Doan Zhu Wwi Biblio

8/18/2019 Doan Zhu Wwi Biblio

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WWI Trench Warfare:

Exploration in Technology, Encounter with Desperation,

and Exchange of Humanity

Christine Doan, Ada Zhu

Senior Division

Group Website


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Tooley, Hunt. "Dr. Hunt Tooley." E-mail interview. Nov.-Dec. 2015. Dr. Hunt Tooley from

Austin College answered our questions regarding the impact of the exploration in

technology during the Great War. He gave us new perspectives about the advancement of

technology and the front lines that we probably would not have thought to consider

otherwise. He also discussed how the economy played a role in the exploration. We based

half of our analysis on the information gained in this interview for the technology section.

We also learned new facts, such as the exploration in technology's impact on medical

cosmetics and surgery.

Primary Sources

Primary Books

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Bodley Head Scott Fitzgerald. The Beautiful and Damned . N.p.: n.p.,

1967. Print. The second novel, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, explores New York society

and the American Elite during the Jazz Age. The novel unfolded into a story of tragic

examination of an unsustainable relationship and problematic culture of the Lost

Generation. Therefore, we applied the book on our "Desperation: Lost Generation" side in

order to show how literature was also affected by the war.

Hart, Peter. The Somme: The Darkest Hour on the Western Front . New York: Pegasus, 2008.

Print. This book greatly helped our understanding of the intricate details of the Battle of the

Somme. During that battle, and likewise with the many battles that preceded and followed,

soldiers struggled with the devastating reality of the horrors of war. Some specific

information that we found intriguing was the fatalism that the soldiers eventually

succumbed to. Their encounter with desperation had affected them even in their sleep.


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Their attitude toward war shifted, making them vulnerable to their emotions, which

heightened feelings of morality and humanity. The knowledge and quotes gained from this

book was used in our analysis and page on "Desperation."

Hobbs, William Herbert, and Theodore Roosevelt. The World War and Its Consequences. New

York: Putnam's Sons, 1919. Print. Scattered through out our websites were primary

accounts taken from this book. We mainly used this book for our comprehension of how

soldiers dealt with their trauma and guilt after the war was over. Some quotes were also

taken to explain the situations that the soldiers faced out on the front.

Hobbs, William Herbert. The World War and Its Consequences; Being Lectures in the Course on

Patriotism Delivered at the University of Pittsburgh during the Summer Session of 1918.

New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1919. Print. Hobb's book helped us analyze the effects of

the rapidly industrialized weapons. This exploration in technology had tremendous impacts

on not only the soldier but on the pioneering of modernized weapons as well. We used

multiple primary source accounts of soldiers expressing their shock and fear of these new

terrifying weapons.

Persico, Joseph E. Eleventh Month, Eleventh Day, Eleventh Hour: Armistice Day, 1918, World

War I and Its Violent Climax. New York: Random House, 2004. Print. Persico's book

included a plethora of primary accounts. We used an account in which a soldier expressed

how he believed that war was gallant and great on our "Desperation" page. However, he

realized in the face of war that it was anything but. This served as proof for the destruction

of war romanticism. Inside of coming to face glory, the soldiers encountered desperation.

Philpott, William James. Three Armies on the Somme: The First Battle of the Twentieth Century.

New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010. Print. We extracted primary quotes from the soldiers on


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the Somme from Philpott's book. The quotes we selected expressed how the exploration in

technology produced an artillery war that was never seen before. This new mode of

warfare made the soldiers question what they were really doing. This book gave us primary

evidence that the new means of murder scarred the soldiers both physically and

psychologically.

Primary Websites

"Ernest Hemingway Biography ~ World War I." Ernest Hemingway Biography ~ World War I .

N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2016. The Hemingway Resource Center provided us with a

succinct biography of Ernest Hemingway's life, which was useful to us in quickly

understanding how he reacted to his life back home after the war was over. His encounter

with the horrific conditions of the soldiers clearly had a tremendous effect on both his life

and his attitude towards life. We used a primary quote from him on our "Lost Generation"

page.

"History in Dispute." Trench Warfare: Did Trench Warfare Lead to Pointless Slaughter? N.p.,

27 Feb. 2002. Web. 27 Feb. 2016. The attitude of the soldiers began to alter as they

realized that they vulnerable to deadly bombardments at any time. The destructive power

of weapons led to massive slaughters on the western front. Debate on whether trench

warfare had led to pointless slaughter were discussed. We acknowledged that soldiers in

the trenches had been viewed as victims, powerless in the extreme, caught in the grip of an

impersonal war that dispensed death, simply waiting to be destroyed.


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Simkin, John. "Spartacus Educational." Spartacus Educational . N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015.

The casualties in the trenches were discussed on this website. We got most of our timeline

events from this website. In addition, we also used primary excerpts found on the bottom

of the website. Charles Chaplin looked back on his experience with the war and confessed

how they all thought the war would be over soon. However, it was quite the opposite.

Desperation quickly took over and fatalism became prevalent amongst the soldiers.

"Tanks and World War One - History Learning Site." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 06

Jan. 2016. This article provided us with the cons of the usage of tanks in World War One,

and specifically in the trenches. We extracted a primary source quote from this website,

which can be found on the "Backfire" page. From this website, we came to the conclusion

that the invention of modern tanks were not necessarily helpful. Even when given

advanced technology, soldiers running the tanks were unable to use it to their advantage

because of the lack of instruction and knowledge. While an exploration in technology was

made, it did not matter because it was not used to its full potential.

"Trench Warfare WWI." Trench Warfare WWI . N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. We extracted a

primary quote by Robert Graves in 1915 from this website. It consisted of Graves

describing his friend's breakdown and how the war destroyed their hopes and faith. It was

very much an encounter with desperation. Despair and terrors damaged the soldiers in

more ways than weapons ever could. We placed the quote in the "Desperation: Living

Conditions" page.

"World War I." : World War I . N.p., 3 Jan. 2010. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. The quote we took from

this website was said by a British private. We used it in our "Desperation: Living

Conditions" page. It demonstrated the disgusting conditions that the soldiers had to survive


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through. Rodents were prevalent and rats even started to feast on dead flesh. After the

soldiers' encounter with desperation, they never separated. The horrors followed them

everywhere, even in their sleep.

"WWI War Gases." WWI War Gases. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2016. A primary quote regarding

the horrors of poisonous gas on the battlefield was taken from this website, as along with a

picture that we included in our "Technology" page. From this website, we grasped the

importance of poisonous gas. While we knew it played a role in bringing the deaths of

countless soldiers, this website gave us insight on how it psychologically affected the

soldiers. The fears and terrors expressed by the primary sources made us understand the

gravity of the situation.

Primary Images

Arthur, Max. Forgotten Voices of the Great War: A History of World War I in the Words of the

Men and Women Who Were There. Guilford, CT: Lyons, 2004. Print. We selected a

photograph of soldiers aiding one another from the book and applied it to our "Humanity:

Empathy" page in order to highlight the exchange of humankind that was carried out as a

result of the war. Soldiers got to know each other very well, sharing common dangers of

the nature, and they began to rescue one another even with dreadful wounds.

"The Battle of The Somme - 1916." The Battle of The Somme - 1916 . N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb.

2016. The Battle of the Somme is famous chiefly on account of the loss of 58,000 British

troops; therefore, the experiences that soldiers encountered was great. We apply the

photograph on the "Desperation: Living Condition" in order to display what soldiers


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needed deal with in the trenches. The battle brought tremendous deaths and casualties just

in a few days, leaving the soldiers wounded physically and mentally.

"Christmas Truce 1914: When WWI Showed Humanity." - The Denver Post . N.p., n.d. Web. 05

Jan. 2016. The three men holding hands in the image demonstrate how humanity and

compassion still existed among the slaughter during the Great War. Both humanity and

compassion toward peace were revealed, softening the fighting spirit and searching for

mortality. A transitory period of peace was achieved. Despite their different languages and

cultures, the opposing sides exchanged gifts. The relaxation of hostilities soon spread

among the soldiers. Through the image, we received a sense of cooperation and connection

between the soldiers, believing that human spirit was able to lessen violence and hostility.

"Christmas Truce of 1914." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2016.

The image illustrates humanity's longing for peace during World War I. It was the soldiers

who declared an unofficial truce; they began to recognize one another as humans rather

than enemies. Based on the image, we learned that soldiers who had been killing each other

were seeking a shred of humanity in order to escape the horrors of war.

Combs, Marianne. "All Is Calm: The Christmas Truce of 1914." All Is Calm: The Christmas

Truce of 1914. N.p., 20 Dec. 2007. Web. 05 Jan. 2016. During World War I, the sounds of

rifles faded in a number of places along the Western Front in favor of Christmas

celebrations in the trenches. A spark of humanity and generosity appeared, leading to an

unofficial ceasefire between the two countries. After the shooting ceased, soldiers came out

of the trenches and began to greet each other and exchange gifts. The image depicts a

soldier who had received Christmas presents on Christmas Eve. Humanity was shown


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when the soldiers played soccer and enjoyed the holidays with men who were their deadly

enemies.

"Conditions on the War Front - World War I." Conditions on the War Front - World War I . N.p.,

n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2016. The living condition that was shown from the visual expresses the

desperation soldiers had to deal with. Living in the trenches during the war was tough and

required courage, while food was scarce, and staying healthy was difficult. Soldiers were

often terrified out of their minds. Death and diseases continued to loom over them.

"Ernest Hemingway Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2016.

We put Ernest Hemingway on "Desperation: Lost Generation" page because he is one of

the most famous novelist in the 20th century, a key part of the "Lost Generation." He

referred the the lack of purpose or drive resulting from the horrific disillusionment felt by

those who grew up and lived through the war as the "lost generation", revealing the sordid

nature of the lives of the young in the aftermath of the war.

"Faces of Battle." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2016. According to the photograph, even

though the values of patriotism and courage began to disappear, the soldiers were "forced

to smile." They laughed and looked relaxed; groups of friends were formed by the soldiers

during the war. Instead of being demoralized by the destructive war, soldiers were able to

evoke a sense of humanity through their daily encounters with one another.

"Firstworldwar.com." First World War.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2016. Daily deaths in the

trenches were common to the soldiers, and piles of corpses were just thrown to the side.

Rats would come out at night, eating the dead bodies and running in the trenches. By

displaying the image of a soldier sitting next to a dead body on "Desperation: Living


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Condition" page, a reflection of the living condition can be made, showing the miserable

lives of the soldiers.

Fitzgerald, F. Scott, and Matthew J. Bruccoli. The Great Gatsby. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. "The

Great Gatsby" refers to the loss of innocence in society after WWI, in which the great war

had changed everyone's perception of life. The novel displays that life was dominated by

the pursuit of material wealth and social position. We chose this novel and put it on the

"Lost Generation" page because it encompasses the idea of the loss of purpose that was

prominent among writers in the 1920s.

"German Knights Cross Holders., Etc. Photographs." German Knights Cross Holders., Etc.

Photographs. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2016. The photograph illustrates the encounter of

desperation during the Great War, in which soldiers were all shaken and experienced the

horrific condition in the trenches. Not only trench fever, but also shell shocks were all

result of the deplorable condition that soldiers needed to encounter during the war.

Hall, Zoe Dare. "Cartoonist Whose Old Bill Sketches Boosted Morale." The Telegraph.

Telegraph Media Group, n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. Bruce Bairnsfather's Old Bill cartoons

helped to lift spirits on the front line. We applied the six cartoons from the website to the

"Desperation" page because these cartoons were able to describe what everyday life in the

trenches consisted of, provoking a sense of loneliness and dehumanization. Through the

soldier's experience, they truly encountered the value of life and the desperation that was

left.

Hart, Peter. The Somme: The Darkest Hour on the Western Front . New York: Pegasus, 2008.

Print. Only those who had fought in the war could understand the brutality of the war,

leaving them disillusioned. Since the next new set of soldiers did not experience the war,


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the lessons that were learned from WWI were quickly forgotten, leading to another series

of horrific battles. The image from the book entails the commanders trying to push even

more pressure on the soldiers and persuaded them to fight against the enemies more

vigorously.

Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York: Scribner, 1996. Print. The war damaged the

hopes of countless individuals. The peoples' sense of right and wrong had been destroyed.

The novel also encounters the idea of "Lost Generation." We want to highlight how due to

this loss of hope, many writers turned to fictional stories that criticized the post war

culture.

"Introduction to Great War." PBS . PBS, n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2016. Young men had faced with the

destruction of the notions of warfare. Seeing pointless deaths on such a huge scale, many

lost faith in traditional values like courage and patriotism, eventually becoming reckless

and aimless. The image displays soldiers marching in the land, seeking help and desiring to

escape the reality of the war. Therefore, we exhibited the image in the "Desperation: Lost

Generation" page in order to express the idea of how men were all shaken by the disaster of

the war.

One Hundred Years Ago. Digital image. One Hundred Years Ago. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2016.

Chemical weapons were also introduced during World War I. The chemical warfare, such

as the using of phosgene and chlorine, played a major role during the war. Through the

illustration, we observed that the gas masks made the soldiers become merciless, and this

means of murder dehumanized the opposing side.

"Radigan Neuhalfen's Web Log." : World War I . N.p., 03 Jan. 2010. Web. 05 Jan. 2016. The

advancement in technology was more harmful than beneficial. Soldiers from the trenches


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always encountered dangerous enemy shells, destroying their faces and killing hundreds of

people. Cosmetic surgery thus became a medical practice due to the numerous horrific

injuries, and its techniques were soon adopted by the scientists.

"Rats and the Trenches of WWI." DeBugged . N.p., 11 Nov. 2011. Web. 27 Feb. 2016. The

visual that shows a soldier holding a rat and was surrounded by many rats displays the

horrible condition of the soldier. We apply this image to the "Desperation: Living

Condition" because it illustrates the condition that soldiers needed to experience in the

trenches. Soldiers could easily be defeated by an illness, and rats would plague the men

with disease: taunting sleeping soldiers, creeping over them at night.

"Spartacus Educational." Spartacus Educational . N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2016. The image

displays three four soldiers posing in a trench flooded with mud almost to waist height. The

living condition in the trenches were terrible, in which the trenches were hard to dig and

kept on collapsing in the waterlogged sand. Because of the narrow place, soldiers were

bound together, aiding one another in the trenches.

STEMPEL, John. "Great War Centenary." N.p., 04 May 2014. Web. 7 Jan. 2016. The site

provided images of the wounded soldiers walking in the dirty trenches. The description of

the long nights in the trenches exhibited a sense of horror and loneliness. The medical

station was full of wounded soldiers, who suffered from disease and injured by the

bombshells. We believed that these images could clearly displayed the destruction of the

war.

Taylor, Alan. "World War I in Photos: Technology." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 11

May 2014. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. The machine gun came to dominate the battlefields during

World War One. We noticed that the crude machine guns could shoot hundreds of rounds


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of ammunition a minute and killed hundreds of people just in a short amount of time;

casualties were huge. Many soldiers barely got out of their trench before they were cut

down.

"Trench Conditions - Trench Routine | Canada and the First World War." Canada and the First

World War Trench Routine Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2016. Both morality and

civilization are inevitably forgotten in war, as soldiers become desperate to survive and

lose touch with their humanity during the war. The image from the "Humanity: Empathy"

page depicts three soldiers reading newspaper together. Because of the war and the dangers

they needed to face, soldiers were physically and psychologically connected with one

another, and only those who experienced the war knew what the war really brought to their

lives.

United States. National Park Service. "Francisco G. Montealegre Collection." National Parks

Service. U.S. Department of the Interior, 27 Feb. 2016. Web. 27 Feb. 2016. "Destroy This

Mad Brute" is World War I poster that served as advertisements for the enlistment center.

It highlighted the anti-German sentiment, and German Militarism was personified as a

terrifying gorilla with a helmet labeled "militarism" holding a bloody club labeled "kultur".

"The War List." HistoryNet . N.p., 10 Feb. 2012. Web. 02 Mar. 2016. Despite the soldiers' desire

to stop fighting, commanders continued to order them to ruthlessly murder the opposing

sides. We placed the image of authoritative commanders in order to highlight how

influential and powerful they were during wartime, forcing the soldiers to fight without

considering the morality of the battles.

Willson, Brian. "The Importance Of The December 1914 Christmas Truce."

PopularResistanceOrg . N.p., 24 Dec. 2014. Web. 02 Mar. 2016. Humanity was revealed


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during the Christmas Truce in 1914; many of the soldiers chose to exchange presents, such

as cigarettes and plum puddings. The photograph that we used on "Humanity" page

displays the human spirit that served as a resurgence of a long established tradition,

bringing join to one another during the festive holiday.

"World War 1." World War 1. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2016. Because of the danger of the war,

soldiers were emotionally connected with one another. They sought to secure each others'

lives, even at the risk of dying. However, the commanders failed to experience the

exchange in humanity and kept pushing the soldiers into further tensions between different

enemies.

"World War I History." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2016. While

WWI may have been the war to end all wars, it also served as the beginning of many

military technologies. The picture depicts the introduction of tanks, which came from a

development of vehicles that could cross difficult land by using caterpillar tracks. We

found out that the exploration of technology leading to tanks was used effectively in order

to break through the enemy lines.

"World War Propagandas." N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2016. We put this propaganda on the

"Desperation" page in order to display how nationalism was used as a tool to encourage

men to join the army. Fighting for the country, according to ordinary men, was a patriotic

behavior; however, they failed to acknowledge the long-lasting disastrous effects of the

war, leaving them destroyed by the war.


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Primary Videos

"WW1 War Neuroses." YouTube. YouTube, 27 Sept. 2012. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. Information of

war neuroses and disorder was discussed in the video. We found out that by the end of the

war, there were more than 80,000 cases of shell shock, most shell shock victims were

treated harshly and with little sympathy because their symptoms were viewed as a sign of

weakness. This video provided the impact of the shell shock: it helped accelerate the

expansion of knowledge in psychiatry. We applied this video to "The Scars of Trench

Warfare" page to show the destruction of the war.

Secondary Sources

Secondary Books

Bull, Stephen, and Adam Hook. World War I Trench Warfare. Oxford: Osprey, 2002. Print.

Based on the book, Dr. Bull wrote of the infantry weapons in 1914 and he described the

use of a variation of the Maxim machine gun design. By reading his summary of the

examination of trench warfare tactics, we discovered that the Allied had attempted to break

the stalemate of trench warfare by the 'big pushes' of 1916 for several time, and used this

piece of information in the "Technology" page.

Ferguson, Niall. The Pity of War:. New York, NY: Basic, 1999. Print. In "The Pity of War",

written by Niall Ferguson, the author made an argument that war was not inevitable and

was England's fault for bringing out the war. We understood more through the charts and

graphs that were provided by the book and found out that over 200,000 soldiers died in the

trenches of the Western Front in World War I. The appalling war was unpredictable, and

the consequences of using advanced weapons were devastating.


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Hochschild, Adam. To End All Wars: A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion, 1914-1918. Boston:

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011. Print. Hochschild analyzed the history of WWI and

declared it as a senseless carnage with its myriad tragedies. He mainly focused on the

critics of war, and summarized the Great War on the question of loyalty and rebellion.

Humanity and comradeship were also shown from his description of the soldier's action;

therefore, we related the facts to "Impact" page.

Ousby, Ian. The Road to Verdun: World War I's Most Momentous Battle and the Folly of

Nationalism. New York: Doubleday, 2002. Print. Ousby's book had a primary focus on

how war romanticism was destroyed during the first world war. His analysis greatly

affected our own analysis on the war. We used most of the information gained from this

book in our pages on desperation. One thing that shocked us was that on the last day of

war, commanders still sent out their men in order to crush the opposing side completely.

We found that to be completely absurd and upsetting because of how many people could

have been saved. It demonstrated to us how the higher authorities did not care about their

soldiers, and that was a focal point in our analysis as well.

Rawling, Bill. Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps. Toronto: U of

Toronto, 1994. Print. Products and impacts of the horrors of war were described by the

author. We were able to provide the idea of tactical system and military strategies in our

"Technology" page because Rawling provided information about the weapons and

destruction through a wide range of sources. We acknowledged that the soldiers were eager

to take control over their weapons and places. Rawling traced the evolution on the Western

Front and adopted information of tactical system that was used during the war.


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Stone, Norman. World War One. New York: Basic, 2009. Print. An excerpt from Stone's chapter

on the impact of the Great War was placed in our "Aftermath" page. Stone's explanation

was useful because he related the topic to present issues. It helped significantly with our

overall impact analysis. The exploration in technology was a turning point in history.

Secondary Websites

Bajekal, Naina. "Silent Night: The Story of the World War I Christmas Truce of 1914." Time.

Time, 24 Dec. 2014. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. We found this website useful because it used

vivid descriptions to provided a sense of humanity that many people thought had

disappeared due to the brutality of war. We came to believe that the soldiers wished to stop

the fight an go home soon. This site also described to us of how the truce began: two

nations both sang the same carol in the middle of a war. German soldiers emerged from

their trenches, calling out “Merry Christmas” in English, and later their enemies also came

out to greet them. This truce could be remembered as a representation of hope and

humanity.

"Battle of the Somme." H100 We Remember . N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. The Battle of

Somme, which was fought in 1914, was one of the famous battles during WW1. According

to the website, 2,000 heavy gun bombardments occurred, leading to mass slaughters. We

applied the information from the site to our "Desperation" page because it revealed the

inhumanity and horrific condition in the trenches. The encounter with desperation among

the soldiers was unimaginable, and only those who had experienced before could

comprehend.


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"First Trenches Are Dug on the Western Front." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d.

Web. 16 Dec. 2015. The content in our "Inception" page mostly consisted with information

given on this website. We found fundamental information on the start of trench warfare

and how much it progressed throughout the four years. From this website, we concluded

that the start of trench warfare was consequential for World War One's exploration in

technology, encounter with desperation, and exchange of humanity.

"Firstworldwar.com." First World War.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2016. This site provided

information about the casualties and life in the trenches. The constant shellfire directed by

the enemy brought random death, and explosions were common in the battlefields. The

images that were depicted from the website illustrated a sense of horror and savagery. We

found this website valuable because it offered a detailed account of how the introduction of

advanced technologies had also caused a great number of deaths during the battles. As a

result, we used this website for our "Aftermath" page in order to reveal the impacts of

powerful weapons that were introduced.

Flank, Lenny. "World War One: Life and Death in the Trenches." Daily Kos. N.p., 18 Sept.

2013. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. Descriptions of both life and death in the trenches were given

from the website. It not only described how typical trenches looked like, but also provided

information about the living condition that was experienced by the soldiers. We discovered

that war romanticism was also destroyed because of the both physical and psychological

scars the soldiers carried along. Under the conditions of trench warfare, the

dehumanization of opposing sides spread quickly.

"Germans Introduce Poison Gas." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 16 Dec.

2015. Information about exploration in technology was provided, discussing the use of


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poisonous gas and the introduction of gas masks. We learned that the first major gas attack

was done by the Germany, devastating the Allied line. As the use of poisonous gas became

more frequent, more sophisticated masks were also introduced. We used the images and

quotes from the website in our "Technology" page and concluded that poisonous gas was a

feared weapon during the war, and the masks made the soldiers look inhumane.

Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Scribner Classics, 1997. Print. "A Farewell

to Arms" was written by Ernest Hemingway, who was deeply influenced by his

experiences at war. Considering to be part of the "Lost Generation," Hemingway felt "lost"

after witnessing the horrors of World War I, losing the faith in the institutions of Western

civilization. This information was vital to a section of our "Lost Generation" page that was

dedicated to Ernest Hemingway.

"Hemingway's Paris." : June 2006 . N.p., 30 June 2006. Web. 27 Feb. 2016. In order to escape

the depression that resulted from the First World War, writers such as Ernest Hemingway

began to migrate to Paris since the Parisian cultural scene was more permissive of

literature. We learned that the group of writers who moved to Paris believed that America

was intolerant, materialistic, and unspiritual.

Jones, Nigel. "Life and Death in First World War Trenches." The Telegraph. Telegraph Media

Group, 30 May 2013. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. Based on the information it has provided, we

used the website for our "Desperation: Living Condition" page. We were horrified by the

reality of the food and environment in the trenches. Vermin including rats and lice were

very numerous, and disease was easily spread by them, More than about 3 millions of

soldiers, according to the research, died due to the diseases.


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Lilies, Jordan. "Stories of Chaplin: World War I." RSS . N.p., 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 16 Dec. 2015.

Jordan Liles provided quotes from the survived soldiers to portray the horrific difficulties

the soldiers had encountered in the trenches. The information from the website was applied

to "Desperation" page because it explained distress and disorder the soldiers had suffered.

The soldiers in the trenches experienced traumatizing bombardment every day.

"The Lives of Soldiers." Alpha History. N.p., 2014. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. Primary quotations were

listed by this website, which discussed the psychological distress the soldiers had to

encounter. Therefore, we organized the quotes under the "Desperation"page in order to

display the helplessness and disruption that were carried out by the war. The stimulating

and realistic description exhibit the frightening conditions that each soldier needed to

experience in the trenches.

"The Lost Generation." The Lost Generation. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2016. From this website

we were able to gain information about various Lost Generation writers and artists. We

used a quote about the Lost Generation moving to Paris because of their distaste at

America's culture on our "Lost Generation" page. This website was also helpful in aiding

our comprehension of why the Lost Generation was so prone to be alcoholics.

Nater, Adrienne. "Death, Dying, Grief, and Mourning." Erich M. Remarque, All Quiet On the

Western Front-Death of French Soldier . N.p., 2008. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. The article was

excerpted from the famous novel, "All Quiet on the Western Front". The well developed

phrases outlined all the responses of the soldiers during the war. Grief and mourning were

conventional responses from the soldiers. We applied the quotes from the extract to our

"Desperation" page so that the psychological response could be revealed, connecting to

soldier's encounter with desperation.


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"Nobel Lecture." Lord Boyd Orr . N.p., 2014. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. Not only the history of war,

but also the power of science was discussed in the article. Science has advanced during the

war, giving mankind more powers over the forces of nature. We found the information

necessary in discussing the page of "Technology" and "Backfire." We analyzed the use of

gas masks, tanks and artillery in order to highlight the casualties that were caused by the

advancement of technologies.

"The Organisation Cultural Legacies of the Christmas Day Truce & The Accrington Pals."

Fromthelighthouse. N.p., 5 Jan. 2015. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. The legacy of the Christmas

Truce was discussed in the website. Although the truce had only lasted for a while, its

legacy provided us with hope and inspiration. After reading the article, we were impressed

by the communication between the two opposing sides. They were able to cooperate and

talk about their families, even though they were just enemies who tried to kill one another

just several hours before the ceasefire. Hence, we applied the information to our

"Humanity" page in order to show that the soldiers stilled provoked a sense of humanity

rather than dehumanization.

"Propaganda as a Weapon? Influencing International Opinion." The British Library. N.p., n.d.

Web. 07 Jan. 2016. The British Library provided us with good propaganda posters that we

placed in our "Desperation" page. From this website, we realized that propaganda was a

contributor to the false glorification about war. It made it seem like it was the best thing to

do--that fighting for your country was a noble decision and everyone was doing it. Of

course, the propaganda did not come close to describing the real nature of war. This only

made the soldiers' encounter with desperation all the more devastating.


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Remarque, Erich Maria, and A. W. Wheen. All Quiet on the Western Front . N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.

"All Quiet on the Western Front " is another book that exemplifies the idea of "Lost

Generation." It analyzed how soldiers were corrupted by the disaster of the war, and how

soldiers were so depressed due to their loss of humanity and morality. This book was

important to us because it connected all the aspects of the topics we tried to hit with our

website.

"This Side of Paradise – Book Review." Vandegrift Voice. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2016. "This

Side of Paradise" details the life of the passionate youth Amory Blaine, and his quest for

love and glory as he becomes older. This novel portrays the Lost Generation after WWI

and describes life at Princeton as boring and disillusioned, just like how the veterans of

World War I felt after the war was fought. We used this connection on our "Lost

Generation" page.

"Trench Warfare: Did Trench Warfare Lead to Pointless Slaughter?" Gale Group. N.p., n.d.

Web. Trench warfare's stalemate was explained in this site. We found it helpful because it

described to us how explorations and advancements was were not always a good thing. We

used quotes from this website on the and "Backfire" page. Gale Group also discussed the

soldier's daily routine and how traumatizing it was for them on the front lines. We used the

information from this page to write the analysis for the "Desperation" page.

"The Trenches: Symbol of the Stalemate." PBS . PBS, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. The trenches

were described as the symbol of stalemate in this site. It provided detailed information

about the organization of trenches and No Man's Land, which separated the two opposing

sides. Having seen this piece of information as helpful, we decided to apply the knowledge

to our "Desperation: Living Condition" page.


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"What Really Happened in the Christmas Truce of 1914?" BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 16 Dec.

2015. After one of the member had watched a video about the Christmas Truce in 1914, we

began to search for information about this event. This website was able to answer our

question: What really happened during the Christmas Truce? It symbolized the truce as a

peaceful escape from the devastatingly violent war. We also acknowledged that generals

became belligerent because they feared that men would then question the war and

uprisings.

Secondary Images

"World War I 1914-1918." HSC Modern History. N.p., n.d. Web. We used a diagram from this

website. The diagram demonstrated and labeled several lines in the trenches. It was useful

because it had everything that we needed to explain point out in visual terms. It is the

second picture on our "Inception" page.

Documents

Doan Zhu Wwi Biblio