Dump Truck - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

3/2/2015 DumptruckWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck 1/6

MercedesBenzArocsdumptruckwitheightwheeldrive

A1927FruehaufDumpTrailer

AKenworthK100dumptruck

DumptruckFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Adumptruck(or,UK,dumper/tippertruck)isatruckusedfortransportingloosematerial(suchassand,gravel,ordirt)forconstruction.Atypicaldumptruckisequippedwithanopenboxbed,whichishingedattherearandequippedwithhydraulicpistonstoliftthefront,allowingthematerialinthebedtobedeposited("dumped")onthegroundbehindthetruckatthesiteofdelivery.IntheUKandAustraliathetermappliestooffroadconstructionplantonly,andtheroadvehicleisknownasatipper,tipperlorry(UK)ortiptruck(AU).

Contents

1History2Types

2.1Standarddumptruck2.2Transferdumptruck2.3Truckandpup2.4Superdumptruck2.5Semitrailerenddumptruck2.6Semitrailerbottomdumptruck2.7Doubleandtripletrailerbottomdumptruck2.8Sidedumptruck2.9Winterservicevehicles2.10Offhighwaydumptrucks

2.10.1Haultruck2.10.2Articulatedhauler

3Dangers3.1Collisions3.2Tipping3.3Backupaccidents

4Manufacturers5Seealso6References7Notes8Externallinks

History

Thedumptruckisthoughttohavebeenfirstconceivedinthefarmsoflate19thcenturywesternEurope.Thornycroftdevelopedasteamdustcartin1896withatippermechanism.[1]ThefirstmotorizeddumptrucksintheUnitedStatesweredevelopedbysmallequipmentcompaniessuchasTheFruehaufTrailerCorporation|),GalionBuggyCo.andLauthJuergensamongmanyothersaround1910.[2]HydraulicdumpbedswereintroducedbyWoodHoistCo.shortlyafter.SuchcompaniesflourishedduringWorldWarIduetomassivewartimedemand.AugustFruehaufhadobtainedmilitarycontractsforhissemitrailer,inventedin1914andlatercreatedthepartnervehicle,thesemitruckforuseinWorldWarI.Afterthewar,Fruehaufintroducedhydraulicsinhistrailers.Theyofferedhydraulicliftgates,hydraulicwinchesandadumptrailerforsalesintheearly1920s.Fruehaufbecamethepremiersupplierofdumptrailersandtheirfamed"bathtubdump"wasconsideredtobethebestbyheavyhaulers,roadandminingconstructionfirms.[3][4][5]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruehauf_Trailer_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-wheel_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truck_with_motion_blur.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oo1927_fruehauf_dmp_trlr.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauth-Juergens&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_Arocs_-_dump_truck_version_(1).JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar_Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Arocshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenworthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornycrofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic



TheGraff&HippleWagonDumper,ca.1884,showinganearlyleverbaseddumpingmechanism

AmodernUnimog405/UGNdumptruck

AnAshokLeylandCometdumptruck,anexampleofaverybasic4x2dumptruckusedforpayloadsof10metrictons(11.0shorttons9.8longtons)orless

CompanieslikeGalionBuggyCo.continuedtogrowafterthewarbymanufacturinganumberofexpressbodiesandsomesmallerdumpbodiesthatcouldbeeasilyinstalledoneitherstockorconverted(heavydutysuspensionanddrivetrain)ModelTchassispriorto1920.GalionandWoodMfg.Co.builtallofthedumpbodiesofferedbyFordontheirheavydutyAAandBBchassisduringthe1930s.[6][7]Galion(nowGalionGodwinTruckBodyCo.)istheoldestknowntruckbodymanufacturerstillinoperationtoday.

ThefirstknownCanadiandumptruckwasdevelopedinSaintJohn,NewBrunswickwhenRobertT.Mawhinneyattachedadumpboxtoaflatbedtruckin1920.Theliftingdevicewasawinchattachedtoacablethatfedoversheave(pulley)mountedonamastbehindthecab.Thecablewasconnectedtothelowerfrontendofthewoodendumpboxwhichwasattachedbyapivotatthebackofthetruckframe.Theoperatorturnedacranktoraiseandlowerthebox.ThefirstdumpbedapparatusonawheeledvehiclepatentedinCanada[8][9]

Types

Today,virtuallyalldumptrucksoperatebyhydraulicsandtheycomeinavarietyofconfigurationseachdesignedtoaccomplishaspecifictaskintheconstructionmaterialsupplychain.

Standarddumptruck

Astandarddumptruckisatruckchassiswithadumpbodymountedtotheframe.Thebedisraisedbyaverticalhydraulicrammountedunderthefrontofthebody,orahorizontalhydraulicramandleverarrangementbetweentheframerails,andthebackofthebedishingedatthebackofthetruck.Thetailgatecanbeconfiguredtoswingupontophinges(andsometimesalsotofolddownonlowerhinges)oritcanbeconfiguredinthe"HighLiftTailgate"formatwhereinpneumaticramsliftthegateopenandupabovethedumpbody.

IntheUnitedStates,astandarddumptruckhasonefrontsteeringaxle,andoneortworearaxleswhichtypicallyhavedualwheelsoneachside.TandemrearaxlesarevirtuallyalwayspoweredintheU.S.,farlessofteninEurope.Mostunpoweredrearaxlescanberaisedoffthepavement,tominimizewearandtearwhenthetruckisemptyorlightlyloaded,andloweredtobecomeloadbearingwhenthetruckneedstheextrasupport.Thesearereferredtoasliftaxlesordropaxles.Liftaxlescanbesteerableornonsteerablesteerableliftaxlesarealwaysconfiguredwithsinglewheelsoneachside,insteadofdualwheels.Liftaxlespositionedinfrontofthepoweredaxlesarecalledpushersliftaxlespositionedbehindthepoweredaxlesarecalledtags.

Commonconfigurationsforastandarddumptruckincludethefourwheeler.[notes1](4x2)whichhasonepoweredrearaxle,thesixwheeler(6x2or6x4)withoneortwopoweredrearaxles,thetriaxlewithoneliftaxleandtwopoweredaxles,andthequadwithtwoliftaxlesandtwopoweredaxles.ThelargestofthestandardEuropeandumptrucksiscommonlycalleda"centipede"andhassevenaxles.Thereartwoaxlesarepowered,thefrontaxleisthesteeringaxle,andtheremainingfourareliftaxles.Theintermediateaxlesarepresenttosupporttheweighoverthelengthofthechassisandsometimestoprovideadditionalbrakingpower.IntheEuropeanUnion,thedumptruckconfigurationsare2,3and4axles.The4axleeightwheelerhastwoaxlesatthefrontandtwoattherearandislimitedto32metrictons(35shorttons31longtons)grossweightinmostEUcountries.IntheU.S.themostcommonlargedumptrucks,the"semidumps",havea6x4semitractorandatwoaxletrailer.[notes2]Althoughtheoreticallyabletohaveagrossweightof80,000pounds,bridgeformulalaws[notes3]usuallyreducethis.[10][11]

Theshorterwheelbaseofastandarddumptruckoftenmakesitmoremaneuverablethanthehighercapacitysemitrailerdumptrucks.

Transferdumptruck

Atransferdumpisastandarddumptruckpullingaseparatetrailerwithamovablecargocontainer,whichcanalsobeloadedwithconstructionaggregategravel,sand,asphalt,klinkers,snow,woodchips,triplemix,etc.

Thesecondaggregatecontaineronthetrailer("B"box),[12]ispoweredbyanelectricmotor,apneumaticmotororanhydraulicline.Itrollsonsmallwheels,ridingonrailsfromthetrailer'sframeintotheemptymaindumpcontainer("A"box).Thismaximizespayloadcapacitywithoutsacrificingthe

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transfer_dump&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2012-06-11_white_Unimog_405_(UGN)_U400_dump_truck.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-trailer_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_aggregatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashok_Leyland_Tipper_Truck_726.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graff_%26_Hipple_wagon_dumper.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Leylandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_T._Mawhinney&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_mixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_ram



Anotherkindof8x4dumptruck:threerearaxles(twopowered,onelift).

Exampleofatransfertruckandtrailer

Truckandpupdumptruck

FruehaufsuperdumpwithGMCtractor

maneuverabilityofthestandarddumptruck.TransferdumptrucksaretypicallyseeninthewesternUnitedStatesduetothepeculiarweightrestrictionsonhighwaysthere.

Anotherconfigurationiscalledatripletransfertrain,consistingofa"B"and"C"box.ThesearecommononNevadaandUtahHighways,butnotinCalifornia.Dependingontheaxlearrangement,atripletransfercanhaulupto129,000kilograms(284,000pounds)withaspecialpermitincertainAmericanstates.Asof2007,atripletransfercostsacontractorabout$105anhour,whileaA/Bconfigurationcostsabout$85perhour.

Transferdumptruckstypicallyhaulbetween26and27shorttons(23.6and24.5t23.2and24.1longtons)ofaggregateperload,eachtruckiscapableof35loadsperday,generallyspeaking.

Truckandpup

Atruckandpupisverysimilartoatransferdump.Itconsistsofastandarddumptruckpullingadumptrailer.Thepuptrailer,unlikethetransfer,hasitsownhydraulicramandiscapableofselfunloading.

Superdumptruck

ASuperdumpisastraightdumptruckequippedwithatrailingaxle,aliftable,loadbearingaxleratedashighas13,000pounds(5,897kg).Trailing11to13feet(3.35to3.96m)behindthereartandem,thetrailingaxlestretchestheouter"bridge"measurementthedistancebetweenthefirstandlastaxlestothemaximumoveralllengthallowed.Thisincreasesthegrossweightallowedunderthefederalbridgeformula,whichsetsstandardsfortrucksizeandweight.Dependingonthevehiclelengthandaxleconfiguration,Superdumpscanberatedashighas80,000pounds(36,287kg).GVWandcarry26shorttons(23.6t23.2longtons)ofpayloadormore.Whenthetruckisemptyorreadytooffload,thetrailingaxletogglesupofftheroadsurfaceontwohydraulicarmstocleartherearofthevehicle.TruckownerscalltheirtrailingaxleequippedtrucksSuperdumpsbecausetheyfarexceedthepayload,productivity,andreturnoninvestmentofaconventionaldumptruck.TheSuperdumpandtrailingaxleconceptwasdevelopedbyStrongIndustriesofHouston,Texas.

Semitrailerenddumptruck

Asemienddumpisatractortrailercombinationwhereinthetraileritselfcontainsthehydraulichoist.Atypicalsemienddumphasa3axletractorpullinga2axlesemitrailer.Thekeyadvantageofasemienddumpisrapidunloading.Akeydisadvantageisthattheyareveryunstablewhenraisedinthedumpingpositionlimitingtheiruseinmanyapplicationswherethedumpinglocationisunevenorofflevel.

Semitrailerbottomdumptruck

Asemibottomdump(or"bellydump")isa3axletractorpullinga2axletrailerwithaclamshelltypedumpgateinthebellyofthetrailer.Thekeyadvantageofasemibottomdumpisitsabilitytolaymaterialinawindrow(alinearheap).Inaddition,asemibottomdumpismaneuverableinreverse,unlikethedoubleandtripletrailerconfigurationsdescribedbelow.Thesetrailersmaybefoundeitherofthewindrowtypeshowninthephoto,ormaybeofthe"crossspread"type,withthegatesopeningfronttorearinsteadofleftandright.Thecrossspreadgateswillactuallyspreadgravelfairlyevenlythewidthofthetrailer.Bycomparison,thewindrowgatesleaveapileinthemiddle.Thecrossspreadstendtojamandmaynotworkwellwithcoarsematerials.

Doubleandtripletrailerbottomdumptruck

Doubleandtriplebottomdumpsconsistofa2axletractorpullingonesingleaxlesemitrailerandanadditionalfulltrailer(ortwofulltrailersinthecaseoftriples).Thesedumptrucksallowthedrivertolaymaterialinwindrowswithoutleavingthecaborstoppingthetruck.Themaindisadvantageisthedifficultyinbackingdoubleandtripleunits.

Thespecifictypeofdumptruckusedinanyspecificcountryislikelytobecloselykeyedtotheweightandaxlelimitationsofthatjurisdiction.Rock,dirtandothertypesofmaterialscommonlyhauledintrucksofthistypearequiteheavy,andalmostanystyleoftruckcanbeeasilyoverloaded.Becauseofthat,thistypeoftruckisfrequentlyconfiguredtotakeadvantageoflocalweightlimitationstomaximizethecargo.Forexample,withintheUnitedStates,themaximumweightlimitof40shorttons(36.3t35.7longtons)throughoutthecountry,exceptforspecificbridgeswithlowerlimits.Individualstates,insomeinstances,areallowedtoauthorizetrucksupto52.5shorttons(47.6t46.9longtons).Moststatesthatdosorequirethatthetrucksbeverylong,tospreadtheweightovermoredistance.ItisinthiscontextthatdoubleandtriplebottomsarefoundwithintheUnitedStates.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volvo_Tri-axle_Dump_Truck.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_(machine_part)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WCtruck.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dump_gate&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoist_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tip_truck_and_quad_dog_trailer.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strong_Industries&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fruehauf_super_dump_with_GMC_tractor.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houstonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-trailer



Semitrailerenddumptruck

Bottomdumptrailer.

SideDumpIndustriesTrainSet.

Small200TonCaterpillarHaultruck.

Articulateddumptruckordumper

Sidedumptruck

Asidedumptruck(SDT)consistsofa3axletractorpullinga2axlesemitrailer.Ithashydraulicramswhichtiltthedumpbodyontoitsside,spillingthematerialtoeithertheleftorrightsideofthetrailer.ThekeyadvantagesofthesidedumparethatitallowsrapidunloadingandcancarrymoreweightinthewesternUnitedStates.Inaddition,itisalmostimmunetoupset(tippingover)whiledumping,unlikethesemienddumpswhichareverypronetotippingover.Itis,however,highlylikelythatasidedumptrailerwilltipoverifdumpingisstoppedprematurely.Also,whendumpingloosematerialsorcobblesizedstone,thesidedumpcanbecomestuckifthepilebecomeswideenoughtocovertoomuchofthetrailer'swheels.Trailersthatdumpattheappropriateangle(50forexample)avoidtheproblemofthedumpedloadfoulingthepathofthetrailerwheelsbydumpingtheirloadsfurthertothesideofthetruck,insomecasesleavingsufficientclearancetowalkbetweenthedumpedloadandthetrailer.

Winterservicevehicles

Manywinterservicevehicleunitsarebasedondumptrucks,toallowtheplacementofballasttoweighthetruckdownortoholdsodiumorcalciumchloridesaltsforspreadingonsnowandicecoveredsurfaces.

Offhighwaydumptrucks

Offhighwaydumptrucks[13]areheavyconstructionequipmentandsharelittleresemblecetohighwaydumptrucks.Biggeroffhighwaydumptrucksareusedstrictlyoffroadforminingandheavydirthaulingjobs.Therearetwoprimaryforms:rigidframeandarticulatingframe.

Thetermdumptruckisnotgenerallyusedbytheminingindustry,orbythemanufacturersthatbuildthesemachines.ThemoreappropriateU.S.termforthisstrictlyoffroadvehicleis"haultruck"andtheequivalentEuropeantermis'dumper'.

Haultruck

Haultrucksareusedinlargesurfaceminesandquarries.Theyhavearigidframeandconventionalsteeringwithdriveattherearwheel.Asoflate2013,thelargesteverproductionhaultruckisthe450metrictonBelAZ75710,followedbytheLiebherrT282B,theBucyrusMT6300ACandtheCaterpillar797F,whicheachhavepayloadcapacitiesofupto400shorttons(363t357longtons).MostlargesizehaultrucksemployDieselelectricpowertrains,usingtheDieselenginetodriveanACalternatororDCgeneratorthatsendselectricpowertoelectricmotorsateachrearwheel.TheCaterpillar797isuniqueforitssize,asitemploysaDieselenginetopoweramechanicalpowertrain,typicalofmostroadgoingvehiclesandintermediarysizehaultrucks.OthermajormanufacturersofhaultrucksincludeHitachi,Komatsu,DAC,TerexandBelAZ.

Articulatedhauler

Anarticulateddumperisanallwheeldrive,offroaddumptruck.Ithasahingebetweenthecabandthedumpbox,butisdistinctfromasemitrailertruckinthatthepowerunitisapermanentfixture,notaseparablevehicle.Steeringisaccomplishedviahydrauliccylindersthatpivottheentiretractorinrelationtothetrailer,ratherthanrackandpinionsteeringonthefrontaxleasinaconventionaldumptruck.Bythiswayofsteering,thetrailerswheelsfollowthesamepathasthefrontwheels.Togetherwithallwheeldriveandlowcenterofgravity,itishighlyadaptabletoroughterrain.MajormanufacturersincludeVolvoCE,Terex,JohnDeereandCaterpillar.

Dangers

Collisions

Dumptrucksarenormallybuiltforsomeamountofoffroadorconstructionsitedrivingasthedriverisprotectedbythechassisandheightofthedriver'sseat,bumpersareeitherplacedhighoromittedforaddedgroundclearance.Thedisadvantageisthatinacollisionwithastandardcar,theentiremotorsectionorluggagecompartmentgoesunderthetruck.Thus,thepassengersinthecarcouldbemoreseverelyinjuredthan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_and_pinionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_ballasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smudge2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_797Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:End_dump_2005-11-28.km.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haul_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caterpillar_D350D.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucyrus_MT6300AChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:200_Ton_Truck.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BelAZ_75710http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_(automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment_(construction)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobble_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belly_dump_2005-12-15.km.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haul_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_service_vehicle



wouldbecommoninacollisionwithanothercar.Severalcountrieshavemaderulesthatnewtrucksshouldhavebumpersapproximately40cm(16in)abovegroundinordertoprotectotherdriversbetter.Therearealsorulesabouthowlongtheloadorconstructionofthetruckcangobeyondtherearbumpertopreventcarsthatrearendthetruckfromgoingunderit.[14]

Tipping

Anothersafetyconsiderationisthelevelingofthetruckbeforeunloading.Ifthetruckisnotparkedonrelativelyhorizontalground,thesuddenchangeofweightandbalanceduetoliftingoftheskipanddumpingofthematerialcancausethetrucktoslide,oreventotipover.

Backupaccidents

Becauseoftheirsizeandthedifficultyofmaintainingvisualcontactwithonfootworkers,dumptruckscanbeathreat,especiallywhenbackingup.[15]Mirrorsandbackupalarmsprovidesomelevelofprotection,andhavingaspotterworkingwiththedriveralsodecreasesbackupinjuriesandfatalities.[16]

Manufacturers

AshokLeylandAsiaMotorWorksBelAZBEMLCaseCECaterpillarInc.EuclidTrucksHitachiConstructionMachineryHitachiConstructionMachinery(Europe)JohnDeereKenworth

KomatsuKrAZLeaderTrucksLiebherrGroupMackTrucksMahindraTrucks&BusesLtd.MANDaimlerAGInternationalNewHollandPeterbiltScaniaABSTKineticsTata

DaewooTatra(company)TerexCorporationVolvoTrucksVolvoConstructionEquipmentVolvoEicherCommercialVehicles

Seealso

DumperGarbagetruck

References

1. ^"AnAutomobileDustCart".TheAutomotorandHorselessCarriageJournal,October1897,p242. ^Wood,Donald(2001).DumpTrucks.729ProspectAve.Osceola,WI54020:MBIPublishingCompany.pp.69.3. ^www.singingwheels.com(http://www.singingwheels.com)4. ^TerrificTransportationInventionsbyLauraHamiltonWaxmanCopyright2014byLernerPublishingGroup,Inc.,pp20(Websiteaddress:

www.lernerbooks.com(http://www.lernerbooks.com))5. ^HomeFrontHeroes:ABiographicalDictionaryofAmericansDuringWartime.EditedbyBenjaminF.Shearer,November30,2006,Volume1,

pp319,GreenwoodPublishingGroup,Inc.,Westport,Connecticut6. ^Wood,Donald(2001).DumpTrucks.729ProspectAve.Osceola,WI54020:MBIPublishingCompany.pp.1130.7. ^Wanger,James(1994).FordTrucksSince1905.MotorbooksIntl.8. ^MarioTheriault,GreatMaritmeInventions18331950,GooseLaneEditions,2001,p.719. ^Sketchofthefirstdumptruck(http://www.newbrunswick.net/Saint_John/sjfirst.html)

10. ^http://www.rsa.ie/SERVICES/upload/File/Vehicle%20Standards/Leaflet%20No.%201.docretrieved15Jan201011. ^FederalHighwayAdministration(2004)."FreightManagementandOperations"

(http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/publications/size_regs_final_rpt/).U.S.DepartmentofTransportation.Retrieved20130520.12. ^http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=woi0T4XVf1s13. ^http://www.bcmuseumofmining.org/pdfs/The_Super_Haul_Truck_Resource.pdf14. ^"Vehiclesunderrunprotectionarrangements"(http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?IA=SE2003001950&DISPLAY=DESC).Retrieved

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_Truckshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daewoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Earth_Movershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_MotorWorkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST_Kinetics#Construction_vehicleshttp://www.lernerbooks.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BelAZhttp://www.bcmuseumofmining.org/pdfs/The_Super_Haul_Truck_Resource.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_CEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Holland_Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebherr_Grouphttp://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?IA=SE2003001950&DISPLAY=DESChttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=woi0T4XVf1shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deerehttp://www.singingwheels.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid_Truckshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_(company)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-up_alarmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_Construction_Machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_ABhttp://www.new-brunswick.net/Saint_John/sjfirst.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komatsu_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN_SEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenworthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Leylandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Truckshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KrAZhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volvo_Eicher_Commercial_Vehicles&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Truckshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_Construction_Machinery_(Europe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Construction_Equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahindra_Navistarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navistar_Internationalhttp://www.rsa.ie/SERVICES/upload/File/Vehicle%20Standards/Leaflet%20No.%201.dochttp://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/publications/size_regs_final_rpt/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterbilt



LookupdumptruckinWiktionary,thefreedictionary.

Notes

1. ÎntheUKandUnitedStatesitismorecommontorefertothenumberofwheelhubs,ratherthanthenumberoftires,oftendesignatedas(numberofwheelsxnumberofpoweredwheels).

2. ÎntheU.S.,fiveaxlesareabletolegallysupportthemaximumFederalGVW.3. Âbridgeformularestrictsweightbywheelbase,thelongerthewheelbaseis,theheavierthevehiclecanbe.

Externallinks

MediarelatedtoDumptrucksatWikimediaCommonsAYouTubevideoofadumptruckraisingandloweringitsloadtray(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvA3VAG8eEs)Caterpillar730ArticulatedDumpTruckonaloadingcycle(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8alWgVkz1VE)BellB40DArticulatedDumpTruckloadingandunloading(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpgUt0vz5c)ArticulatedDumpTruck(http://dumptip.com/Articulated_dump_truck.html)VolvoA40DArticulatedDumpTruckatworkmovingoverburden(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWu_HgFeFMg)

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14. ^"Vehiclesunderrunprotectionarrangements"(http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?IA=SE2003001950&DISPLAY=DESC).Retrieved20081226.

15. ÂLaborerDiesinaStreetWorkZoneafterBeingBackedOverbyaDumpTruck(http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/stateface/ca/07ca001.html).FatalityAssessmentandControlEvaluation(FACE)Program.NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth.CaliforniaCaseReport:07CA001.

16. ÂConstructionInspectorDiesAfterBeingBackedOverbyaTenwheelAsphaltDumpTruck(http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/stateface/ca/00CA005.html).FatalityAssessmentandControlEvaluation(FACE)Program.NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth.CaliforniaFACEInvestigation00CA005.

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