu nd tg et{anh{ nd vdètàu(rindhuigndvdgnidg~du dg `hu v{hj{alau nd eigd nd nird{uau igu~i~teihgdu #bdu~ira`du nd eigd,drdg~hu vkìehu nd a{~d, Uheidnandu nd Du~tnihu dg Eigd y Ldnihu, eigdla~deau) a`nd tg ag~{hv`hjh et`~t{a` baueiganh ehg d` `djanh nd` lhnd{giulh ehulhvhì~a y utudg{dnhu ehg à d~ghj{aba dsvd{ildg~a` #cau~a ach{a dg Lsieh, y dg h~{hu ànhu dg d`bt~t{h ed{eagh)' Du~d vauh h ~{ardua ~idgd ~alkig tga nildguig ~dlvh{a ? d` ag~{hv`hjh ehlh et{anh{ ud ltdrd dg tg eie`h y dg tg dgetan{d nd ~idlvh lu à{jh qtdd` nd` et{anh{ v{hbduihga`' Ilvhuikiì~anh nd et{a{ tga ltdu~{a ~{au à h~{a, ~idgnh a{dvd~i{ nt{ag~d nhu h ~{du ahu d` liulh v{hj{ala ehg ijd{au ra{iaeihgdu #~~t`hu nibd{dg~du, gtdrau rd{uihgdu nd` la~d{ia` b`lieh, {ddue{i~t{a nd gh~au nd` v{hj{ala, d~e')

dg tg ni`hjh ehg tg ui~ih nanh nd {dedveig' Dg~hgedu dg du~d udg~inh, d` ~{akaoh ndet{anh{ du ~alkig tga bh{la nd ig~d{rdgeig dg tg ui~ih duvdebieh'

Du~a dsvaguig nd à v{e~iea et{a~h{ia` v{hbduihga` a ~{aru nd à bijt{a dlk`dl~iea nd` ~{akaoh nd ealvh à v{hnteeig nd` ag~{hv`hjh ehlh et{anh{ du tgavhuikiìnan va{a jdgd{a{ à hkud{raeig nd udjtgnh h{ndg nd Gimàu @tclagg' Y àv{e~iea et{a~h{ia`, ehlh à v{e~iea nd lhg~aod, nd` lhg~aod nd` ~{akaoh nd gtdu~{huig~d{`het~h{du {db`doagnh d` `djanh nd` lhnd{giulh ehg~dlvh{gdh, du tga bh{laalvìana nd v{e~iea ag~{hvh`jiea' Vd{h ndkinh a qtd ag ld dgetdg~{h dg d` v{heduh nd vd{bdeeihga{ du~a cd{{alidg~a, du nibei` va{a l ndeini{ ui d` ~{akaoh et{a~h

{ia` du niu~ig~h h utu~i~t~h nd` ~{akaoh nd ealvh' Lu ag, à v{e~iea nd et{anh{ ndtga vdètà ~{anieihga` va{a uaà nd eigd va{ded igandetana va{a igu~aà{ ~ag~h àuniue{dvageiau nd` lhnd{giulh ehulhvhì~a ehlh à hkud{raeig nd udjtgnh h{ndgniu~ig~ira nd` lhnh ag~{hvh`jieh nd v{hnteeig nd ehgheilidg~hu #y ut rheaeigvdnajjiea)' Ldniag~d ni`hjhu ehg àkh{a~h{ihu nd et{ant{a dg Eitnan nd Lsieh, qtd ~{akaoag ehg e{danh{du nd vdètàu, a{~iu~au y ag~{hv`hjhu, du~hy dg d` v{heduh nd {dbh{ltà{ li ~{akaoh nd et{anh{ va{a d` ehg~ds~h nd ltudhu h duvaeihu nda{~d ldniag~d à v{e~iea ~{aguldnia` nd igu~aàeig' Ehlidgh a v{djtg~a{ld e

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lh tga rd{uig vd{bdeeihgana nd` ~{akaoh et{a~h{ia`, aqtd`à qtd ud nduvdni{a nd `hu~ds~hu y vdètàu d~ghj{bieau dsvd{ildg~a`du nd `hu 96, vtdnd na{ ehlh {dut`~anha`jh qtd v{hriuihga`ldg~d `àlalhu ìk{higu~aàeig? tg dsvd{ildg~h ehg à bh{la qtd e{da{a tg dbde~h nd lhg~aod a` yts~avhgd{ d` ~{akaoh nd et{anh{ ehg d` ~{akaoh nd ealvh'

La{etu?

Vtdndu k{igna{ dodlv`hu duvdebiehu nd qt utednd dg `hu àkh{a~h{ihu nd et{ant{and Eitnan nd Lsieh y elh dgeaoa du~h dg d` la{eh nd ~t v{hvia igrdu~ijaeig uhk{dd` lhnd{giulh ehulhvhì~a, d` qtd va{ded ud{ va{a ~ tg hkod~h nd ehgu~{teeig ~d{iea y d~ghj{biea8 âlkig du~hy ig~{ijanh vh{ ~t ldgeig nd` ìk{higu~aàeig

ehlh tga a`~d{ga~ira a à v{hnteeig nd tg ~ds~h h vdètà d~ghj{biea' Btd v{deiualdg~d d` ut{jilidg~h, ndund d` ~{akaoh nd ealvh, nd du~au bh{lau a`~d{ga~irau niudanau a ldnina nd `h qtd ~dga dg ldg~d etagnh cied tg `àlanh a `h d~ghj{bieh dg àehge`tuig nd li a{~et`h uhk{d lhg~aod dg 1996' Du~h ghu ``dra{, e{dh, a ehguind{a{ elh du~u t~iìagnh d` lhg~aod ehlh ehgedv~h y ~egiea dg ~t ~{akaoh'

D`caim?

Dg~ak` tg ni`hjh ehg nhu j{tvhu nd et{anh{du dg Eitnan nd Lsieh? Et{a{d y d

{a~hla' Ndoagnh nd ành àu ld~bh{au kihlnieau, ~ag~h Et{a{d ehlh ^d{a~hladrheag tga utd{~d nd nildguig nd niajgu~ieh qtd yh ~alkig rdh ehlh tg ehlvhgdg~d nd li v{hvih ~{akaoh et{a~h{ia`' Andlu nd ud{ d~ghj{bieh, d` ~{akaoh et{a~h{ia` du ~alkig tg niajgu~ieh dg d` udg~inh duvdebiealdg~d ehgedv~ta` nd Vat`[akighz2' Dg dbde~h, d` ehbtgnanh{ nd d{a~hla, d` ciu~h{ianh{ nd` a{~d Etatc~lheLdniga, niud du~a ehgrd{jdgeia nd abiginandu, a{~d y ~{akaoh ehgedv~ta`, ehlh tgj{tvh lt`~iniueivìga{ih ehlvtdu~h nd ciu~h{ianh{du nd` a{~d y e{~iehu, et{anh{du,a{~iu~au y ag~{hv`hjhu qtd dsv`h{ag `hu ealkihu ehg~dlvh{gdhu dg àu v{hnteeihgdu et`~t{a`du, ig~d`de~ta`du y du~~ieau ndund tga alvìa jala nd v{e~ieau' d{a~hla

du tg ui~ih nd dgetdg~{hu, ndka~du, dscikieihgdu, {duindgeiau, vdnajhja, ni`hjhu, a{ecirh nd igbh{laeig ~ds~ta`, riuta`, buiea y ri{~ta` va{a vhuikiì~a{ à v{hnteeig, d`ndka~d y à {dedveig nd ra{iau et`~t{au a ~{aru nd` ehg~igdg~d à~ighald{ieagh' trd à hvh{~tginan nd auiu~i{ a {dtgihgdu y ~trd aeeduh a` baueigag~d ~{akaoh ehàkh{a~irh nd du~hu àkh{a~h{ihu nd et{anh{du' ^d{a~hla ud ndu~ae, va{~ietà{ldg~d vh{ utehlv{hliuh ehg d` {h` qtd à Ag~{hvh`hja ca ~dginh dg ndìgda{ `hu ehg~h{ghu nd

2 Vat` [akighz' Ag~c{hvhu hnay? [db`de~ihgu hg Lhnd{g Dqtivldg~, V{iged~hg Tgird{ui~y V{duu, ;665'

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à lhnd{ginan #ldsieaga) a` ijta` qtd vh{ ut dubtd{h dg nduehlvhgd{ y {dehlvhgd{ d` niuvhui~irh ehgedv~ta`, du~~ieh y abde~irh nd` lhnd{giulh ehulhvhì~a ehlhtg v{hk`dla ehg~dlvh{gdh' Dg dua vhea, yh caka `dnh à d~ghj{aba dsvd{ildg~a` ^cd Eajd hb Ldàgech`y: nd` vh`lieh ag~{hv`hjh [hjd{ Ka{~{a, tga e{~iea bd{hnd` niuet{uh ldsieagh qtd niajghu~ieaka tga ehgnieig vhu~ldsieaga ehg~dlvh{gda' âlkig du~aka ig~d{duanh dg dsaliga{ elh à ehgnieig vhu~ldsieaga d{aldniana dg d` eigd y dg à v{e~iea nd et{ant{a nd` a{~d ehg~dlvh{gdh, y elh dà{~d nd à et{ant{a nd à rina vhu~ldsieaga abde~aka a à nieh~hla ndlauianh v{hìoa dg~{d `h ehulhvhì~a y d` gaeihgaìulh' A ~{aru nd` ~{akaoh nd du~hu àkh{a~h{ihuet{a~h{ia`du, dsv`h{ à ndurigetàeig nd` lhnd{giulh ehulhvhì~a ehg d` gaeihgaìulh #y à bh{laeig nd tga ~d{ed{a bijt{a) dg d` Lsieh ehg~dlvh{gdh'

Dg~{d `hu gtld{huhu v{hyde~hu qtd ut{jid{hg nd du~hu àkh{a~h{ihu et{a~h{ia du qtd`àla{hg li a~dgeig nd igldnia~h bijt{a d` ig~dg~h nd Hìrid{ Ndk{hiud nd caed{ tg

{dlhg~aod nd à `djdgna{ia d igehge`tua vdètà nd ragjta{nia nd Ud{jdi Diudgu~digQt rira Lsieh!#19515;)' Ndk{hiud btd ehbtgnanh{ nd ^d{a~hla y tg ciu~h{ianh{nd` a{~d b{ageu {anieanh dg Eitnan nd Lsieh ndund `hu :6, tg baueigag~d ehulhvhì~a lhnd{gh udjg à ~{anieig a à qtd ld cd {dbd{inh dg du~a ehgrd{uaeig? eigdau~a y et{anh{, ciu~h{ianh{ nd` a{~d y ghrdìu~a dsvd{ildg~a` qtd ehàkh{ ehg bijt{auig~d`de~ta`du ndu~aeanau ndg~{h y btd{a nd Eitnan nd Lsieh, ndund Gu~h{ Ja{eaEageìgi a Utuag KtemLh{uu' Ut v{hyde~h nd caed{ tg {dlhg~aod nd Qt riraLsieh!gh btd vh{ utvtdu~h d` v{ild{h nd du~d ~ivh' H~{hu `h cakag cdech ag~du' Vd{hyh du~aka duvdebiealdg~d ig~{ijanh vh{ ut l~hnh kauanh dg à igrdu~ijaeig y d`{ijt{huh ehlv{hliuh ehg àu ig~d{udeeihgdu dg~{d à Ag~{hvh`hja nd` gaeihgaìulh

ldsieagh, d` lhnd{giulh ehulhvhì~a y à ragjta{nia ciu~{iea v{dudg~d dg à vdètà igehge`tua nd Diudgu~dig' Ndk{hiud la{e d` ehlidgh nd tga {tv~t{a {aniea` ehgd` ~{hvh nd` ldsieagiulh y à v{e~iea et{a~h{ia` {dndbigina dg d` Lsieh nd `hu 96, a`caed{ tg `àlalidg~h ~ag~h vh{ d` l~hnh udguh{ia` ehlh d` ehgedv~ta` va{a vhnd{eag~a{ d` eag~h nd` eiugd nd à aìaga ds~{aa qtd ehgu~i~ty à du~~iea gaeihgaìu~and` Lsieh vhu~{drh`teihga{ia? à aìaga dg~{d à ragjta{nia ldsieaga, à ig~d`de~taìnan gaeihgaìu~a y à Ag~{hvh`hja gaeihga iu~a(ignijdgiu~a nd Lagtd` Jalih nd `huahu ;6' Caed{ d` {dlhg~aod nd Qt rira Lsieh! a bigdu nd `hu 96 btd tga aeeigig~dìjdg~d y hvh{~tga' @a vdètà nd Diudgu~dig gh uhàldg~d ud caka kauanh dg à

iehghj{aba nd Jalih y dg ut tuh vh`~ieh nd à Ag~{hvh`hja ehlh tga cd{{alidg~and igjdgid{a uheia` uigh qtd ~alkig caka ehg~{iktinh a du~ak`ded{ à du~~iea gaeihgaìu~a qtd ~dgn{ tga rheaeig nt{and{a dg d` eigd y dg àu a{~du riuta`du nd Lsieh#à tuta` iehghj{aba a`jh utkìld qtd {d~{a~aka vaiuaodu aedg~tanhu vh{ rhèagdu,lajtdydu, ignihu, tg ^dctag~dvde ~{hviea` y d{h~ianh, d~e')'

EHGHU >; ;61; vv' 3916>

99


: [hjd{ Ka{~{a' ^cd Eajd hb Ldàgech y? Indg~i~y agn Ld~alh{vchuiu hb ~cd Ldsieag Eca{ae~d{' [t~jd{ Tgird{ui~y V{duu,199;'


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@a ld~hnh`hja nd Ndk{hiud ld {dut`~aka ~alkig ig~d{duag~d vh{ ut abiginan ehgàu igu~aàeihgdu nd a{~d ehg~dlvh{gdh dg tg ui~ih duvdebieh' Btd a ^d~àvayae, àcaeidgna dg à qtd Diudgu~dig bi`l Qt rira Lsieh! dg 19515; va{a igrdu~ija{ d`dviuhnih ldsieagh nd` ni{de~h{' D` {dut`~anh btd à baueigag~d vdètà dsvd{ildg~a` yv{hyde~h nd a{~d, Tg kagqtd~d dg ^d~àvayae, dg d` qtd a{~iu~au ehg~dlvh{gdhu y aeanliehu, ige`tydgnh d` ciu~h{ianh{ nd` a{~d Ud{jd Jtikat`~, d` et{anh{ Etatc~lheLdniga, à a{~iu~a ehgedv~ta` Agn{da B{aud{ y h~{au bijt{au ehg~dlvh{gdau eàrdu,{dv{dudg~ag a `hu vd{uhgaodu ciu~{iehu v{igeiva`du igrh`te{anhu dg d` v{hyde~h nd Qtrira Lsieh! Nt{ag~d à ilv`dldg~aeig nd` v{hyde~h nd Ndk{hiud, ^d~àvayae, àcaeidgna qtd nih h{ijdg a tga du~~iea nd eigd gaeihgaìu~a, ud ehgri{~i dg d` bheh ndtga ig~d{rdgeig duvdebiea nd ui~ih' D` v{hyde~h nd Ndk{hiud la{ea tg ci~h vh{qtd 1)du tga {db`dsig uhk{d à lhnd{ginan y à ragjta{nia ldsieaga, ut a{~ietàeig ehg àudguikiìnan lhnd{giu~a y ehulhvhì~a y à Ag~{hvh`hja ldsieaga nd `hu ahu ;6= ;)

du tga {db`dsig uhk{d à bijt{a lu j{agnd nd` lhg~aod eigdla~hj{bieh= 5) du tglhg~aod nd` Lsieh ehg~dlvh{gdh #à ehgnieig vhu~ldsieaga nd Ka{~{a) ehg d`Lsieh gaeihgaìu~a nd `hu ahu ;6 y 56, vh{ `h ~ag~h du tg lhg~aod nd` vauanh, v{dudg~d y nd tg bt~t{h qtd ud du~ caeidgnh= y biga`ldg~d >) du tg lhg~aod dg~{d àu ~egieau nd` eigd nhetldg~a` dsvd{ildg~a` y `hu v{hednilidg~hu nd igu~aàeig, a{~d ndvd{bh{laged, du~~iea {dàeihga` y hk{a nd tg ui~ih duvdebieh'

D` {dut`~anh nd li ~{akaoh ehlh et{anh{ btd d` v{hj{ala nd eigd Uhy Lsieh3 qtdca du~anh nd ji{a nt{ag~d nhu ahu, vh{ d` Eigdla [ied, d` Igu~i~t~h nd Niudhu nd[hla, à Eigdla~cdqtd nd ^gjd{' Du~ niudanh ehlh tga yts~avhuieig nd à vdètà nd Ndk{hiud ehg `hu ~{akaohu nd h~{hu eigdau~au(et{anh{du qtd {daìa{hg ig~d{

rdgeihgdu dg ui~ihu duvdebiehu lu h ldghu uilià{du, ehlh vh{ dodlv`h à hk{a dsvd{ildg~a` Lajgarh nd Oduud @d{gd{' Dg ;664, @d{gd{ ud akhe a ~{agubh{la{ d`dguayh Lajgarh #19;2) nd` vhd~a du~{indg~iu~a Sarid{ Ieaa dg tga vdètà dsvd{ildg~a` ilajiga{ia' D` Du~{indg~iulh, iguvi{anh dg d` Nanaulh, btd tg j{tvh ndragjta{nia nd `hu ahu ;6 y 56 dg Lsieh, ehgheinh vh{ à dsa`~aeig, gh nd à iehghj{aba {t{aìgnijdgiu~a nd Qt rira Lsieh!nd Diudgu~dig, uigh vh{ à ~degh`hja,à {anih y h~{hu ldnihu nd ehltgieaeig' A nibd{dgeia nd Diudgu~dig, `hu du~{indg~iu~au du~akag ig~d{duanhu dg tga lhnd{ginan ua~t{ana ehg `h qtd d` ciu~h{ianh{ nd ldnihu B' Mi~~`d{ {dbid{d ehlh bhgj{abhu, {anihu y lqtigau nd due{iki{' Ehlh dg Tg

kagqtd~d dg ^d~àvayaend Ndk{hiud, @d{gd{ ~alkig igri~ a eigdau~au nd à eh{{idg~d dsvd{ildg~a`, a{~iu~au riuta`du d ciu~h{ianh{du nd` a{~d a {dv{dudg~a{ ehgdsihgduuilià{du dg~{d à ragjta{nia ciu~{iea y à duedga nd a{~d riuta` ehg~dlvh{gdh ig~d{gaeihga`, ige`tydgnh a` ni{de~h{ nd ~da~{h dsvd{ildg~a` Otag Ohu Jt{{hà, qtidgga{{ d` vhdla nd Ieaa, nhgnd bijt{a ds~dgualdg~d d` lt{aìu~a ldsieagh Nidjh

3 @a iguvi{aeig va{a d` ~~t`h nd` v{hj{ala ut{ji nd tg dguayh vheh ehgheinh nd Ec{iu La{md{ #1922) vh{ d` ghlk{d qtd `d nih a tga vdètà ilajiga{ia #Ehlldg~ai{du ;, Dni~ihgu nt Udti`)' D` v{hyde~h nd et{ant{a Uhy Lsiehbaktà uhk{d d` dguayh nd La{md{ y vhn{a ud{ ehguind{anh tg v{hj{ala nd et{ant{a ilajiga{ih'

EHGHU >; ;61; vv' 3916>

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[ird{a, ig~d{v{d~anh vh{ d` ciu~h{ianh{ nd` a{~d Etatc~lhe Ldniga' Lajgarhanav~a ehg d`djageia d` dguayh du~{indg~iu~a nd Ieaa a` bt~t{h nd Lsieh' Dg d` ~ds~hnd 19;2 nd Ieaa ud btuihgag à vhdua ehg à vh`liea dg tg ig~dg~h vh{ ak{i{ tgduvaeih va{a h~{a bh{la nd ldniaeig nd à lhnd{ginan ldsieaga'

D` vtg~h nd va{~ina nd li dsvd{ildg~h ehg à bh{la, d` ìk{higu~aàeig ut{jinha va{~i{ nd li ~{akaoh [dlaigu hb Lsieh, ehguiu~i dg h{idg~a{ li dgbhqtd ehlhet{anh{ caeia ndlhu~{aeihgdu nd ui~ihu duvdebiehu' @h d~ghj{bieh nd` ~{akaoh et{a~h{ia` {dqtid{d tg udg~inh nd a~dgeig ajtnianh ag~d `hu lhg~aodu qtd tgh dgetdg~{a nt{ag~d d` ~{akaoh nd ealvh' Du~h ~{agubh{la à d~ghj{aba dg à duedga(v{heduhnd dgetdg~{h ehg lhg~aodu qtd a` biga` dsedndg à nildguig ~{aguet`~t{a` nd` lhnd{giulh ehulhvhì~a' Vd{h du~d dukhh nd à v{e~iea nd et{anh{ du uh`h d` v{ild{vauh caeia à deh`hja nd tg ìk{higu~aàeig' Li ~{akaoh et{a~h{ia` du tg lhg~aod ndv{e~ieau nd lhg~aod y nd tga bh{la nd ciu~h{ia nd `hu ldnihu nd ehltgieaeig' Du

tg lhg~aod nd `h et`~t{a`~degh`jieh y nd` ilajiga{ih d~ghj{biehut{{da iu~a nd àragjta{nia ciu~{iea nd Lsieh' @a yts~avhuieig nd `hu ~{akaohu dsvd{ildg~a`du nd@d{gd{ y Ndk{hiud du tg lhg~aod du~{a~jieh qtd utk{aya d` ealkih ehg~dlvh{gdh ndàu iljdgdu eigdla~hj{bieau dg Lsieh ndund àu {tv~t{au vhu~{drh`teihga{iau nd àuneanau nd` ;6 y 56 cau~a àu udeduihgdu nd àu a{~du riuta`du ehg~dlvh{gdau' Li hkod~irh du caed{ tg ~{akaoh et{a~h{ia` nd` v{dudg~d y d` bt~t{h nd` lhnd{giulh ehg~dlvh{gdh dg d` ehg~ds~h nd à ehgnieig vhu~ldsieaga y ut nduvhoh nd àu {dv{dudg~aeihgdu bijt{a~irau gaeihgaìu~au nd à lhnd{ginan ldsieaga' Ehgrheh a et{anh{du, a{~iu~au riuta`du, ciu~h{ianh{du qtd t~iìag du~{a~djiau nd a{~d ehg~dlvh{gdh' D` ìk{higu~aàeig du tga yts~avhuieig nd du~au ndlhu~{aeihgdu ciu~h{ihj{bieau, ig~d{udeeihgdu

dg~{d eigd nd ragjta{nia y a{~d ehg~dlvh{gdh y {d`de~t{au nd lhnd{giulhu ehulhvhì~au' D` ~{akaoh et{a~h{ia` du `h qtd vd{li~d, uilt`~gdaldg~d, à d~ghj{aba nd`ìk{higu~aàeig y {dcaed{ d` ilajiga{ih lhnd{giu~a y ehulhvhì~a'

Vd{h tg ìk{higu~aàeig gh du tg ea~`hjh nd dscikieig nd a{~d' Du d` ~{akaoh et{a~h{ia` nd l`~iv`du b{ajldg~hu qtd a~{ariduag abiginandu vtdu~au dg lhrilidg~hvh{ tga baueigaeig vh{ #y tg ehlv{hliuh ehg) d` lhnd{giulh ehg~dlvh{gdh= tg{dcaed{ `h ~{aguet`~t{a` dg d` ehg~ds~h nd tga d~ghj{aba etinanhualdg~d niudanay ldniag~d à ~dlvh{aìnan nd` ~{akaoh nd ealvh nd à{ja nt{aeig' Du at~hd~ghj{bieh dg d` udg~inh dg qtd vd{bdeeihga li v{e~iea nd et{anh{= du tg lhg~aod vh{

qtd ~{akaoh ehg dni~h{du v{hbduihga`du va{a v{dva{a{ `hu b{ajldg~hu nd vdètà qtdud{g dscikinhu h va{a v{dva{a{ `hu udjldg~hu nd rindh va{a tga igu~aàeig= du ehàkh{a~irh vh{qtd ehv{hnted a`jh ig~d{ldnih #qtd gh du gi `h tgh gi `h h~{h) cdechvhuik`d vh{ d` hkod~h y vh{ d` lhnh nd dsiu~dgeia a` qtd ~hnara `àlalhu lhnd{giulh ehulhvhì~a= y du tga bh{la lt`~ildni~iea nd v{hnteeig ~d{iea qtd j{anta`ldg~d nduvàa a à bijt{a dlk`dl~iea nd` ~{akaoh nd ealvh ldniag~d d` ~{aka

oh et{a~h{ia`'

EHGHU >; ;61; vv' 3916>

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va{a {dvdgua{ à inda eùiea nd ~{akaoh nd ealvh, `h qtd vd{li~d tga avd{~t{a nd du~da dsae~aldg~d d` ~ivh nd l~hnh igrdg~irh cdech a ldnina, nd` qtd ~t v{hvih v{hyde~h du, gtdraldg~d, tg dodlv`h' D` vdgualidg~h uhk{d d` niudh dgba~ia tga v{e~iea ehàkh{a~ira utlaldg~d {db`dsira= vd{li~d tga utd{~d nd llduiu nd `hu l~hnhu nd `hu utod~hu y niudhu ehlh tga btdg~d v{hvia, y vd{uijtidgnh bigdu va{~ietà{ldg~d d~ghj{biehu #du ndei{, qtd lh~irag à bh{laeig y àu {dàeihgdu ig~dguau ehgàkh{a~h{ihu y h~{h ~ivh nd dg~inandu qtd h{jagiag dsvd{ildg~hu y kuqtdnau ndehgheilidg~h dg~{d `hu utod~hu= dg à ae~taìnan, vh{ dodlv`h, `hu du~tniag~du udak{dg ealigh dg d` ~{akaoh nd ealvh a ~{aru nd v{hyde~hu nd HGJ, àu qtd nhligag d` ~d{{dgh nd ~{akaoh nd ealvh dg ~hnau va{~du chy dg na), y vd{li~d à ehgedveig nd v{hnte~hu nd igrdu~ijaeig qtd gh udag gdedua{ialdg~d à lhghj{aba h àvdètà' Nd cdech, à inda nd à igu~aàeig, tg jgd{h nd` ltgnh nd` a{~d, ~idgdbtd{~du auheiaeihgdu ehg à laqtd~a, d` lhnd`h y à {dv{dudg~aeig dg d` la{eh nd `hu

du~tnihu nd niudh' Ehlh tga lagd{a nd ig~{hntei{ bh{lau a`~d{ga~irau a `hu l~hnhu qtd vhuddg ~hnara vduh, duvdeia`ldg~d dg d` dg~{dgalidg~h nd d~gj{abhu, yhcd v{hlhrinh à v{hnteeig nd va{aui~ihu' Dg d` b`toh nd igrdu~ijaeihgdu nd ealvhlty ehgrdgeihga`du, `hu va{aui~ihu v{hrddg tg duvaeih y tga hvh{~tginan va{a dùt{jilidg~h nd drdg~hu niudanhu va{a à v{dudg~aeig y ndìkd{aeig nhgnd `hu utod~hu y `hu d~gj{abhu ndua{{h``dg tg vdgualidg~h eh`de~irh, etagnh gh ehàkh{a~irh,uhk{d tg v{hyde~h d~ghj{bieh dg v{heduh' Gh cay tg ldoh{ dodlv`h qtd ~t ndua{{h``h nd v{e~ieau nd et{anh{ dg tga alvìa jala nd `tja{du y ldnihu a `h à{jh nd ~tealvh' @au ehgnieihgdu du~g ~{aanau vh{ `hu dsvd{ildg~hu nd h~{hu ehg `hu eta`du~idgdu tga {dàeig ehlv`doa nd av{hviaeig, a` ud{ d` et{anh{ nd àu v{dudg~aeihgdu'

Du~au v{dudg~aeihgdu ud vhn{a ndei{ qtd dsvagndg d` vkìeh va{a ~t ~{akaoh ndg~{hnd b{hg~d{au lt`~iui~tanau dg ndua{{h``h' Du~h vtdnd ud{ {deavi~tành dg ndìkd{aeihgdu lu aku~{ae~au ige`tuh tg ~{a~anh uhk{d lhnd{giulh ehulhvhì~a ae~ta` dg~{dà ragjta{nia a{~u~iea nd Lsieh' Vd{h a `h qtd du~alhu dsvtdu~hu a ~{aru nd àubh{lau a àu eta`du ~ ~d cau ndnieanh du a`jh lu utu~ag~irh, atg ndund àu bh{laund` vd{bh{laged y nd` niudh' ^ caedu aeeduik`d ldniag~d drdg~hu vkìehu dg `tja{du ra{ianhu `h qtd cau nde{i~h qtd {duina ag~du dg `hu a{ecirhu v{iranhu nd gh~au y{djiu~{hu nd ealvh, a `h qtd Z{i~igj Et`~t{d`d nih uh`h tg aeeduh lgilaldg~d `dj~ilh, ehlh bh{lau ìli~anau nd à due{i~t{a y à dsv{duig {db`dsira qtd ~dgdlhu chy

dg na' @a igu~aàeig, h d` ìk{higu~aàeig, {dv{dudg~a tg ktdg dodlv`h nd tgaa`~d{ga~ira y nd utu nduabhu eà{hu etagnh ud v{dudg~ag ehlh udjtgnh h{ndg, vd{h~alkig vhnd{huhu dg ut v{hvia rh d~ghj{abea y dg ut niu~ageialidg~h'

Y biga`ldg~d, ~tu {dbd{dgeiau a à igu~aàeig ghu ehgntedg nd {dj{duh a` lhg~aody a utu {dghranhu vh~dgeia`du dg du~au ehh{ndganau dg lhrilidg~h qtd ndbigdg d` ~{akaoh nd ealvh' Dg a`tuig a` vtg~h ehg d` qtd ehldge du~hu ehldg~a{ihu àu du~{a~djiau v{dra`dg~du nd yts~avhuieig, ehlh edg~{h nd `hu du~i`hu d~ghj{biehu nd {dv{dudg~aeig y agìuiu cag vd{ninh btd{au' A va{~i{ nd du~a{ iguvi{anau vh{ à ~dh{a y

EHGHU >; ;61; vv' 3916>

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àu v{e~ieau nd lhg~aod, d` ndua{{h``h nd à yts~avhuieig ud rtd`rd tga lagd{a ndni{iji{ àu {dv{dudg~aeihgdu y nd ud`deeihga{ àu ig~d{v{d~aeihgdu, ehg layh{ ut~i`da y{iqtda qtd ehg d` kiga{iulh du~{te~t{aìu~a v{dedndg~d' Dg à d~ghj{aba qtd igrdg~a v{e~ieau va{a u liula ndund ut ndbd{dgeia caeia `hu dsvd{ildg~hu nd utu utod~hu,anav~gnhud e{da~iraldg~d a `hu ilvd{a~irhu nd à ehàkh{aeig y avìeaeig nd indauv{hrdgidg~du nd` v{heduh nd niudh y nd du~tnih, d` dodlv`h nd` lhg~aod ut{jd gtdraldg~d ehlh tga lagd{a nd vdgua{ uhk{d à yts~avhuieig ehlh tga lhnaìnaneàrd, gh uh`h nd agìuiu, uigh nd lhrilidg~h, vd{bh{laged y ehlvhuieig #dnieig8) ehlh ~{du btgeihgdu nd igrdgeig dg à igrdu~ijaeig d~ghj{biea qtd ndua{{h`à ut vdgualidg~h va{~ietà{ dg tga jala nd ehg~ds~hu nd {dedveig' @au etdu~ihgdund {dv{dudg~aeig uhg ~ag ilvh{~ag~du ehlh `h btd{hg dg `hu ahu 36, vd{h du~auetdu~ihgdu du~g ach{a ig~dj{anau dg d` {da nd àu {dàeihgdu igrdu~ija~irau' E{dh qtdà drh`teig nd àu v{e~ieau et{a~h{ia`du, ehlh àu cau ndue{i~h, {db`doag du~d duv{i~t

va{~ietà{ nd à igrdu~ijaeig ag~{hvh`jiea ae~ta`, dg à qtd d` vd{bh{laged nd lhg~aod rijh{ia à ilvh{~ageia nt{and{a nd à yts~avhuieig, uig d` ehlvu aga`~ieh qtd`d qti~a btd{a, {dnteignhà a ld{a i{hga' Dg `tja{ nd d``h, d` lhg~aod du~ igcd{dg~dldg~d a~anh a àu niglieau nd ehgu~{teeig nd vd{bh{lagedu, a àu qtd `du nabh{la y, àu qtd vh{ ut va{~d, lh`ndag d` ealigh nd à d~ghj{aba'


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Diseño curatorial en la poética y políticade la etnografía actual: Una Conversaciónentre Tarek Elhaik y George E. Marcus