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(Dysfunction of cellular signal transduction in disease) 细细细细细细细细细细细

(Dysfunction of cellular signal transduction in disease)

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(Dysfunction of cellular signal transduction in disease). 细胞信号转导障碍与疾病. Clinical example. 男性, 6 岁时因自幼皮肤黄色瘤就诊。患儿出生时臀部即有一绿豆粒大小之疹状黄色瘤,此后,黄色瘤渐扩展为条纹状及片状,且颈后、肘部和膑骨等肌腱附着处及眼内眦部先后出现斑块状、条纹状黄色瘤。 5 岁后双手指、足趾伸肌腱及跟腱先后出现大小不等的结节状黄色瘤。. Clinical example. 体检: 心脏听诊主动脉瓣区可闻 Ⅲ 级收缩期杂音 实验室检查: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: (Dysfunction of cellular signal transduction in disease)

(Dysfunction of cellular signal transduction in disease)

细胞信号转导障碍与疾病

Page 2: (Dysfunction of cellular signal transduction in disease)

男性, 6 岁时因自幼皮肤黄色瘤就诊。患儿出生时臀部即有一绿豆粒大小之疹状黄色瘤,此后,黄色瘤渐扩展为条纹状及片状,且颈后、肘部和膑骨等肌腱附着处及眼内眦部先后出现斑块状、条纹状黄色瘤。 5 岁后双手指、足趾伸肌腱及跟腱先后出现大小不等的结节状黄色瘤。

Clinical example

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体检: 心脏听诊主动脉瓣区可闻Ⅲ级收缩期杂音实验室检查: 血清总胆固醇 (TC) 21.3 mmol/L (2.82~5.95 mmol/

L) 甘油三酯 (TG) 1.2 mmol/L (0.56~1.7 mmol/L) 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL-C) 0.8 mmol/L

(1.03~2.07 mmol/L) 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL-C) 19.6 mmol/L

(2.7~3.2 mmol/L)

Clinical example

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心电图示左室肥厚及心肌缺血 心脏多普勒检查显示主动脉壁增

厚、异常光斑、主动脉狭窄 7 岁时每于剧烈运动即心绞痛发作 8 岁时奔跑后突发前室间隔心肌梗死 10 岁于冠脉搭桥术后猝死。

Clinical example

该患者患有何种疾病?其信号转导障碍的分子机制是什么?

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Cellular signal transduction

膜受体介导的跨膜信号转导膜受体介导的跨膜信号转导

核受体介导的信号转导核受体介导的信号转导

细胞信号转导

信息分子通过作用于受体及其信号转导分子而影响细胞生物学功能的过程。

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Transmembrane signal transduction

跨膜信号转导

胞外信息分子与膜受体结合,将信息传递至胞浆或核内,调节靶细胞功能的过程。

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核受体介导的信号转导

信息分子与核受体结合启动靶基因转录的过程。

Nuclear receptor-mediated signal transduction

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核受体 (Nuclear receptor)

位于胞浆或核内的受体,激活后作为转录因子,在核内调节靶基因的转录活性,从而诱发细胞特定的应答反应。

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(The primary pathways of cellular signal transduction)

第一节 细胞信号转导的主要通路

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(G protein-mediated signal transduction)

一、 G 蛋白介导的信号转导

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G 蛋白 (G protein)

可与鸟嘌呤核苷酸可逆性结合的蛋白质家族。

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分类 (Classification)Classification)

α 、 β 和 γ 亚单位 组成的异三聚体 GG

GDPGDP

小分子 G 蛋白GG

GDPGDP

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◆◆ G 蛋白激活 : GTP 与 Gα 相结合◆◆ G 蛋白失活 : GTP酶水解 GTP

受体

G

GDP

G

GTP

效应蛋白 G

GTP

效应蛋白

G

GDP

G 蛋白活性的调节

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(Adenylyl cyclase signal transduction pathway)

( 一 ) 腺苷酸环化酶信号转导通路

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cAMP

PKAPKA 靶蛋白 磷酸化

靶蛋白 磷酸化

靶基因 转录

腺苷酸环化酶+

受体α2 受体 M 受体

GsGs GiGi

Adenylyl cyclase signal transduction pathway

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(二 ) 磷脂酶 C 信号转导途径 (Phospholipase C signal transduction pathway)

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靶蛋白 磷酸化

靶蛋白 磷酸化

靶基因 转录

α1 受体 AngII 受体

PIP2

PKCPKCCa2 +

GqGq

IP3DAG

PLCβ

Phospholipase C signal transduction pathway

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(Tyrosine protein kinase-mediated

signal transduction pathway)

二、受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶  介导的信号转导途径

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(Receptor tyrosine protein kinase pathway)

( 一 ) 受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶通路

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靶蛋白 磷酸化

受体 TPK

PGDP

GTP

MEK

ERKERK

Raf

靶基因 转录

(extracellular signal regulated kinase , ERK)

生长因子

Grb2 Grb2 SosSosRasRas

Tyrosine protein kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway

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(Non-receptor tyrosine protein kinase pathway)

(二 )非受体酪氨酸蛋白 激酶信号转导通路

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GH

Growth hormone receptor signaling through the JAK/STAT pathway

GH receptor

JAKJAK JAKJAK

P

STAT

P

STAT

Target geneTarget gene

STATSTATSTATSTAT

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(Nuclear receptor-mediated signal transduction pathway)

三、核受体介导的信号转导通路

类固醇激素受体家族甲状腺素受体家族

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Nuclear receptor-mediated signal transduction pathway

Gene Gene

Cortisol HSP R RHSP

R R

R

HSPHSP

R

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(Dysfunction of cellular signal

transduction in diseases)

第二节 细胞信号转导障碍与疾病

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一、受体异常与疾病(Receptor-based diseases)

受体病 (receptor disease): 因受体的数量、结构或调节功能变化,使受体不能正常介导配体在靶细胞中应有的效应所引起的疾病。

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功能丧失性改变(loss-of-function alterations)

受体下调 (down regulation): 受体数量减少

受体下调 (down regulation): 受体数量减少

受体减敏 (desensitization ) :靶细胞对配体刺激的反应性减弱

受体减敏 (desensitization ) :靶细胞对配体刺激的反应性减弱

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功能增强性改变

(gain-of-function alterations)

受体上调 (up regulation): 受体数量增加受体上调 (up regulation): 受体数量增加

受体增敏 (hypersensitivity): 在缺乏配体时自发激活或对正常配体反应性增强

受体增敏 (hypersensitivity): 在缺乏配体时自发激活或对正常配体反应性增强

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(Genetic disorders of receptor)

( 一 ) 遗传性受体病

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1. 家族性高胆固醇血症(familial hypercholesterolaemia, FH)

因编码 LDL 受体的基因突变,使细胞表面 LDL 受体减少或缺失,引起脂质代谢紊乱和动脉粥样硬化。

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(1) LDL 受体的代谢(metabolism of LDL receptor)

核核

粗面内质网

高尔基体囊泡

溶酶体

核内体

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(2) LDL 受体突变的类型及分子机制(classes of functional LDL-receptor defects)

LDL

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi

Mutation Synthesis Transport Binding Clustering Recyclingclass

I XII XIII XIV XV X

Endosome

II III

IV

V

Classification of LDL receptor mutation

I

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(3)表现 (manifestations)

常染色体显性遗传 LDL 受体减少 血浆 LDL水平升高早发动脉粥样硬化

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2. 家族性肾性尿崩症(familial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)

因遗传性 ADH 受体 (V2型 )

及受体后信号转导异常引起。

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V2RV2R

(1) ADH 的信号转导 (signal transduction of ADH)

GsGs

ACAC

cAMPcAMP

ATPATP

PKAPKAADHADH

H2O

H2O

H2O

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编码 V2 受体的基因突变使合成的 ADH 受体异常

(2) 发病机制 (mechanism)

(3)表现 (manifestations) 性连锁隐性遗传 男性儿童发病 多尿,烦渴,多饮 血浆 ADH水平无降低

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激素抵抗综合征(hormone resistance syndrome)

激素合成与分泌正常,因靶细胞对激素反应性减低或丧失而引起的疾病。

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3. 甲状腺素抵抗综合征

(thyroid hormone resistance syndrome)

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GeneTRE

CytoplasmmRNA

Mechanism of thyroid hormone action via its nuclear receptor

编码甲状腺素受体 β 亚型的基因突变使靶细胞对甲状腺素反应性降低。

T3

(1) 机制 (mechanism)

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甲状腺肿大、发育不良、智力低下等,血中 T3 和 T4水平升高。

(2)表现 (manifestations)

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(二 ) 自体免疫性受体病(Autoimmune receptor disease)

因体内产生抗受体的

自身抗体而引起的疾病。

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1. 重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis)

因存在抗 n-Ach 受体的抗体而引起的自身免疫性疾病。

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(1) 机制 (mechanism)

Ach

运动神经末梢

Na+ 内流

肌纤维收缩

Ach 受体

抗 n-Ach 受体抗体

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受累横纹肌稍行活动后即疲乏无力,休息后恢复。

(2)表现 (manifestations)

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2. 自身免疫性甲状腺病(autoimmune thyroid diseases)

因抗 TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) 受体的自身抗体引起的甲状腺功能紊乱。

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TSHTSHTSH 受体

ACAC PLCPLC

cAMPcAMP DAG 和 IP3DAG 和 IP3

甲状腺素分泌 甲状腺细胞增殖

GsGs GqGq

(1) 信号转导 (signal transduction)

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(2) 机制 (mechanism)

抗 TSH抗体刺激性抗体阻断性抗体

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(3)表现 (manifestations)

弥漫性甲状腺肿 (Graves’ disease)

刺激性抗体模拟 TSH 的作用 促进甲状腺素分泌和甲状腺腺体生长 女性 >男性 甲亢、甲状腺弥漫性肿大、突眼

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桥本病 (Hashimoto’s thyroditis)

阻断性抗体与 TSH 受体结合减弱或消除了 TSH 的作用抑制甲状腺素分泌甲状腺功能减退、黏液性水肿

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二、 G 蛋白异常与疾病

(G protein-based disease)

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肠 腔

GsCTCT

( 一 ) 霍乱 (Cholera)

AC

cAMP ↑ ↑ ↑

Cl-H2O Na+

(1) 机制 (mechanism)

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剧烈腹泻,脱水,休克

(2)表现 (manifestations)

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(Acromegaly and gigantism)

(二 ) 肢端肥大症和巨人症

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编码 Gs α 的基因 (GNAS1) 突变

(1) 机制 (mechanism)

30%~ 40%垂体腺瘤

GTP酶抑制, Gs α 持续激活

AC 活性↑, cAMP↑

GH 分泌↑

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肢端肥大身材高大

(2)表现 (manifestations)

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第三节 细胞信号转导调控与疾病防治

(Regulation of cellular signal transduction in prevention and treatment of disease)

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信号转导治疗(Signal transduction therapy)

以信号转导蛋白为靶分子对疾病进行防治。