Dr Dinithi QUS

8/4/2019 Dr Dinithi QUS

1/73

MD Part 1 Physiology MCQs 27

February 2011

40 MCQs

Multiple true false type MCQs


2/73

1. Oedema in the following situations is correctly matchedwith the relevant derangements in Starling forces of thecapillary bed.

A. Nephrotic syndrome - decreased interstitial colloid osmoticpressure

B. Congestive cardiac failure - increased capillary hydrostatic

pressureC. Angio- oedema - increased capillary filtration

coefficent

D. Chronic lymphatic filariasis - decreased interstitial hydrostaticpressure

E. Kwashiokor - decreased capillary colloid osmoticpressure

F T T F T


3/73

Starling forces


4/73

A. Pernicious anaemia - defective DNA synthesisB. Sideroblastic anaemia - defective haem synthesisC. Sickle cell anaemia - defective cytoskeleton of the

red cellD. Beta Thallasaemia major - defective globin chain synthesisE. Hereditary spherocytosis - defective red cell metabolism

2. The following haematological disorders are correctlymatched with their pathophysiology

T T F T T


5/73

Life story of the red cell

circulation

Tissuemacrophage

systemBone

marrow

Release/ quality Life span


6/73

A. increased activity of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

B. increased activity of tissue thromboplastin (TPL)C. inhibition of cyclo-oxygenaseD. decreased synthesis of factor VIIE. inhibition of formation of platelet IIbIIIa complex

3. A 70 year old man, who is on long term aspirin andclopidogrel for secondary prevention of IHD presents withsevere melaena and haematochezia. UGIE revealsoesophageal varices. Ultra sound scan findings support

cirrhosis of the liver. He is transfused 14 packs of red cellconcentrate, several packs of platelets and FFP to restorethe circulating volume. The transfusion takes place over 36hours. Malaena stops on banding oesophageal varices buton the third day he starts to bleed from the IV puncture sites.In this patient, factors that are likely to contribute tobleeding from IV puncture sites include

T T T T T


7/73


8/73

A. Atrial systole - P waveB. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction - R waveC. Ventricular ejection - ST segmentD. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation - T wave

E. Ventricular filling - PR interval

4. The following phases of the cardiac cycle is/are correctlypaired with the waves/intervals/segments of the ECG

T T T F F


9/73

A. EpinephrineB. DigoxinC. HypoxiaD. Hypercarbia

E. Acidaemia

5. Which of the following increases the force of contraction ofa cardiac muscle fibre for a given length?

T T T F F


10/73

Contractility, causes of change in-

Strokevolume

0

Ventricular End-diastolic volume

Changes in contractility

Decrease in contractility

Increase in contractility

INCREASE :Sympathetic nervesCatecholaminesDigitalisInotropic agents

Dopamine

Force-frequency relation

DECREASE :Parasympathetic nervesHypoxia, Hypercapnia,

AcidosisPharmacologicaldepressantsLoss of myocardiumIntrinsic depression


11/73

A. NOB. PGI2C. EndothelinD. Angiotensin II

E. Endothelial derived hyper-polarizing factor

6. Compounds that relax vascular smooth muscle include

T T F F T


12/73

A. Hypercapnoea cerebral vasodilatationB. Hypoxaemia - pulmonary vasoconstrictionC. NO - pulmonary vasodilatationD. Epinephrine - cutaneous vasoconstriction

E. Hyperkalemia - skeletal muscle vasoconstriction

7. The following stimuli are correctly matched with the vascularresponse evoked

T T T T F


13/73

PO2

PCO2In alveoli

PO2

PCO2In alveoli

Reduced alveolar ventilation;excessive perfusion

Enhanced alveolar ventilation;inadequate perfusion

Pulmonary arteriolesServing these alveoliconstrict

Pulmonary arteriolesServing these alveolidilate

Reduced alveolar ventilation;

reduced perfusion

Enhanced alveolar ventilation;enhanced perfusion


14/73

A. Increased discharge of aortic baroreceptorsB. Excitation of the vagal innervations of the heart

C. Decrease in the sympathetic discharge to the heartD. Arteriolar dilatationE. Decreased firing of atrial stretch receptors

8. A healthy normovolaemic young adult is given anintravenous infusion of 2L of isotonic saline over 30minutes. The cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms that willbe initiated to maintain his blood pressure within normal

limits include

T T T T F


15/73


16/73


17/73

A. Ankle oedema - activation of RAAMB. Tachycardia - increased stretch in the

arterial baroreceptorsC. Decreased systolic blood pressure - decreased afterloadD. Elevated JVP - increased right atrial

contractionE. Third heart sound - increased ventricular filling

9. A 65 year old man complains of orthopnoea and paroxysmalnocturnal dyspnoea. On examination he has bilateral pittingankle oedema, a pulse rate of 110 beats per minute, a bloodpressure of 80/60 mmHg and an elevated jugular venous

pressure. His apex beat is felt in the 6th intercostal space inthe anterior axillary line. A third heart sound is heard at theapex.

The physical signs are correctly matched with the

pathophysiology.

T F F F T


18/73

A. measures the function of the respiratory pump.

B. is about 6000 ml in a healthy adult.C. is measured with a peak flow meterD. is greater in trained athletes than in sedentary adultsE. decreases when lying down from an erect position

10. Vital capacity

T T F T T


19/73

A. measures the integrity of the alveolo-capillary membrane

B. is estimated using carbon dioxideC. needs to be corrected for the haemoglobin levelD. decreases in alveolar oedemaE. increases during isotonic exercise

11. Diffusing capacity of lungs

T F T T T


20/73


21/73

A. is steep when PO2 is between 80- 100 mmHg

B. shows the relationship between haemoglobin content andoxygen content in bloodC. assumes its shape because of tense- relaxed

interconversion of haemoglobinD. shows that unloading of oxygen is facilitated when PO2 in

blood is 50 mmHgE. is shifted to the left when 2,3 biphosphoglycerate levels are

increased in blood

12. Oxygen- haemoglobin dissociation curve

F F T T F


22/73

O2-Haemoglobin dissociation curve

P50


23/73

Condition Response

Increased pH in body fluids - increasedrespiratory rate

Hyperinflation of lungs - bronchoconstriction Chronic hypoxia - increased

erythropoiesis

Isotonic exercise - pulmonary vasodilatation

Reduction of blood supply to a lung segment - bronchodilatation inthat segment

13. The following conditions are paired correctly with theresponses evoked by them

F T T T F


24/73

A. quiet inspirationB. quiet expirationC. forced expirationD. PneumothoraxE. atelectasis

14. Intra-pleural pressure becomes positive relative to theatmospheric pressure in

F F T T F


25/73

-2.5 mmHg

0

0

AT REST

Intrapleural

space

Elastic recoil forces of the lung

and chest wall are pulling in

opposite directions, resulting in

a negative pressure in the

intrapleural space.

IPP

These forces just

balance each other


26/73

A. is the state of contraction of bronchial smooth muscle

B. has a circadian rhythmC. when increased leads to turbulent air flowD. remains unchanged during a normal respiratory cycleE. is decreased with cholinergic stimulation of bronchial smooth

muscle

15. Bronchial tone

T T T F F


27/73

Calibre of airways and resistance

Diameter 1

Narrower the airway higher the

resistance

Airway resistance

Asthma

Increased smooth muscle tone

Oedema of the submucosal layer

Obstruction of the lumen by secretions

Smooth muscleSubmucosa

Mucosa

d


28/73

A. is a determinant of arterial oxygenation

B. changes with postural differencesC. is independent of right ventricular outputD. is influenced by the concentration of inhaled oxygenE. when increased is referred to as alveolar dead space

16. V/Q ratio in the lungs

T T F T T


29/73

A. Most of it is transported as carbamino compounds

B. Chloride shift occurs in the red cells in venous bloodC. A large partial pressure gradient is seen across the

alveolocapillary membraneD. Release of O2 at tissue level increases the affinity of

haemoglobin to CO2

E. Its solubility in biological membranes facilitates the process

17. Regarding elimination of CO2

F T F T T

Binds toInterstitial


30/73

Tissue cell

CO2

CO2

CO2

O2

O2

O2 (dissolved in plasma)

Bloodplasma

CO2

CO2

CO2 CO2 (dissolved in plasma)

CO2 CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

Binds toplasma proteins

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

Fast

Carbonicanhydrase

CO2 + Hb = HbCO2Carbamino-hemoglobin

HbO2 O2 + HbRed blood cell

HCO3-

Cl-

HHb

Cl-

Chlorideshift

fluid

Fused basal laminae


31/73

CO2 CO2 (dissolved in plasma)

CO2 CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3

-Fast

Carbonicanhydrase

CO2 + Hb

HbCO2

Fused basal laminae

Slow

O2 + HHb HbO2 + H+

Carbamino-hemoglobin

HCO3-

Cl-

Reverse Chlorideshift

Cl-

Blood plasma

Red blood cell

O2 (dissolved in plasma)

CO2

CO2

O2

O2


32/73

A. Increased uptake of glucose into skeletal muscle cells.B. Increased activity of the thoracic pump.C. Decrease in lymph flow.D. Accumulation of interstitial fluid in exercising muscles.E. Increased alveolar capillary oxygen gradient in lungs.

18. Following are known to occur during moderate isotonicexercise.

T T F T T

19 A 24 ld di l t d t i t d i f hi fi l


33/73

A. Growth hormoneB. InsulinC. NorepinephrineD. ThyroxineE. Vasopressin

19. A 24- year old medical student is studying for his finalMBBS. He has had a clean record of health so far. He misseshis dinner on the day before the medicine paper and staysup the whole night. Which of the following hormones will be

present in excess amounts in his circulation, just beforebreakfast, the following morning?

T F T F T


34/73

Endocrine regulation ofcarbohydrate metabolism

Starch

Gut

Glucose

Blood

Tissues

Glycogen

insulin

insulin

catecholamines

Thyroidhormones

Thyroid hormones

Glucocorticoids/glucagon

GH/Glucocorticoids

Protein catabolismLipid catabolism

Glucocorticoids/GH/ Glucagon


35/73

A. Acromegaly - insulin hypoglycaemia testB. Hypopituitarism - glucose tolerance testC. Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion - water deprivation testD. Addisons disease - short synacthen testE. Cushings syndrome - dexamethasone suppression

test

20. The following disorders are paired correctly with the teststhat help in diagnosis

F F F T T


36/73

A. secretion is stimulated by increased stretch of atrial baroreceptosB. primarily act on cytoplasmic receptorsC. increases the number of aquaporins in the collecting ductsD. facilitates reabsorption of water in the proximal convoluted tubuleE. when secreted in excess cause dilutional hyponatreamia

21. Antidiuretic hormone

F F T F T

22 A 25 year old woman complains of weight loss over the last


37/73

A. weight loss is due to increased calorigenic action of thyroxineB. warmth in the hands is due to cutaneous vasodilatationC. increased heart rate is due to direct action of thyroxine on the SA

nodeD. sweating is best treated by parasympathetic blockers.E. a high LDL level is an expected finding

22. A 25 year old woman complains of weight loss over the last6 months. She feels unusually warm and sweaty all the timeand complains of rising from a squatting position. Onexamination her hands are warm and moist and have fine

tremors. Her pulse is irregularly irregular with a rate ofapproximately 120 beats per minute. She has proptosis anda palpable smooth goiter. Investigations show an increasedFT4 with suppressed TSH. In this woman

T T T F F


38/73

A. decreased bone resorptionB. decreased renal tubular absorption of calciumC. decreased gut absorption of calciumD. reduced excretion of phosphate by kidneysE. poor dietary intake of calcium

23. A 54 year old man complains of severe anorexia, nausea,generalized swelling and parasthesia of hands and feet. Hehas a serum calcium of 3.3 meq/L (4.3-5.3 meq/L). His GFR is

25 ml/ minute. Ultrasonically his kidneys are small with poorcorticomedullary demarcation. He has not yet beenprescribed calcium replacement therapy. In this person, themechanisms leading to a low serum calcium level include

F T T T T


39/73


40/73

A. Amino acidsB. GlucoseC. PotassiumD. CalciumE. Ketones

24. Insulin facilitates the entry of following compounds toskeletal muscle cells.

T T T F T

25 Pathophysiology of hyperglycaemia in insulin deficiency


41/73

A. increased intestinal absorption of glucose

B. increased renal tubular absorption of glucoseC. decreased number of GLUT transporters in adipose tissueD. decreased number of GLUT transporters in skeletal muscle cellsE. decreased activity of glucokinase in the hepatocytes

25. Pathophysiology of hyperglycaemia in insulin deficiencyinvolves

F F T T T


42/73

Pool of GLUT 4

26 The follo ing meas rements belong to an 18 ear old


43/73

A. Renal plasma flow is calculated by above informationB. GFR is calculated by above informationC. He has diminished renal functionsD. The investigations are consistent with volume depletionE. He is likely to have eaten a high protein meal soon before the

investigations

26. The following measurements belong to an 18 year oldindividual.

urine creatinine - 35 mg/dL

Urine volume 3300 ml/ 24 hoursPlasma creatinine-0.7 mg/dLBlood urea- highHaematocrit - normal

Which of the following are true/false about this person?

F T F F T


44/73

GFR= UV/P

U=35

V=3300/24X60=2.29

P=0.7

35X 2.29/0.7=114.5

27 Kid f f ll i h


45/73

A. Erythropoietin

B. 1 25 DHCCC. AldosteroneD. Atrial natriuretic peptideE. Parathyroid hormone

27. Kidneys are target organs of following hormones

F T T T T

28 A 54 ld l i d i d h di l l i h


46/73

A. Decreased Na reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubuleB. Decreased renal threshold for glucoseC. increased secretion of angiotensin IID. Increased secretion of vasopressinE. Increased HCO3 in the extracellular fluid

28. A 54 year old male is admitted to the medical casualty with

dyspnoea and drowsiness. He has a history of diabetes mellitusand has suffered from polyuria and polydipsia in the recent fewweeks. On examination his pulse is thread with a rate of 110 beats

per minute. His blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg.

Investigation results are as follows.

RBS- 568 mg/dL

Urinalysis - reducing substances +++ketone bodies positive

Which of the following findings are consistent with this patient?

T F T T F

29 A 25 ld h lth f l i d i d f t f 8


47/73

29. A 25 year old healthy female is deprived of water for 8hours. Her hydration status was satisfactory prior towater deprivation. Her plasma and urine osmolalitybefore and after water deprivation are shown below

At the end of 8 hoursA. Her ADH levels will be higher than normalB. Increased urine osmolality is due to increased aldosterone

secretionC. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are inhibitedD. Urine output will be decreasedE. Specific gravity of urine will be high.

Normal

range(mosm/kg H2O)Before

deprivationAfter

deprivation

Plasma

osmololality280-295 285 289

Urine osmolality 50- 1400 400 750

T F F T T

30 A 60 year old man suffered a massive bout of


48/73

30. A 60 year old man suffered a massive bout ofhaematemesis. On admission to the hospital he is pale,restless, and has cold peripheries. The blood pressure is90/60mmHg with a pulse rate of 120 per minute. An in-

dwelling urinary catheter is inserted and 30 ml dark urineis collected. In this man,

A. GFR is reduced due to decreased renal plasma flowB. Urinary Na excretion is increasedC. There is maximal vasopressin secretionD. ANP secretion is increasedE. Thirst is stimulated via baro- receptors in blood vessels

T F T F T


49/73

Peripheralvasoconstriction

Sympathetic activation

BP

Increased HR &contractility

Adrenal medullaryCatecholaminesecretion

Baro

VMC

Baro

activation of RAAM

Renal Na & H2Oretention

Vasopressinsecretion

- +

Thirst

hypothalamusVagal stimulation

-

+

-


50/73

Normal values for questions 31 and 32.

PaO2- 85-100 mmHgPaCO2- 35-45 mmHg

H+ concentration- 37-42 nanomol/LHCO3 concentration- 24-28 mmol/L

31 A 54 year old male is suffering from cardiac failure


51/73

31. A 54 year old male is suffering from cardiac failurefollowing a myocardial infarction. He is breathless andmildly cyanotic on examination. His arterial blood gasanalysis reveals a pH of 7.2, HCO3 concentration of 14

mmol/L, PCO2 of 32 mmHg and PO2 of 65 mmHg. In thispatient

A. the actual H+ concentration is likely to be 20 nanomol/LB. the primary acid base disorder is in the respiratory systemC. urine is likely to have a decreased HCO3/H+ ratioD. renal acid excretion is facilitated by the current PCO2 level.E. arterial oxygen saturation is likely to be 95%.

F F T F F

32 A 30 ld h lth l t i li bi


52/73

32. A 30 year old healthy male goes on a mountain climbingexpedition in the Himalayas. He reaches the first camp at3000 meters and spends two days there. On the secondday he is found to have a respiratory rate of 34 breaths/minute and complains of faintness. This person is likelyto have

A. a plasma pH of > 7.4B. a PCO2 of 45 mmHgC. bicarbonaturiaD. an increased anion gapE. cerebral vasodilatation

T F T F F

33 Stimulants of Gastric acid secretion include


53/73

33. Stimulants of Gastric acid secretion include

A. stretching of the stomach wall

B. presence of a high protein content in the stomachC. Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomachD. presence of a high fat content in the duodenumE. hypoglycaemia

T T F F T

34 A 32 ld f d t h bili bi f


54/73

34. A 32 year old man was found to have a serum bilirubin of5 mg/dL on a routine medical check. All the other liverbiochemistry and physical examination is normal. Hisreticulocyte count is within normal limits. Hishyperbilirubinaemia is likely to be due to

A. decreased UDP glucuronyl transferase activity.B. decreased uptake of bilirubin into liver cells.C. impaired secretion of bile in to the biliary canaliculi.D. increased breakdown of red cells.E. intrahepatic bile duct obstruction.

T T F F F

Matured red cellRed cell production and


55/73

Life span 120 days

Globin ReutilizedDestruction inreticuloendothelial system

Fe

Haem

Iron Reutilized

C CBilirubin

Transport in plasma bound to albuminEnterohepatic Circulation of urobilinogen

Urinary urobilinogen

Gut

Stercobilinogen

Urobilinogen

Bilirubinglucuronide

pbreakdown


56/73

Bile pigments

Heam Globin

Porphyrin Fe++

Biliverdin

Bilirubin

Bilirubin +albumin

Circulation

RES cell eg.Kupffer cellsof liver

Hepatocyte

Bilirubin + 2UDPGA

glucuronyltransferase

Bilirubin

diglucuronide

breakdown

RBC Hb Hb

Excreted in bile

35 Following GI hormones and their actions are correctly


57/73

35. Following GI hormones and their actions are correctlypaired.

A. Gastrin - stimulation of mucosalgrowth of the stomachB. Secretin - stimulation of pancreatic

juice secretionC. Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin - relaxation of the gall

bladder

D. Somatostatin - inhibition of gastric acidsecretionE. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide - secretion of electrolytes

from the small intestine

T T F T T

36 The following structures are depolarized due to opening


58/73

36. The following structures are depolarized due to openingof Voltage gated Na channels.

A. Visceral smooth muscleB. Motor nervesC. Skeletal muscleD. Cardiac muscleE. Cardiac pace maker tissue

F T T T F

37 A myelinated nerve


59/73

37. A myelinated nerve

A. evokes a local response with a sub-threshold stimulus

B. has sodium channels distributed evenly along its lengthC. is refractory to stimulation during the spike potentialD. is susceptible to conduction block with hypoxiaE. does not regenerate after damage

T F T T F


60/73

38 Regarding the stretch reflex


61/73

38. Regarding the stretch reflex

A. Muscle spindle is the receptor.

B. The excitatory pathway is polysynaptic.C. The main efferents are motor neurons.D. Motor cortex has inhibitory inputs to the stretch reflex.E. Basal ganglia facilitate the stretch reflex.

F F T T T

Dorsal rootganglion


62/73

g g

MotorNeuron of

Protagonistmuscle

Ventralroot

Antagonist muscle

Motor

neuron ofAntagonist

muscle

interneuronreleasingglycine

Protagonistmuscle

39 Withdrawal reflex


63/73

39. Withdrawal reflex

A. is prepotent.

B. is monosynaptic.C. occurs as a result of contractions of ipsilateral extensormuscles.

D. removes the limbs from harmful stimuli.

E. is accompanied with a crossed extensor response.

T F F T T

40 Sensory receptors


64/73

40. Sensory receptors

A. are sensory nerve endings

B. produce generator potentials proportionate to the strength ofthe stimulusC. are found more concentrated in the viscera than the somaD. can transform chemical energy in to action potentialsE. have a low threshold for their adequate stimuli

T T F T T


65/73

Best response MCQS

Select the best answer.

1 A 22 year old previously healthy young woman was


66/73

1. A 22 year old previously healthy young woman wasfound to be hyperventilating on admission to thehospital. She complained of dizziness and pins andneedles in her hands and feet. On examination she hadcarpal spasms. Rest of the system examination wasunremarkable. Which of the following biochemical profilematches her clinical profile?

A. Both serum ionized calcium and free hydrogen levels will beincreasedB. Both serum ionized calcium and free hydrogen levels will be

decreasedC. Both serum ionized calcium and free hydrogen levels will be

normal

D. Serum ionized calcium will be increased and free Hydrogen ionswill be decreasedE. Serum ionized calcium will be decreased and free Hydrogen ions

will be increased

B

2. A 35 year old female tea estate worker from Talawakelle is admitted tothe rural hospital with fever, productive cough with rusty sputum and


67/73

the rural hospital with fever, productive cough with rusty sputum anddifficulty in breathing. She has left sided pleuritic pain. Onexamination she has a respiratory rate of 30 breaths/ minute, reducedchest expansion on the left side, dull percussion note and crepitationsin the left lower zone. She is mildly pale but not cyanotic. Theinvestigations reveal a haemoglobin content of 10 g/dL, a white cellcount of 17000/mm3 with a differential neutrophil leucocytosis and anESR of 78 mm in the first hour. On the second day followingadmission her respiratory symptoms worsen and she becomesrestless. The attending medical officer suspects severe tissue hypoxia

and plans to transfer her to a provincial hospital for specializedmanagement.

The most likely reason for suspected tissue hypoxia here is

A. severe ventilation perfusion imbalance

B. respiratory muscle fatigueC. a combination of ventilation perfusion imbalance and respiratory musclefatigue

D. decreased concentration of inhaled oxygenE. decreased cellular cytochrome oxidase level activity

C

3. A 30 year old woman presents with drooping of eyelids


68/73

and diplopia for 3 months. She notes that symptomsworsen towards the end of the day. EMG showsdecremental potentials during repetitive stimulation and

is otherwise normal. Mediastinal magnetic resonanceimaging confirms thymic hyperplasia.

The most probable reason for the symptoms in thiswoman is

A. post- synaptic inhibition of ligand gated Na+- K+ channelsB. decreased quantal release of acetylcholine from the pre

synaptic end

C. pre- synaptic inhibition of voltage gated Ca channelsD. a raised level of acetylcholine esterase in the synaptic cleftE. decreased conduction velocity of motor nerves

A

EVENTS AT NERVE ENDING


69/73

EVENTS AT NERVE ENDING

Ca

Ach

Ach

Ach

Ach

Ach

- - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - -

+ + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + ++

+

+

- - +

-

- -+

Ach --vesicles containing Acetylcholine

Ca -- Calcium ionsSynaptic

cleft

Axon Ca

Ca

CaCa

Events at motor end plate


70/73

Events at motor end plate

Na+

K+

- - - - -

+ + +

-- Acetylcholine molecule

-- Acetylcholine receptor

Motor end plate

Na+

sarcolemma

+ + + + + + + +

+ + +

- - -

Ligand- gated

channel

4. A 40 year old man presents with changing faciali ht i d diffi lt i tti f


71/73

appearance, weight gain, and difficulty in getting up froma squat, polyuria and polydipsia. He has a history ofunsupervised treatment for severe chronic asthma.

Examination and investigations reveal abdominalobesity, proximal muscle weakness, a raised bloodpressure and hyperglycaemia. In this patient, which ofthe following is nota component of the pathophysiologyof raised blood pressure?

A. Permissive action of glucocorticoids on catecholaminesB. Increased sodium and water retentionC. Direct action of glucocorticoids on blood vessels

D. Direct action of angiotensin II on blood vesselsE. Compromised renal blood supply

E


72/73

Further reading:

Review of Medical Physiology WF Ganong 22nd editionTextbook of Medical Physiology Guyton & HallKumar and Clarks Clinical Medicine 7th edition


73/73

Acknowledgements

Dr. Suresh Dissanayake

Dr. Dilshani Dissanayake

Mrs. Nadeesha Keragala

All of department of Physiology, Colombo

Documents

Dr Dinithi QUS