Thit k l t cht thi sinh hot cng sut 300kg/h- Hong Minh Thng MSSV 20113341

Lp KTMT2 K56

MC LC

1M U

2Phn 1: Tng quan v cht thi rn sinh hot v phng php t x l cht thi rn sinh hot

21.1.Khi nim cht thi rn sinh hot.

21.2.Ngun gc pht sinh

31.3.Thnh phn, tnh cht cht thi rn sinh hot

61.4.Tc ng ca cht thi rn sinh hot n mi trng v con ngi

61.4.1. nhim do cht thi rn sinh hot

81.4.2. Hin trng rc thi sinh hot Vit Nam

111.5. Cc phng php chnh x l cht thi rn

131.5.1. Phng php thiu t CTR sinh hot

191.6. S cng ngh ca qu trnh t nhit phn CTR sinh hot

21Phn 2 TNH TON, THIT K L T RC SINH HOT CNG SUT 300 kg/h

212.1. Tnh ton s chy nhin liu

212.1.1. Tnh lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg du FO-R

232.1.2 Xc nh lng v thnh phn ca sn phm chy

232.2. Tnh ton s chy ca rc

232.2.1. Xc nh nhit tr ca rc

242.2.2. Xc nh lng khng kh cn thit khi t 100 kg rc sinh hot.

252.2.3Xc nh lng v thnh phn sn phm chy

262.3. Xc nh nhit thc t v tnh cn bng nhit ca l

262.3.1Xc nh nhit chy l thuyt ca du FO-R

272.3.2Xc nh nhit thc t ca l

272.3.3Tnh cn bng nhit v lng nhin liu tiu hao ca bung s cp

312.3.5Xc nh kch thc bung t s cp

322.3.6 Tnh thit b t

352.4. Tnh ton bung t th cp

352.4.1Xc nh lu lng v thnh phn dng vo

352.4.2 Tnh cn bng nhit v lng nhin liu tiu hao

372.4.4 Xc nh kch thc bung t th cp

372.4.5 Thnh phn v lu lng ca kh thi ra khi l t

382.5 Th xy l v tnh ton khung l

382.5.1 Th xy l

402.5.2 Khung l

412.5.3 Kim tra tn tht nhit qua xy l

442.6.Vn hnh l t cht thi rn sinh hot

45KT LUN KIN NGH

M U

Trong hai mi nm tr li y, tin trnh pht trin ca t nc ta c nhiu khi sc, i cng vi l mc sng v iu kin sng ca ngi dn ngy mt tt hn. T l dn sng cc th ngy cng cao. Mc sng tng nn nhu cu vt cht ca ngi dn ngy cng ln v a dng, do lng cht thi rn pht sinh t cc qu trnh sinh hot, lm vic ca con ngi ngy mt tng gy ra nhng sc p ln i vi mi trng. Vic x l lng cht thi rn sinh hot khng l pht sinh hng nm l rt kh khn v tn km ngun lc ca x hi.Cho n nay, chn lp vn l bin php x l cht thi rn ph bin nht i vi nhiu nc trn th gii trong c Vit Nam. u im chnh ca cng ngh chn lp t tn km v c th x l nhiu loi cht thi rn khc nhau so vi cng ngh khc. Tuy nhin hnh thc chn lp li gy ra nhng hnh thc nhim khc nh nhim nc, mi hi, rui nhng, cn trngHn na, cng ngh chn lp khng th p dng x l trit cc loi cht thi y t, c hi. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh th ho nh hin nay, qu t ngy cng thu hp, dn n kh khn trong vic la chn v tr lm bi chn lp rc.

V vy, p dng mt s bin php x l rc khc song song hoc thay th chn lp l mt nhu cu rt thit thc. Cng ngh t cht thi rn, mt trong nhng cng ngh thay th, ngy cng tr nn ph bin v c ng dng rng ri c bit vi loi hnh cht thi rn y t v c hi. Cng ngh t cht thi rn s t tn km hn nu i km vi bin php khai thc tn dng nng lng pht sinh trong qu trnh t.

n di y trnh by v thit k l t cht thi sinh hot quy m 300kg/h. Bi lm cn c nhiu thiu xt do kin thc cn hn hp v thi gian khng cho php. Xin cm n Thy Trn Ngc Tn tn tnh hng dn v gip em hon thnh bi ny.Phn 1: Tng quan v cht thi rn sinh hot v phng php t x l cht thi rn sinh hot1.1. Khi nim cht thi rn sinh hot.

Cht thi rn (cn gi l rc) l cc cht rn b loi ra trong qu trnh sng, sinh hot ca con ngi v ng vt. Rc pht sinh t cc gia nh, khu cng cng, khu thng mi, khu xy dng, bnh vin, khu x l cht thiTrong , cht thi sinh hot chim t l cao nht. S lng, thnh phn, cht lng rc thi sinh hot tng khu vc, tng quc gia l rt khc nhau, ph thuc vo trnh pht trin khoa hc, k thut.Bt k hot ng sng ca con ngi, ti nh, cng s, trn ng i, ti ni cng cngu sinh ra mt lng rc ng k. Thnh phn ch yu ca chng l cc cht hu c v rt d phn hy gy nhim tr li mi trng sng.1.2. Ngun gc pht sinh

CTR sinh hot pht sinh ch yu t cc ngun sau:

- T khu dn c: Bao gm cc khu dn c tp trung, nhng h dn c tch ri. Rc thi ch yu l: thc phm d tha, thu tinh, g, nha, cao su,... cn c mt s cht thi nguy hi. - T cc hot ng thng mi: Quy hng, nh hng, ch, vn phng c quan, khch sn,...Cht thi c thnh phn tng t nh i vi cc khu dn c (thc phm, giy, catton,..)

- Cc c quan, cng s: Trng hc, bnh vin, cc c quan hnh chnh: lng rc thi tng t nh i vi rc thi dn c v cc hot ng thng mi nhng khi lng t hn.

- T xy dng: Xy dng mi nh ca, cu cng, sa cha ng x, d b cc cng trnh c. Cht thi mang c trng ring trong xy dng: st thp vn, gch v, cc si, b tng, cc vi va, xi mng, cc dng c khng dng na

- T cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip: Ngun cht thi t sinh hot ca nhn vin lm vic.

* Ngoi ra, cht thi rn c pht sinh t cc hot ng khc nhau c phn loi theo nhiu cch.

- Theo v tr hnh thnh: Ty theo v tr hnh thnh m ngi ta phn ra rc thi ng ph, rc thi vn, rc thi cc khu cng nghip tp trung, rc thi h gia nh...

- Theo thnh phn ha hc v vt l: Theo tnh cht ha hc c th phn ra cht thi hu c, cht thi v c, kim loi, phi kim,

- Theo mc nguy hi, cht thi c phn thnh cc loi sau:

+ Cht thi nguy hi: bao gm cc ho cht d phn ng, cc cht c hi, cht thi sinh hc d thi ra, cc cht d chy, d gy n, cht thi phng x,...

+ Cht thi khng nguy hi: L nhng cht thi khng cha cc cht v cc hp cht c mt trong cc c tnh nguy hi trc tip hoc gin tip.

+ Cht thi y t nguy hi: L nhng cht thi c ngun gc t cc hot ng y t, m n c c tnh nguy hi trc tip hoc gin tip n mi trng v sc khe ca cng ng bao gm bng bng, gt, kim tim, cc bnh phm v cc m b ct b,....

1.3. Thnh phn, tnh cht cht thi rn sinh hotThnh phn l, ha hc ca cht thi rn th rt khc nhau ty thuc vo tng a phng, vo cc ma kh hu, cc iu kin kinh t-x hi v nhiu yu t khc.

Bng 1.1: Thnh phn CTR sinh hot[1]

Hp phn% trng lng m (%)Trng lng ring (kg/m3)

Khong gi trTrung bnhKGTTBKGTTB

Cht thi thc phmGiy

Catton

Cht do

Vi vn

Cao su

Da vn

Sn phm vn

G

Thy tinh

Can hp

Kim loi khng thp

Kim loi thp

Bi, tro, gch6 - 2524 - 45

3 - 15

2 - 8

0 - 4

0 - 2

0 - 2

0 - 20

1 - 4

4 - 16

2 - 8

0 - 1

1 - 4

0 - 101540

4

3

2

0,5

0,5

12

2

8

6

1

2

450 - 804 - 10

4 - 8

1 - 4

6 - 15

1 - 4

8 - 12

30 - 80

15 - 40

1- 4

2 - 4

2 - 4

2 - 6

6 - 12706

5

2

10

2

10

60

20

2

3

2

3

812-8032 - 128

38 - 80

32 - 128

32 - 96

96 - 192

96 - 256

84 - 224

128-1120

160 - 480

48 - 160

64 - 240

128 - 1120

320 - 9602881,6

49,6

64

64

128

160

104

240

193,6

88

160

320

480

Tng hp10015 - 4020180 - 420300

Bng 1.2 : Thnh phn ho hc ca cc hp phn chy c ca CTR sinh hot[1]

Hp phn% trng lng theo trng thi kh

CHONSTro

Cht thi thc phm

Giy

Catton

Cht do

Vi, hng dt

Cao su

Da

L cy, c

G

Bi, gch vn, tro48

43,5

44

60

55

78

60

47,8

49,5

26,36,4

6

5,9

7,2

6,6

10

8

6

6

337,6

44

44,6

22,8

31,2

Khng x

11,6

38

42,7

22,6

0,3

0,3

Khng x

4,6

2

10

3,4

0,2

0,50,4

0,2

0,2

Khng x

0,15

Khng x

0,4

0,3

0,1

0,25

6

5

10

2,45

10

10

4,5

1,5

68

Bng 1.3: Thnh phn CTR sinh hot ti u vo ca cc bi chn lp ca mt s a phng [3]

Nhit tr thp ca CTR sinh hot tnh theo cng thc Medeleev:

Qtr = 339C + 1256H 108,8(O- S) 25,1(W + 9H)Trong C, H, O, S, W l thnh phn phn trm ca cacbon, hidro, oxy, lu hunh v m ca mi hp phn chy c ca rc.

T bng 1.1 v bng 1.2 ta xc nh c nhit tr thp ca CTR sinh hot

Bng 1.4: Nhit tr thp ca cc hp phn chy c CTR sinh hot

Hp phn% khi lng tKhi lng (kg)Khi lng tro (kg)Nhit tr Q (kJ)

CHOSWTro

Cht thi thc phm

Giy

Catton

Cht do

Vi, hng dt

Cao su

Da

L cy, c

G

Bi, gch vn, tro

14,4

40,89

41,8

58,8

49,5

76,44

54

19,12

39,624,2

1,92

5,64

5,605

7,056

5,94

9,8

7,2

2,4

4,82,76

11,28

41,36

42,37

22,344

28,08

-10,44

15,2

34,11,84

0,12

0,188

0,19

-0,135

-0,36

0,12

0,080,184

70

6

5

2

10

2

10

60

208

1,5

5,64

4,75

9,8

2,205

9,8

9

1,8

1,262,5

18,148,24,93,62,40,60,614,52,44,7

0,2722,7180,230,3530,0530,0590,0540,2610,0292,9470376724994

74623

88993

47059

21575

14625

84205

33982

50123

Tng1006,971210555

Nh vy nu em 100 kg CTR sinh hot t b s cn li khong 6,97 kg tro v cht khng chy,nhit tr thp ca CTR sinh hot vo khong 12000 kJ/kg theo nu t CTR sinh hot s gim c 93% khi lng CTR, ng thi c th to ra nng lng s dng vo cc mc ch khc.1.4. Tc ng ca cht thi rn sinh hot n mi trng v con ngi

1.4.1. nhim do cht thi rn sinh hotRc thi sinh hot gy nhim ton din n mi trng sng: khng kh, t, nc.

Gy hi sc khe:

- Nhng ni vt rc ba bi sinh ra mui, rui nhng l nhng sinh vt truyn nhim bnh nguy him s gy nh hng n sc khe con ngi (st rt, st xut huyt, bnh vim no,)

- Rc lm thc n cho chut, t chut d ly lan cho ngi cc bnh nh: dch hch, st c th dn n t vong.

- Rc gy mi hi thi kh chu cho xung quanh.

nhim nc: Rc sinh hot khng c thu gom thi vo knh rch, sng hgy nhim mi trng nc bi chnh bn thn chng. Rc nng lng lm nghn ng lu thng, rc nh lm c nc, nylon lm gim din tch tip xc vi khng kh, gim do trong nc, lm mt m quan gy tc ng cm quan xu i vi ngi s dng ngun nc. Cht hu c phn hy gy mi hi thi, gy ph dng ha ngun nc. Nc r r trong bi rc i vo ngun nc ngm, gy nhim ngun nc ngm nh nhim kim loi nng, nng nitrogen, photpho cao chy vo sng h gy nhim ngun nc mt.

nhim khng kh: Bi trong qu trnh vn chuyn lu tr rc gy nhim khng kh.

Rc hu c d phn hy sinh hc. Trong mi trng hiu kh, k kh c m cao, rc phn hy sinh ra CO2, SO2, CO, H2S, NH3ngay t khu thu gom n chn lp. CH4l cht thi th cp gy chy n.

nhim t:

Nc r r trong cc bi rc gy nhim t.

Nhng nguyn nhn dn n nhim do rc thi sinh hot:

- Trnh hiu bit ca ngui dn cn thp (khng thy r tc hi ca vic vt rc thi ba bi v tm quan trng trong vic bo v mi trng, khng bit tn dng ph phm tha lm phn bn).

- thc, trch nhim cn km (khng b rc ng ni quy nh, bo th khng mun thc hin theo nhng ch trng v bo v mi trng ra v s tn tin).

- Cc cp chnh quyn a phng cn l l i vi vic qun l mi trng.

- khu vc th, qu trnh th ha hin nay ko theo mt s lng ngi dn nng thn ra thnh ph sng gy nn nhng xo trn ln lao trong sinh hot cc vng dn c v vn rc thi ang c nguy c ngy cng tng, c bit l trong cc th mi, khu kinh t tp trung nh nh mi mc nhiu gy kh khn cho thu gom, nh qu ngho hoc nh giu khng mun ha nhp cng ng dn n tnh trng khng gi v sinh chung (nh trn c th vt rc xung sn gy nhim), cc khu th ha dc trc giao thng, cc trung tm cng nghip tp trung khng c qun l cht ch.

1.4.2. Hin trng rc thi sinh hot Vit Nam

- Vit Nam, tng lng CTR sinh hot cc th ton quc pht sinh tng trung bnh 10-16%. Ti hu ht cc th, khi lng CTR sinh hot chim khong 60-70% (c bit c ni n 90%). Ch s pht sinh CTR sinh hot tng theo mc sng ca ngi dn. Nm 2007, ch s CTR sinh hot pht sinh bnh qun u ngi trung bnh khong 0,75 kg/ngi/ngy. Nm 2008, ch s ny l 1,45kg/ngi/ngy ln hn nng thn l 0,4 kg/ngi/ngy. Tuy nhin theo bo co ca cc a phng th nm 2009 ch s ny cha n 1,0 kg/ngi/ngy. Nm 2011, khi lng pht sinh CTR sinh hot ti cc th vo khong 6500 tn/ ngy. Bng 1.4 : Lng CTR sinh hot pht sinh cc thi Vit Nam nm 2007[3]STTLoi thCh s CTR sinh hot bnh qun u ngi (kg/ngi/ngy)Lng CTR th pht sinh

Tn/ngyTn/nm

1c bit0,9680002.920.000

2Loi 10,841885688.025

3Loi 20,7234331.253.045

4Loi 30,7337381.364.370

5Loi 40,65626228.490

Tng cng:17.6826.453.930

- c tnh ch s pht sinh CTR th trung bnh Vit Nam trong nhng nm 2015, 2020, 2025 vo khong 1,2; 1,4; 1,6 kg/ngi/ngy.Bng 1.5: c tnh lng CTR th pht sinh n nm 2025[3]

Nm201520202025

Dn s th (triu ngi)354452

% dn s th so vi c nc384550

Ch s pht sinh CTR th (kg/ngi/ngy)1,21,41,6

Tng lng CTR th pht sinh (tn/ngy)42.00061.60083.200

T l thu gom trung bnh cc th t 72% nm 2004 tng ln khong 83-85% nm 2010, mc d t l thu gom c tng nhng vn cn khong 15-17% CTR th b thi ra mi trng, vt vo bi t, h ao, hoc t l thin gy nhim mi trng.

Nh vy vi tc gia tng lng cht thi rn nh trn th nguy c nhim mi trng v tc ng ti sc khe cng ng do cht thi rn gy ra ang tr thnh mt trong nhng vn cp bch ca cng tc bo v mi trng nc ta.

T trc ti nay, phn ln rc thi sinh hot th nc ta khng c tiu hu mt cch an ton,ch yu vn l cc bi thi l thin khng c s kim sot, gy ra nhiu vn mi trng cho dn c quanh vng mi hi v nc rc l ngun gy nhim cho mi trng t, nc, khng kh v l pht sinh rui, mui, chut, b.Vic chn lp rc v ang gy nhng tc ng nhiu mt n mi trng sng ca cng ng: (i) Tn din tch t rt ln chn rc; (ii)Gy mi hi thi, nhim mi trng sng cho dn chng sng cnh h chn rc; (iii) Nc thi t cc ng rc cha nhiu cht c hi, kim loi nng gy nhim t v nhim mi trng sn xut nng nghip; (iv) Nhng bi chn rcthng xa cc th nn tn km cho cng on chuyn ch rc v (v) Cc loi ti ni lng ng rc khi chn khng b phn hy, tn ti rt lu trong t dn n lm gim ph nhiu t.T c im ny cho thy mun tn dng cc cht thi hu c sinh hotlm phn bn, cn thit phi tin hnh thu gom v phn loi rc ngay ti ngun. Theo bo co ca s khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng cc tnh, thnh v theo kt qu quan trc ca 3 vng, mi ch c 32/64 tnh, thnh c d n u t xy dng bi chn lp hp v sinh, trong 13 th c u t xy dng. Tuy nhin, tr bi chn lp cht thi rn ti Khu Lin hp X l cht thi Nam Sn, H Ni v bi chn lp cht thi rn ti thnh ph Hu ang hot ng trong s tun th cc yu cu m bo mi trng mt cch tng i, cn cc bi khc, k c bi chn lp rc thi hin i nh G Ct thnh ph H Ch Minh, cng ang trong tnh trng hot ng khng hp v sinh.Thnh ph H Ni l a phng u tin tin hnh x l cht thi sinh hot bng phng php chn lp hp v sinh (Sanitary Landfill) ti Khu Lin hp X l cht thi Nam Sn k t nm 1999 n nay vi tng nng lc chn lp khong 13 triu tn cht thi sinh hot trn tng din tch 83ha.

- Ti cc thnh ph, vic thu gom v x l cht thi th thng do Cng ty Mi trng th (URENCO) m nhn. Tuy nhin xut hin cc t chc t nhn tham gia cng vic ny ( Cng ty Huy Hong, Tp.Lng Sn...).Hu ht rc thi khng c phn loi ti ngun,thng thu gom ln ln v vn chuyn n bi chn lp. -C ch qun l ti chnh trong hot ng thu gom rc thi ch yu da vo kinh ph bao cp t ngn sch nh nc, cha huy ng c cc thnh phn kinh t tham gia, tnh cht x hi ho hot ng thu gom cn thp, ngi dn cha thc s ch ng tham gia vo hot ng thu gom cng nh cha thy r c ngha v ng gp kinh ph cho dch v thu gom rc thi.1.5. Cc phng php chnh x l cht thi rn

Hnh 1.1: S phng php chnh x l cht thi rn+ Phng php chn lpPhng php chn lp l phng php lu gi cht thi trong mt bi v c ph t ln trn. Phng php ny d lm, t tn km nhng li chim nhiu din tch xy dng, mt bi chn lp cht thi rn bnh thng chin t 10 - 15 ha t.

Thc cht phng php ny khng x l trit rc thi. Cht thi sau khi chn lp vn c th phn tn i nhng ni khc bi chut, cn trng hoc thm xung t theo nc ma...

Tuy nhin, do lng rc thi sinh hot pht sinh ngy cng ln nn cc bi chn lp hin nay u ri vo tnh trng qu ti.

+ Phng php sinh hcPhng php ny nhm phn hy cc cht hu c trong rc thi nh cc loi vi sinh vt sn xut phn bn, kh biogas phc v cho nng nghip v sinh hot.

Phng php ny n gin, d lm nhng i hi thi gian di v khng c kh nng phn hy nhng cht v c, nhng cht hu c kh phn hy sinh hc nh cao su, nha tng hp...

+ Phng php tPhng php t l phng php oxy ho nhit cao trong iu kin thiu oxi, rc thi c kh ha thnh cc kh gas v c t tip >1050 oC t chy hon ton. Mt cht thi c nhit tr khng ng k th t khng phi l gii php x l hiu qu. Ni chung mt cht thi c nhit tr thp thp hn 1000 Btu/lg (2327 kJ/kg) th khng c kh nng t. Nh vy i vi CTR sinh hot c nhit tr thp khong 4000 kJ/kg th phng n t c th coi l gii php kh thi.- u im: x l trit rc, tiu dit vi sinh vt gy bnh v cc cht nhim khc, din tch xy dng nh, vn hnh n gin v c th x l rc c chu k phn hy di.

- Nhc im: chi ph u t v vn hnh cao, thiu t mt s cht thi cha clo, kim loi nng pht tn theo bi, c nguy c to ra cht nhim c hi nh dioxinNh vy i vi CTR sinh hot, c th p dng nhiu phng php x l khc nhau. Vic la chn phng php, cng ngh x l da trn mt s tiu ch:

Khi lng, thnh phn, c tnh ca cht thi rn.

iu kin kinh t, h tng ca a phng.

Hiu qu ca cng ngh x l (u t, bo hnh, bo dng, sn phm).

c im ca ngun tip nhn.

Tiu chun mi trng.

Vit Nam, do cng tc phn loi ti ngun cha c quan tm ng mc, nn mt s loi rc nguy hi cn x l c bit bng thiu t pht sinh trong qu trnh sinh hot c thu gom v a i x l chung vi rc sinh hot. V vy, la chn phng php t CTR sinh hot l bin php ti u hn c.

1.5.1. Phng php thiu t CTR sinh hot

Cht thi rn t kh np vo l ti khi chy c c th tri qua cc giai on:

Sy: l qu trnh nng nhit cht thi t nhit ban u ti khong 200oC, trong khong nhit ny m vt l trong cht thi c thot ra, sau l m ha hc. Tc sy ph thuc vo kch thc, b mt tip xc, xp vt rn, v nhit bung t.

Nhit phn: t khong nhit 200oC ti nhit bt u chy, xy ra nhng qu trnh phn hy cht rn bng nhit. Nhng cht hu c c th b nhit phn thnh nhng hp cht phn t lng nh hn th lng nh axit, axeton, metanol, mt s hydrocacbon th lng. Mt s cht kh cng c sinh ra trong qu trnh nhit phn nh CH4, H2, CO, CO2Thnh phn ca sn phm nhit phn ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht thi, nhit v tc nng nhit .

Qu trnh chy: l phn ng ho hc gia oxy trong khng kh v lng kh ha c bung s cp sinh ra lng nhit ln. Tc chy ph thuc vo nhit v nng cht chy c trong nhin liu v cht thi rn. nh hng ca nhit i vi qu trnh chy ln hn nhiu nh hng ca nng . Sau khi bt la, qu trnh chy xy ra mnh lit, nng cht chy trong nhin liu v cht thi gim dn, nhit bung t tng cao.

Qu trnh to x: Sau khi kh ha th nhng cht rn khng kh ha c s to thnh tro x. S to thnh tro x ph thuc vo nhit bung t. Mi loi cht thi rn khng chy c nhit nng chy khc nhau. Cc cht khng chy c v khng b nng chy to thnh tro, cn x l tro b nng chy to thnh. Thng ngi ta la chn nhit thi x l 800oC.

+ La chn l t cht thi

L quay

H thng l quay dng trong x l cht thi bao gm b phn np liu, b phn phn cp kh, l quay, bung t th cp v thit b gom tro. Kh i ra t bung t th cp c dn qua h thng x l v c qut a ln ng khi.

L quay bao gm mt bung t hnh tr, bn trong c lt gch chu la t trn cc bnh rng rng truyn ng v quay vi tc 3 5 vng/pht theo trc dc ca n. nghing ca l t khong 3o 5o theo chiu t u nhp liu n u tho tro v do vy cht thi c th chuyn ng song phng theo phng ngang v theo phng bn knh ca l. Trong lc di chuyn, cht thi cng ng thi c t chy. Ti phn cui ca l, tro c tho ra v ng thi kh thi tip tc i vo bung t th cp ang c duy tr nhit cao hn hon thnh qu trnh tiu hy cht thi.

Do cu to, h thng l quay thng xy ra r r kh thi v nhit lng trong lc vn hnh. Cc im c kh nng gy ra r r gm: ca nhp liu, ca tho tro, im chuyn tip gia l quay v bung th cp khng ch iu ny, phi b tr mt qut ht nhm to s cn bng p sut gia mi trng bn trong v bn ngoi l. Thc t, vic duy tr p sut cn bng ny i hi cc k thut iu khin t ng hin i v tn km.

L t tng si.

L tng si c cu to hnh tr, tng bng gch chu la, bn trong c s dng mt tng vt liu ang si ca ct hoc nhm, vi, vt liu gm m ti qu trnh t chy din ra. Thit b ngoi vi quan trng nht ca l l qut thi kh, va c chc nng to tng si va c nhim v cp kh chy cho l. Trong trng hp cn x l kh thi ca l, phi trang b thm qut ly tm.

Cht thi c np trc tip vo bn trn hoc bn trong ca tng si, ty thuc vo m ca bn. Vi cht thi c m cao, cn phi np liu cch xa v pha trn so vi tng si m bo thi gian v hiu qu tch m, v trng hp ny cn din tch b mt tng si ln, dn n yu cu v din tch tit din l phi ln.

Ngc li, tit din l c th nh hn nu cht thi c np vo bn trong tng si. Do c im cu to cu to, cht thi sau khi np vo l tng si t c s tip xc mnh lit vi khng kh thc hin qu trnh thiu t hiu qu cc thnh phn chy c v tch ht m. Nhit tng si thng dao ng trong khong 1300oK n 1500o K, ty thuc vo trng thi vt l ca cht thi c t. Thi gian lu ca khng kh trong l kh ln, trong khong 3 6 giy. Tro cn li sau khi t s ln ln vi vt liu tng si, mt phn theo dng kh thi ra ngoi. Vi cht thi cha cc mui kim loi, lng tro sau khi t thng gy ra hin tng kt t tng si. Hin tng kt t tng si l s tng kch thc ca cc ht vt liu tng si, ko theo s kt hp ca chng thnh cc ht rn ln, d dng lng t, dn n gim hiu qu s dng ca tng si v hiu sut lm vic ca l.

L ng/ngang nhit phn hai cp

L ng 2 cp bao gm mt bung t s cp v mt bung t th cp. Hai bung s cp v th cp c th b tr theo chiu ngang hoc chiu dc. Nu b tr theo chiu dc, th bung t th cp pha trn v thng thng l loi l t c kim sot khng kh.

i vi cc l t c cng sut nh, cht np tng m vo bung s cp, cn tro x c tho ra khi tch ly vi s lng ln gy nh hng n ch hot ng ca l. i vi cc l t c cng sut ln, cht thi c np vo v tro c ly ra lin tc nh cc h c kh. Bung t th cp c nhim v t tip tiu hy hon ton cc thnh phn hu c hin din trong kh thi t bung s cp.

Da vo nhng c im ca cc l t, bi n sau y tp trung thit k l ngang nhit phn hai cp cho qu trnh x l rc thi sinh hot cng sut 300kg/h.

Cu to l ngang gm:

- Bung t chnh: gm 2 giai on

+ Giai on 1: cht thi c sy kh.

+ Giai on 2: chy v kh ha.

- Bung t sau: gm 3 giai on

+ Giai on 3: phi trn.

+ Giai on 4: chy dng kh.

+ Giai on 5: xi ho hon ton.

Cc yu t quyt nh s hiu qu ca l t: s cn bng nng lng, h thng kim sot ch t, nhit nng chy trong bung t, m ca cht thi.

+ Cc cht thi pht sinh trong qu trnh t

Tro, x bay theo khi bi

Tro x l nhng cht khng chy c c trong cht thi. Bi bao gm tro bay theo khi v mt s cht cha chy ht do s chy khng hon ton nhin liu cng nh cht thi. Bi t bung t ch yu l bi v c kch c nh, d < 100m chim 90%.

Kh CO, CO2Kh t chy cc cht hu c c cacbon, tu theo lng oxy s dng m c th sinh ra CO hoc CO2. Khi cung cp thiu oxy, qu trnh chy khng hon ton :

2C + O2 = 2CO

Khi cung cp oxy, qu trnh chy hon ton sn phm l:

C + O2 = CO2 Kh NOxHai kh quan trng nht ca NOx l NO v NO2. Kh ny c hnh thnh do 2 nguyn nhn:

+ Phn ng ca oxy v nit trong khng kh cp vo bung t.+ Phn ng ca oxy v nit c trong nhin liu.

NOx d dng to ra khi d tha oxy trong qu trnh chy. nhit trn 650oC th NO to ra l ch yu.

Kh SO2Kh ny c to ra khi t cht thi v nhin liu cha lu hunh:

CS2 + O2 = CO2 + SO2 + Q

Hi axit

Khi t cht thi c cha Cl, Br th s to ra kh HCl, HBr:

CHCl3 + O2 = CO2 + HCl + Cl2 + Q

t cht thi cha lu hunh v nit cng to hi axit tng t.

Dioxin v Furan

Dioxin v furan l nhng hp cht c tnh c cao pht thi cc l t rc cha cc nha clo ha. Dioxin v furan l tn chung ch cc hp cht ho hc c cng thc tng qut l Polyclorua dibenzoxin (PCCD) (C6H2)2Cl4O2 v Polyclorua dibezofuran (PCDF) (C6H2)2Cl4O2. l ba dy vng thm, trong 2 vng c kt ni vi nhau bng mt cp nguyn t oxy hay mt nguyn t oxy. Dioxin v furan c to ra bi hai nguyn nhn chnh:

+ c to thnh t qu trnh t cc hp cht thm clorua.

+ c hnh thnh t qu trnh t cc hp cht clorua v hydrocacbon.

cc l t cht thi, Dioxin v furan c hnh thnh trong qu trnh nhit phn hoc chy khng hon ton ca cc hp cht hu c cha halogen. Mt nghin cu mi y cho thy, mt trong nhng yu t kch thch hnh thnh dioxin v furan l khi trong khi l c nng bi cao, nng CO, mui clorua kim loi v mui clorua kim cao. Dioxin v furan pht tn theo ng: khi thi, bi, tro x.

+ Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh t cht thi rn sinh hot

- Nhit : bung s cp nhit phi ph hp vi loi cht thi em t t c ch nhit phn ti u, bung th cp nhit cao phn ng chy xy ra nhanh v hon ton.

- S xo trn: bung s cp t xo trn gim pht sinh bi; bung th cp cn s xo trn tt tng hiu qu tip xc gia cht chy v cht xy ho.

- Thi gian: thi gian lu chy bung th cp phi lu phn ng chy xy ra hon ton.

- Thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi: Thnh phn c bn ca cht thi: C + H + O + N + S + A + W = 100%.

+C, H l nhng thnh phn chy chnh to nn nhit tr ca cht thi. Lu hunh cng l thnh phn chy nhng to nhit t v n c coi l thnh phn c hi v to ra kh SOx.+ Oxy v nit l cht v ch. N lm gim thnh phn chy ca cht thi

+ tro (A) v m (W) l nhng yu t tiu cc, chng lm gim thnh phn cht chy. Ngoi ra cc mui v c, mui alkalin cng lm kh khn cho qu trnh t.

-Nhit tr: Nhit tr c lin quan ti qu trnh sinh nhit trong khi chy. Mt cht thi c nhit tr khng ng k th t khng phi l gii php x l thit thc. Ni chung mt cht thi c nhit tr thp thp hn 1000 Btu/lg (2327 kJ/kg) th khng c kh nng t. Nh vy i vi CTR sinh hot c nhit tr thp khong 4000 kJ/kg th phng n t c th coi l gii php kh thi.-nh hng ca h s d khng kh: H s cp kh () l t s gia lng khng kh thc t v lng khng kh l thuyt. Gi tr c lin quan ti s tng hay gim nhit ca l t.

1.6. S cng ngh ca qu trnh t nhit phn CTR sinh hot

l t

Khng kh nngHnh 1.2: Cng ngh thiu t cht thi rn sinh hot Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh Np liu:

Cht thi sau khi loi b tp cht khng chy (gch vn..) c np vo bung t s cp theo ca trc ca bung t bng phng php th cng.

Bung t s cp

Bung t ny t bng du FO-R, cht thi sinh hot c sy kh bng khng kh nng v t chy trong mi trng kh d nhit t 300 C tr ln. nhit ny, cc cht thi c hi s b kh ho. Kh sinh ra b dn ln bung t th cp.

Nhit bung t c duy tr do 2 b t du FO-R. B t ny c mc t ng ho cao, cc b t t ng t khi nhit trong bung t thp hn nhit nh mc (700 oC v t ng tt khi nhit ln cao hn nhit ci t nh mc 900 oC).

Vic iu chnh lng du t vo cc vi t c thc hin bng cch t ch lm vic cho bm du v c ch bo bng ng h bo p lc du ngay ti bm du gn trn b t.

Tro x sau khi t c ly ra ngoi qua xe tho tro v chuyn n bi tp kt tro thi v c n nh bng phng php b tng ha.

Bung t th cp:

Bung t th cp c nhim v t chy trit lng kh sinh ra t bung s cp. Bung t c duy tr nhit trong khong 650 1000 C nh b phun du FO-R, thi gian lu kh ti bung ny l 2-4 giy. B t lp t y cng cng chng loi vi b t c lp t ti bung t s cp. Kh thi t bung th cp c a ti h thng trao i nhit vi khng kh nn. Kh nng t b trao i nhit c a vo l t s cp sy kh rc. H thng x l khi bi:

Kh thi sau khi ra khi b trao i nhit s chy qua h xyclon t s dng dung dch kim hp th lng SOx, NOx pht sinh v lng tro bi pht tn theo dng kh. Nc ra c em i x l ring. Kh thot ra c th trc tip thi ra mi trng

Phn 2 TNH TON, THIT K L T RC SINH HOT CNG SUT 300 kg/h2.1. Tnh ton s chy nhin liuNhin liu s dng cho l t l du FO-R. Du FO-R l mt sn phm trong qu trnh sn xut nhin liu bng cng ngh PFFR ca c t nguyn liu cao su ph thi. Du FO-R c tnh cht ha l tng t du FO v c s dng lm nhin liu t cho cc ngnh cng nghip. Thnh phn trong 1 kg du FO-R nh sau:Cd = 86,0%

Hd = 10,0%

Od = 0,1%

Nd = 0,2%

Sd = 0,6%

Wd = 2,8%

Ad = 0,3%

Nhit tr thp ca du c xc nh theo cng thc ca D.I.Mendeleev:

Qtd = 339Cd + 1256Hd 108,8(Od Sd) 25,1(Wd + 9Hd) (kJ/kg) Nhit tr thp ca du FO-R:

Qtd = 339x86,0 + 1256x10,0-108,8(0,1-0,6) 25,1(2,8+9x10)

Qtd = 39439,12 kJ/kg2.1.1. Tnh lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg du FO-RGi thit: Thnh phn khng kh ch c O2 v N2, cc thnh phn khc khng ng k.

Cc h s s dng:

Khi lng nhin liu 100kg

H s tiu hao khng kh: = 1,15 H s chy khng hon ton: = 0,006

H s tro bi bay theo khi: a = 0,5Khi tnh s chy ca nhin liu quy c:

Mi Kmol phn t kh bt k u c th tch 22,4 m3.

Khng tnh s phn ha nhit ca tro.

Th tch ca khng kh v sn phm chy qui v K chun: 0oC, 760 mmHg.

Bng 2.1: Thnh phn nhin liu du FO-R theo lng molThnh phn nhin liuHm lng

(Kg/100 Kg nhin liu)Phn t lng

(g)Lng mol

(Kmol)

C86,0127,167

H10,025,000

O0,1320,003125

N0,2280,00714

S0,6320,01857

A0,3--

W2,8180,0156

Tng100

Cc phn ng chy xy ra khi t du FO-R (coi phn ng din ra hon ton):

C + O2 = CO2

2H + 1/2O2 = H2O

S + O2 = SO2

2N = N2

H2O = H2Otheo thnh phn s dng v cc phn ng chy, c kt qu sau:

Bng 2.2: Lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg du FO-RNhin liuKhng kh

Thnh phnHm lng %Khi lng (kg)Phn t lngLng mol

(Kmol)O2(Kmol)N2(Kmol)Tng

KmolN.m3

C86,086,0127,1677,1679,68x49,68 + 38,7248,4x 22,4

H10,010,025,0002,500

O0,10,1320,003125-0,003125

N0,20,2280,00714-

S0,60,6320,018570,01857

A0,30,3---

W2,82,8180,0156-

Tng1001009,6838,7248,41084

Lng khng kh thc t cn thit: Vi = 1,15L0 = 1084 (N.m3)

Lng khng kh thc t xc nh theo cng thc:

L= x L0 = 1,15 x 1084 = 1246,6 (N.m3)2.1.2 Xc nh lng v thnh phn ca sn phm chy

2.1.2.1 Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy

Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy khi t 100 kg du FO-R cho bng sau:Bng 2.3: Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy khi t 100 kg du FO-RThnh phnT khng khSnphm chyTng cng

KmolN.m3%

CO2-7,1677,167160,5412,31

H2O-5,005,001128,59

SO2-0,018570,018570,4160,032

O21,452-1,45232,522,73

N244,5280,0071444,54997,776,338

Tng58,1781303,176100

2.1.2.2 Xc nh khi lng ring ca sn phm chy

Khi lng ring ca sn phm chy c xc nh iu kin chun:

= = = 1,305 (kg/ m3)

CO2, H2O, SO2, O2, N2 l s mol cc kh trong thnh phn ca sn phm chy.

2.2. Tnh ton s chy ca rc

2.2.1. Xc nh nhit tr ca rc

Theo bng 1.4 nhit tr ca rc tnh theo Medeleev l 12105,55 kJ/kg.Chn h s tiu hao khng kh

H s tiu hao khng kh l t s gia lng khng kh thc t Lv lng khng kh l thuyt L0 khi t cng mt lng nhin liu.

Theo kinh nghim thc t i vi trng hp t rc sinh hot th nn chn h s tiu hao khng kh =1,20.

2.2.2. Xc nh lng khng kh cn thit khi t 100 kg rc sinh hot.

Gi thit thnh phn khng kh ch c oxi v nit, cc thnh phn khc khng ng k.

Khi tnh s chy ca rc quy c: Khi lng nguyn t ca cc kh ly theo s nguyn gn ng.

Mi Kmol phn t kh bt k u c th tch 22,4 m3.

Khng tnh s phn ha nhit ca tro.

Th tch ca khng kh v sn phm chy qui v k chun: 0oC, 760 mmHg.Bng 2.4 : Thnh phn CTR sinh hot chuyn thnh lng mol.

Thnh phn% khi lngKhi lng (kg)Khi lng phn t (g)Lng mol (kmol)

C

H

O

N

S

A

W33,34,4328,70,680,166,9825,75

33,3

4,43

28,7

0,68

0,16

6,98

25,7512

2

32

2832-

18

2,7752,215

0,897

0,024

0,005

-

1,43

Tng100100--

Cc phn ng t chy:

C + O2 = CO2H2 + O2 = H2O

S + O2 = SO2

N2 = N2

H2O = H2O

Theo cc phn ng, tnh c lng khng kh cn t 100 kg rc trong bng 5.6

Bng 2.5 : Lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg rc

RcKhng kh

Thnh phnHm lng %Khi lng

(Kg)Phn t lng (g)Lng mol

(Kmol)O2

(Kmol)N2(Kmol)Tng cng

KmolN.m3

C33,333,3122,7752,775 2,9905x 42,9905 + 11,96214,95x 22,4

H4,434,4322,2151,1075

O28,728,7320,897-0,897

N0,680,68280,024-

S0,160,16320,0050,005

A6,986,98---

W27,7527,75181,43-

Tng----2,990511,96214,95334,88

Lng khng kh theo l thuyt: L0 = 334,88 (m3).

Lng khng kh thc t:

L = x L0 = 334,88 x 1,2 = 401,856 (m3)

= 1,2 : h s tiu hao khng kh khi t rc.

1.6.1. 2.2.3Xc nh lng v thnh phn sn phm chy

2.2.3.1 Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy

Bng 2.6: Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy khi t 100 kg rc.

Thnh phnT khng kh (Kmol)Sn phm chy (Kmol)Tng cng

KmolN.m3% th tch

CO2-2,7752,77562,1613,9

H2O-2,2152,21549,61611,1

SO2-0,0050,0050,1120,025

N214,3540,02414,378322,0771,975

O20,5981-0,598113,43,0

Tng19,9671447,358100

2.2.3.2 Xc nh khi lng ring ca sn phm chy

Khi lng ring ca sn phm chy c xc nh iu kin tiu chun:

= = = 1, 305 (kg/ m3)2. 2.3Xc nh nhit thc t v tnh cn bng nhit ca l

2.6.1. 2.3.1Xc nh nhit chy l thuyt ca du FO-R

Khi khng nung trc nhin liu v khng kh, h s tiu hao khng kh

= 1,15 ; hm nhit tng c xc nh theo cng thc:

Trong :Qtd: nhit tr thp ca du FO-R, Qtd = 39439,12 kJ/kg

V : th tch sn phm chy khi t 1 kg du FO-R, V = 13,03 N.m3.

i = =3026,79 kJ/N.m3

Theo ph lc II Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1 v bng 2.3 (thnh phn sn phm chy ca du FO-R). Xc nh c i1, i2 ng vi gi tr t1, t2 :

Gi thit nhit chy l thuyt ca l: t1 = 1800oC < tlt < t2 = 1900oC

ng vi t1 = 1800oC:

iCO2= CO2 x 4360,67 = 0,1854 x 4360,67 = 808,468iH2O= H2O x 3429,90 = 0,0529 x 3429,90 = 181,442iO2= O2x 2800,48 = 0,0273 x 2800,48 = 76,453iN2 = N2x 2646,74 = 0,7337 x 2646,74 = 1941,913iSO2 = SO2x 4049,9 = 0,0007 x 4049,9 = 2,835i1800 = 3011,111 (kJ/ m3) ng vi t2 = 1900oC:

iCO2= CO2 x 4634,76 = 0,1854 x 4634,76 = 859,285

iH2O= H2O x 3657,85 = 0,0529 x 3657,85 = 193,500

iO2= O2x 2971,3 = 0,0273 x 2971,3 = 81,116

iN2 = N2x 2808,22 = 0,7337 x 2808,22 = 2060,391

iSO2 = SO2x 4049,9 = 0,0007 x 4049,9 = 2,835

i1900 = 3197,127 (kJ/ m3)

CO2, H2O, O2, N2, SO2 ln lt l % trng lng sn phm chy khi t du FO-R. kt qu: i1800 5355271,066 +15058,057B= 0

=> B m, chn B=0. Nhit lng do khi thi mang vo bung th cp duy tr v nng nhit trong bung th cp ln 1000 0C m khng cn b sung nhit lng t t du. Nhit lng d tha:

Qd = 6045205,184 (85413,6 + 604520,5184) = 5355271,066 (kJ/h)2.8.3. 2.4.4 Xc nh kch thc bung t th cp

2.4.4.1 Xc nh th tch bung tTh tch bung t th cp c tnh bng cng thc

V = = 1,2 ( m3 )Theo bng 3-4/94 Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1, q = (190 581).103 (W/m3), chn q = 581.103 (W/m3).

2.4.4.2 Xc nh kch thc bung th cp

Th tch bung th cp: V = 1,2 (m3).

Chn kch thc bung th cp: L = 0,3 m B = 2,0 m H = 2 m

2.8.4. 2.4.5 Thnh phn v lu lng ca kh thi ra khi l t

Kh thi ra khi l t gm:

Sn phm chy khi t rc bung t s cp.

Sn phm chy khi t du FO-R bung t s cp.

Lng nhin liu tiu hao: B = 0,0183 (kg/s) .

Do bung th cp khng t du nn thnh phn v lu lng sn phm chy coi nh khng i.Bng 2.10: Thnh phn v lu lng kh thi ra khi l t.

Thnh phnT t du FO-R (Kmol/s)T t rc

(Kmol/s)Tng cng

Kmol/sN.m3/s%

CO21,3.10-32,3.10-33,6.10-30,080613,18

H2O9,2.10-41,8.10-32,72.10-30,06099,96

SO23,4.10-64,2.10-67,6.10-61,7.10-40,03

O22,7.10-45.10-47,7.10-40,01722,81

N28,2.10-31,2.10-20,02020,452574,02

Tng0,02730,6114100

2.9. 2.5 Th xy l v tnh ton khung l2.9.1. 2.5.1 Th xy l

2.5.1.1 C s la chn vt liu

xy dng mt l t rc, cn mt lng ln cc loi vt liu khc nhau nh: vt liu chu la, cch nhit v cc vt liu xy dng thng thng khc.

Gch chu la c c im l c kh nng chu c nhit cao m khng b thay i hnh dng v tnh cht vt l. Khi chn gch hay vt liu xy l cn phi cn c vo iu kin lm vic ca l chn gch v vt liu xy dng thch hp m bo th xy l lm vic tt, khng gy lng ph.

2.5.1.2 Th xy l

L t gm hai cp

Bung t s cp

Nhit bung t: 750oC.

Kch thc bung t: L = 3,0m

B = 2,0 m

H = 2,0 m

Kch thc ghi: F = 0,92 m2, ghi hnh vung cnh 0,96 m.

Lng nhin liu tiu hao: B = 64,95 kg/h.

Bung t th cp

Nhit bung t: 1000oC.

Kch thc bung t: L = 0,3 m B = 2,0 m H = 2,0 m

Lng nhin liu tiu hao: B = 0 kg/h.

Theo Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1, bng 4.5, gch Samt A l loi gch thch hp xy tng chu nhit 1300 0C. Theo bng 4.7/180, i vi tng cao hn 1m ( H = 2,0 m) th chiu dy lp gch chu la phi (250 350 mm.)

Gch xy tng c chn l gch Samt A s hiu H3 c cc thng s:

a = 100mm; b = 113mm; c = 230mm.

Th tch V = 2600 cm3; trng lng 4,9 kg.

H s dn nhit = 0,88 + 0,00023t (W/m.).

Nhit dung c = 0,865 + 0,00021t (kJ/kg.).

Tng l xy dy 330mm, xy phng, chiu dy mch xy 3mm, xy bng va nho (bt samt mn). Pha ngoi tng l lp bng thy tinh cch nhit dy 50 mm. Gch v bng thu tinh c xy p vo thp tm dy 5 mm bao bc.

Mch nhit ca th xy tng l 5mm/m chiu di.

2.5.1.3 Th xy y l

y l c xy trc tip trn mng l.y l c xy phng, mch nhit 5mm/m chiu di. y l c xy 2 lp:

Lp di: gch cch nhit Diatmit dy 115mm.

Lp trn: gch Samt A dy 230mm.

2.5.1.4 Th xy nc l

Nc l c xy bng, to vi tng l gc 90o. Th xy nc l l gch Samt A.

Chiu rng nc l bng vi chiu rng l: B = 2,0 m.

Chiu di l: L = 3000 + 300 + 230 + 330x2 = 4190 mm.

L c gc tm: = 180o nn bn knh nc l R = B/2 = 2000/2 = 1000 mm.

Chiu dy mch xy d = 2mm.

S gch xy mt ng knh

n =

R: bn knh vm, mm.

s: chiu dy gch xy nc l,mm.

a: chiu ngang vin gch, mm.

d: chiu dy mch xy, mm.

: gc tm vm.

S gch dng cho ton b nc l:

N = 38 (vin)

S gch chn vm cn dng l:

2.5.1.5 Th xy ca l

Ca tip liu

Ca tip liu lm bng thp tm (CT3) dy 5mm, cng loi vi thp lm v l. Cc thanh ging l thp hnh (30x30) hn dnh pha bn ngoi. Bn trong tm thp l lp cch nhit bng bng thy tinh dy 50 mm v lp gch cch nhit Samt A dy 150 mm xy p vo thp tm. Kch thc ca (500x500) mm. Tm ca c cha mt l quan st ng knh 10mm.

Ca ly tro

Ca c kch thc (250x250) mm. Ca c lm bng 2 lp thp tm 5 mm. Gia hai tm thp l lp bng thu tinh cch nhit dy 50 mm. Bn ngoi ca l cc thanhging bng thp hnh (10x10) mm hn dnh vo thp tm.2.9.2. 2.5.2 Khung l

2.5.2.1 c im ca khung v v l

Khung l v v l gup th xy n nh trong qu trnh lm vic, pha ngoi th xy c bao bc bi lp thp tm 5 mm. Bn ngoi lp thp l h thng khung lm bng thp gc (50x50x5) king cht cc cnh l.

2.5.2.2 Tnh ton khung l

Khung l lin kt tnh, c t trn nn mng l, c cc thng s:

Gc tm = 180o.

Bn knh trong ca nc l: R = 1000 mm.

Khong cch gia 2 ct theo chiu di l: a = 4190 330x2 = 3530 mm.

Chiu cao vm f = 0 mm.

Khi lng ring ca gch: gch = 1,9 tn/m3.

Chiu di l: L = 4190 mm.

Chiu dy nc l: S = 330 mm.

Nhit l t = 1000 0C

Chiu rng ca nc:

Trng lng gch nc l i vi 1 bc ct:

Lc thng ng H: H = 0,25 x G = 0,25 x 5754,6 = 1438,65 (kg)

Lc ngang P:

i vi l nc bng f = 0 nn thc t lc ngang P khng tn ti. Do ch c lc nn trung tm H tc dng ln phn tng l bn di.

2.5.2.3. Ca dn sn phm chy t bung s cp sang bung th cp

Th tch kh sinh ra khi t chy hon ton 300 kg rc l

V= 4,47 300 + 13,03 64,95 = 2187,3 (N.m3) Tng th tch kh sinh ra iu kin bt u xy ra qu trnh kh ha 250 oC l:= 6,08 (m3/s)Vn tc kh chy qua ng dn l = 20 m/s. Vy thit din ca ng l = 0,30 (m2)Gm hai ca kch thc (600x500) mm. Ca th nht cch trn l 200mm, ca th hai cch trn l 1600mm.

2.9.3. 2.5.3 Kim tra tn tht nhit qua xy l

2.5.3.1 Bung t s cp

Bung l c kch thc: L = 3,0 mB = 2,0 mH = 2,0 m.

Rc c nung nhit 750oC.

Tng v nc l dy 330 mm bng gch Samt A.

y gm 230 mm gch Samt A v 115 mm gch Diatomit.

Nng lng nhit mt qua nc:

Nc l tm phng, nhit bn trong 750oC, nhit khng kh 25oC. Nhit

trung bnh ca lp gch xy nc coi nh l trung bnh cng ca nhit khng kh v nhit mt trong l: ttb = 387,5 OC.

Theo ph lc VII Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1, h s dn nhit ca gch Sa mt A 387,5oC l 387,5 = 1,06 (W/m.).

Nhit lng mt qua nc l:

F: din tch nc l, m2.

F = 4,19 x 2,66 = 11,15(m2).

S: chiu dy nc, m.

tl, tkk : nhit mt trong l v nhit khng kh, 0K.

0,06 : nhit tr khi c trao i nhit mt ngoi tng ra mi trng khng kh xung quanh, m2.0K/W

n: h s dn nhit ca tng l, W/m.0K.

Nhit lng mt qua tng v y l:

Din tch ngoi ca tng v y l ( khng tnh tng pha trc v pha sau )

Xem nh ng phn b nhit trong tng l l bc nht, nhit trung bnh mi lp:

Nhit trung bnh ca lp Samt:

Nhit trung bnh ca lp diatomit:

H s dn nhit ca lp Samt :

H s dn nhit ca lp Diatomit :

(W/m.)

Nhit mt qua tng

Nhit lng mt qua th xy:

Qx = Q + Qt =28723,2 + 15860,476 = 44583,676 (W)

Trong :

Q: nhit lng mt qua nc bung s cp, W

Qt : nhit lng mt qua tng bung s cp, W

Nhit gi s mt qua nc, tng, y l l :

Q5 = 0,0539439120Y +3631665000/3600)= 0,0539439120x0,0183 +3631665000/3600)

= 86526,586 (W)

Q5> Qx : gi thit hp l.

2.5.3.2 Bung t th cp

Bung l c kch thc: L = 0,3 mB = 2,0 mH = 2,0 m.

Rc c nung nhit 1000oC.

Tng v nc l dy 330 mm bng gch Samt A.

y gm 230 mm gch Samt A v 115 mm gch Diatomit.

Nng lng nhit mt qua nc

Nhit trung bnh ca lp gch nc: ttb = 512,5OC.

Theo ph lc VI Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1, h s dn nhit ca gch Samt A 512,5oC l 512,5 = 1,033 (W/m.).

Nhit lng mt qua nc l

F: din tch nc l, m2. F = 0,3 m (m2).

S: chiu dy nc, m.

tl, tkk : nhit mt trong l v nhit khng kh, 0C.

0,06 : nhit tr khi c trao i nhit mt ngoi tng ra mi trng khng kh xung quanh, m2/W

n: h s dn nhit ca tng l, W/m..

Nhit lng mt qua tng v y l

Din tch ngoi ca tng v y l ( khng tnh tng pha trc v pha sau )

Xem nh ng phn b nhit trong tng l l bc nht, nhit trung bnh mi lp:

Nhit trung bnh ca lp Samt:

Nhit trung bnh ca lp diatomit:

H s dn nhit ca lp Samt :

(W/m.)

H s dn nhit ca lp Diatomit :

(W/m.)

Nhit mt qua tng

Nhit lng mt qua th xy:

Qx = Q + Qt = 1484,85 + 2324,5 =3809,35 (W)

Q: nhit lng mt qua nc bung th cp, W

Qt : nhit lng mt qua tng bung th cp, W

Nhit gi s mt qua nc, tng, y l

Q4 = 0,1(39439120Y +6045205184) = 0,1(39439120x0 +6045205184/3600)

=167922(W)

Q4> Qx : gi thit hp l.2.6. Vn hnh l t cht thi rn sinh hot

Quy trnh vn hnh l t cht thi rn sinh hot c quy nh r trong iu 3.1, mc 3, Quy chun k thut quc gia v l t cht thi cng nghip (QCVN 30: 2012/BTNMT).

3. KT LUN KIN NGH Kt Lun

Tc th ha din ra nhanh chng tr thnh nhn t tch cc i vi pht trin kinh t, x hi ca t nc. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng li ch v kinh t v x hi, th ha nhanh to ra sc p v nhiu mt, dn n suy gim cht lng mi trng v pht trin khng bn vng. Cc hot ng sn xut, sinh hot tng theo v lng cht thi cng tng theo. Tnh bnh qun ngi dn th tiu dng nng lng, tiu dng, thc phm,... cao gp 2 - 3 ln ngi dn nng thn ko theo lng rc thi ca ngi dn th cng gp 2 - 3 ln ngi dn nng thn.

Do vy ta cn x l cht thi rn sinh hot bng phng php thiu t rt ph hp vi mt nc ang pht trin nh nc ta hin nay. X l cht thi rn sinh hot bng phng php thiu t s gip gii quyt c mt phn vn cp bch trong vic x l cht thi bo v mi trng.

Vi iu kin vt t, thit b n gin, l t rc sinh hot c th c thit k v ch to trong nc nhng vn m bo iu kin k thut. i vi l t rc thit k trong nc, chi ph thit k xy dng thp hn nhiu so vi l t ngoi nhp. Do vy, vic sn xut l t rc sinh hot trong nc s tit kim mt khong ngoi t khng nh cho Nh nc.

Kin ngh

Khi s dng l t rc sinh hot ta cn vn hnh l theo ng quy trnh, trnh gy lng ph nhin liu v x l trit lng rc cn thit t cng nh m bo an ton i vi kh thi, khng gy nhim mi trng.

Cng nhn vn hnh cn phi c o to v hng dn c th vn hnh l t theo ng quy trnh xut.

Cht thi rn trc khi em t cn t chc thu gom, phn loi v bo qun theo ng quy nh.

Cn tuyn truyn thc bo v mi trng cho cn b nhn vin v mi ngi dn, c bit trong vic thu gom, qun l cht thi.Ti liu tham kho1. Qun l cht thi rn, Trn Hiu Nhu, Tp 1, NXB khoa hc k thut, H Ni, 2004.

2. D n Xy dng m hnh v trin khai th im vic phn loi, thu gom v x l rc thi sinh hot cho cc khu th mi, Cc Bo v mi trng 2008.

3. Bo co mi trng quc gia 2011- Cht thi rn4. Hong Kim C, Tnh ton k thut nhit l Cng nghip, Tp I v II.NXB Khoa hc k thut, 1985

5. Trn Ngc Chn, nhim khng kh v x l kh thi Tp 3, NXh Khoa hc k thut, 2001

6. Trn Xoa & CTV S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht Tp II. NXB Khoa hc k thut, 1999.7. Quy chun k thut quc gia v l t cht thi cng nghip (QCVN 30: 2012/BTNMT).ng khi

H xyclon, hp th vi dung dch kim

Khng kh kh

Trao i nhit

CTR sinh hot

Bung t 2

Bung t 1

Tro

ng rn em chn

Nhin liu

(du FO-R) Khng kh

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