B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG TNG CC MI TRNG CC THM NH V NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

HNG DN K THUT LP BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

D N NH MY NHIT IN

H NI, 10/2009

MC LCLI NI U .....................................................................................................................5 LI NI U .....................................................................................................................5 CHNG 1. GII THIU TM TT D N NH MY NHIT IN .....................6 1.1. Khi qut v vic trin khai loi hnh d n Vit Nam: ........................................6 1.2. M t s lc v loi hnh d n: .............................................................................6 1.2.1. Cc thng tin chung v d n ............................................................................6 1.2.2. Cc hot ng ca d n trong giai on xy dng...........................................6 (1). Phng n s dng t ......................................................................................6 (2). Cc hot ng gii phng mt bng, n b, gii to, ti nh c ....................7 (3). Cc hot ng san lp mt bng........................................................................7 (4). Cc hot ng xy dng c bn ........................................................................7 (5). Trng cy xanh ..................................................................................................7 1.2.3. Cc hot ng ca d n trong giai on vn hnh ...........................................7 1.2.3.1. Sn phm, cng sut ...................................................................................7 1.2.3.2. Cng ngh sn xut .....................................................................................7 1.2.3.3. My mc thit b .........................................................................................8 1.2.3.4. Nhu cu nguyn liu, ho cht, nhin liu, din, nc phc v nh my nhit din................................................................................................................11 1.2.3.5. Phng thc vn chuyn, cung cp v bo qun nguyn, nhin vt liu .12 1.2.3.6. Ngun cung cp nc, im ly nc v nhu cu v nc ......................12 1.2.3.7. Bin ch lao ng v t chc thc hin ....................................................12 1.2.4. u t d n.....................................................................................................13 1.2.5. Tin thc hin d n ...................................................................................13 CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST V NH GI IU KIN T NHIN V KINH T X HI TI KHU VC D N NH MY NHIT IN ....14 2.1. iu kin t nhin :.................................................................................................14 (1). Ti nguyn t .....................................................................................................17 (2). Cht lng nc ..................................................................................................17 (3). Cht lng khng kh ..........................................................................................18 (4). Ting n, rung ................................................................................................19 2.2. c im kinh t - x hi : ......................................................................................20 CHNG 3. NH GI TC NG CA D N NH MY NHIT IN TI MI TRNG T NHIN V KINH T - X HI .....................................................22 3.1. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh chun b mt bng .........................22 3.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng .......................................22 3.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng trong giai on xy dng ................................................22 3.2.2. nh gi tc ng trong qu trnh xy dng ...................................................23 (1). Tc ng n mi trng nc trong giai on xy dng:.............................23 (2). Tc ng n mi trng khng kh trong giai on xy dng......................24 (3). Tc ng n mi trng t trong giai on xy dng .................................24 (4). Cht thi rn trong giai on xy dng ...........................................................24 3.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh vn hnh ........................................24 3.3.1. Cc ngun cht thi trong giai on vn hnh .................................................24 3.3.2. nh gi tc ng i vi mi trng vt l ...................................................25 3.3.2.1. Tc ng n mi trng khng kh.........................................................25 3.3.2.2. Tc ng n mi trng nc.................................................................27 1

3.3.2.3. Tc ng n mi trng t ....................................................................28 3.3.2.4. Cht thi rn ..............................................................................................29 3.3.2.5. nhim nhit............................................................................................29 3.3.3. Tc ng n cc h sinh thi ..........................................................................30 3.3.4. Tc ng n kinh t - x hi ..........................................................................30 3.3.4.1. Tc ng n x hi ..................................................................................30 3.3.4.2. Tc ng n c s h tng ......................................................................31 3.3.4.3. Tc ng ti cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s v kho c ..........................31 3.3.4.4. Tc ng ti sc khe cng ng .............................................................31 3.4. nh gi ri ro, s c..............................................................................................32 3.4.1. S c mi trng trong giai on chun b mt bng v xy dng .................32 (1). S c tai nn lao ng .....................................................................................32 (2). S c chy n ..................................................................................................32 (3). S c tai nn giao thng ..................................................................................32 3.4.2. S c mi trng trong giai on vn hnh nh my ......................................32 (1). S c tai nn lao ng .....................................................................................32 (2). S c r r, trn ho cht ............................................................................33 (3). S c r r, trn nhin liu ..........................................................................33 (4). S c tai nn giao thng ..................................................................................33 (5). S c chy n ..................................................................................................33 CHNG 4. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU CC TC NG TIU CC CA D N NH MY NHIT IN N MI TRNG T NHIN V KINH T - X HI ....................................................................................................................................34 4.1. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on chun b d n............34 4.2. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on xy dng d n ..........35 4.2.1. Cc bin php t chc thi cng xy dng ........................................................35 4.2.2. Cc bin php kim sot nhim trong hot ng ca cng nhn .................36 4.2.3. Cc bin php an ton lao ng .......................................................................36 4.3. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on hot ng d n .........36 4.3.1. Gim thiu tc ng do kh thi trong giai on hot ng.............................36 (1). Kim sot kh thi t l hi t than ...............................................................37 (2). Kim sot bi trong qu trnh bc xp ............................................................38 (3). Kim sot kh thi ca cc phng tin giao thng ........................................38 (4). Cc bin php khng ch nhim ting n ....................................................39 (5). Cc bin php bo m vi kh hu ..................................................................39 4.3.2. Gim thiu tc ng do nc thi ....................................................................39 (1). Nc thi sn xut:..........................................................................................40 (2). Nc thi sinh hot: ........................................................................................40 (3). Nc ma chy trn: .......................................................................................41 4.3.3. Gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn...........................................41 (1). Bin php chung:.............................................................................................41 (2). Cht thi rn cng nghip ...............................................................................41 4.3.4. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n cc h sinh thi ...................42 4.3.5. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng kinh t - x hi nhn vn .....................................................................................................................42 4.4. Bin php gim thiu, phng nga v ng ph cc s c mi trng ...................42 4.4.1. Phng chng chy n .......................................................................................43 2

4.4.2. H thng chng st ..........................................................................................43 4.4.3. Phng chng r r nguyn nhin liu ...............................................................44 4.4.3.1. H thng kho b cha ...............................................................................44 4.4.3.2. Vn ti v qu trnh nhp xut nhin liu .................................................44 4.4.3.3. Phng n x l s c r r.......................................................................44 4.4.3.4. Qun l ri ro ca cc ho cht s dng trong sn xut ...........................44 CHNG 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V QUAN TRC, GIM ST MI TRNG ...........................................................................................................................46 5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng ...........................................................................46 5.2. Chng trnh quan trc, gim st mi trng .........................................................46 5.3.1. i tng, ch tiu quan trc, gim st mi trng .........................................47 5.3.1.1. Gim st cht thi .....................................................................................47 5.3.1.2. Gim st mi trng xung quanh .............................................................47 5.3.2. D tr kinh ph cho gim st, quan trc mi trng ........................................49 CHNG 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG ........................................................50 6.1. nh ngha v cng ng ........................................................................................50 6.2. Hng dn v tham vn cng ng v cng b thng tin ......................................50 CHNG 7. CU TRC CA BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG53 M U .......................................................................................................................54 1. Xut x ca d n: .................................................................................................54 2. Cn c php lut v k thut ca vic thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM): .......................................................................................................................54 3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh TM:.........................................................54 4. T chc thc hin TM: .......................................................................................54 Chng 1: M T TM TT D N ........................................................................55 1.1. Tn d n: ...........................................................................................................55 1.2. Ch d n: ...........................................................................................................55 1.3. V tr a l ca d n: ........................................................................................55 1.4. Ni dung ch yu ca d n: ..............................................................................55 Chng 2: IU KIN T NHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T X HI ........56 2.1. iu kin t nhin v mi trng: ......................................................................56 2.2. iu kin kinh t x hi: ..................................................................................56 Chng 3: NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG ........................................57 3.1. nh gi tc ng: ..............................................................................................57 3.2. Nhn xt v mc chi tit, tin cy ca cc nh gi: .................................57 Chng 4: BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA V NG PH S C MI TRNG ........................................................................................57 4.1. i vi cc tc ng xu: ...................................................................................58 4.2. i vi s c mi trng: ...................................................................................58 Chng 5: CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG ..............58 5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng: ......................................................................58 5.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng: ....................................................................58 Chng 6: THAM VN KIN CNG NG.........................................................59 6.1. kin ca y ban nhn dn cp x....................................................................59 6.2. kin ca y ban Mt trn T quc cp x. .....................................................59 6.3. kin phn hi v cam kt ca ch d n trc cc kin ca y ban nhn dn cp x v y ban Mt trn T quc cp x: ..............................................................59 3

1. Kt lun: .................................................................................................................59 2. Kin ngh:...............................................................................................................59 3. Cam kt: .................................................................................................................59 TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................61 PH LC...........................................................................................................................62 PH LC I. PHIU IU TRA KINH T - X HI.................................................62 PH LC II. CC PHNG PHP NH GI TC NG MI TRNG S DNG CHO LOI HNH D N ...............................................................................63

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LI NI U Nm 2001 Cc Mi trng, B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng xy dng hng dn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) D n Nhit in ph hp vi Lut Bo v Mi trng (BVMT) c Quc hi Nc CHXHCN Vit Nam thng qua ngy 27/12/1993 v Ch tch Nc k lnh cng b ngy 10/01/1994 v Ngh nh 175/CP ngy 18/10/1994 ca Chnh ph v Hng dn thi hnh Lut Bo v Mi trng. T khi ra i, bn hng dn ny c cc c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng, cc c quan t vn mi trng v cc nh my nhit in trn phm vi c nc p dng trong qu trnh lp v thm nh bo co TM cho cc D n nhit in. Tuy nhin, bn hng dn lp bo co TM D n Nhit in tr ln li thi k t khi Quc hi Nc Cng ha X hi ch ngha Vit Nam thng qua Lut Bo v Mi trng ngy 29/11/2005 thay th cho Lut BVMT nm 1993. Tip theo Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/08/2006 v/v Quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng; B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 08/09/2006 v Hng dn nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng. Ngy 28/02/2008, Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh 21/2008/N-CP v/v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP v quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu Lut Bo v mi trng v B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng thay th Thng t s 08/2006/TTBTNMT. Trc tnh hnh vic b sung, cp nht, xy dng li hng dn k thut lp bo co TM D n nhit in ph hp vi cc quy nh hin hnh, c kh nng ho nhp quc t l cn thit v cp bch. Nhm p ng tnh hnh nu trn, c php ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Tng Cc Mi trng, Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng t chc nghin cu, bin son cc hng dn lp bo co TM chuyn ngnh. Cc hng dn ny mang tnh hng dn k thut khng ch cho cc ch u t, cc c quan t vn lp bo co TM ca cc D n m cn gip cho cc c quan qun l nh nc trong cng tc thm nh bo co TM. c s ti tr ca Hp phn Kim sot nhim ti cc khu vc ng dn ngho (PCDA), Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng hon chnh bn Hng dn k thut lp bo co TM D n nhit in. Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng xin gii thiu hng dn k thut lp bo co TM D n Nhit in. Trong qu trnh p dng vo thc t, nu c kh khn, vng mt xin kp thi phn nh v Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng theo a ch: Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng 83 Nguyn Ch Thanh, H Ni in thoi: 844-37734246 Fax: 844-37734916

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CHNG 1. GII THIU TM TT D N NH MY NHIT IN Yu cu : Ni dung m t s lc v D n phi c trnh by mt cch r rng, d hiu v cn c minh ha bng nhng s liu, biu bng, s t l thch hp. 1.1. Khi qut v vic trin khai loi hnh d n Vit Nam: Nhu cu ln v nng lng ni chung, in nng ni ring c bit trong thi k cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc s l ng lc gia tng mnh s lng cc d n sn xut in nng mi quy m. Hot ng sn xut ny s em li hiu qu kinh t cao, p ng nhu cu rt bc bch v in nng nc ta song cng l loi hnh cng nghip c nhiu tim nng gy nhim, suy thoi cho hu ht cc thnh phn mi trng trn quy m ln. Th tng Chnh ph c Quyt nh s 110/2007/Q-TTg ph duyt Quy hoch pht trin in lc quc gia giai on 2006 - 2015 c xt n nm 2025 (gi tt l Quy hoch in VI). Ban hnh km theo quyt nh ny l danh mc cc d n in s i vo vn hnh. Theo nm 2007 s a vo h thng thm 2.096 MW, 2008 l 3.721MW, 2009 l 3.393 MW, 2010 l 4.960 MW, nm 2011 l 5.401 MW, 2012 l 6.554 MW, 2013 l 7.309 MW, 2014 l 7.177 MW v 2015 l 7.722 MW. 1.2. M t s lc v loi hnh d n: 1.2.1. Cc thng tin chung v d n Cn c vo Bo co u t xy dng cng trnh, d n u t xy dng cng trnh, bo co kinh t-k thut ca D n, vic m t s lc D n Nh my nhit in c th c th hin theo cc ni dung chnh di y: (1). Tn d n : Nu chnh xc nh tn trong bo co u t xy dng cng trnh, d n u t xy dng cng trnh, bo co kinh t-k thut hoc ti liu tng ng ca d n. (2). Ch d n : Nu y tn ca c quan ch d n, a ch lin h vi c quan ch d n; h tn v chc danh ca ngi ng u c quan ch d n. (3). V tr a l ca d n M t r rng v tr a l (gm c ta , ranh gii...) ca a im thc hin d n trong mi tng quan vi cc i tng t nhin (h thng ng giao thng; h thng sng sui, ao h v cc vc nc khc; h thng i ni ...), cc i tng v kinh t - x hi (khu dn c, khu th, cc i tng sn xut - kinh doanh - dch v, cc cng trnh vn ho - tn gio, cc di tch lch s ...) v cc i tng khc xung quanh khu vc d n, km theo s v tr a l th hin cc i tng ny, c ch gii r rng. 1.2.2. Cc hot ng ca d n trong giai on xy dng (1). Phng n s dng t M t r phng n s dng t ca d n, bao gm cc hng mc cng trnh xy dng xng sn xut, bi cha nguyn liu, kho cha nhin liu, vn phng; cc hng mc h tng k thut (ng giao thng, bn cng, cp in, cp nc, thot nc, thng 6

tin lin lc, h thng x l nc thi, bi trung chuyn cht thi rn); t cy xanh, mt nc Trnh by r din tch tng hng mc cng trnh, t l % trn tng mt bng d n. Lp s phn b mt bng d n, ch r trn s tng hng mc cng trnh. (2). Cc hot ng gii phng mt bng, n b, gii to, ti nh c M t r hin trng khu t d n bao gm cc s liu o c, kim k hoa mu, vt kin trc; s h dn v nhn khu b tc ng do gii to; s m m phi di di c tnh kinh ph n b; ch r phng n ti nh c (s h ti nh c, v tr ti nh c). (3). Cc hot ng san lp mt bng M t r khi lng t b mt b bc tch trc khi san lp; phng n thi b t bc tch. M t cao san lp mt bng; c tnh khi lng t ct cn thit cho cng tc san lp; ngun t ct san lp, phng tin vn chuyn t ct san lp (ng b hay ng thu). (4). Cc hot ng xy dng c bn M t cc hot ng xy dng c bn bao gm xy dng xng sn xut, bi cha nguyn liu, kho cha nhin liu, vn phng; cc hng mc h tng k thut (ng giao thng, bn cng, cp in, chiu sng, cp nc, thot nc, thng tin lin lc, h thng x l nc thi, bi trung chuyn cht thi rn); c tnh tng khi lng cc loi nguyn vt liu s dng cho xy dng c bn (, ct, xi mng, gch, st thp ); xc nh ngun cung cp v phng tin vn chuyn ti khu vc d n. Lp s h thng ng giao thng, cp nc, thot nc ma, thu gom v x l nc thi. (5). Trng cy xanh M t h thng cy xanh, din tch, v tr b tr cy xanh. Lu tng din tch cy xanh khng thp hn 15% tng din tch khu t d n. Lp s b tr h thng cy xanh trn khu t n. 1.2.3. Cc hot ng ca d n trong giai on vn hnh 1.2.3.1. Sn phm, cng sut Sn phm ca Nh my nhit in l nng lng phc v sn xut v bn trn th trng theo quy nh ca Vit Nam. Cng sut ca nh my nhit in c xc nh bng Kwh hay MW/nm. 1.2.3.2. Cng ngh sn xut

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S quy trnh cng ngh ca d n Nh my nhit in c trnh by trong hnh 1. Nhin liu Nhit L hi Hi nc p sut cao Tua bin my pht in Lng hi cn li in nng (220KV) Thit b ngng t Nc ngng t Hnh 1: S cng ngh ca D n nh my nhit in. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh: Nhin liu chnh sn xut in v hi l than, du, kh ng hnh v cc cht c th cht c khc. Mt s nguyn liu c s dng l nc kh khong v mt s ph gia cn thit khc nh Hygen (cht ty xy) v cht ty g. Amin s c a vo nc kh khong. Khi nc kh khong c t nng nhit cao tr thnh hi nc p sut cao, sau hi nng chuyn ng s y tua bin hoc my pht in quay t vn tc xc nh. Cc b tua bin/my pht s sn sinh ra in nng v hi nc cc mc p sut thp hn. in nng s c cp vo li in 220 KV ni vi trm bin th sau ti vo ng dy 22KV cung cp nng lng cho cc nh my. Cc loi hi vi p sut thp hn s c truyn n cc nh my khc ti s dng phc v sn xut. Cc my pht in c iu khin t ng bng h thng kim sot k thut s do h thng my tnh hin i iu khin. 1.2.3.3. My mc thit b Danh mc thit b k thut ca d n Nh my nhit in c trnh by trong bng 1. Bng 1: Danh mc thit b k thut chnh ca d n (V d cho nh my nhit in t than) Hi trung p, thp p Nc chm thm

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Stt A I 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 II 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 III 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 IV 01 02 03 04

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Stt 05 06 07 08 V 01 02 03 04 VI 01 02 03 04 05 06 VII 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 B I 01 02 03 04 05 II 01 02 03

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Stt 04 05 III 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 IV 01 02 03 04 V VI

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Ngun cung cp D kin

1.2.3.5. Phng thc vn chuyn, cung cp v bo qun nguyn, nhin vt liu (1). Than : Lng than tiu th hng nm ca D n Nh my nhit in s c mua trong nc hay nhp khu t nc ngoi. Phng thc vn chuyn c th bng tu bin v cng, sau than s c vn chuyn bng xe t ti v nh cha than kn. Than t kho s c chuyn qua bng ti kn v c kim sot bng thit b cn trng lng, sau c nghin mn thnh bt bng my xay, cui cng bt than c sy kh bng kh nng trc khi thi vo l hi t. Nh vy, bi than pht sinh t kho cha pht tn ra ngoi khng kh s c kim sot mt cch hiu qu. (2). Du FO Du nng c th s c s dng lm nhin liu t pht in. Du nng c mua th trng trong nc hoc xut khu, sau c vn chuyn n nh my bng ng ng hay xe tc. Ti nh my, du nng s c lu tr trong cc bn cha. (3). Ho cht Cc ho cht s dng cho nh my nhit in bao gm cht kh oxy, ph gia ty g, amonic, nhm sulfat, mui st, axit clohydric, kim, s c nhp t nc ngoi hay mua trong nc, sau c vn chuyn n khu vc d n bng xe chuyn dng hoc xe ti. Cc loi nguyn liu ny s c lu tr, bo qun trong kho hoc bn cha c bit trong khu vc nh my. Tt c cc nguyn liu ho cht trn cn c bo qun, qun l v x l cng nh tiu hu theo ng cc quy phm k thut ca Vit Nam. 1.2.3.6. Ngun cung cp nc, im ly nc v nhu cu v nc Nu r ngun cung cp nc cho nh my nhit in (Nc sng, h ). Nc th c x l, sau bm vo ng dn n b cha nc. T b cha, nc s c phn phi cho nh my nhit in. Nc cung cp cho h thng phng chy cha chy cng c ly t ngun ny. 1.2.3.7. Bin ch lao ng v t chc thc hin Trong phn ny trnh by v s lng cn b, cng nhn vin lm vic trong nh my nhit in; s ngy lm vic trong 01 nm; s gi trong 1 ca, s ca lm vic trong 1 ngy; t chc qun l v thc hin d n. Ngoi ra, cn trnh by v ngun lao ng v cng tc o to lao ng.

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1.2.4. u t d n Cn trnh by v tng mc u t v ngun vn u t ca d n, nu r vn u t cho xy dng c bn, mua sm my mc thit b, trong c vn u t cho cc cng trnh bo v mi trng. 1.2.5. Tin thc hin d n Trnh by v lch trnh thc hin cc hng mc cng trnh ca D n t giai on chun b n giai on hon thnh a cng trnh vo hot ng.

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CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST V NH GI IU KIN T NHIN V KINH T X HI TI KHU VC D N NH MY NHIT IN

Yu cu : Mi trng nn l mi trng khu vc trc khi thc hin d n v s chu tc ng ca qu trnh thc hin d n. nh gi mi trng nn l qu trnh xc nh hin trng mi trng ca khu vc m d n d nh s thc hin. Chng ny phi nh gi c cht lng mi trng ti khu vc d n thng qua nhng s liu quan trc, o c cc ch tiu mi trng c trng cho hot ng ca d n. Cc s liu v hin trng mi trng ti khu vc d n l nhng cn c khoa hc nh gi tc ng mi trng v nh gi hiu qu ca cc gii php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc. Cc s liu v hin trng mi trng ti khu vc d n cn t nhng yu cu cht lng sau y: - C tin cy, r rng v phi r ngun gc xut x. S liu ny c th ly t nhiu ngun ti liu khc nhau nh: cc trm quan trc mi trng quc gia v tnh, cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, kho st trong nhiu nm c cng b chnh thc hoc s liu t tin hnh kho st, o c trong qu trnh lp bo co TM. - Cc s liu, ti liu phi c thu thp, kho st, o c ti khu vc d n v vng ln cn chu tc ng trc tip ca d n. - Cc s liu phi c x l s b, h thng ho, r rng gip cho ngi nh gi d dng phn tch tng hp, phn chia thnh cc nhm s liu, nhn nh c im ca vng nghin cu. - Phng php kho st, o c, ly mu, phn tch phi tun th cc Tiu chun, quy chun hin hnh. Trong trng hp thiu cc Tiu chun, quy chun th s dng tiu chun ca nc ngoi sau khi c php ca c quan qun l mi trng nh nc v a phng. - Cc my mc thit b o lng ngoi thc a v trong phng th nghim phi c chun ho 2.1. iu kin t nhin : Vic thu thp s liu, kho st v quan trc cc ch th mi trng t nhin phi y lm c s nh gi hin trng mi trng trc khi thc hin d n, cng nh d bo din bin mi trng khi thc hin d n. Tuy nhin, cng tc thu thp, o c, iu tra cc s liu v mi trng, ti nguyn thin nhin phi tin hnh khu vc d n v vng ln cn chu tc ng ca D n.

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Hin trng mi trng t nhin, KT-XH ti khu vc D n nh my nhit in v vng ln cn s c xc nh thng qua cc ch th c nu trong bng 4 di y. Bng 4. Cc ch th mi trng v ti nguyn cn kho st khi lp TM D n Nh my nhit in Mi trng v Thng s ti nguyn (1) (2) (3) 1. iu kin t nhin 1.1 V tr a l a danh, to v v tr a l ca khu vc thc hin d n. V tr d n trong mi quan h vi khu vc ln cn. 1.2 c im a M t nhng c im a hnh ca hnh, a mo khu vc d n mt cch chi tit (ni, i, ng bng...) 1.3 c im kh - Nhit tng, kh hu, - Lng ma, m thu vn - Ch gi - Cc hin tng thi tit bt thng - Lu lng, tc dng chy, mc nc ca ngun tip nhn nc thi 2. Ti nguyn thin nhin 2.1 Ti nguyn t - Tng din tch t t nhin v cht lng t - Hin trng s dng t (nng nghip, lm nghip, chuyn dng, t , t s dng khc, t cha s dng) 2.2 Ti nguyn - c im thu vn ti khu vc d nc mt n (sng, h, knh mng) - Hin trng s dng ti nguyn nc mt trong khu vc 2.3 Ti nguyn - c im a cht thu vn khu nc ngm (v vc (tng cha nc, tr lng, nc khong) cht lng nc ngm). - Hin trng khai thc v s dng. 2.4 Ti nguyn sinh Cc s liu v thm thc vt v h vt ng vt trong khu vc thc hin d n. Cn c bit ch n nhng chng loi c th ca khu vc hoc c trong Sch 3. Hin trng cht lng mi trng vt l TT Phng php kho st v quan trc (4) Ti liu d n hoc atlat quc gia Ti liu d n hoc a l, a cht khu vc Ti liu ca cc trm kh tng thu vn khu vc v s liu quan trc ti hin trng

Theo s liu thng k ca a phng v ti liu iu tra, kho st

Thu thp thng tin, t liu iu tra c bn ca khu vc v kho st, iu tra b sung Thu thp thng tin, t liu iu tra c bn ca khu vc v kho st, iu tra b sung Thu thp thng tin, t liu iu tra c bn ca khu vc v kho st, iu tra b sung

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3.1

Cht lng t

- Tng Phenol - Cc kim loi nng - Du m

3.2

Cht lng - Nhit nc mt, nc - pH ngm - Cht rn l lng - c - mu - Tng khong ho - Oxy ho tan (DO) - Nhu cu oxy sinh ho (BOD5) - Nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD) - Clorua - Tng lng st (Fe) - Hm lng du, m - E.Coli - Tng s Coliform

3.3.

Cht lng khng kh

- CO

- SO2

- NOx - Aldehyt - Bi l lng tng s (TSP) - Tng hydrocacbon (THC) 3.4 Ting n - L50 - L eq - Lmax - Gia tc - Vn tc

- Phng php trc quang - Quang ph hp th nguyn t - Sc k kh, sc k lng cao p - Nhit k - My o pH in cc thu tinh - Lc, sy 1050C - My o c - My o mu - My o khong - Winhle hoc in cc oxy - Oxy tiu th sau 5 ngy nhit 200C - Oxy ho bng K2Cr2O7 - So mu quang ph kh bin - Quang ph hp th nguyn t - Sc k kh, theo TCVN 5070-1995 - Lc qua mng v nui cy 430C - Phng php sc k kh theo TCVN 5972-1995 hay phng php th Folin-Ciocalteur - Phng php Tetracloromercurat (TCM/pararosanilin) theo TCVN 5971-1995 - Phng php GrissSaltman theo ISO 6768/1995 - Phng php o khi lng, theo TCVN 50671995 - Phng php sc k kh - My o mc n tng ng tch phn. - My o rung 16

3.5

rung

- Tn s S liu mi trng t nhin sau khi c thu thp cn phi c x l v th hin r rng, chi tit trong bo co TM. Di y l mt s hng dn k thut v vic xc nh cht lng ca tng thnh phn mi trng. (1). Ti nguyn t Ti nguyn t ti khu vc d n c nh gi da vo cc s liu iu tra v hin trng s dng t cho cc mc ch pht trin kinh t x hi. Cc s liu cn c th hin mt cch nh lng nh bng 5 di y. Bng 5. Hin trng s dng t khu vc d n TT Mc ch s dng 01 02 03 04 t nng nghip t lm nghip t t khc Tng din tch t t nhin Din tch cc loi t (ha) Ghi ch 2005 2006 2007 2008

Hm lng kim loi nng, du m v tng phenol trong t ti khu vc d n s c phn tch nhm nh gi hin trng nhim t v l c s nh gi tc ng ca d n ln cht lng t khi d n i vo hot ng. (2). Cht lng nc i vi D n Nh my nhit in, vic nh gi cht lng mi trng nc mt v nc ngm s cn c vo kt qu o c v phn tch mu nc ti cc im ly mu. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc c trnh by theo mu ti cc bng 6-7. Bng 6. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc mt. Thi gian ly mu: ............................................... TT 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Ch tiu Nhit pH c Hm lng cn l lng (SS) xy ho tan (DO) BOD5 COD Tng N Tng P n v C NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l 170

im o/ly mu W1 W2

Phng php ly mu/thit b o

10 11 12 13 14

Kim loi nng Tng phenol Du m E.Coli Coliform

mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/ 100 ml MPN/ 100 ml

Ghi ch : V tr ly mu: im W1, W2 Bng 7. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc ngm Thi gian ly mu: ............................................... TT 01 03 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ch tiu pH c Tng cht rn ho tan (TDS) oxy ho KMnO4 kim ton phn cng ClPO43NH4+ NO2SO42 Fe Tng Phenol E.Coli Coliform n v-

im o/ly mu GW1 GW2

Phng php ly mu/thit b o

NTU mg/l mg/l mglg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/ 100 ml MPN/ 100 ml

Ghi ch : V tr ly mu: im GW1, GW2 (3). Cht lng khng kh Hot ng ca d n nhit in c rt nhiu tim nng gy nhim mi trng khng kh c bit l bi, kh thi. Do vy cc s liu kho st, o c cn phi c la chn sao cho phn nh c mt cch chnh xc v trung thc nht v cht lng khng kh ti khu vc d n v vng ln cn chu nhng tc ng trc tip ca d n. S liu quan trc kh tng nhiu nm c th c th hin theo mu trong bng 8 v cht lng khng kh c th hin theo mu trong bng 9 di y. Bng 8: S liu kh tng trung bnh thng nhiu nm ti khu vc d n Thi gian quan trc:.......................................... Tn trm : . 18

Thng Hng gi Tc gi (m/s) Nhit (oC) m (%) p sut (mbar)

Thng 1

Thng 2

Thng 12

Trung bnh nm

Bng 9: Cht lng khng kh ti khu vc d n Thi gian o c, ly mu: ............................................... a im o c/ly mu KK1 KK2 KK3 TCVN ( so snh) Bi Nng cc kh c hi (mg/m3) SO2 NO2 CO THC Aldehyt

Ghi ch : im o: KK1, KK2, KK3 (4). Ting n, rung nh gi mc n ti khu vc d n phi tin hnh la chn a im ph hp c th xc nh nhng ngun gy ra ting n hin c trong khu vc ng thi nh gi c kh nng lan truyn m thanh. Kt qu o c ting n c th c th hin theo mu bng 10. Bng 10 : Kt qu o ting n Thi gian o : ....................... a im o TO1 TO2 TO3 TCVN Ghi ch : V tr o ting n : TO1, TO2, TO3 ... Laeq (dBA) Lamax (dBA) L50 (dBA) Ghi ch

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rung s c o theo 3 thng s (Gia tc, vn tc v tn sut) ti cc im o ting n, sau so vi Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam (Xem bng 11). Bng 11: Kt qu o rung Thi gian o : ....................... a im o DR1 DR2 DR3 TCVN Ghi ch : V tr o rung : DR1, DR2, DR3 ... Da vo cc s liu iu tra, o c cc ch th mi trng t nhin nu trn, c th nh gi hin trng mi trng t nhin ti khu vc D n Nh my nhit in trn c s so snh vi cc tiu chun, quy chun mi trng Vit Nam v a phng. C th nh sau: - Mi trng vt l: cht lng t, nc mt, nc ngm, cht lng khng kh, iu kin kh tng, ting n, rung. - Ti nguyn sinh vt: ng vt, thc vt, h sinh thi, bao gm c sinh vt di nc v sinh vt trn cn, cn c bit quan tm i vi ng vt hoang d v thc vt qu him. - Ti nguyn t: hin trng s dng t, vn gii to mt bng phc v cho d n; 2.2. c im kinh t - x hi : iu kin kinh t - x hi ti khu vc D n v ln cn s chu tc ng trc tip bi d n, v vy vic kho st v nh gi hin trng pht trin kinh t - x hi ca khu vc l cn thit. Vic kho st, thu thp s liu v KTXH phi y , phi tin hnh khu vc d n v vng ln cn chu tc ng ca D n. Hin trng KT-XH ti khu vc D n nh my nhit in v vng ln cn s c trnh by thng qua cc ch th c nu trong bng 12 di y. Bng 12. Cc thng tin v KTXH cn thu thp khi lp TM D n nh my nhit in Mi trng v Thng s ti nguyn (1) (2) (3) 1. c im kinh t - x hi 1.1 Dn c Ch n tnh hnh dn c sinh lao ng sng ti khu vc thc hin d n TT Phng php kho st v quan trc (4) Theo s liu thng k ca a phng v ti liu iu 20 Gia tc (m/s2) Vn tc (m/s) Tn sut (Hz) Ghi ch

tra, phng vn khi kho st 1.2 Kinh t Vic pht trin d n trong mi Theo s liu quy hoch lin quan n Quy hoch pht trin ca a phng kinh t ca a phng, tnh v vng. 1.3 Tnh hnh x - Y t v sc kho cng ng Theo s liu thng k ca hi - Bnh lin quan n ngun nc a phng v ti liu iu v bnh h hp. tra, phng vn khi kho - Mng li v tnh hnh gio dc, st nng cao nhn thc cng ng - Vic lm v tht nghip 1.4 Lch s, vn - Cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s, Theo s liu thng k ca ho du lch c gi tr trong khu vc a phng v ti liu iu thc hin d n hoc nhng khu tra, phng vn khi kho st vc ln cn chu tc ng ca d n. - Thun phong m tc v phong tc tp qun ca dn a phng c th c nh hng n vic thc hin d n 2. H tng c s v dch v 2.1 Giao thng - c im ca cc tuyn ng Ti liu ca c quan chc giao thng (thu, b) c lin quan nng v qun l hnh n hot ng vn chuyn ca d chnh a phng n - Tai nn, s c giao thng 2.2 Dch v, thng Hin trng v kh nng cung cp Ti liu ca c quan chc mi dch v, thng mi nng v qun l hnh chnh a phng Ni dung iu tra hin trng kinh t - x hi ti khu vc D n c th tham kho mu ti Ph lc I. Da vo cc s liu thu thp, iu tra v KTXH nu trn, c th nh gi hin trng KTXH ti khu vc D n Nh my nhit in. C th nh sau: - Cng trnh vn ho, lch s: nh l cng trnh tn gio, m m, khu kho c, cng trnh vn ho - lch s, cnh quan, du lch; - Kinh t - x hi: dn s, ngh nghip, mc sng, iu kin v sinh, sc kho cng ng, n b, ti nh c v.v...

v chu tc ng ca d n

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CHNG 3. NH GI TC NG CA D N NH MY NHIT IN TI MI TRNG T NHIN V KINH T - X HI

Yu cu : Phn ni dung ny cn phi ch ra mt cch nh lng, ton din nhng tc ng tim tng bao gm nhng tc ng trc tip v gin tip, ngn hn v lu di, nhng tc ng tim n v tch lu, nhng tc ng c th v khng th khc phc c tim nng ln gy suy thoi, nhim mi trng khu vc. nh gi tc ng mi trng cho D n ny cn c tin hnh theo 03 giai on : - Giai on chun b mt bng. - Giai on xy dng nh my. - Giai on hot ng ca nh my. Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng, cng cn phi xem xt cc gii php bo v mi trng do Ch u d n la chn nhm iu chnh, hon thin hoc b sung cc gii php mi t c tiu chun/quy chun v bo v mi trng. Trng hp c bit cn thit th xut thay i mt phn hoc ton b phng n thit k kh thi ca D n. 3.1. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh chun b mt bng Cc tc ng chnh trong giai on chun b mt bng l : - Bi, cht thi t qu trnh pht quang, cht b thm thc vt ti khu t d n; - Bi, kh thi t cc xe ti vn chuyn thc vt b cht, vn chuyn t ct phc v san lp; - Kh thi t cc x lan vn chuyn ct phc v san lp mt bng; - Bi, kh thi t cc xe i san lp mt bng; - Nc ma chy trn qua ton b khu vc d n cun theo cht thi xung ngun nc. 3.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng 3.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng trong giai on xy dng Cc hot ng v ngun cht thi trong giai on xy dng c trnh by trong bng 13. Bng 13: Cc hot ng v ngun cht thi trong giai on xy dng. Stt Hot ng Ngun tc ng

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01

02

04

05

- Bi, kh thi t my o t, xe i san lp nn Gii to, san lp nn, - Cht thi rn (Cy, c, bn t ) o mng - Nc ma chy trn cun theo t ct, rc v du m ri vi xung ngun nc. - Bi kh thi t xe ti vn chuyn vt liu xy dng, ct, , st thp, thit b my mc, ni hi, Xy dng c bn (Nh - Bi, kh thi t cc my mc phc v thi cng xy ni hi, ng khi, ) v dng: ba my, cn cu, lp t thit b - Bi, kh thi t cc qu trnh thi cng c gia nhit: ct, hn, t nng chy. - Cht thi rn xy dng (X bn, cp pha, bao b ) - Bi, kh thi t cc xe ti vn chuyn nhin, nguyn, vt liu nh: vt liu xy dng, ct, , sn, xng du. Hot ng tp kt, lu - Hi xng du, dung mi hu c t cc kho cha tr nhin, nguyn, vt xng du, sn; liu - Bi pht sinh t cc bi tp kt nguyn vt liu - Cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi (bao b, r lau dnh du, sn ) - Bi, kh thi do un nu, sinh hot ca cng nhn ti Hot ng lu tr ca cng trng. cng nhn ti cng - Nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn trng - Cht thi rn sinh hot ca cng nhn

Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi trong qu trnh xy dng v lp t thit b c a ra trong bng 14. Bng 14: Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi. Stt 01 02 03 04 Ngun gy tc ng Xi mn, bi lng rch, sng khu vc d n Ting n, rung Tc ng x hi do gii phng mt bng, n b, ti nh c S tp trung lng ln cng nhn xy dng gy ra xo trn i sng x hi ti a phng. 3.2.2. nh gi tc ng trong qu trnh xy dng (1). Tc ng n mi trng nc trong giai on xy dng: Ngun gy nhim nc trong giai on xy dng ch yu l nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn v nc ma chy trn trn b mt cng trng xy dng. - Do tp trung nhiu cng nhn xy dng nn lng nc thi sinh hot thng ln (bnh qun 120 l/ngi/ngy m), song cng thay i theo thi gian v ma trong nm. Nc thi sinh hot cha nhiu cht cn b, cht rn l lng, cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v vi sinh.

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- Nc ma chy trn c lu lng ph thuc vo ch ma ca khu vc v thng c c, hm lng cht rn l lng cao. Ngoi ra, nc ma chy trn cn cha nhiu tp cht khc (du m, ho cht ri vi ...). (2). Tc ng n mi trng khng kh trong giai on xy dng - Trong giai on xy dng cng trnh, cht nhim khng kh ch yu l bi sinh ra t qu trnh i t, bc d vt liu xy dng v khi hn c ch bi, CO, SOx, NOx, hydrocarbon ; kh thi ca cc phng tin giao thng vn ti. Tc ng ca kh thi ln cht lng khng kh giai on ny ph thuc vo quy m d n, thi tit ti khu vc d n v ch mang tnh tm thi. Tuy nhin, cng cn phi nh gi chi tit xut cc bin php gim thiu thch hp. - Ting n pht sinh giai on ny ch yu l t cc my mc san i v cc phng tin giao thng vn ti vi mc n ln ti 80-90 dBA. (3). Tc ng n mi trng t trong giai on xy dng Trong qu trnh xy dng Nh my nhit in, t b tc ng chnh do cng vic o p v b xi mn. Vic o p nh hng trc tip n sn xut nng nghip v lm nghip, cnh quan mi trng, ph hu thm thc vt. Xi mn s lm tng c, tng tc bi lng ngun nc, gy tc nghn cng rnh thot nc dn n c th gy ng ngp cc b, suy gim cht lng nc mt, nh hng n h sinh thi di nc. V vy, cn phi nh gi chnh xc mc tc ng ca vic o t, p t v xi mn i vi sc kho con ngi v ti nguyn sinh hc, t xut cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng xu ny. (4). Cht thi rn trong giai on xy dng Cht thi rn pht sinh trong giai on xy dng ch yu l cc loi nguyn vt liu xy dng ph thi nh gch ngi, xi mng, cp pha, st thp vn... Lng cht thi ny ty thuc vo quy m ca tng cng trnh v trnh qun l d n. Ngoi ra, cn mt khi lng khng ln rc sinh hot ca cng nhn. 3.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh vn hnh 3.3.1. Cc ngun cht thi trong giai on vn hnh Khi nh my nhit in c a vo vn hnh, cc ngun gy tc ng n mi trng c trnh by trong bng 15. Bng 15: Cc hot ng v ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi trong giai on vn hnh. Stt I 01 02 03 Hot ng Tc ng mi trng khng kh Vn chuyn nguyn, nhin, vt liu vo, ra nh my. Qu trnh t than, du v nhin liu khc cung cp nhit cho ni hi. Qu trnh xp d nguyn vt liu ti Ngun tc ng - Kh thi t cc xe ti vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, sn phm, - Kh thi l t nhin liu - Bi, kh thi giao thong t qu trnh 24

Stt 04 05 06 II 01 02

Hot ng cng v vn chuyn v nh my. Qu trnh bc d x than, bc d bn thi t h thng x l kh thi Hot ng ca cc tua bin Qu trnh phn hu cht thi Tc ng mi trng nc Hot ng lm mt v tun hon nc Hot ng ca nh my nhit in

Ngun tc ng xp d, qu trnh vn chuyn, - Bi, kh thi pht sinh t qu trnh xp d v vn chuyn x than, bn thi. - Kh thi t Tua bin, m t, - Mi hi t cc h ga, khu v sinh, khu cha cht thi rn, Nc thi t h thng lm mt, dy chuyn ngng t hi nc. - Nc thi t qu trnh kh lu hunh; - Nc thi t y bn cha du; - Nc thi t hot ng v sinh ni hi, thit b - Nc thi t h thng ti sinh nha lm mm nc cp cho ni hi. - Nc thi t qu trnh x l kh thi - Nc thi t hot ng sinh hot ca cn b, cng nhn. - Nc ma chy trn trn ton b b mt d n. - Tro kh sinh ra trong qu trnh t than Bitum, du v cc nhin liu khc - Tro sinh ra t h thng lc bi tnh in. - Bn thi t h thng x l nc thi - Du nht thi, ho cht thi, gi lao dnh du nht, - Cht thi rn nh: bao b, giy, cc tng, ti nylon,

03 04

Sinh hot ca cng nhn

Nc ma chy trn trn khu vc nh my III Tc ng do cht thi rn 01 Qu trnh t than, du v nhin liu khc 02 03 04 05 Lc bi tnh in X l nc thi pht sinh t nh my Hot ng v sinh, bo dng thit b Hot ng sinh hot ca cng nhn

Chi tit v mc , phm vi tc ng c trnh by chi tit trong phn nh gi tc ng (Cc mc 3.3.2-3.3.4 v 3.4). 3.3.2. nh gi tc ng i vi mi trng vt l 3.3.2.1. Tc ng n mi trng khng kh (1). Giai on xy dng - Trong giai on xy dng cng trnh, cht nhim khng kh ch yu l bi sinh ra t qu trnh i t, bc d vt liu xy dng v khi hn c cha bi, CO, SOx, NOx, hydrocarbon ; kh thi ca cc phng tin giao thng vn ti. Tc ng ca kh thi ln cht lng khng kh giai on ny ph thuc vo quy m d n, thi tit ti khu vc 25

d n v ch mang tnh tm thi. Tuy nhin, cng cn phi nh gi chi tit xut cc bin php gim thiu thch hp. - Ting n pht sinh giai on ny ch yu l t cc my mc san i v cc phng tin giao thng vn ti vi mc n ln ti 80-90 dBA. (2). Giai on hot ng 1). Tc ng ca kh thi Cc ngun pht thi bi, kh c t nh my nhit in nh cp phn trn gm: Kh thi l hi, kh thi t cc phng tin vn chuyn, nhim khng kh t qu trnh bc xp nguyn vt liu v t cc ngun khc Kh thi ca nh my nhit in c cha cc cht nhim c nng cao. Vic pht tn kh thi s gp phn lm gia tng mc nhim khng kh ti khu vc d n, c bit l nh hng n sc khe con ngi v cc h sinh thi. Do vy trong phn nh gi tc ng ca kh thi n mi trng khu vc cn lm r cc ni dung sau: - Cc ngun kh thi, lu lng kh thi ca tng ngun, - Thnh phn, ti lng v nng cc cht nhim trong kh thi, c bit ch nh gi cc thng s: bi, SO2, CO, CO2, NO2, THC, Aldehyt. - Tnh ton mc lan truyn cc cht nhim khng kh, nh hng ca cc cht nhim khng kh theo thi gian v khng gian trn c s s dng cc m hnh lan truyn kh (Sutton, Guass, Screen 3, IGM, ISCT ...). 2). Tc ng ca ting n v rung ng Ting n v rung cng l ngun gy nhim khng kh kh quan trng v c th gy ra cc nh hng xu n mi trng v trc ht l n sc kho ca ngi lao ng trc tip, sau l ti khu vc ln cn. Ting n lm gim nng sut lao ng, lm gim thnh lc, dn ti bnh ic ngh nghip. rung nh hng quan trng ti nng lc v chnh xc trong tc nghip lao ng, gim th lc v thch lc, d gy ra s c tai nn lao ng. Trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my nhit in, ting n v rung ng pht sinh t cc ngun sau y: - Ting n, rung ng pht sinh t qu trnh va chm hoc chn ng, chuyn ng qua li do s ma st ca cc thit b. Trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n, ting n, rung pht sinh ch yu t hot ng ca h thng cc my bm v m t in; - Ting n, rung ng do cc phng tin giao thng vn ti l ting n pht ra t ng c v do s rung ng ca cc b phn xe, ting n t ng x khi, ting n do ng ca xe, ting rt phanh. 3). Tc ng ca cc cht gy nhim khng kh Tc ng ca cc cht gy nhim khng kh c th hin qua bng 16 di y. Bng 16: Tc ng ca cc cht gy nhim khng kh. Stt Cht nhim 01 Bi Tc ng - Kch thch h hp, x ho phi, ung th phi; 26

Stt 02

Cht nhim Kh axt (SOx, NOx)

03 04

Oxyt cacbon (CO) Kh cacbonic (CO2) Tng hydrocarbon

05

Tc ng - Gy tn thng da, gic mc mt, bnh ng tiu ho. - Gy nh hng h h hp, phn tn vo mu; - SO2 c th nhim c qua da, lm gim d tr kim trong mu; - To ma axt nh hng xu ti s pht trin thm thc vt v cy trng; - Tng cng qu trnh n mn kim loi, ph hu vt liu b tng v cc cng trnh nh ca; - nh hng xu n kh hu, h sinh thi v tng zon. - Gim kh nng vn chuyn xy ca mu n cc t chc, t bo do CO kt hp vi hemoglobin v bin thnh cacboxyhemoglobin. - Gy ri lon h hp phi; - Gy hiu ng nh knh; - Tc hi n h sinh thi. - Gy nhim c cp tnh: suy nhc, chng mt, nhc u, ri lon gic quan c khi gy t vong.

3.3.2.2. Tc ng n mi trng nc (1). Giai on xy dng: Ngun gy nhim nc trong giai on xy dng ch yu l nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn v nc ma chy trn trn b mt cng trng xy dng. - Do tp trung nhiu cng nhn xy dng nn lng nc thi sinh hot thng ln (bnh qun 60-80 l/ngi/ngy m), song cng thay i theo thi gian v ma trong nm. Nc thi sinh hot cha nhiu cht cn b, cht rn l lng, cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v vi sinh. - Nc ma chy trn c lu lng ph thuc vo ch ma ca khu vc v thng c c, hm lng cht rn l lng cao. Ngoi ra, nc ma chy trn cn cha nhiu tp cht khc (du m, ho cht ri vi ...). (2). Giai on hot ng ca nh my Nc thi pht sinh trong giai on ny ca D n ch yu l nc thi sn xut, nc thi sinh hot v nc ma chy trn. 1). Nc thi sn xut : - Nc lm mt: Nh my nhit in s dng mt khi lng ln nc lm mt. Sau khi s dng, nhit nc s tng ln, v vy, nc s c gii nhit trong thp lm lnh trc khi thi ra mi trng hoc c ti s dng mt phn trong h thng x l kh thi cha lu hunh (FGD). Nc thi c nhit cao s gy nh hng n cht lng nc, gim nng xy ho tan trong nc (DO); nh hng n s a dng sinh hc; nh hng n tc phn hu cc hp cht hu c trong nc. - Nc thi t qu trnh x l kh thi cha lu hunh b nhim kim, cht rn l lng (MgSO3, MgSO4) v c nhit cao. Nng cht rn l lng (SS) trong nc thi 27

ny khong 3.000 mg/l, nhu cu xy sinh ho (COD) khong 1.600 mg/l. - Nc thi v sinh thit b ni hi: V sinh ni hi ra sch cn lng bng axt clohydric c tin hnh nh k khng thng xuyn. Nc thi trong qu trnh v sinh cha hp cht st v cc kim loi khc. - Nc thi t qu trnh ti sinh cc ht nha trao i ion c cha axt hoc xt. Loi nc thi ny nu khng c x l s lm thay i tnh cht ho l ca vng nc tip nhn v gy nh hng n i sng thu sinh vt ti khu vc thi. - Nc thi t sn l thu hi nhit, h thng thit b, bn cha du, thit b in, xng sa cha, trm nn kh v tua bin : Nc thi loi ny c cha du m. Nu khng c x l nc thi cha du m s to ra mng trn b mt nc lm gim s trao i xy gia nc v khng kh. Mt khc du c khi lng phn t ln bm dnh vo ht l lng trong ct nc v lng ng xung y sng rch gy nh hng n sinh vt y. 2). Nc thi sinh hot Nc thi sinh hot ca Nh my nhit in c cha cc cht cn b, cht rn l lng, cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v vi sinh. Lu lng nc thi sinh hot c th c tnh trn c s nhu cu s dng nc (khong 120 l/ngi/ngy m), t l nc thi sinh hot bng 80% lu lng nc cp. Ti lng v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot c c tnh trn c s h s nhim ca T chc Y t Th gii hoc trn c s kt qu o thc t ti cc nh my nhit in c cng ngh tng t. 3). Nc ma chy trn Nc ma chy trn c lu lng ph thuc vo ch ma ca khu vc. Nc ma chy trn qua khu vc nh my, cc bi cha nguyn liu cun theo rc, t ct, du m, ho cht ri vi ... xung ngun nc. 4). nh gi tc ng ca nc thi t D n nh my nhit in Nc thi t D n nh my nhit in c tim nng gy nhim nc mt rt ln, do vy cn thit phi xc nh r cc vn sau y : - Lu lng nc thi sinh hot, sn xut (cc loi) sinh ra trong ngy, thng, nm. - Thnh phn, ti lng v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi. - V tr tip nhn nc thi, kh nng pha long ca cc ngun nc mt ti khu vc d n. - nh gi kh nng lan truyn v mc gy nhim nc (nhit cao, cht nhim) thng qua phng php tnh ton m hnh cht lng nc. 3.3.2.3. Tc ng n mi trng t (1). Giai on xy dng Trong qu trnh xy dng Nh my nhit in, t b tc ng chnh do cng vic o p v b xi mn. Vic o p nh hng trc tip n sn xut nng nghip v lm nghip, cnh quan mi trng, ph hu thm thc vt. Xi mn s lm tng c, tng tc bi lng ngun nc, gy tc nghn cng rnh thot nc dn n c th gy ng ngp cc b, suy gim cht lng nc mt, nh hng n h sinh thi di nc. 28

V vy, cn phi nh gi chnh xc mc tc ng ca vic o t, p t v xi mn i vi sc kho con ngi v ti nguyn sinh hc, t xut cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng xu ny. (2). Giai on hot ng Bi, kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn pht sinh t nh my nhit in trong giai on hot ng c th gy nhim t v nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng. V vy, cn phi nh gi chnh xc mc tc ng ca bi, kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn ti cht lng t trong giai on hot ng ca D n, t xut cc gii php phng nga v kim sot cc tc ng xu ny. 3.3.2.4. Cht thi rn (1). Giai on xy dng Cht thi rn pht sinh trong giai on xy dng ch yu l cc loi nguyn vt liu xy dng ph thi nh gch ngi, xi mng, cp pha, st thp vn... Lng cht thi ny ty thuc vo quy m ca tng cng trnh v trnh qun l d n. Ngoi ra, cn mt khi lng khng ln rc sinh hot ca cng nhn. (2). Giai on hot ng 1). Cht thi rn cng nghip : Cht thi rn cng nghip pht sinh t hot ng ca nh my nhit in ch yu t cc ngun sau: - Tro kh sinh ra trong qu trnh t than, du hoc nhin liu khc cung cp nhit cho ni hi; - Tro kh t h thng lc bi tnh in; - Tro t y ni hi; - Bn kh t nh my x l nc thi sau khi x l kh thi; - G, giy, gi lau. 2). Cht thi rn sinh hot : Cht thi rn sinh hot ca cc cn b, cng nhn lm vic ti nh my nhit in c cc thnh phn gm: Ti nylon, carton, giy vn, thu tinh, thc n tha, ... . 3). nh gi c mc tc ng ca cht thi rn cng nghip, cht thi rn sinh hot v cht thi nguy hi cn phi xc nh c khi lng, thnh phn v tnh cht cu tng loi thi rn, CTNH pht sinh trong tng cng on sn xut ca nh my. 3.3.2.5. nhim nhit nhim nhit trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my nhit in cn phi c nh gi nhm xut cc bin php gim thiu. Nhit pht sinh ch yu t cc ngun sau y: - S truyn nhit t cc ni hi v ca cc my mc thit b s dng hi v ca h thng ng ng dn hi, kh nng. - S r r h thng ng ng dn hi, cc van, mi ni trn h thng ng ng.

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Tng cc nhit lng ny ta ra khng gian nh xng rt ln lm nhit trong xng tng cao hn so vi nhit bn ngoi, gy nh hng ti qu trnh h hp ca c th con ngi, tc ng xu ti sc khe v nng sut lao ng ca cng nhn. Ngoi ra, nhit cao cn c tim nng gy ra cc s c chy n. 3.3.3. Tc ng n cc h sinh thi Trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my nhit in, vic pht thi cc cht nhim nc, khng kh, cc cht thi rn vo mi trng tip nhn gy nn nhng tc ng c hi ti cc h sinh thi. Ty theo dng cht thi v mi trng tip nhn m cc h sinh thi c th b tc ng khc nhau, c th nh sau: - H sinh thi di nc: Cc ngun nc thi t Nh my nhit in khi thi vo ngun nc s lm cho cht lng b xu i (nhit tng, nng mt s cht nhim gia tng, c bit l du m ...), gy nh hng ti s sng ca hu ht cc loi thy sinh v thm ch gy cn kit mt s loi c gi tr kinh t (tm, c). - H sinh thi trn cn: Bi, kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn pht sinh t Nh my nhit in s c nhng nh hng nht nh n cc h sinh thi trn cn. Hu ht cc cht nhim cha trong kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn v cc cht thi nguy hi u c tc ng xu n i sng ca ng, thc vt ; lm cho cy trng chm pht trin, c bit l cc kh axit gy tc hi n cc loi rau, u, la, ng, cc loi cy n tri v cc loi cy cnh. Cc cht nhim khng kh nh bi than, SO2, NO2, CO, THC v Aldehyt, ngay c nng thp cng lm chm qu trnh sinh trng ca cy trng, nng cao lm vng l, hoa qu b lp, b nt, v mc cao hn cy s b cht. Vi nhng tc ng bt li nh trn cn thit phi c nhng tnh ton, d bo v mc tc ng t xut cc bin php gi thiu tc ng. 3.3.4. Tc ng n kinh t - x hi 3.3.4.1. Tc ng n x hi D n Nh my nhit in c mt ngha kinh t x hi rt to ln cho khu vc ni ring v cho t nc ni chung. D n s gp phn to ra cng n vic lm v nng cao i sng ca nhn dn trong vng. Hot ng ca D n s thu ht mt s lng ln lao ng v gii quyt cng n vic lm khng ch cho ngi dn a phng, m cn cho t nc. Hot ng ca D n s thc y tin trnh th ha, cng nghip ho nhanh hn. iu ny cng gp phn nng cao dn tr v thc vn minh th cho nhn dn ti khu vc d n. Nhng tc ng ny c th c nh gi nh lng thng qua cc tnh ton chi ph li ch theo cc ni dung sau: - Tng hp chi ph cho 1 nm - Tng hp doanh thu cho 1 nm - Tng hp cc chi tiu :Doanh thu, thu, thu thu nhp doanh nghip, li nhun thun. - Tnh ton hiu qu kinh t : Chi tiu hon vn tnh theo 2 mc: T khi dy chuyn i vo hot ng v t khi nhn vay tin ; t sut li nhun thun ; im hon vn.

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- Hiu qu kinh t x hi : To cng n vic lm ; nng cao trnh tay ngh, kh nng qun l, iu hnh, nhn thc thc t v th trng trong v ngoi nc ; to sn phm cho x hi... 3.3.4.2. Tc ng n c s h tng (1). Tc ng ti giao thng vn ti D n Nh my nhit in s gp phn gia tng mt giao thng trong khu vc, gia tng nguy c tai nn giao thng, gy n tc giao thng ti khu vc d n, nh hng n nhu cu i li ca nhn dn. Hot ng giao thng vn ti ca D n cn gp phn lm suy gim cht lng ng x, cu cng ti khu vc d n v vng ln cn. Tuy nhin, chnh s ra i ca D n cng s thc y qa trnh u t xy dng c s h tng, trong c m rng, nng cp, xy mi cc cng trnh giao thng (cu, ng, cng ...). (2). Tc ng ti h thng cp thot nc Nhu cu s dng nc ca Nh my nhit in thng kh ln, v vy cc d n nhit in thng t gn cc ngun nc mt c lu lng ln. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, ch u t c th phi khoan ging hoc o ging khai thc nc ngm phc v cho sn xut v sinh hot ca nh my. Vic khai thc nc ngm c nguy c gy nn s cn kit ngun nc ngm vo ma kh, dn c trong khu vc s khng nc dng v t ko theo hng lot cc tc ng tiu cc khc. Hot ng ca D n c th lm gia tng mc chu ti ca h thng thot nc tp trung, dn n gy ngp lt hoc lm thay i ch thu vn, lm gia tng nhim cc ngun tip nhn nc thi. V vy, cn phi nh gi kh nng tiu thot nc, kh nng xy ra tnh trng ngp lt ... ti khu vc d n. 3.3.4.3. Tc ng ti cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s v kho c Cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s v kho c trong khu vc thc hin d n c th b tc ng. V vy cn phi nh gi c th cc tc ng ca d n theo cc kha cnh nh : a im, loi cng trnh, nin i v gi tr tinh thn cng nh vt cht ca cng trnh. Cc tc ng chnh ca d n i vi cc cng trnh vn ho lch s v kho c cn phi cp l : mt t, gy nt n, ln st, gy n mn, lo ho cng trnh. Trn c s cc tc ng c th, s xut cc bin php bo v cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s v kho c ti khu vc d n. 3.3.4.4. Tc ng ti sc khe cng ng Tt c cc ngun gy nhim trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my nhit in u c th gy tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip n sc khe ca con ngi trong vng chu nh hng ca D n. Ty thuc vo nng v thi gian tc ng ca cc cht nhim m mc tc ng ti sc khe cng ng s khc nhau. Do vy cn nh gi mt cch c th mc nh hng ca cht thi (kh thi, nc thi v cht thi rn, CTNH) n sc kho con ngi, t xut cc bin php hn ch cc tc ng c hi.

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3.4. nh gi ri ro, s c 3.4.1. S c mi trng trong giai on chun b mt bng v xy dng (1). S c tai nn lao ng Nhn chung, s c tai nn lao ng c th xy ra trong bt k mt cng on thi cng xy dng d n. Nguyn nhn ca cc trng hp xy ra s c tai nn lao ng trn cng trng xy dng c xc nh ch yu bao gm: - nhim mi trng xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng lm nh hng xu ti sc kho ca cng nhn. Mt vi loi nhim cp tnh tu thuc theo thi gian v mc tc dng c kh nng gy mt mi, chong vng hay ngt cho cng nhn trong khi lao ng; - Cng vic lp rp, thi cng v qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn vt liu vi mt xe, ting n, rung cao c th gy ra cc tai nn lao ng, tai nn giao thng, ... - Do tnh bt cn trong lao ng, thiu trang b bo h lao ng, hoc do thiu thc tun th nghim chnh v ni quy an ton lao ng ca cng nhn thi cng. (2). S c chy n S c chy n c th xy ra trong trng hp vn chuyn v tn cha nhin liu, hoc do s thiu an ton v h thng cp in tm thi, gy nn cc thit hi v ngi v ca trong qu trnh thi cng. C th xc nh cc nguyn nhn c th nh sau: - Cc kho cha nguyn nhin liu tm thi phc v cho thi cng, my mc, thit b k thut (sn, xng, du DO, du FO...) l cc ngun gy chy n. Khi s c xy ra c th gy ra thit hi v ngi, kinh t v mi trng; - H thng cp in tm thi cho cc my mc, thit b thi cng c th gy ra s c git, chp, chy n, , gy thit hi v kinh t hay tai nn lao ng cho cng nhn; - Vic s dng cc thit b gia nhit trong thi cng (un, ri nha ng, ...) c th gy ra chy, bng hay tai nn lao ng nu nh khng c cc bin php phng nga. (3). S c tai nn giao thng S c tai nn giao thng c th xy ra bt k lc no trong qu trnh thi cng, gy thit hi v tnh mng v ti sn. Nguyn nhn c th do phng tin vn chuyn khng m bo k thut hoc do cng nhn iu khin khng ch hoc khng tun th cc nguyn tc an ton giao thng. 3.4.2. S c mi trng trong giai on vn hnh nh my (1). S c tai nn lao ng Tai nn lao ng c th xy ra khi nh my nhit in ang hot ng. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do: - Bt cn ca cng nhn trong vn hnh my mc, thit b; - Tnh trng sc kho ca cng nhn khng tt: Ng gt trong lc lm vic, lm vic qu sc gy chong, - Bt cn ca cng nhn trong qu trnh nhp xut nguyn, nhin, vt liu. 32

(2). S c r r, trn ho cht S c r r nguyn nhin liu dng lng hay kh khi xy ra s gy ra nhng mt s tc hi gy c cho con ngi, ng thc vt, ... Cc s c loi ny c th dn ti thit hi v kinh t - x hi cng nh h sinh thi trong khu vc v cc vng ln cn. - S c r r hi ho cht (hi axt HCl, NH3): S c r r hi axt nh hng n h h hp ca cng nhn v gy n mn cc thit b, cng trnh. - S c r r, trn ho cht: S s trn ho cht, r r t bn cha ra ngoi c kh nng nh hng n mi trng nc trong khu vc. - nh gi ri ro cc ho cht s dng (HCl, NaOH, NH3) bao gm ri ro i vi sc kho v ri ro sinh thi. (3). S c r r, trn nhin liu S c r r nguyn, nhin liu dng lng hay kh khi xy ra s gy ra nhng tc hi (nht l r r cc hp cht dng kh) nh gy c cho con ngi, ng thc vt, gy chy, n, ... Cc s c loi ny c th dn ti thit hi v kinh t - x hi cng nh h sinh thi trong khu vc v cc vng ln cn. Ngun gc pht sinh loi s c ny l khu vc kho cha nguyn, nhin liu phc v cho hot ng sn xut ca nh my nhit in . (4). S c tai nn giao thng S c tai nn giao thng gy thit hi v ti sn v tnh mng. Qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn vt liu (v d : than, cht t ) s lm gia tng mt giao thng trn ng t cng v nh my, dn n nguy c gia tng tai nn giao thng. (5). S c chy n S c chy n gy thit hi n cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin (t, nc, khng kh) hn na gy thit hi v ti sn v c th nh hng n tnh mng ngi. Ngun gc pht sinh loi s c ny c th do cc nguyn nhn sau: - S c r r nguyn, nhin liu nu khng pht hin kp thi c th gy ra loi s c ny; - H thng cung cp in cho nh my c th chp, n, - ng ng cp nhit c th b r r ng thi vi p lc ln ca h thng ng ng gy ra n gy thit hi v kinh t, v ngi.

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CHNG 4. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU CC TC NG TIU CC CA D N NH MY NHIT IN N MI TRNG T NHIN V KINH T - X HI Yu cu : Cn c vo cc tc ng mi trng nu trong chng 3, xut mt cch c th cc bin php qun l v k thut mang tnh kh thi cao nhm phng trnh, gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng do vic thc hin d n gy nn. Cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng c hi c xut phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau: - Gim thiu ti a cc tc ng ca D n nhm m bo cc tiu chun v quy chun mi trng trong giai on xy dng v hot ng. - Bin php gim thiu phi c tnh kh thi cao, ph hp vi iu kin thc t v ph hp vi kh nng ti chnh ca ch u t. - Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng phi c trin khai lin tc trong sut qu trnh chun b mt bng, xy dng nh my v qu trnh hot ng ca nh my. - xut vi cc c quan chc nng cc gii php ph hp nhm gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng khng th khc phc hoc gim nh trong phm vi mt d n. Nh phn tch chng 3, cc tc ng ca D n n mi trng vt l xut pht t vic thi cc cht nhim vt qu tiu chun cho php vo mi trng v cc s c pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n. Do vy, gim thiu cc tc ng ca D n n mi trngvt l cn phi khng ch nhim do cc cht thi v hn ch n mc thp nht kh nng xy ra s c. Vic khng ch v gim thiu nhim do cht thi ca D n nh my nhit in c th c tin hnh bng cch kt hp 3 nhm bin php sau: Bin php phng nga nhim v s c mi trng; bin php k thut khng ch nhim v x l cht thi ; bin php qun l v quan trc mi trng. 4.1. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on chun b d n Cc bin php phng nga rt quan trng nhm gim thiu khi lng cht thi pht sinh ngay ti ngun, dn n hn ch c nhng nh hng bt li i vi mi trng do cc cht nhim gy ra. C th nh sau : (1). Quy hoch hp l tng mt bng ca D n : Trn c s xem xt cc yu t mi trng c lin quan nh: - La chn hng nh hp l s dng mt cch tt nht cc iu kin thng gi t nhin gp phn ci thin mi trng lao ng bn trong nh my. - Xc nh kch thc cc vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip gia cc hng mc cng trnh trong nh my cng nh gia nh my v cc khu dn c m bo s thng thong gia cc cng trnh, hn ch lan truyn nhim, m bo phng chy cha chy v gim thiu nhng nh hng trc tip do cht thi i vi con ngi v cc cng trnh xung quanh.

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- B tr hp l cc cng on sn xut, cc khu ph tr, khu kho bi, khu hnh chnh v c di cy xanh ngn cch c t l din tch cy xanh trn tng din tch t s dng ca d n hp l (ti thiu 15%). Cc h thng thi kh, ng khi ca nh my cn b tr cc khu vc thun li cho vic gim st v x l. - Khu vc b tr khu x l nc thi tp trung, x l rc thi cn c t pha cui hng gi ch o. (2). p dng cng ngh tin tin, cng ngh sch, t cht thi Vic la chn cng ngh tin tin, hin i, tiu th t nguyn vt liu, nc, nng lng ; thi ra t cht thi s gp phn nng cao hiu qa sn xut, tit kim nguyn liu, nng lng, gim tc ng bt li ti mi trng. Gii php ny cn phi c quan tm ngay t khu la chn cng ngh, thit b v vt liu phc v cho sn xut giy v bt giy. 4.2. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on xy dng d n 4.2.1. Cc bin php t chc thi cng xy dng - p dng cc bin php thi cng thch hp, c gii ho cc thao tc v qu trnh thi cng xy dng cng trnh; - Lp cc t chc thi cng xy dng theo tng hng mc cng trnh c bn qun l v chu trch nhim ton din trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng; - p dng bin php thi cng cun chiu theo tng giai on xy dng c th, nhanh gn theo trnh t trc - sau hp l gia vic thi cng cc hng mc cng trnh c bn bo m rt gn thi gian thi cng, bo m an ton giao thng v hn ch cc tc ng c hi do bi, kh thi, gia cc khu vc thi cng trn cng trng. - Ch u t d n s yu cu n v thi cng xy dng p dng cc gii php c th cho vic bo v mi trng trong qu trnh thi cng hng mc cng trnh m nhim; - B tr hp l ng vn chuyn v i li, trnh ng vn chuyn i ngang qua khu vc dn c, cm vn chuyn v thi cng cc cng vic c mc n cao vo ban m, hoc gim tc khi i qua khu vc dn c; - Lp ro chn cch ly cc khu vc nguy him nh khu cha vt liu d chy n (kho cha nhin liu xng du, ...); - Thit k chiu sng cho nhng ni cn lm vic ban m, hoc nhng ni o su lp t ng ng, ng dy; - Cc cht thi rn xy dng, cc vt liu ph b c thu gom thng xuyn v vn chuyn ra khi cng trng, tp trung vo cc khu x l chung ca a phng; - Tin hnh kim tra, bo dng thng xuyn cc phng tin vn ti, cc my mc thit b k thut thi cng, bo m tuyt i an ton trong thi cng; - Lp t ng ng thot nc ma, hoc thng xuyn khi thng dng chy theo a hnh t nhin nhm khng ch tnh trng ng, ngp ng, snh ly, che chn nguyn vt liu trnh b nc ma cun tri trong qu trnh thi cng cc hng mc cng trnh c bn ca d n.

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4.2.2. Cc bin php kim sot nhim trong hot ng ca cng nhn - Thu gom v chn lp hp v sinh rc thi sinh hot ti khu vc quy nh; - Xy dng b t hoi tm thi hoc thu nh v sinh di ng ; lp t thng rc, quy nh bi rc, ... trnh phng u, vt rc sinh hot ba bi gy nhim mi trng; - u tin tuyn chn cng nhn xy dng gn khu vc d n gim lng cng nhn trong ln tri, gim lng cht thi pht sinh v nhim, hn ch cc tc ng x hi tiu cc ti khu vc d n; - T chc ba n tp trung cho cng nhn ti cng trng, m bo cc yu cu v v sinh, an ton thc phm. 4.2.3. Cc bin php an ton lao ng - Quy nh cc ni quy lm vic ti cng trng, bao gm Ni quy ra, vo lm vic ti cng trng; Ni quy v trang phc bo h lao ng; Ni quy s dng thit b nng cu; Ni quy v an ton in; Ni quy an ton giao thng; Ni quy an ton chy n, ... - T chc tuyn truyn, ph bin cc ni quy cho cng nhn bng nhiu hnh thc khc nhau nh in ni quy vo bng treo ti cng trng, ln tri; t chc hc ni quy; t chc tuyn truyn; thanh tra v nhc nh ti hin trng, ... - T chc theo di tai nn lao ng, xc nh kp thi nguyn nhn tai nn v p dng cc bin php khc phc kp thi nhm trnh xy ra tai nn tng t; - Lp t bin cm ngi qua li khu lm vic ca thit b nng cu; - Lp h thng bin bo ch dn ng, bin bo an ton giao thng ti khu vc cng trng; - Lp t bin bo cm la ti cc khu vc d gy ra chy n (kho xng du, kho sn, dung mi, kho vt t d chy n, trm bin p, ...). - Trang b cc phng tin cha chy ti cc kho (bnh bt, bnh CO2, ct, h nc, cc khu mc git, ...). - T chc tuyn truyn, kim tra, thanh tra cng tc phng chng chy n ti cc kho, ln tri ca cc n v thi cng. 4.3. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on hot ng d n 4.3.1. Gim thiu tc ng do kh thi trong giai on hot ng Nh trnh by trong chng 4, nhim khng kh Nh my nhit in ch yu l do kh thi t ni hi t than (hoc t du, t nhin liu khc ) v cc dng kh c trng pht ra t dy chuyn cng ngh. Do vy gim thiu tc ng mi trng khng kh c th p dng cc bin php sau y: - Dng nhin liu (than hoc du) c hm lng lu hunh thp. - p dng cng ngh tin tin. - Xy dng ng khi c chiu cao ph hp trong mi tng quan vi lu lng, nng kh thi, a hnh v iu kin kh hu khu vc. - Trong cc phn xng ca nh my cn phi c thit k m bo iu kin v sinh cng nghip, m bo thng thong v m bo ch vi kh hu bn trong cng 36

trnh nht l ti nhng v tr thao tc ca ngi cng nhn bng cch thit lp h thng thng gi t nhin, h thng thng gi ht, thng gi chung v thng gi cc b. - Ti cc ngun sinh ra kh thi c hi v bi: lp t cc thit b x l kh, bi c cng sut ph hp m bo kh thi sau khi x l t tiu chun mi trng cho php. Cc bin php khng ch nhim khng kh cn phi p dng i vi nh my nhit in (v d : nhit in t than) bao gm : (1). Kim sot kh thi t l hi t than S h thng kim sot kh thi ca Nh my nhit in t than c trnh by trong hnh 2. Nc nng MgO Kh thi/ Thu hi nhit Lc bi tnh in B cha Mg (OH)2 H thng kh lu hunh (FGD)

ng khi

Tro kh

Trm x l nc thi tp trung ca nh my in

Ngun tip nhn nc thi

Bnh bn

Hnh 2: S H thng kim sot kh thi Nh my nhit in c tnh k thut ca cc thit b kim sot kh thi nh sau : - Thit b lc bi tnh in: Kh thi ra trong qu trnh t than ni hi c truyn qua thit b lc tnh in tch bi. Bi c lm lnh v lu gi trong bn cha, sau vn chuyn bn cho nh my xi mng ti s dng nh l nguyn liu sn xut clinke hoc bn cho nh my b tng trn sn. Hiu sut tch bi c th t trn 99,7%; - H thng x l kh thi cha lu hunh (FGD): Do than hoc du FO c lu hunh, nn cn p dng bin php kim sot nhim do SO2 . H thng kh lu hunh trong kh thi c lp t tch oxit lu hunh. Cht hp ph l Magnh hydroxit (Mg(OH)2) (nng 20%) - c to ra bng cch ho MgO vo nc nng. Hiu sut tch lu hunh c th t 95%; - Kim sot kh thi: H thng kim sot kh thi lin tc v t ng (CEMS) c lp t ti nh ng khi kim sot lng kh thi ra. H thng ny bo ng nu thnh phn kh thi vt qu tiu chun v t ng thng bo cho ngi vn hnh gim bt nng lng thi hoc sa cha thit b ngay gim thiu nhim. 37

Do yu cu nghim ngt hn trong tiu chun mi ban hnh nm 2005 (TCVN 7440 - 2005; TCVN 5939 - 2005 v TCVN 5940 - 2005) nn h thng kim sot kh thi ca Nh my nhit in cn phi b sung thm thit b kh chn lc NOx bng xc tc SCR (Xem Hnh 3). Thnh phn chnh ca xc tc l Oxit Titan (TiO2), tc nhn kh b sung l NH3/O2. Thit b SCR c b tr trc khi dng kh thi i vo thit b lc bi tnh in. Hiu sut kh NOx ca thit b SCR c th t trn 80%. Nc nng MgO Kh thi/ Thu hi nhit H thng kh NOX bng xc tc SCR Lc bi tnh in B cha Mg (OH)2 H thng kh lu hunh (FGD)

ng khi

Tro kh

Trm x l nc thi tp trung ca nh my in

Sng Th Vi

Bnh bn Hnh 3: Thit b kh NOx trong h thng kim sot kh thi nh my nhit in Kh thi sau x l ti ng khi ca Nh my nhit in c th t tiu chun kh thi ngnh cng nghip nhit in TCVN 7440 - 2005 (t than) v tiu chun TCVN 5939 2005 (ct B). Kh thi sau x l s c pht tn qua ng khi c chiu cao ph hp. (2). Kim sot bi trong qu trnh bc xp Bi pht sinh trong qu trnh bc xp s c kim sot bng cc bin php sau y: - Thng xuyn phun nc trong khu vc bc xp c bit l trong ma kh; - Ra sch xe vn chuyn khi xe ri khi khu vc bc xp; - Ph kn thng xe; - S dng loi kho vm kn cha than. (3). Kim sot kh thi ca cc phng tin giao thng Bin php qun l mc nhim kh thi t cc phng tin nh sau: - Thc hin cng tc bo dng xe ng nh k; - S dng nhin liu ng vi thit k ca ng c; - Vn chuyn than t cng n Nh my bng xe container kn. - Kim sot s pht tn bi khi vn chuyn tro gia khu vc D n v khu vc ti s dng bng cch tng m ca tro, che ph xe ti vn chuyn bng vi bt v ra sch 38

bnh xe mi khi vo trong khu vc d n. (4). Cc bin php khng ch nhim ting n Cc bin php khng ch nhim do ting n p dng cho nh my nhit in nh sau: - Thit k v lp t h thng kim sot t ng gim s cng nhn lm vic cc khu vc n v rung; - Bo dng my mc trong iu kin tt; - Cung cp nt bo v tai cho cng nhn cc khu vc c n cao; - nh k lun chuyn cng nhn trong cc khu vc c n cao nhm gim thiu tc ng. (5). Cc bin php bo m vi kh hu Vn khng ch nhim nhit bao gm vic kim sot qu trnh pht tn nhit trong cc nh xng sn xut, l hi v bo m cc iu kin vi kh hu thun li trong mi trng lao ng ca cng nhn. Cc bin php khng ch ch yu l: - B tr hp l chiu cao nh xng, cc ca mi thng gi t nhin tt, b tr hng nh hp l nhm s dng ti a kh nng thng gi t nhin; - p dng cc bin php thng gi cng bc trong h thng nh xng, lp t trn mi cch nhit, chp thot gi t nhin hay c kh thot nhit, xy dng cc h thng thng gi lm mt phc v cho cng nhn nhng khu vc c nhit cao, mt nhn lc cao v c nhiu kh c; - Trang b h thng iu ho, lm mt khng kh trong cc nh xng sn xut, khi c nhu cu cn thit; - Tng cng trng cy xanh trn cc khu vc bao quanh cc phn xng sn xut ci thin iu kin vi kh hu v cht lng mi trng khng kh. 4.3.2. Gim thiu tc ng do nc thi Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng do nc thi bao gm : - Phn lung dng thi bao gm: cc loi nc quy c sch, nc nhim c hc, nc nhim do ho cht v nc nhim do du m, cht rn l lng... Bin php ny va mang tnh k thut, va mang tnh qun l rt hu hiu v kinh t gim bt nh mc tiu hao nc cho sn xut, tit kim vt t, ho cht, nng lng, ng thi gim i mt lng ng k nc thi cn x l. - Tun hon ti s dng nc lm mt. - Khi thng h thng thot nc thi, b tr h ga v t thng thu gom cht thi rn. gim thiu ti a cc tc ng mi trng bt li do nc thi ca nh my nhit in cn p dng mt cch ng b cc bin php qun l ni vi (bn trong d n) v cc bin php cng ngh ph hp i vi vic x l nc thi trc khi thi ra mi trng xung quanh, cn m t cc bin php gim thiu nhim c p dng i vi d n. 39

Mt s bin php x l nc thi ph bin nht nhm gim thiu tc ng mi trng i vi nh my nhit in nh sau : (1). Nc thi sn xut: Nc thi t nh my in gm nhiu ngun pht sinh khc nhau, nhng c th phn thnh 02 loi chnh: Nc thi t h thng kh lu hunh (FGD) v nc thi t cc ngun khc. Nc thi t h thng kh lu hunh c hm lng cht rn l lng v nhit cao (khong 540C) nn cn x l bng keo t, lng v lm gim nhit . Nc thi t cc ngun khc pha trn vi nhau cho thy ch c pH l khng t tiu chun, nn cn trung ho trc khi thi ra ngun. Chc nng ca tng cng trnh n v x l nc thi nh sau : - B cn bng: B cn bng c nhim v iu ho lu lng v nng nc thi, nhm m bo ch vn hnh n nh cho cc cng trnh n v pha sau; - B trn: B trn ny c cu to ziczac nhm thay i dng chy, tng kh nng xo trn gia nc thi v nhm sunfat; - B trn nhanh: Chc nng ca b trn nhanh l tng cng kh nng phi trn gia nhm sunfat v nc thi, cng nh to c ch phn ng trong b trn chm pha sau; - B trn chm: Chc nng ca b trn chm l tng cng kh nng phi trn gia cht tr lng v nc thi, nhm lin kt cht rn l lng thnh dng khi m bo hiu qu lng cao; - B lng: Thc hin nhim v tch cc cht rn ra khi nc thi bng trng lc. Lng cht rn lng xung y b to thnh lp bn; - My p bn trc vt: C nhim v tch nc ra khi bn, to thnh bn c dng bnh d tn tr v vn chuyn; - Thp lm ngui: C nhim v lm ngui nc thi n nhit cho php; - B n nh: C nhim v n nh nng v nhit nc thi sau x l, m bo lu lng thi n nh. Ngoi h thng ng ng v bm, ti cc b trn s c my khuy nhm tng kh nng xo trn. Thit b chnh pH t ng cng c lp t nhm iu khin qu trnh x l tt hn. Nng cc cht nhim sau h thng x l phi t tiu chun cho php (TCVN 5945 - 2005) trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn. (2). Nc thi sinh hot: i vi cc ngun nc thi sinh hot (nc tm ra, nc thi v sinh cng cng, ) c thu gom vo cc h ga, dn chuyn n cc b t hoi xy dng ti cc khu vc khc nhau ca d n. B t hoi l cng trnh ng thi lm 2 chc nng gm: Lng v phn hu cn lng. Cn lng c gi li trong b t 6 - 8 thng, di nh hng ca cc vi sinh vt k kh, cc cht hu c s b phn hu t t. Cc s liu thng k thc t cho thy mi ngi cn khong 0,2 - 0,3 m3 b t hoi. 40

Sau khi qua b t hoi nc thi sinh hot s thu gom, dn chuyn v Trm x l nc thi cc b ca d n x l cng nc thi sn xut ca Nh my. (3). Nc ma chy trn: H thng thot nc ma v nc thi cn phi tch ring. H thng thot nc ma c xy dng dc hai bn ng giao thng ni b, b tr cc h ga c song chn rc, nc ma lng lc t nhin v c cc ging kim tra. Cc h ga s c nh k no vt loi b nhng rc ri, cn lng. Bn thi c x l theo chn lp hp v sinh. Sau khi i qua khu vc d n, h thng thot nc ma ca d n c u ni vo h thng thot nc ma ca khu vc chy ra ngun nc tip nhn. 4.3.3. Gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn Cc bin php khng ch nhim do cht thi rn s p dng cho nh my nhit in nh sau : (1). Bin php chung: H thng qun l cht thi rn c th p dng ti Nh my nhit in c tm tt trong hnh 4. Tro t y ni hi Bi tro t h thng lc tnh in Bnh bn t h thng FGD Cht thi nhim du Nguyn liu th sn xut gch, xi mng

t trong l t Chn lp ti bi rc cng cng

Cht thi sinh hot

Hnh 4 : H thng qun l cht thi rn ti nh my nhit in. (2). Cht thi rn cng nghip Cht thi rn cng nghip pht sinh t nh my nhit in bao gm nguyn vt liu th nh thanh kim loi, tro, bao b dnh du, vi, du m, ho cht s dng, ... Cc loi cht thi ny s c phn loi ti ngun v k hp ng vi n v chc nng thu gom, vn chuyn, x l nh sau: - X tro t y ni hi c vn chuyn n cc nh my gch lm nguyn liu sn xut gch hoc nguyn vt liu lm ng; 41

- Bi tro t h thng lc tnh in cha ch yu cc cht v c khng c hi c lu gi trong cc b cha. Bi tro s c chuyn n cc nh my b tng v nh my xi mng s dng nh l ph gia. - Bnh bn x l kh thi cha lu hunh trong qu trnh x l nc thi c chuyn n cc nh my xi mng s dng nh l ph gia; - Bao b, ho cht s dng, c vn chuyn x l ng quy nh. (3). Cht thi rn sinh hot Cht thi rn sinh hot s c thu n v c chc nng thu gom v x l ti khu vc c quy hoch. 4.3.4. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n cc h sinh thi D n Nh my nhit in s gy tc ng rt ln n cc h sinh thi ti khu vc v cc hot ng nh xy dng h thng giao thng, cng trnh ngm, h tng c s v cht thi sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng. Do vy cn c nhng bin php gim thiu thch hp nh: - Trong qu trnh la chn a im cn quan tm n cc h sinh thi c th b tc ng bi d n trn c s so snh nh gi li hi gia cc v tr c a ra nhm chn c v tr ti u cho D n, t tc ng nht ti cc h sinh thi. - Khng ch nhng tc ng c hi ti cc h sinh thi bng cc gii php hn ch nhim nh trnh by trn. - Trin khai cc bin php bo v, qun l v phc hi cc h sinh thi b tc ng. 4.3.5. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng kinh t - x hi - nhn vn Nh trn trnh by, cc tc ng n mi trng kinh t x hi v nhn vn c th xy ra. Do vy cn phi c cc bin php thch hp gim thiu cc tc ng kinh t x hi. Cc bin php c th l : - Mi loi tc ng xu ti kinh t, x hi xc nh trong giai on xy dng v hot ng ca D n u phi c km theo bin php gim thiu tng ng, c l gii r rng v hiu qu gim thiu tc ng kinh t x hi. - Phi xut phng n n b, gii to, ti nh c; h tr di di, gii to nh ca, m m, cc cng trnh lch s, vn ho, tn gio; h tr o to chuyn i ngh nghip, h tr vic lm cho nhng i tng b tc ng. Cc gii php phi c th, kh thi, tun th cc quy nh hin hnh, km theo d tr kinh ph, tin thc hin v c quan thc hin, c quan gim st thc hin. - Phi xut cc bin php nhm qun l cng nhn, gii quyt mu thun gia cng nhn v ngi a phng ni thc hin d n; phng nga ly lan bnh dch (V d : HIV/AIDS); h tr cho cc hot ng ca a phng trong qu trnh xy dng v hot ng ca d n. 4.4. Bin php gim thiu, phng nga v ng ph cc s c mi trng Cc bin php phng chng, khng ch s c mi trng i vi cc nh my nhit 42

in nh sau: 4.4.1. Phng chng chy n Cc bin php phng chng chy n c th p dng cho nh my nhit in l : - Cc my mc, thit b lm vic nhit , p sut cao c qun l thng qua cc h s l lch c kim tra, ng kim nh k ti cc c quan chc nng nh nc. Cc thit b ny c lp t cc ng h o nhit , p sut, mc dung dch trong thit b, ... nhm gim st cc thng s k thut; - H thng cu ho c lp t gia khong cch ca cc cng trnh xy dng ln hn 10m iu kin cho ngi v phng tin di chuyn khi c chy, gi khong rng cn thit ngn cch m chy lan rng. Cc hng ly nc cu ho b tr u khp phm vi nh my, kt hp cc dng c cha chy nh bnh CO2, bnh bt, ... trong tng b phn sn xut v t nhng a im thao tc thun tin. H thng phun nc cha chy t ng theo gii hn nhit 700C b tr u trn mi ca nh my, kt hp h thng bm iu khin bng p lc trong ng ng hoc t b d tr nc trn cao; - Trong cc v tr sn xut cn thc hin nghim ngt quy phm an ton i vi tng cng nhn trong sut thi gian lm vic; - Cc loi dung mi v nhin liu d chy c lu tr trong cc kho cch ly ring bit, trnh xa cc ngun c kh nng pht la v tia la in, cc bn cha dung mi c lp t cc van an ton, cc thit b theo di nhit , cc thit b bo chy, cha chy t ng; - Trong cc khu sn xut, kho nguyn liu v thnh phm c lp t h thng bo chy, h thng thng tin, bo ng. Cc phng tin PCCC c kim tra thng xuyn v trong tnh trng sn sng hot ng; - Ban hnh ni quy v vic cm cng nhn khng c ht thuc, khng mang bt la, dim qut, cc dng c pht ra la do ma st, tia la in, trong khu vc c th gy chy. - Thnh lp i phng chng chy n m nhim cng tc PCCC cho nh my ; - Cng nhn lm vic trc tip trong cc nh xng sn xut, kho cha nhin liu c tp hun, hng dn cc phng php phng chng chy n; - u t cc thit b chng chy n ti cc khu vc kho cha hng ho nhin liu. B tr h thng chng chy n ti xung quanh khu vc d n; - Trang b cc thit b phng chng chy nhm cu cha kp thi khi s c xy ra; - B tr cc hng ly nc cha chy v cung cp nc thch hp. 4.4.2. H thng chng st Cc bin php chng st c th p dng ti nh my nhit in l : - Lp h thng chng st cho cc v tr cao ca khu vc d n; - Lp t h thng thu st, thu tnh in tch t v ci tin h thng theo cc cng ngh mi nhm t an ton cao cho cc hot ng ca d n; - Lp t in tr tip t xung kch < 10 khi in tr sut ca t < 50.000 43

/cm2. in tr tip t xung kch >10 khi in tr sut ca t > 50.000 /cm2; - Lp t h thng chng st chung cho ton b khu vc Nh my nhit in v tng nh xng, cng trnh kho tng; - Lp t cc loi thit b chng st tch cc, cc tr chng st c b tr bo v khp d n vi cao bo v tnh ton l 10 - 14m; 4.4.3. Phng chng r r nguyn nhin liu phng chng v cp cu s c r r nguyn nhin liu dng lng hay kh pht sinh t nh my nhit in, ch u t cn phi hp vi cc c quan chc nng kim tra nghim ngt cc h thng k thut trong kho cha, phng tin vn ti v lp phng n ng cu s c, c th nh sau: 4.4.3.1. H thng kho b cha H thng kho cha nguyn nhin liu ca nh my nhit in phi p ng y cc tiu chun Vit Nam v k thut, an ton (bao gm cc h thng lm mt, van thot hi, h thng chng st, h thng cu ho, ...). 4.4.3.2. Vn ti v qu trnh nhp xut nhin liu Cc bin php phng chng r r trong qu trnh vn ti v xut nhp nhin liu c th p dng nh sau : - Thc hin nghim ngt qui nh k thut, an ton trong qu trnh nhp xut nhin liu; - Cc phng tin vn chuyn xng du, nguyn liu lng, ... (nh xe bn, ...) c t cch php nhn, cng nh p ng tiu chun an ton, k thut khi vn chuyn trn ng giao thng. 4.4.3.3. Phng n x l s c r r Ch u t d n cn phi phi hp vi cc c quan chc nng lp phng n cp cu x l s c r r, trn du t nh my nhit in, t chc din tp cng tc cp cu khi xy ra s c thng xuyn. 4.4.3.4. Qun l ri ro ca cc ho cht s dng trong sn xut Cc bin php qun l ri ro cc ho cht s s dng trong qu trnh vn hnh nh my nhit in c trnh by bng 17. Bng 17 : Cc phng php qun l ri ro ca cc ho cht s dng trong sn xutQuy nh php lut (Thng t 08/2001/TTBCN) Bin php an ton

Stt

Tn ho cht

01

Axt Clohydric (HCl)

Phng nga s c r r, chy n Nhp khu c S dng knh bo h, gng - Khng ln vi cc kh v iu kin tay plastic kh ro cht c th chy, cc cht xy ho mnh, cc baz mnh, kim loi; - trong phng thng gi Khi tip xc, s dng

44

02

Natri hydroxide (NaOH)

03

Amonic (NH3)

tt; - Bo qun mt. Khng quy nh S dng knh bo h, gng - trong chai, l chuyn tay plastic kh ro dng, ng cht nt chai. - Trnh xa cc acid mnh, kim loi. - Bo qun ni kh ro, thong mt Nhp khu c S dng knh bo h, gng - Khng chy; iu kin tay plastic kh ro - Khng ln vi cc cht oxi ho, acid, halogen. Bo qun mt. - trong phng thng gi tot.

45

CHNG 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V QUAN TRC, GIM ST MI TRNG

Yu cu : Phn ni dung ny phi xut c cc bin php qun l v gim st , quan trc mi trng nhm m bo thc hin c hiu qu cc bin php bo v mi trng c nu trong chng 4 ng thi kp thi pht hin nhng kim khuyt trong qu trnh thc hin cng nh nhng biu hin suy thoi, nhim mi trng do D n gy ra iu chnh, ngn chn. Do vy nhng xut phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau : - Nhng xut di gc qun l mi trng phi ht sc c th v ph hp vi trnh t chc, qun l c s. - Nhng xut v gim st mi trng ch nn tp trung vo nhng thnh phn mi trng, nhng ch tiu mi trng chu tc ng ca D n. iu cn lu l D n phi chu hon ton kinh ph cho nhng hot ng ni trn, nn trong phn ny cng cn nu ln nhng d ton kinh ph cn thit nhm m bo cho cc hot ng ny.

5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng Chng trnh qun l mi trng (EMP) l k hoch p dng cc bin php gim thiu tc ng c hi v yu cu gim st d n. Mc tiu ca EMP l trin khai cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xut v gim st hiu qu ca bin php gim thiu, xc nh cc tc ng thc t ca d n. ra mt chng trnh nhm qun l cc vn mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng cc cng trnh ca d n v trong qu trnh d n i vo vn hnh trong thc t. Chng trnh qun l mi trng c xy dng trn c s tng hp t cc chng 1, 3, 4 di dng 1 ma trn bao gm: hot ng ca d n trong qu trnh xy dng v hot ng, cc tc ng mi trng, cc bin php gim thiu tc ng c hi, kinh ph thc hin, thi gian thc hin, c quan thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng v c quan gim st thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng. 5.2. Chng trnh quan trc, gim st mi trng Theo di din bin cht lng mi trng v kim sot nhim ca D n s do Ch u t d n thc hin vi s kt hp vi cc c quan chuyn mn c chc nng. Vic gim st mi trng cn phi c tin hnh mt cch lin tc trong sut qu trnh xy dng v hot ng ca D n. Chng trnh gim st, quan trc mi trng cn xc nh r: - i tng, ch tiu quan trc mi trng. - Thi gian v tn sut quan trc. 46

- Nhu cu, thit b quan trc. - Nhn lc phc v cho quan trc. - D tr kinh ph cho quan trc mi trng. Cc im quan trc, gim st mi trng phi c th hin trn bn GIS, s liu quan trc mi trng phi c cp nht, lu gi. 5.3.1. i tng, ch tiu quan trc, gim st mi trng Chng trnh gim st mi trng cn tp trung vo cc i tng chnh sau : khng kh, ting n, nc mt, nc ngm, t v sc khe cng ng. 5.3.1.1. Gim st cht thi Ch d n cn phi kt hp vi cc c quan chuyn mn v bo v mi trng tin hnh gim st nh k cht lng mi trng, nhm mc ch kim sot, bo v v gim st nhim mi trng. Tnh trng mi trng s c thng xuyn theo di, s liu s c lu tr. (1). Gim st kh thi - Thng s chn lc: Bi tng cng, kh SO2, NO2, CO, THC. - a im t v tr gim st: ti cc ng khi l hi. - Tn s thu mu v phn tch: 3 thng /ln; - Thit b thu mu v phng php phn tch: Phng php tiu chun; - Tiu chun so snh: Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam (TCVN 5939 - 2005, TCVN 5940 - 2005 v TCVN 7440 - 2005). (2). Gim st nc thi - Thng s chn lc: pH, BOD5, COD, SS, NH4+, tng Nit, tng Photpho, du m khong, Tng Phenol, Ch, E.Coli, Tng Coliform; - a im gim st: ti thiu 3 im gim st (1 im trc khi vo h thng x l ca nh my nhit in, 1 im nc thi sau khi qua h thng x l ca nh my nhit in v 1 im x nc lm ngui). - Tn sut gim st: 3 thng /ln; - Thit b thu mu v phng php phn tch: Phng php tiu chun; - Tiu chun so snh: Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam (TCVN 5945 - 2005). (3). Gim st cht thi rn Khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot, sn xut s c thng k hng ngy. nh k (3 thng/ln) v bo co cho c quan qun l mi trng. 5.3.1.2. Gim st mi trng xung quanh (1). Gim st cht lng khng kh, ting n - Thng s chn lc: Bi tng cng, kh SO2, NO2, CO, THC, ting n. - a im t v tr gim st: trong v ngoi khu vc nh my nhit in. 47

- Tn s thu mu v phn tch: 6 thng /ln; - Thit b thu mu v phng php phn tch : Phng php tiu chun; - Tiu chun so snh: Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam (TCVN 5937 - 2005, TCVN 5938 - 2005, TCVN 5949 - 1998). (2). Gim st cht lng nc mt - Thng s chn lc: pH, BOD5, COD, DO, SS, Amonia, Nitrit, Nitrat, Sunfat, Florua, tng st, ch, du m, tng phenol, tng nit, Mangan, E.Coli, Tng Coliform; - S im gim st: ti thiu ti im x nc thi, thng lu v h lu so vi im x nc thi. - Tn s kho st: 6 thng /ln; - Thit b thu mu v phng php phn tch: Phng php tiu chun; - Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun k thut Vit Nam v mi trng (QCVN 08/ 2008/BTNMT). (3). Gim st cht lng nc ngm - Thng s chn lc: pH, mu, cng, TDS, Clorua, Florua, Nitrat, Nitrit, Sunfat, Mangan, tng St, Ch, Thu ngn, Km, E.Coli, Tng Coliform; - S im gim st: xung quanh khu vc d n; - Tn s kho st: 06 thng /ln. - Thit b thu mu v phng php phn tch: Phng php tiu chun; - Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun k thut Vit Nam v mi trng (QCVN 09/ 2008/BTNMT) v Tiu chun nc sch km theo Quyt nh s 09/2005/Q-BYT ngy 11/3/2005 ca B trng B Y t). (4). Gim st mi trng t - La chn v tr gim st mi trng t ti vng t b nhim do bi than, kh c hoc vng t b ngp bi nc thi. - Yu t gim st: hm lng mn, kim loi nng v du m. - Tn sut gim st : 02 t/nm. - Tiu chun so snh : Quy chun k thut Vit Nam v mi trng (QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT, QCVN 15:2008/BTNMT). (5) Gim st khc: Ch phi gim st cc yu t: xi mn, trt, st, l, ln t; xi l b sng, b sui, b h, b bin; bi lng lng sng, lng sui, lng h, y bin; thay i mc nc mt, nc ngm; xm nhp mn; xm nhp phn; v cc ngun gy tc ng khc (nu c) trong trng hp ti khu vc thc hin d n khng c cc trm, im gim st chung ca c quan nh nc, vi tn sut ph hp nhm theo di c s bin i theo khng gian v thi gian ca cc yu t ny. Cc im gim st phi c th hin c th trn s vi ch gii r rng. S cc v tr gim st cht lng mi trng phi c th hin trn bn GIS. 48

5.3.2. D tr kinh ph cho gim st, quan trc mi trng Vic d tr kinh ph cho hot ng quan trc mi trng ca c s l cn thit v khng th thiu, do vy trong phn ni dung ny phi xut rt c th, r rng nhng khong kinh ph d tr cho hot ng quan trc tng thnh phn mi trng nu trn.

49

CHNG 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG Yu cu : Phn ny phi tng hp c nhng kin tn thnh, khng tn thnh ca y ban nhn dn, y ban Mt trn T quc cp x, ca i biu tham gia i thoi. Mc tiu ca tham vn cng ng v cng b thng tin l huy ng cng ng tham gia tch cc vo qu trnh TM nhm xc nh cc tc ng ca d n trong giai on gim st tun th d n. 6.1. nh ngha v cng ng Cng ng c xc nh nh ton b tp hp nhng ngi c kh nng b tc ng bi d n, bao gm ngi ni tr, ngi bun bn, ngi s dng t v ngi lm vic trong lnh vc cng nghip. Theo Lut BVMT 2005, i din ca cng ng l UBND v UBMTTQ cp x. Cch tip cn nhm thc hin tham vn cng ng l khuyn khch s tham vn cng ng t giai on u tin ca qu trnh TM- Giai on nghin cu tin kh thi tip xc vi cng cc i din ca cng ng trong sut qu trnh TM. Bng cch ny cng ng tr thnh b phn b sung vo i ng thc hin TM. 6.2. Hng dn v tham vn cng ng v cng b thng tin Theo Mc 8, iu 20 ca Lut BVMT 2005 kin ca U ban nhn dn x, phng, th trn (sau y gi chung l U ban nhn dn cp x), i din cng ng dn c ni thc hin d n; cc kin khng tn thnh vic t d n ti a phng hoc khng tn thnh i vi cc gii php bo v mi trng phi c nu trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. Ngh nh 21/2008.N-CP4 b sung "iu 6a. Ly kin y ban nhn dn x, phng, th trn v i din cng ng dn c trong qu trnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng nh sau (1). y ban Mt trn T quc x, phng, th trn (sau y gi l y ban Mt trn T quc cp x) i din cho cng ng dn c tham gia kin trong qu trnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n u t trn a bn. (2). Ch d n gi vn bn thng bo v cc hng mc u t chnh, cc vn mi trng, cc gii php bo v mi trng ca d n v ngh y ban nhn dn, y Mt trn T quc cp x ni thc hin d n tham gia kin. (3). Trong thi hn mi lm ngy (15) lm vic, k t ngy nhn c vn bn ngh tham gia kin, y ban nhn dn v y ban Mt trn T quc cp x c trch nhim tr li ch d n bng vn bn kin ca mnh v cng b cng khai nhn dn bit. Qu thi hn nu trn, nu khng nhn c vn bn tr li th c xem l y ban nhn dn cp x v i din cng ng dn c ng vi ch d n.

50

(4). Cc d n sau y khng phi ly kin ca y ban nhn dn cp x v i din cng ng dn c ni thc hin d n trong qu trnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng: a). D n u t nm trong khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh cao trong trng hp d n xy dng kt cu h tng ca khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh cao c c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. Trng hp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n xy dng kt cu h tng khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh cao c ph duyt sau ngy 01 thng 7 nm 2006 th phi c c quan nh nc v bo v mi trng c thm quyn theo quy nh ca php lut kim tra, xc nhn l thc hin y cc ni dung bo v mi trng nu trong Quyt nh ph duyt v bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. b). D n trn vng bin khng xc nh c trch nhim qun l hnh chnh ca y ban nhn dn cp x ly kin trong qu trnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. c). Cc d n u t thuc lnh vc an ninh, quc phng lin quan n b mt quc gia". Theo Thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ca B TN-MT, qu trnh thc hin tham vn kin cng ng c trin khai nh sau : (1). Ch d n gi vn bn thng bo v cc hng mc u t chnh, cc vn mi trng, cc gii php bo v mi trng ca d n v ngh y ban nhn dn, y ban Mt trn T quc cp x ni thc hin d n tham gia kin. Ni dung c th ca thng bo bao gm: nhng ni dung chnh ca d n, nhng tc ng tiu cc ca d n n mi trng t nhin v kinh t - x hi (trong cn ch r chng loi km theo nng , thi lng cc loi cht thi), nhng bin php gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc s p dng v nhng cam kt khc ca ch d n v bo v mi trng (trong cn ch r cng ngh, thit b v cng trnh x l cht thi, mc x l theo cc thng s c trng ca cht thi so vi tiu chun, quy chun quy nh v cc bin php khc v bo v mi trng) km theo nhng s (bn , bn v) th hin r v tr ca d n trong mi lin h vi cc i tng t nhin v kinh t - x hi xung quanh, s (bn v) tng mt bng ca d n vi cc hng mc cng trnh chnh ca d n v cc cng trnh x l v qun l cht thi ca d n, cc cng trnh bo v mi trng i vi cc yu t khc ngoi cht thi (th hin r cc im u ni h tng c s, k c cc cng trnh x l v qun l cht thi ca d n vi h thng h tng c s v cc i tng t nhin bn ngoi hng ro khu vc d n). (2). Trong thi hn c quy nh ti khon 4 iu 1 Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP, y ban nhn dn v y ban Mt trn T quc cp x c trch nhim: - Cng b cng khai nhn dn bit v tr li ch d n bng vn bn c lp theo mu quy nh ti Ph lc 5 ban hnh km theo Thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT. - Thng bo bng vn bn yu cu ch d n phi hp thc hin i thoi i vi trng hp cn thit. Kt qu i thoi gia ch d n, y ban nhn dn, y ban Mt trn T quc cp x v cc bn c lin quan c ghi thnh bin bn, trong c danh sch i biu tham gia v phn nh y nhng