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Sparkstudentexcitement

with learning adventures?

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Organization of this tutorial

Category: Technology in Education

Learning objectives : How technology is currentlybeing used in the class room and how it should beused?

Brief description: We shall describe and discuss fivestories in the tutorial. Each story tells us something?

Story 0: My story and Aalo anndey

Story 1: Technology is disruptive?

Story 2: Technology is addictive?

Story 3: What is the different between Japanese autoindustry and the US auto industry?

Story 4: Story of a typical under-achiever student in theUS or Pakistan?

Story 5: Story of Education?

We shall discuss in detail what these stories tell us?

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What is the No. 1 Problem in any

high school or college class roomin Pakistan or in the world?

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The most important problem?

Not enough funds?

Students not interested or motivated?

Good teachers not available? Foreign language is a problem?

Books are poorly written?

Examinations does not test meaningfullearning?

We are not good enough (Geo Television)

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IK NUKTEY WHICH GAL MUKDI HEYBulleh Shah

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Which university in Pakistan doing

the best job in terms impartingeducation?

Why do you think so?

Which engineeringuniversity in the US

doing the best job?

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This book couldn't be more potentially

explosive if its contents were 100%

highly-enriched uranium; Authorsstudied over 2,000 undergraduates

from Fall 2005 to Spring 2009 at two

dozen universities. They determinedthat 45% "demonstrated no

significant gains in critical thinking,

analytical reasoning, and written

communications during the first twoyears of college," and 36% showed

no improvement over the entire four

years.

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critical thinking,

analytical reasoning,and writtencommunications

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When I was Seven years old?

My grand father used to teach me English? I still remember the book series: Radiant Reading:

Blue Skies?

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Learning as a child? Such a boring, painful and

suffocating exercise?

I have starting hiding in thebed room?

Why I was afraid of learning?

Why it was so frightful aboutlearning from one of the bestprofessors of literature inEnglish?

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WORKED IN UET: 1975 -1999

WORKED IN LUMS TILL 2010

WORKED IN ALI INSTITUTE

WORKED IN UCP IN 2011

NOW WORKING AT VU?

Kicked Out?

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Kicked out of Ali Institute &

LUMS? That is why I am standing here lecturing you?

Never realized in LUMS that the right pedagogy

and mixed with the right technology can be the

ULTIMATE answer? Why not?

Then I was kicked out and was under psychiatric

treatment?

I am still taking the strong PROZAC from Lilli?

I am not taking the mild CYMBALTA from Lilli?

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Cymbalta can help?

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NO side effects

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Text & Tweet?

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What we have already studied?

What is rote learning and what is meaningful

learning?

How learning takes place? Why it does not take place?

How it can be facilitated?

How it can be measured? How it can be facilitated?

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Pedagogical Content Knowledge?

We already have content knowledge?

We already have pedagogical knowledge?

We need to design pedagogical contentknowledge?

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What is pedagogical content design?

We have some content to learn or help

students learn we design pedagogical

content?

Pedagogical content will be different for

different pedagogies? Example?

What different pedagogies are available?

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What we have already studied?

What is rote learning and what is meaningful

learning?

How learning takes place? Why it does not take place?

How it can be facilitated?

How it can be measured?

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Remove the

Command Line Interface

every where?

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How do we learn or get an idea?

Images?

Stories?

Formulas?

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Remove theCommand Line Interface

Pedagogically

as well as

Technologically?

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How do you think?

In terms of formulas? (command line interface)

In terms of words?

In terms of stories? In terms of tables and graphs?

In terms ofpictures?

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How do they think?

Einstein used to think in images then stories

then words and formulas.

David Hibert imagined infinity in terms of a

image of a hotel with infinite rooms.

Neil Bohr imagined the atom like a solar system

Newton imagined the moon as a falling apple.

You have already seen videos of Apple, Mac,

Cymbalta, aalo aandey?

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Pedagogy

What is command

line interface for

graph theory?

P d

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Pedagogy

What is command

line interface in

Differentiation?

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Pedagogy

Newtons Laws: Images, Stories, or

formulas?

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Pedagogy

Newtons Laws:

Images, Stories, or

formulas?

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Pedagogy

Newtons Laws:

Images, Stories, or

formulas?

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Harvard Calculus

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Technology in Education?

A famous quote from Einstein?

The significant problems we have can not besolved with the same level of thinking we

were using when we created them? Doing the same thing over and over again and

expecting different results? (Is insanity)

If we persist in believing that the problems ofour schools and colleges can be solved by onlyimproving schools, we will never succeed?

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Alan November,

Empowering

Students withTechnology

Second Edition

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Catherine L. Carignan

(Fair Oaks Ranch, TX USA)

For true out-of-the-box

thinking this is the book

to read. It actually

teaches the 'how' of creativity. You can learn

to train your mind to be

flexible enough to notice

the often obscured

perfect solution to any

problem or situation.

Thi b k ill h ll thi

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This book will challenge every thing you

ever learnt about learning & technology

Maria did her assignment using aword processor after consultingonline resources on the fastinternet from her home?

Her grand mother did herassignment using a type writer afterconsulting books and journals froman actual library?

What is the difference between thetwo? Any appreciable difference inLearning or understanding?

H t d t h l i

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How computers and technology is

used in American Schools?

Schools have employed technology inperfectly predictable ways?

In perfectly logical ways?

In perfectly wrong ways?

Why?

Are we doing the same?

How come? Why?

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Perfectly wrong use of technology?

Lot of computers in class rooms?

Marginal improvement only?

No disruption has taken place?

Still there is the same lecture for diverselearners? No individual attention orfacilitation?

Same style of lecturing? No student centriclearning? No interactivity or collaboration?One size fits all?

Wh t i th l bl i th l

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What is the real problem in the class

room?

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Let us now complete the story 1

Technology is disruptive?

Floor standing TV sets versus a portable TV

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Floor standing TV sets versus a portable TV

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Three

generationsof

technology?

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d b ?

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Big computers made by IBM?

(IBM 1130 was the cheapest -

$32,000)?

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Who owns the IBM 1130 at UET?

The $32,000 machine in 1968 The Mathematics department or the EE

department?

You need some experts to manage and runthis facility?

Hooked like any thing? Ali Haider? Althoughthe feedback took hours? (1972)

I was not fascinated because of large delays did get fascinated when we bought a Micro(1981)

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P i i lik D i i ?

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Programming is like Driving?

My Math or CS instructor replied that why he (EEinstructor) does not practice the notion ofLearning by Doing in his EE subjects?

The EE instructor agreed he could not do it inthe theory class but tried to do it in thelaboratory experiments? Why could not he do itin the theory class?

Why the current computer provides an excellentplatform where you learn by doing?

Komal Syed told this to the student studying inthe Top ten US universities? We shall talk about itin detail later?

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So what we did last time?

Technology (or computer) can be addictive?

They provide feedback without anyembarrassment?

Technology can be disruptive? So let us start from here?

How technology disrupted big giants in thecomputer industry?

How it can disrupt in education with low costeducation at your door step any time in anyplace?

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COMPUTER

S AREADDICTIVE

Storyfrom Soul

of a new

machine?

The book opens with a turf war between two computer design groups

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within Data General Corporation, a minicomputer vendor in the 1970s.

Most of the senior designers are assigned the "sexy" job of designing

the next generation machine, which will be done in North Carolina.Their project (code-named "Fountainhead") is to give Data General a

machine to compete with the new VAX computer from Digital

Equipment Corporation (DEC), which is starting to take over the new 32-

bit minicomputer market. The few senior designers who are left in

corporate headquarters at Westborough, MA are given the much morehumble job of designing enhancements for the existing product lines.

Tom West, the leader ofWestborough designers, starts a skunkworks

project which becomes a backup plan in case Fountainhead fails.

Eventually, the skunk works project (code-named "Eagle") becomes the

company's only hope in catching up with DEC. In order to complete the

project on-time, West takes risks in not only new technology but also

relying on new college graduates (who have never designed anything so

complex) to make up the bulk of his design team. The book follows

many of the designers as they give up every waking moment of their

The work environment described in the book is in many ways opposite of what is

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The work environment described in the book is in many ways opposite of what is

taught in business schools. Instead oftop-down management, many of the

innovations are started at the grassroots level. Instead of management having to

coerce labor to work harder, labor volunteers to complete the project on-time.T

hereason for this is that people will give their best when the work itself is challenging

and rewarding. Many of the engineers state that, "They don't work for the money",

meaning they work for the challenge of inventing and creating. The motivational

system is akin to the game ofpinball, the analogy that if you win this round, you

get to play the game again; that is, build the next generation of computers.

A running theme in the book is the tension between engineering quality and haste:the engineers, challenged to bring a minicomputer to market on a very short

timeframe, are encouraged to cut corners on design. Tom West describes his motto

as "Not everything worth doing is worth doing well," or "If you can do a quick-and-

dirty job and it works, do it."[1] The engineers, in turn, complain that the team's

goal is to "put a bag on the side of the Eclipse"

[2]

-- in other words, to turn out aninferior product in order to have it completed more quickly.

Tom West practices the '"Mushroom Theory of Management" - "keeping them in

the dark, feeding them shit, and watch them grow." That is, isolating the design

team from outside influences and instead using the fear of the unknown to

motivate the team.

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$

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VAX 780(> $120,000)

VAX 11 730 Mini Computer by DEC ($6000)

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COMPUTER

S AREADDICTIVE

Storyfrom Soul

of a new

machine?

Addiction of technology?

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Addiction of technology?

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Yasser has fascination with computers

Computers can be addictive even for those

who intend to specialize in social sciences?

What was your fascination with computers?

Your interaction with a main frame IBM giant?

Your interaction with the toy ZX 80, ZX81, and

ZX Spectrum based on the Zilog Z80

microprocessor?

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The Sinclair ZX 81

Th C l M hi i UET (A h)

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The Color Machine in UET (Arch)

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THE INTEL 4004

969 i C l l i hi C i d h l

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In 1969, Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation requested that Inteldesign 12 custom chips for its new Busicom 141-PF printing calculator.Instead of creating a dozen custom chips specifically for the calculator,

Intel's engineers proposed a new design: a family of just four chips,including one that could be programmed for use in a variety of products.

The set of four chips was called the MCS-4. It included a central processingunit (CPU) chipthe 4004, a supporting read-only memory (ROM) chip forthe custom applications programs, a random-access memory (RAM) chip forprocessing data, and a shift-register chip for the input/output (I/O) port.

Intel delivered the four chips and Busicom went on to sell some 100,000calculators.

Intel offered Busicom a lower price for the chips in return for securing therights to the microprocessor design and the rights to market it for non-calculator applications, allowing the Intel 4004 microprocessor to beadvertised in the November 15, 1971 issue of Electronic News. It's then that

the Intel 4004 became the first general-purpose microprocessor on themarketa "building block" that engineers could purchase and thencustomize with software to perform different functions in a wide variety ofelectronic devices.

The Early Microcomputers?

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The arly Microcomputers?

1. Commodore2. Apple

3. Radio Shack (Tandy Corp)

The Commodore 64

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The Commodore 64 The Commodore 64 has frequently been compared to

Ford's Model T, as it was the first cheap homecomputer for the masses. The Commodore 64featured 64 KB of RAM and a 1-Mhz chip, and lookedlike nothing more than a bulky keyboard. However, it

boasted color graphics and sophisticated sound, soldfor less than $500 and excelled at playing early videogames.

According to the Guinness Book of World Records, theCommodore 64 is the best-selling computer of alltime. About 30 million were sold between its launchin 1982 and its "commercial decline" in 1993, when itwas discontinued.

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The Commodore PET (PersonalElectronic Transactor)

Apple II Toy computer $2000?

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Apple II Toy computer $2000?

HE WAS AN UNDERACHIEVER?

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HE WAS AN UNDERACHIEVER?

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Steve died on 5th of October 2011

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Steve died on 5th of October 2011

Terribly sad news: Apple founder and CEO Steve Jobs has died.

Steve was one of the most remarkable entrepreneurs and inspirational leaders inhistory.

His death is a tremendous loss, not only to the company he founded and built, butto American industry and hundreds of millions of people around the world. In theaccompanying video, The Daily Ticker's Aaron Task and Henry Blodget reflect onthe legacy he leaves behind.

Along with everyone else who has marveled at and benefited from Steve'samazing life, we are deeply saddened by this news. Our thoughts go out to Steve'sfamily.

Apple released a brief statement this evening:

We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.

Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that

enrich andimprove all of our lives.T

he world is immeasurably better because ofSteve.

His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out tothem and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts.

Industry impact

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Industry impact

The Apple II series of computers had an enormous impact on the technology industry

and on everyday life. The Apple II was the first personal computer many people ever

saw. Its price was within the reach of many middle-class families, and a partnershipwith MECC helped make the Apple II popular in schools.[41] By the end of 1980 Apple

had already sold over 100,000 Apple IIs.[42] Its popularity bootstrapped the computer

game and educational software markets and began the boom in the word processor

and computer printer markets. The first microcomputer "killer app" for business was

VisiCalc, the earliest spreadsheet, and it ran first on the Apple II. Many businesses

bought Apple II's just to run VisiCalc. Apple's success in the home market inspiredcompetitive home computers such as the VIC-20 (1980) and Commodore 64 (1982,

with estimated sales between 17 and 25 million units). Through their significantly

lower price point, these models introduced the computer to several tens of millions

more home users.

The success of the Apple II in business spurred IBM to create the IBM PC, which was

then purchased by middle managers in all lines of business to run spreadsheet andword processing software, at first ported from Apple II versions; later, whole new

application software dynasties would be founded on the PC. The popularity of these

PCs and their clones then transformed business again with LAN applications such as e-

mail and later Internet applications such as Usenet and the WWW.

Jobs didn't invent computer technology, or

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p gy,

the cell phone, or the notion of digitizing

music. But he invented methods, businessmodels, and devices that turned each into

significantly larger cultural and economic

phenomena.

What Apple did?

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What Apple did?

The highest form of charity is helping somebodyfind a job or a means to support themselves. Justso, one might argue that the highest form ofbusiness is creating a profitable enterprise that

allows and encourages other people to innovateand find means to support themselves. Apple hasdone that time and again. Yes, the publishing andmusic industries have griped over paymentterms. But Apple is allowing individuals and

companies to reach truly massive audiences at arelatively low cost. It has rescued some markets,revived others, and created entirely new ones.

TRS 80 Model II ($700)

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($ )

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Research Grant money of EE was used

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to buy the TRS 80 Model II

We utilized almost the whole

research grant of our

department for one year?

Which otherwise will not beutilized?

A minicomputer was still out

of reach?

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Radio Shack announced the TRS-80 (Tandy Radio Shack) at a New York City

press conference on August 3, 1977. It cost $399, or $599 with a 12" monitor

and a Radio Shack tape recorder as datacassette storage; before it, the mostexpensive product Radio Shack sold was a $500 stereo. The company hoped

that the new computer would help Radio Shack move into higher-priced

products and improve its "schlocky" image among customers. Small businesses

were the primary target market, followed by education, then consumers and

hobbyists; despite its hobbyist customer base, Radio Shack saw hobbyists as

"not the mainstream of the business." Although the press conference did not

receive much media attention due to a terrorist bombing elsewhere in the city

that day, "six sacks of mail" arrived at company headquarters asking about the

computer, and over 15,000 people called Tandy to purchase a TRS-80,

paralyzing its switchboard. Unlike competitor Commodorewhich had

announced its PET several months earlier but had not yet shipped anyRadioShack began shipping computers by September. Still forecasting 3,000 sales a

year, the company sold over 10,000 TRS-80s Model Is in its first one and a half

months of sales, and over 200,000 during the product's

lifetime.[4][9][5][6][7][10][8][11] :4[12]

The first micro computer that UET has

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bought (1980)?

TRS 80: Radio Shack Model II

Z80 eight bit microprocessor

with 64K byte RAM, a big

floppy, and no hard disk?

Apple Iie in 1983

6502 eight bitmicroprocessor with 64K

byte RAM and a small floppy

drive?

Why and how Apple disrupted Digital

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Equipment Corporation (DEC)?

Why DEC a well known leading computer

manufacturing company with so many bright

scientists and engineers were helpless?

Apple a small company no one knew aboutit with a very small workforce disrupted

DEC?

The soul of a new machine (Tracy Kidder)? Data General could not disrupt DEC? Why it

was improving not disrupting?

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Do you have a Xerox Facility?

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Do you have a Xerox Facility?

The Iranian professor asked me when he came

out of Iran after the revolution sometimes in

the 1979?

We can not afford a Xerox but we have cheapphoto copier machines from Japan?

But not a Xerox?

What was so special about Xerox?

Xerox Photocopier

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Xerox Photocopier

Canon disrupted Xerox?

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Canon disrupted Xerox?

Why RCA and DEC were disrupted?

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Why RCA and DEC were disrupted?

RCA tried to improve existing Radio and TVs

using solid state technology?

DEC tried to improve their conventional

designs by using latest technologies?

What Sony, Apple, and Cannon did?

They created low cost and low quality

products for users who could not affordotherwise? They were better than nothing?

Why DEC could not see its

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destruction?

Story from Soul of a new machine?

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Another Episode: Technology

15th of October, 2011

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We have completed two stories?

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We have completed two stories?

Story 1: Technology is disruptive?

Story 2: Technology is addictive specially for

young people?

What is the morale of story 1?

What is the morale of story 2?

What are we doing at Schools?

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What are we doing at Schools?

More and more computers at School?

The computer density is increasing steadily?

We are trying to improve existing educational

system by using latest technology? We are trying to automate existing processes and

procedures? The library cataloging iscomputerized?

The result card is typed by a laser printer? Thecourse registration system is automated? Theadmission system is automatic?

Existing procedures are improved or

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automated?

Does that mean we have achieved our objective?What objective?

I have typed my MSc thesis using an electric typewriter in 1983?

I have typed my PhD thesis (1992) using Chi writer ascientific word processing software running on anIBM PC with no hard drive, and having two small

compact disk drives? IBM dot matrix ribbon printer? Now almost all graduate students use state of art

word processor with a laser printout? Means what?

Improve or automate the existing?

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Improve or automate the existing?

Suppose you want to fly? We should have

wings? It does not work? Should we keep on

improving wings? It will still not work?

What will you do? From where will you start?171?

You need lateral thinking instead of vertical

thinking? 156: Einstein?

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Our 3rd Story?

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Our 3rd Story?

What was so special about Toyota?

How an American car is different?

They provide different training or learning

experiences to their workers?

The difference is in pedagogy learning to do

some thing, however small it could be?

Steven Spear, senior lecturer in MIT?

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Steven Spear, senior lecturer in MIT?

Toyota famous production line versus the

Detroit Big Three plants?

Passenger-side front seat installation point in

the pipeline? 108

A masters degree in Mechanical Engineering

from MIT fixing the seats in a car assembly

line?

What happens in the Detroit factory?

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What happens in the Detroit factory?

What happened in the Toyota?

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What happened in the Toyota?

What was the difference?

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What was the difference?

Fixed learning time and variable results?

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g

Remember Khans Academy does exactly the

same? First learn this step, make sure that you

have learnt it and then try to learn the next

step?

Variable learning time and fixed results?

Who are underachievers?

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Stories of under achievers?

What are their common characteristics?

You know any under achievers?

Dr. Abdus Salam?

Who else?

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He wasalso a

lateral

thinker?

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He was an

underachiever?

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The Unreasonable man?

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The reasonable man adapts himself to the

world; the unreasonable one persists in trying

to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all

progress depends on the unreasonable man.

George Bernard Shaw,

Maxims for revolutionists

The Underachiever

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Some of who created disrupting technology

were underachievers?

Some of big thinkers were underachievers?

Lateral thinking versus vertical thinking?

In order create some thing new and different

one has to do lateral thinking unreasonable

thinking?

Our 4th Story? A thief or a typical UA?

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y yp

A student broke into the Computer Laboratory?

Professor November was asked to investigate

and possibly reprimand the student who broke

into the laboratory in the Math department? Was he a thief? A criminal?

What did he want? What did he steal?

He was already on probation? He badly neededcredits to pass out? He should be the last to

break the law and suffer further?

A classic underachiever?

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Poor class room performance but intelligent

otherwise? Excellent IQ test scores but poor

achievement scores?

Sporadic class attendance? A typical at risk student?

Have you encountered such students?

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I have seen them in UET, NUST, GIK, FAST, &

LUMS?

In public universities we used to say: The fee

they pay is so small there is no motivation tostudy?

In private universities we say that they belong

to rich families why should they study But every one agrees they are intelligent?

They are misfit for the current system?

I was shocked to see him in the lab?

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He was busy programming the CommodorePET? He was working with a fascination? Thecomputer provided him an opportunity toperform?

He said he can do the whole course work in aweeks time? A complete programming coursein just one week?

Without attending classes without instructor

help without routine home works he can doit all by himself?

An at risk student behaving in such odd way?

Now he wanted to take the

Commodore PET at home?

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Commodore PET at home?

He was sure that he can complete all his

deficiency during the weekend?

Now we start talking about rules and

regulations? We talk about morality? We talkabout jaza and saza?

How can we allow a student to first break in

and then take away the computer at home? He will run away with the machine?

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Breaking in to assess a Commodore

Pet Microcomputer($2000)

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Pet Microcomputer($2000)

You can not break in to use a mini or main

frame computer?

He was a typical student: bad grades, not

interested in studying but was intelligentand capable?

If he does not improve he would be out?

He was a misfit in the present system?

What was the problem?

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The students have a natural desire to learnand explore the world?

He told me that technology can be a powerful

motivator for some students who do notsucceed in the traditional system?

Who manages learning? He took pride whenhe took control of his learning?

The faceless programming machine providedhim an opportunity of instant feedback?

What was the problem?

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He told me that as soon you write a program youget instant results? You can test it? The computertells you if you need to work extra on thatproblem?

The computer does not judge you? It does notcare if you commit the same mistake again andagain?

It provides a very healthy environment forlearning without an embarrassment?

The internet also provides the same lack ofjudgment?

What should be done?

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Exploring ways to reorganize the culture oflearning to take advantage of students natural

desire to explore? Technology can provide

help?

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When scientists struggle with a problem for over a decade, few of themthink, I know! Ill ask computer gamers to help. That, however, is exactly

h t Fi Kh tib f th U i it f W hi t did Th lt h

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what Firas Khatib from the University of Washington did. The result: heand his legion of gaming co-authors have cracked a longstanding problemin AIDS research that scientists have puzzled over for years. It took themthree weeks.Khatibs recruits played Foldit, a programme that reframes fiendishscientific challenges as a competitive multiplayer computer game. It tapsinto the collective problem-solving skills of tens of thousands of people,

most of whom have little or no background in science. Heres what I wroteabout Foldit last year:The goal of the game is to work out the three-dimensional structures ofdifferent proteins. Proteins are feats of biological origami; they consist oflong chains of amino acids that fold into very specific and complicatedshapes. These shapes can reveal how proteins work, but solving them isfiendishly challenging. To do it, scientists typically need to grow crystals ofpurified protein before bouncing X-rays off them.

Collective problem-solving skills of tens of

thousands of people on the net?

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thousands of people on the net?

Gamers, not considered as scientists, have a hiddenpotential?

How they are different from scientists? Theirmotivation and drive comes from where?

Their addiction for games is like or different from theaddiction of a scientist working on a serious problem?

They can work in teams while playing a game on thenet? They need not be present at the same place?

On line networking not only helps in learning? It also provides an innovative problem solving

platform in the research domain?

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Story No. 1

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Technology is disruptive? Why and how?

What is the moral of the story?

Story No. 2

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Technology is addictive?

What is the moral of the story?

Story No. 3

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Story of Japanese and US cars?

What is the morale of the story?

Story No. 4

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Story of a typical Under- achiever?

What is the moral of the story?

Story No. 5

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Story of Education?

How technology can create disruption here?

What is the story?

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Technology is disruptive ? Technology is addictive? Take advantage of these

two important observations in transforming a

class room? How?

Story ofToyota? Apply this in Education? Whyand how?

Story of a typical under-achiever? Our campuses

are full of them? Transform them? How? This is our challenge?

Innovative Models

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What is the secret ofKhans Academy: SalmanKhan?

Innovative Models

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What is the secret of Eric Mazurs peer

instruction?

Challenges and obstacles?

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On line broadcasting in real time is useful orwastage of time?

Video recordings are useful or a wastage of

space and money? Audio recordings are useful or not?

How to incorporate live feedback in a class?

How to intermingle assessment with learning?

What is the future of traditional class room?

Now you tell me your success story?

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Technology in education?

Technology

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What innovations are needed to teachCalculus or Graph Theory?

Two competing paradigms

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Face to face conventional instruction?

Network or elearning?

What is blended learning?

It is a mixture of what?

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Face to face conventional?

Network Learning?

The benefits should be multipliednot just added?

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The benefits should be multiplied not just added?

The COI framework?

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Innovation? Critical thinking? Problem solving?

Collaboration?

Communication?

How knowledge is constructed?

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At a personal level?

At a social level?