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Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease ผผ. ผผ. ผผผผ ผผผผผผผผผผผ ผผผผผผผผผผผผผผผผผ ผผผผผผผผผผผผผ ผผผผผผผผผผผผผผผผผผผผ Parkinson’s Disease

Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

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Parkinson’s Disease. Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease. ผศ. ดร. ธวัช แต้โสตถิกุล ภาควิชาเภสัชวิทยา คณะแพทยศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่. Parkinson’s Disease. was described in 1817 by Dr. James Parkinson Paralysis agitans or Shaking palsy. 4-Major Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease. Tremor - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

ผศ . ดร . ธวชั แต้โสตถิ กลุ ภาควชิาเภสชัวทิยา คณะแพทยศาสตร์

มหาวทิยาลัยเชยีงใหม่

Parkinson’s Disease

Page 2: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s Disease

• 1817was described in DDD DDDDD DDDDDDDDD.

•DDDDDDDDD DDDDDDD DD Shaking palsy

Page 3: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

4-Major Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

• Tremor• Rigidity• Bradykinesia• Postural instability

Page 4: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Other Symptoms– Depression– Emotional changes– Difficulty in swallowing

and chewing– Speech changes– Urinary problems or

constipation– Skin problems– Sleep problems

Page 5: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Etiology• Idiopathic (no genetic link)• Known causes

– Age (50-60+)– Cerebral atherosclerosis– Virus encephalitis– CO poisoning– Manganese poisoning– Drug-induced (flunarizine,

cinnarizine, etc.)

Page 6: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

MPTP(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine)

• by-product of street synthesis of meperidine like drug

• non-toxic• convert to toxic metabolite by MAO-B:

MPP+ (selectivity destroy DA cells)

Page 7: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Dopamine pathwaysCognition, social activity, motivational behavior

Extrapyramidal movement

Hormone secretion

Emesis

Page 8: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Extrapyramidal tractCorpus striatum

Substantia nigra

ACh

Dopamine GABA

- +

-

Pathway via

thalamusCortex

Spinal cord

Output to muscle

Page 9: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s DiseaseCorpus striatum

Substantia nigra

ACh

Dopamine GABA

- +

-

Pathway via

thalamusCortex

Spinal cord

Parkinson’s disease

Page 10: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Goal of Treatment• Alleviate symptoms• Prevent or limit complications• Slow progression of the disease

Page 11: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Normal subjectsACh Dopamine

Parkinson’s diseaseDopamineACh

Page 12: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Treatment

LevodopaAmantidineBromocriptineDeprenyl

ACh

Dopamine

Page 13: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Anticholinergic drugs

ACh Dopamine

Treatment

Page 14: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Levodopa•เป็น precursor สำาหรบัการสงัเคราะห์ dopamine (DA ไมส่ามารถผ่านเขา้สมอง)

HOHO

CH2 CH NH2

COOH

Levodopa

HOHO

CH2 CH2 NH2

Decarboxylase Dopamine

Page 15: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Levodopa100% 30% 1-3%

Levodopa dose

70% 27-29%

ทางเดินอาหารเน้ือเยื่อนอกสมอง

• Distribution

Page 16: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Levodopa• Pharmacokinetics

– Absorption from small intestine: rapid– Factors influence absorption

• Gastric emptying time• pH and enzymes• Proteins - delay absorption

– Metabolism• Decarboxylation• Oxidation by MAO and COMT

Page 17: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Levodopa– No effect on muscle tone and movement in normal

subjects– Parkinson’s disease: bradykinesia and rigidity >> tremor– CVS effects (stimulation of DA, , receptors)

– tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, postural hypotension

– DA (prolactin-inhibitory hormone) --> inhibit prolactin release from pituitary

Page 18: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Levodopa• Adverse reactions

– Emesis (stimulation of CTZ)– CVS side effects– Abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesia):

twitching, nodding, jerking• long-term use of high dose• Treatment: lower the dose or use DA antagonists

…………???????

Page 19: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Levodopa• Adverse reactions

– Wearing-off effect• ฤทธิข์องยาจะสัน้ลงเรื่อยๆ ในกรณีท่ีใชย้าในระยะยาว

– On-off phenomenon• sudden, unpredictable changes in movement, from normal

to parkinsonian movement• indicate: disease is progressing or patient’s response to the

drug is changing

Page 20: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Levodopa• Adverse reactions

การแก้ไขปัญหา on-off phenomenon– Drug holiday

–ให้ยาขนาดตำ่าแต่ให้บอ่ยครัง้ขึน้หรอืใชร้ว่ม DA agonists

–ลดอาหารประเภท height-proteins

–ใช ้controlled-release formulation

Page 21: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Levodopa• Adverse reactions

– Psychiatric and behavioral toxicity:• nightmare, psychotic state, hallucinations,

confusion

Page 22: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Levodopa• Drug Interactions

– Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine):• co-factor for decarboxylase enzyme• decrease DA level in the CNS

– Antipsychotic drugs:• DA antagonists• do not for counteract emesis

Page 23: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Levodopa• Drug Interactions

– MAOIs:• inhibit DA metabolism• stop MAOIs at least 2 weeks

– Anticholinergic drugs• interfere absorption

Page 24: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Peripheral Decarboxylase Inhibitors (PDI)

• Carbidopa• Benzerazide• Sinemet

Levodopa + Carbidopa

Page 25: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Levodopa + Carbidopa100% 60% 10%

Levodopa dose

40% 50%

ทางเดินอาหารเน้ือเยื่อนอกสมอง

Page 26: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Advantages of PDIs in Combination with Levodopa

• ลดขนาดของ levodopa• ลดฤทธิข์า้งเคียงด้าน periphery• เพิม่ขนาดของ levodopa ได้เรว็• ไมม่ี interaction กับ B6• ผลในการรกัษาแน่นอนกวา่ (less variability)• ประสทิธภิาพในการรกัษาสงู(enhance efficacy)

Page 27: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

PDIs no effect on• Hypotension

• Abnormal involuntary movements

• Behavioral toxicity

Page 28: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Amantadine• Antiviral drug• Increase DA release• Efficacy:

–Levodopa>Amantadine>anticholinergics–decrease within 6-8 weeks

• Livedo reticularis (local release of catecholamines)

Page 29: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Bromocriptine (PARLODEL)• Ergot alkaloid (derivative of LSD)• Potent DA agonist (D2)• ฤทธิย์าไมข่ึน้กับ presynaptic neurons• More selective than levodopa • Longer duration • ม ีneuroprotective effects ??• Combination with levodopa for -- reduce abnormal

involuntary movements and on-off phenomenon• First-dose phenomenon: sudden CV-collapse• Other use: hyperprolactinemia

Page 30: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Pergolide (CELANCE)

• Ergot derivatives คล้าย bromocriptine

• More effective than bromocriptine

Page 31: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Pramipexole (Mirapex)Ropinirole (ReQuip)

• Non-ergot drugs • Selective D2-R agonists • Monotherapy for early PD, combined with

lododopa/carbidopa in latter stages of PD (reduce the problems of “wear-off” and “on/off”)

• Side effects: similar to the other DA agonists• Pramipexole is now the most frequently prescribed

DA agonist for PD

Page 32: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Monoamine Oxidase Enzymes (MAO)

• MAO-A: – inactivate NE, 5-HT, DA and tyramine

• MAO-B: – inactivate DA and tyramine– is predominant form in the striatum

Catechol-O-Methyltransferase

Page 33: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Selegiline (Deprenyl)• Selective MAO-B inhibitor

• Low efficacy แต่สามารถเสรมิ ฤทธิกั์บ levodopa ได้มาก

•ใชไ้ด้ดีในระยะสัน้ (young pt. or mild parkinsonism-- delay disease progression)

• ใชป้้องกัน (?)• ไมท่ำาให้เกิด cheese reactions

Page 34: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Tolcapone (Tasmar)Entacapone (Comtan)

• inhibitors of COMT (inhibit conversion of levodopa to 3-O-methyldopa in gut and liver)

• ----> a twofold increase in oral bioavailability and half-life of levodopa ---> increase efficacy and reduced dose

Levodopa Dopamine

- -3 O Methyldopa

DCCOMT

Levodopa Dopamine

- -3 O Methyldopa

DCCOMT

Competitive กับ levodopa ในการ ผ่าน intestinal mucosa และ blood brain barrier

Page 35: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Tolcapone (Tasmar)Entacapone (Comtan)

• Tolcarpone มท้ัีง central และ peripheral effects แต่ entacapone มเีฉพาะ peripheral

• Side effects ตำ่า ผู้ป่วยทนต่อยาได้•นิยมใช ้ entacapone เนื่องจากเสีย่งต่อ

การเกิด hepatotoxicity น้อยกวา่ tolcapone

Page 36: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Anticholinergic Drugs

• Benztropine (COGENTIN)• Biperiden (AKINETON)• Trihexyphenidyl (ARTANE)• Diphenhydramine (antihistamine)

Tremor >> rigidity, posture disturbance

Block the action on striatal cholinergic interneurones

Page 37: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Drugs Therapy of Acute Muscle Spasms

•Spasticitycondition in which certain muscles are continuously contracted.

stiffness or tightness of the muscles and may interfere with gait, movement, and speech.

Page 38: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

สาเหตุ•เกิดจากความผิดปกติในบางสว่นของสมอง

หรอื spinal cord ท่ีควบคมุ voluntarymovement

• มกัเกิดรว่มกับการเกิด spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy,

anoxic brain damage, brain trauma , severe head injury, some metabol

ic diseases เชน่ adrenoleukodystro phy และ phenylketonuria

Page 39: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

สาเหตุ• กลไกการเกิดอธบิายได้จาก stretch reflex arc ท่ีไวกวา่ปกติรว่มกับการเกิด upper motor neuron lesion ท่ีสง่ผลให้เกิดhyperexcitability ของ alpha motorneuron ใน spinal cord

• ยาท่ีใชร้กัษา อาจเป็นยาท่ีมผีลต่อ •ลดภาวะ hyperactive stretch reflex arc โดยลด excitatory หรอื เพิม่

inhibitory synapse

• excitation-contraction coupling ของกล้ามเน้ือโดยตรง

Page 40: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Drugs Therapy of Acute Muscle Spasms

Mephenesin, MethocarbamolOrphenadrine*, Cyclobenzaprine*

* Anticholinergic drugs– Inhibit polysynaptic excitation of motor neurons in spinal

cord

Diazepam– Act on GABA synapses ท้ังในสมองและ spinal

cord

Page 41: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Baclofen• Site of action: สมองและ spinal cord• Structure relate with GABA (GABAB agonist)• Depress mono- and polysynaptic transmission at

spinal cord• Excretion: unchanged form in urine• Side effects: drowsiness, insomnia, dizziness, confusion• Drug withdraw: hallucination, anxiety, tachycardia

Page 42: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

Dantrolene• Site of action: skeletal muscle• Direct action on excitation-contraction coupling (decrease

Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum)• Oral absorption: poor• Biotransformation: metabolized• Side effects:

– Hepatotoxicity– CNS effects - euphoria, headache, dizziness, weakness

Page 43: Drugs Used for Parkinson’s Disease

The