eBook SQlite, PHP Dan PDO

8/11/2019 eBook SQlite, PHP Dan PDO

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SQLiteUsing

PHP & PDO

Reference


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NeatInfo.com - by Jan Zumwalt Revised March 15, !1

"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' of *!

by Jan Zumwalt - NeatInfo.com


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' + of *!

Table of Contents

Section - 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... bout his Reference ......................................................................................................................................................................................... /hat is )0 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ "2$ite 3" "2$ite+ ............................................................................................................................................................................................. /hat database does )0 su&&ort4 .................................................................................................................................................................. "ettin' u& a develo&ment system ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6M)) confi' files .............................................................................................................................................................................................. *0atabase mana'ers ............................................................................................................................................................................................ *0o I have )0 on my com&uter4 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 78ood )ro'rammin' "ynta9 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1!

Single Row Data .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 10Multiple Row Data ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

"ection - "im&le 0atabase :9am&le ................................................................................................................................ 1

%onnect and error handlin' ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1%reate and Insert Into 0atabase ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13iew and "earch 0ata ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1+;&date 0ata ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 ...................................................................................................................

dd able .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 0oes able :9ist ................................................................................................................................................................................................ %o&y able /ith 0ata ...................................................................................................................................................................................... +%o&y able "tructure ........................................................................................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................................... *

Insert Row =add> ............................................................................................................................................................................................... *Insert - Multi&le Rows ...................................................................................................................................................................................... *%o&y Row .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... *0elete ll Rows ................................................................................................................................................................................................. *0elete Row=s> Matchin' %ondition ................................................................................................................................................................. *%ount Rows ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7Inde9 0escri&tion .............................................................................................................................................................................................. +!

"ection - %olumn =dd-%o&y-0elete-Rename>................................................................................................................ +1

dd %olumn ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... +1%o&y %olumn and data ..................................................................................................................................................................................... +10elete %olumn .................................................................................................................................................................................................. +1Rename %olumn ............................................................................................................................................................................................... +1

%ount %olumns ................................................................................................................................................................................................. +


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' < of *!

"ection - "how and "earch 0ata ..................................................................................................................................... ++

"im&le "elect "ynta9......................................................................................................................................................................................... ++he four fetch ty&es ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ++

WHERE ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

L!"E ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3#$D .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3%&R ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3%

dvanced "elect "ynta9 ................................................................................................................................................................................... +5L!M!' ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3%&RDER () ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3*+R&,- () .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3*H#!$+ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3*

"ection - * 3iews ................................................................................................................................................................ +*

"ection - 7 ri''ers ............................................................................................................................................................ +7

Insert Row imestam& ..................................................................................................................................................................................... +7$o''in' ll Inserts, ;&dates, and 0eletes ...................................................................................................................................................... +7

"ection - 1! ransactions ...................................................................................................................................................


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' 5 of *!

1 !f 4ou copied code from a page of ti reference ............................................................................................................................... *5 Some S6Lite /erion a/e incompati7ilitie ...................................................................................................................................... *3 !n/alid reource error ........................................................................................................................................................................ *% Seniti/it4 to wite pace ..................................................................................................................................................................... *%% 9una7le to open file: ............................................................................................................................................................................. *%

* 9S6L!'E;C&RR,-' error: ..................................................................................................................................................................... *% i.e. 9#rra4: ................................................................................................................................................. *%? S)$'#@ ERR&R> ,ne=pected 9End:A .................................................................................................................................................. **10 9une=pected ';#R!#(LE: ................................................................................................................................................................. **

&&endi9 - A )rintin' able 0ata .......................................................................................................................................

able &rint ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... "im&le &rintCr ................................................................................................................................................................................................... $oo& &rintCr ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... *3ar dum&........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7Inde9 E associative table out&ut ..................................................................................................................................................................... !

&&endi9 - % est 0atabases .............................................................................................................................................. 1

est database &ro'ram .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

&&endi9 B 0 %ommand Reference ................................................................................................................................... +

)0 %ommands ................................................................................................................................................................................................ +"2$ite+ %ommands ..........................................................................................................................................................................................


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Section - 1

Introduction

About This Referencehis reference was written durin' the desi'n of a &roFect that did not need the hu'e overhead of a My"#l database. /hen

I researched "2$ite, I found the e9istin' e9am&les very confusin'. It was hard to tell the difference between code

desi'ned for %, the command line interface, "2$ite, or "2$ite+.

I decided to use PDObecause I already had e9&erienced in proceduraldatabase &ro'rammin' and wanted to widen out

with object orienteddatabase &ro'rammin'.

his reference has s&ecific e9am&les tested in the XAMPPdevelo&ment environment but should be able to be used on

Fust about any HTTP serverwith out modification.

SQite!is used for the database,HTMand"avaScriptare used for the user browser interface,PHPis used for server fileaccess and )@) PDOallows )@) to communicate with the database. /hewG hat was a mouthful, but it all worHs easily

and very well to'ether.

he methodolo'y Fust mentioned is by far the most common in use on the internet today. hanHfully, only basic com&uter

sHills and terminolo'y will be needed. :9am&les are s&ecifically desi'ned for ease of understandin'. ?lashy cosmetic web

desi'n has been left out for clarity.

Ae sure to review the most common errors in the &&endi9 before &roceedin'.

#hat is PDO

PDO $P@)DataObFects%is a )@) e9tension that su&&orts database connections with a unifor& co&&and structure. hisallows develo&ers to create code which is &ortable across many databases and system o&eratin' &latforms. "im&ly

e9&lained, )0 lets you use the same code =obFect oriented> or commands for a &roFect that could be used on a cell

&hone, &&le com&uter, /indows, or an IAM mainframe. hat maHes &ro'rammin' a lot easierG

SQite' (S SQite!

Now the (#DnewsG

he volunteers that maintain SQitewanted a small li'htwei'ht feature rich database that would com&are to My"#l.

"2$ite taHes less than 1mb of disH stora'e s&ace com&ared to *!-1!!mb for My"#l. o Hee& "2$ite lean and meanthe

develo&ers chose to forfeit co&plicated &ultitas)in* and &ultiusercriteria that loaded down My"#l. his is not a

&roblem, it is a feature. t some &oint, some of the ori'inal ways of doin' thin's in earlier versions of "2$ite became sucha &roblem that they decided to create an entirely new command and database structure between version E +.

he lar'est chan'es started with "2$ite+ and thats a (!+&roblem. he chan'es in "2$ite+ cause much of the source code

of earlier versions to be inco&patibilit+ ,ith ne,er versions of SQ-te neither the database or command structures

worH smoothly across these versions.

he solution chosen by "2$ite volunteers was to start SQite! as a .ne,/ D0 lan*ua*e hence we ended u& with )0. s

a conse#uence of these differences, we must use caution in choosin' the commands and database structure. he 'ood

news is the commands are easily reco'niKed SQite! co&&ands use .12. object s+nta3.

/hat is not always easy to reco'niKe is the database structure =ty&e>. Many "2$Ite databases have no e9tension or

'eneric e9tensions that do not offer any clue as to what set of commands should be used on them, so becareful!

"2$ite =liHe most other 0A lan'ua'es> offers a set of command line o&tions. he co&&and lineand PDOcommands are

not interchan*eableso watch outG


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@ere is a com&arison of commands to o&en or create a database.Default SQLite2: $db = new SQLiteDatabase('test.sqlite2', 0666, $error);

PDO SQLite2: $db = new PDO("sqlite2:test.sqlite2");

Command line SQLite2: sqlite test. Sqlite2

Command line SQLite3: sqlite3 test. sqlite3

PDO SQLite3: $db = new PDO("sqlite:test.sqlite3");

Liting 1.1 B erion command comparion.

#hat database does PDO support4

)0 su&&orts many of the &o&ular databases. @ere is a &artial list...

0A$IAL ?ree0" Microsoft "2$ "erver "ybase

?irebird =htt&Lfirebird.sourcefor'e.net>L ?irebirdInterbase

IAM =IAM 0A>

IN?RMI6 - IAM Informi9 0ynamic "erver

M"2$ =htt&Lwww.mys#l.com>L My"2$ +.9L racle %all Interface

0A%L 0A% v+ =IAM 0A and uni90A%>

)8"2$ =htt&Lwww.&ost'res#l.or'>L )ost're"2$

"2$I: =htt&Ls#lite.or'>L "2$ite +.9

Settin* up a develop&ent s+ste&

ou will need a develo&ment environment. I stron'ly recommend usin' XAMPPfor either #indo,sor inu3. )rior to

about !!, /M) had more features and less installation &roblems than 6M)), but that is no lon'er true. I have used

bothXAMPPand #AMPfor many years and find that 6M)) has less installation &roblems. few years a'o 6M)) had

some control &anel issues which seem to have all been fi9ed. ?or downloads and further readin', see the linHs below.

http://www.apachefriends.org/en/xampp.html

http://www.wampserver.com/en/

Most =but not all> inu3develo&ment systems come with )@) su&&ort for "2$ite. n windows machines, 6M)) installs

)@) su&&ort for"2$ite but not necessarily SQLite3.

If you have trouble with SQite!, the first thin' you should checH is the PHP confi* file. 0ont for'et to checH all the

&ossible locations 'iven below. lso, you should stopthe Apacheserver before editin' any file that affects &ache, and

then restartafter you are done.

Windows: xampp/php/php.ini.

Some Linux xampp/apache/bin/php.ini

he #indo,s confi* fileshould have a cou&le areas with lines that looH liHe the followin'O

extension=php_pdo_sqlite.dll

extension=php_pdo_sqlite_external.dll

extension=php_sqlite.dll

extension=php_sqlite3.dll

sqlite.assoc_case = 0

hese lines should not have the 5=semi-colon> at the start of the line. he semicolon comments out the code and &revents

it from worHin'. If it has the semi-colon 5it should be edited out. $inu9 may have sli'htly different values and file names

that end ,ith 6soon the end.


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' * of *!

XAMPP confi* files

Just to maHe this section com&lete, a list of confi'uration files for 6M)) are &rovide below. s we already mentioned,

there may be sli'ht differences in location or names de&endin' on whether it is a /indows or $inu9 installation. Many$inu9 develo&ers sli'htly modify the directory structure.

* Apache basic configuration: .\xampp\apache\conf\httpd.conf

* Apache SSL: .\xampp\apache\conf\ssl.conf

* Apache Perl (addon): .\xampp\apache\conf\perl.conf

* Apache Tomcat (addon): .\xampp\apache\conf\java.conf

* Apache Python (addon): .\xampp\apache\conf\python.conf

* PHP: .\xampp\php\php.ini

.\xampp\apache\bin\php.ini

* MySQL: .\xampp\mysql\bin\my.cnf

* phpMyAdmin: .\xampp\phpMyAdmin\config.inc.php

* FileZilla FTP: .\xampp\FileZillaFTP\FileZilla Server.xml

* Mercury Mail: .\xampp\MercuryMail \MERCURY.INI

* Sendmail: .\xampp\sendmail\sendmail.ini

$inu9 may have sli'htly different values such as names with P.soQ on the end.

Database &ana*ers

%ustom &ro'rammin' is &robably only about 1!-! of a database &ro'rammers worH. he other *! is done usin' a

convenient database manager&ro'ram. "everal 'ood ones are listed below.

SQLite2009 Pro Enterprise Manager http://osenxpsuite.net/

Firefox SQLITE plugin module http://code.google.com/p/sqlite-manager/

SQLIite Administrator http://sqliteadmin.orbmu2k.de/

SQLite Browser http://sqlitebrowser.sourceforge.net/ great for beginners

SqliteRoot http://sqliteroot.com/

Phpliteadmin http://code.google.com/p/phpliteadmin/

t the time of this writin', https788sourcefor*e6nethad over 5!! hi'h #uality free S9ite utilities. he 8oo'le code

develo&er site http788code6*oo*le6co&is another 'ood &lace to looH. hey are all worth checHin' out. n internet search

will certainly turn u& more treasure. ?or e9am&le, there are several utilities that maHe mana'in' a database over the

internet much easier.

PhpiteAd&inis very small )@) "#lite mana'er that is easy to use. It does not re#uire installation or confi'uration. It is a

small sin'le file that is &laced in the directory where your database is and run from there.- reco&&end this for the

be*inner and it is what I use most of the time. It su&&orts both "#$ite and "#$ite+ =several other mana'ers dont>. It is

very intuitive. It has a sim&le to& menu. No searchin' is re#uired to find the command or tool you need. Its only

disadvanta'e at the time of this writin' is that it only looHs in the current directory for databases. No directory browsin'feature is available. his handica& will liHely 'o away in the near future. he readme doc that comes with it e9&lains a

sim&le way to manually insert a directory &ath in the source code.

I use SQite'::; Pro =freeware version> some of the time. SQite'::; Pro has all the features you could &ossibly want

includin' built-in documentation. It taHes some 'ettin' use to - es&ecially fi'urin' out your data hierarchy and where your

table information is located. /indows allows you to create a "2$ite file e9tension so that a mouse selection o&ens the

mana'er immediately.

he SQite Ad&inistratoris one of the easiest mana'ers to use and I would &refer it e9ce&t that it is missin' a cou&le Hey

features. It is not easy to add or edit a record. I would not be sur&rised if a year or more of develo&ment fi9es most of its

issues. he installation creates an "2$ite file e9tension hooH that o&ens the mana'er immediately if the mouse clicHs on a

database file.


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he

Liting 1.5 #ll te -H- info 4ou could poi7l4 want

Liting 1.3 B Sow a lit of -D& upported data7ae on 4our computer.

PDO & PHP Info

If you see "sqlite2" listed, there is support for sqlite2.

If you see "sqlite" listed, there is support for sqlite3.

PHP version:

SQLite library version:

SQLite library character encoding:


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' 1! of *!

$db=newPDO("sqlite:$query")or die("Could not create: $query");

?>

Liting 1. B Fanc4 report wit an option for a compreeni/e -H- liting.

PHP and SQLite3 Information

Supported PHP Data Object(PDO) drivers.

mysql

odbc

sqlite

sqlite2

Note: If you see "sqlite", then there is support for sqlite3.

PHP version: 5.3.1SQLite library version: 2.8.17

SQLite library character encoding: iso8859

If you dont see an error message, a SQLite3test database was created.

&,'-,' from liting 1. B iew generated on a Win @- @#M-- 4tem. G'e pp info i not own and i a7out 3 page

long.

?ood Pro*ra&&in* S+nta3

fre#uently used standard is to assi'n a variable named Drow for sin'le row data retrieval and Drows =notice the SsS> for

multi&le row data. Multi&le rows of data are sometimes called a data set or result set.

S-@?> RO# DATA

sin'le row of data is retrieved by usin' the fetch$%statement. Ae careful not to confuse it with the fetchall$%statement.

he followin' is a 'eneral e9am&le.

$query="SELECT * FROM t1";

$result =$db->query("$query")or die("Error in query: $query");

$row=$result->fetch();

Liting 1.% B +etting a ingle row of information a an arra4.

:ven thou'h there may be more than one match, only the first match one will be returned in Drow.

/e can access this sin'le row of data by usin' the associative field name.

echo$row['name'];

Liting 1.* B Sowing a column from row data.

his would return T?ranHT because that has the lowest I0 number and would be the first match.

MT-P> RO# DATA

Multi&le rows of data can be retrieved at one time by usin' the fetchall$%statement. Ae careful not to confuse it with the

fetch=> statement. he result is returned as an array of arrays. he followin' is a 'eneral e9am&le.

$query="SELECT * FROM t1";


$rows=$result->fetchall();

Liting 1.< B +etting multiple row of information a an arra4 of arra4.


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/e can access any row usin' array matri9 addressin'.

echo$rows['3'],['name'];

Liting 1.8 B Sowing an4 column of an arra4 of arra4.

his would access the third row of information and return the PnameQ data.

:nd f "ection


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Section = '

Si&ple Database >3a&ple

his section &rovides a sim&le e9am&le of the most command database )0 command usa'e. he e9am&le &rovides thesHeletal frameworH on which many com&any em&loyee databases or &hone contact list is based. It is a very valuable

reference on its own. he ste&s to creatin' a sima&le database are covered hereO

0esi'n

%reate db ?ile

%reate table and column definitions

Insert data

3iew and search data

;&date data

0elete data

Connect and error handlin*In all our e9am&les, we assume that we have successfully created andor connected to the database and set u& our error

handlin'. 'ood 'eneric tem&late is 'iven below

/* Listing 3.6 - create "people db */

echo'';

echo'Create "people" database';

# setup

$dbPath =$_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']."/contacts/";

$dbFile ="people.sqlite3";

# connect to SQLite3 database

$query="$dbPath$dbFile";

try { $db= new PDO("sqlite:$query"); }

catch(PDOException $e) { echo$e->getMessage()." Error: $query"; }

# enhanced error messages

$db->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);

Liting 5.1 B +eneric connection and error andling.

Create and -nsert -nto Database

nce the error definition is made, we dont need to use the PtryU VQ, PcatchU VQ, or PdieQ code anymore. he )0 error

re&ortin' does a wonderful Fob on fatal errors, but can be a little cry&tic for warnin's. I have found a combination of the

two techni#ues worHs best.


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' 1+ of *!

phone TEXT(25)

)";

$result = $db->query("$query")or die("Error in query: $query");

echo"Database successfully initialized.
";

# multiple row data insert

$query="insert into 'friends' (name, phone)

select 'James Bond','007-1234'

union select 'Mickey Mouse','(200) 100-1122'

union select 'Daffy Duck','200 100-1122' ";

$result = $db->query("$query") or die("Error in query: $query");

# single row data insert

$query="insert into 'friends' (name, phone) values ('Porky Pig', '200) 100-1122') ";

$result = $db->query("$query") or die("Error in query: $query");

# show success

echo"Data successfully inserted.
";

# show number of rows affected by last operation

$rows_affected=$result->rowCount();

echo"$rows_affected records affected ";

# close db, PHP will also do this automatically

$db=NULL;

?>

Liting 5.5 B create and inert data

(ie, and Search Data

@ere is our com&leted code to view all table data.


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' 1< of *!


echo"$rows_affected records affected

";

echo"------
";

# query using specific fields and SELECT with WHERE

$query="SELECT 'phone' FROM 'friends' WHERE name='James%' ";

$result =$db->query($query)or die("Error in query: $query");

$row=$result->fetchall(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

# show table data

foreach($rowas$array){

echo"";

print_r($array);

echo"";

}

echo 'Result for: $query="SELECT phone FROM 'friends' WHERE name=\'James%\' ";. "
";

# show number of rows affected by last operation


echo"$rows_affected records affected

";

# show success

echo"Search successful.
";


$db=NULL;

?>

Liting 5.3 B earc tecni2ue

pdate Data

If we use #H>R> na&e -B> "a&esthen any name startin' with PJamesQ will be selected.

"o here is what we need


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Liting 5. B final /erion of updating a record

Delete Data

If we use #H>R> na&e -B> "a&esthen any name startin' with"a&eswill be selected. Instead we will use #H>R>

na&e -B> 0ondthen only a name with this last name would be deleted.

"o here is what we need


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Section = !

Database $Add=Cop+=Delete=Rena&e%

n often over looHed as&ect of database &ro'rammin' is the maintenance that usually continues to be an on'oin' afterthe database is created. %ommands to mani&ulate the whole database file or reveal the definitions of its tables or

columns are necessary to do this.

Add Database

Remember that if "2$ite does not find the database 'iven in the file name, it will attem&t to maHe it. "o al l that is needed

to create a new db is to have a valid &ath and su&&ly a new file name.

If you do not want )0 to create a em&ty db if none is found, you can use &h&s fileEe3istscommand to test for the file.

$datafile = '/path/to/test.sqlite3';

if (file_exists($datafile)) {

... code to

... connect to database

} else {

echo "Error, did not find dataabse at $datafile.";

exit;

}

Liting 3.1 B 'eting if a data7ae e=it

@e is a &ro'ram listin' that o&ens a db or creates a new one if none is found.

Liting 3.5 Creating a new data7ae

Cop+ Database

t the time of writin' this reference, I was unable to find a )0 db co&y command. @owever, there are still several

o&tions available.


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1- all the db mana'ers &rovide an Pim&ortQ feature

- a database could be o&ened and it contents meticulously co&ied

+- use &h& to maHe a co&y of the file

I favor method three =+>. @ere is an e9am&leO


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' 1* of *!

t the time of writin' this reference, I was unable to find a )0 db rename command. @owever, there are still several

o&tions available.

1- db mana'ers may &rovide a PrenameQ feature

- a database could be o&ened and it contents co&ied to a new database, then the old db deleted+- use &h& to rename the database file

I favor method three =+>. @ere is an e9am&leO


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$query="SELECT * FROM sqlite_master";


$rows=$result->fetchAll();

echo"";print_r($rows);echo"";# show data

Liting 3.* B iew mater data7ae decriptor information

Array

(

[type] => table

[name] => friends

[tbl_name] => friends

[rootpage] => 2

[sql] => CREATE TABLE friends (

id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,

name TEXT(25),

phone TEXT(25)

)

)

:9am&le out&ut

o see both the master and tem&Cmaster

$query="SELECT * FROM sqlite_master

UNION SELECT * FROM sqlite_temp_master ";

Liting 3.< B mater and temp;mater data decriptor

o see Fust table descri&tions use thisO.

$query="SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table'";


$rows=$result->fetchall(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

echo"";print_r($rows);echo"";# show data

Liting 3.8 B #ll ta7le data decriptor information

o see a s&ecific tables descri&tion use thisO.

$result=$db->query("SELECT * FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name='t1'");

$rows=$result->fetchall(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

echo""; echo"";print_r($rows);echo"";# show data

Liting 3.? B Specific ta7le decriptor information

Multi&le 0atabases

The ATTACH DATABASE statement connects one or more database files to the current databaseconnection.

or the e!am"le belo#$ su""ose #e #ant the current and last %ear&s sales total for one of theem"lo%ees. Each %ears data is arran'ed b% em"lo%ee name. (e #ill use t#o db files arran'ed li)e

this*


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' ! of *!

?ileL dbF.s#lite+

ableL sales

%ol1 X smith ther em&loyeesO5! more data

5 more data

more data more data

?ileLdb'.s#lite+

ableL sales

%ol1 X smith ther em&loyeesO!! more data

N;$$ more data

more data

Result

Database 1

Array (

[0] => Array

([smith] => 50.0)


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[1] => Array

([smith] => 75.0)

)

Database 2

Array(

[0] => Array

([smith] => 200.0)

)

Total

Array(

[0] => Array

([SUM(Total)] => 325.0)

)

:nd f "ection


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Section = G

Table $Add=Cop+=Delete=Rena&e%

Add Table

/e already learned how to add a table to a db. "o that our reference is com&lete, we &rovide the code a'ain. 0ont for'et

that the db PconnectQ &rocess will create a new db if it does not already e9ist. herefore, addin' a table to a non e9istent

db will usually result in the db and table bein' created even if it does not e9ist.


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$db->query("$query") or die(" Error adding table: $query");

$totaltables= sqlite_num_rows($query);

# does table exist

if($totaltables


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# show new table

foreach($rows as $array){

echo"";

print_r($array);

echo"";

}

?>

Liting . Cop4 ta7le and data to new ta7le

Cop+ Table Structure

o 'et the table structure we can use the followin' code.


25/80



/* Listing 9.4 Copy table structure */

echo'';

echo'Copy table structure';

# setup

$dbPath =$_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']."/contacts/";

$dbFile ="sample.sqlite3";

$oldtable="test";

$newtable="newtbl";

... code to connect to database, and handle errors

# get table structure

$result=$db->query("SELECT * FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' and name='$oldtable' ");

$row=$result->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

$structure=$row['sql'];

# replace old table name with new table name in the structure statement$search ="/CREATE TABLE $oldtable/";

$replace="CREATE TABLE $newtable";

$string =$structure;

$query=preg_replace($search,$replace,$string);

# create new table

$result=$db->query("$query")or die(" Error adding table: $query" );

# show success

echo"Table added successfully.
";

# Return rows affected by last operation


echo"$rows_affected records affected ";


$db=NULL;

?>

Liting .< B Complete liting for cop4ing ta7le tructure

Delete Table

o dro& =delete> a table, we use this commandO

$query="DROP TABLE 'test' ";

Liting .8 B Delete ta7le

Rena&e Table

he synta9 used to rename a table is

$query="ALTERTABLE'oldTablename'RENAMETO'newTablename' ";

Liting .? B Rename ta7le

his command cannot be used to moea table between two different databases, only to renamea table within the

same database.


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(ie, Table Structures

he synta9 used to rename a table is


27/80



SELECT name FROM sqlite_master

WHERE type='table'

ORDER BY name;

Liting .11 B ta7le decriptione

?or indices, ty&e is e#ual to Sinde9S, name is the name of the inde9, and tblCname is the name of the table to which the

inde9 belon's.

?or both tables and indices, the s#l field is the te9t of the ori'inal %R:: A$: or %R:: IN0:6 statement that created

the table or inde9.

:nd f "ection


28/80


"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' * of *!

Section = I

Ro, $Add=Cop+=Delete=Rena&e%

-nsert Ro, $add%

s we have done before, we will &ut our #uery statement in a variable so that we can have a better error messa'e.

I inert data all column are filled

$query="INSERT INTO 'tablename' VALUES('col1Data','col2Data','col3Data')";

$result = $db->query("$query")or die(" Error: $query");

Liting %.1 B inert data B inerting a ingle row Grecord of information.

Notice that we did not s&ecify anid. Aecause id is aprimary field, "2$ite is smart enou'h to automatically increment a

uni#ue number for us.

$istin'-1!.1 is a short form of the IN":R command and e9&ects a value for every column =field>. If we intend to leave

some columns blanH or are 'oin' to edit or u&date certain columns in a row, we must s&ecify which column names we are

'oin' to be worHin' with.

$on' version of IN":R

I inert data pecif4ing wic field to fill

$query="INSERT INTO 'tablename' (field_x,field_y) VALUES('col1Data',' col2Data')";

$result = $db->query("$query")or die(" Error: $query");

Liting %.5 B inert data B column name pecified.

-nsert = Multiple Ro,sinsert into mytable (col,col2,col3)

select 'a1', 'b1', 'c1'

union

select 'a2', 'b2', 'c2'

union

select 'a3', 'b3', 'c3'

...

Cop+ Ro,

o co&y a row we first ":$:% the row to co&y then IN":R it as a new row.

Delete All Ro,s

o delete all the rows in a table we can use thisO

$query= "DELETE FROM 'tablename'";

Liting %.3 B

Delete Ro,$s% Matchin* Condition

If we Hnow the record id then we can use thisO

$query="DELETE FROM tablename WHERE id='xxx' ";


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30/80


"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' +! of *!

$query="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM 'tablename'";

$result= $db->query("$query") or die(" Error deleting row: $query");

$rows=count($result->fetchAll());

$rowcount = $rows[0][0];

echo "Total rows = $rowcount
";

$colcount =$result->columnCount();

echo "Column count = $colcount
";

Liting %.< B Count row and column

-nde3 Description

y&e field will always be StableS and the name field will be the SnameS of the table. o 'et a list of all tables in the database,

use the followin' ":$:% commandL

SELECT name FROM sqlite_master

WHERE type='index'ORDER BY name;

Liting %.8 B

?or indices, ty&e is e#ual to Sinde9S, name is the name of the inde9, and tblCname is the name of the table to which the

inde9 belon's.

?or both tables and indices, the s#l field is the te9t of the ori'inal %R:: A$: or %R:: IN0:6 statement that created

the table or inde9.

:nd f "ection


31/80


"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' +1 of *!

Section = J

Colu&n $Add=Cop+=Delete=Rena&e%

Add Colu&n$query="ALTERTABLE'[database.]tablename'ADD COLUMN'newColumn' TEXT";

Liting *.1 Creating a new data7ae

Cop+ Colu&n and data

S6Lite #L'ER '#(LE onl4 upport 9add column: to te end of a ta7le> or 9cange ta7le name:. !f 4ou want to mae oter

cange tan te ta7le will a/e to 7e copied in te proper order and renamed.

result1db=2#uery$T%R:: A$: SDnewtableS " ":$:% Scolo%o&y S ?RM SDoldtableST%5

Liting *.5 B

Delete Colu&n

Su""ose %ou ha+e a table named ,t1, #ith columns names ,a,$ ,b,$ and ,c,. If %ou #ant to deletecolumn ,c, from this table$ than the follo#in' ste"s illustrate ho# this could be done

CREATETEMPORARYTABLEt1_backup(a,b);

INSERTINTOt1_backup SELECTa,b FROMt1;

DROPTABLEt1;

CREATETABLEt1(a,b);

INSERTINTOt1 SELECTa,b FROMt1_backup;

DROPTABLEt1_backup;

Liting *.3 Creating a new data7ae

Rena&e Colu&n

"ay you have a table and need to rename ToldCbT to TnewCbTL

1) Rename the old table:

ALTER TABLE orig_table_name RENAME TO tmp_table_name;

2) Create a newtable,based on the old table but with the updated column name:

CREATE TABLE orig_table_name (

col_a INT,new_b INT

);

3) Copy the contents across from the original table.

INSERT INTO orig_table_name(col_a, new_b)

SELECT col_a, old_b

FROM tmp_table_name;

4) Drop the old table.

DROP TABLE tmp_table_name;

Liting *. Creating a new data7ae


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Count Colu&ns

We can count columns using PDOs built in columnCount() function. There is no way for PDOto know the rowCount of a S!CT result because the S"!ite #P$ itself %oesn&t offer this

ability. Therefore rowCont() %oes not work. 'ere is how to get these counts.

$rowcount=count($result->fetchAll());

echo "Total rows = $rowcount
";

$colcount =$result->columnCount();

echo "Column count = $colcount
";

Liting *.% B Count row and column

:nd f "ection


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' ++ of *!

Section = K

Sho, and Search Data

Si&ple Select S+nta3Recall from section-5 that we can search our database usin' ":$:% then e9tract the information usin' ?:%@. he sim&le

form of this command is shown below.

$query="SELECT FROM 'table' ";

$result =$db->query($query,PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)

$row=$result->fetchall(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

Liting query($query);

$row=$result->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

echo"";print_r($row);echo"";

print("

");

print("PDO::FETCH_BOTH: next row as an array indexed by both column name and number
");

$result=$db->query($query);

$row=$result->fetch(PDO::FETCH_BOTH);


print("

");

print("PDO::FETCH_LAZY: next row as an anonymous object with column names as properties
");

$result=$db->query($query,PDO::FETCH_LAZY);

$row=$result->fetch(PDO::FETCH_LAZY);


print("

");

print("PDO::FETCH_OBJ: next row as an anonymous object with column names as properties
");

$result=$db->query($query,PDO::FETCH_OBJ);

$row=$result->fetch(PDO::FETCH_OBJ);


print("

");

Liting


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' +< of *!

[id] => 1

[name] => Frank

[dob] => 2011.12.09

)

PDO::FETCH_BOTH:next row as an array indexed by both column name and number

Array

(

[id] => 1

[0] => 1

[name] => Frank

[1] => Frank

[dob] => 2011.12.09

[2] => 2011.12.09

)

PDO::FETCH_LAZY:next row as an anonymous object with column names as properties PDORow Object

([queryString] => select * from t1

[id] => 1

[name] => Frank

[dob] => 2011.12.09

)

PDO::FETCH_OBJ:next row as an anonymous object with column names as properties stdClass Object

(

[id] => 1

[name] => Frank

[dob] => 2011.12.09

)

#H>R>

he WHEREclause includes a com&arison &redicate, which restricts the rows returned by the #uery. he WHEREclause

eliminates all rows from the result set for which the com&arison &redicate does not evaluate to rue. Remember that if

we use the /@:R: statement by itself, it re#uires an e9act match.

$query="SELECT *FROM 'table'WHERE name='James Bond'";

Liting

he $IW: clause allows use to use wildcards or less s&ecific match criteria

/e can also use more than one condition.

$query="SELECT *FROM 'table'WHERE name LIKE 'James%'";


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Liting


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# get previous record

$rowindex=65;

$query="SELECT * FROM 'tablename' LIMIT ($rowindex-1), 1";

Liting maHes the code more readable so I use $IMI =Drowinde91>,1. f

course we can have more than one row returned by usin' different values for count.

ORD>R 0L

he ORDER BYclause identifies which columns are used to sort the resultin' data, and in which direction they should be

sorted =o&tions are ascendin' or descendin'>. /ithout an ORDER BYclause, the order of rows returned by an "2$ #uery

usually correlates to the pri&ar+ )e+field such as an I0 number.

he synta9 isO

ORDER BY column

orORDER BY column DIRECTION

%onsider this e9am&leO

# sort records by last name in DESCENDING order

$query="SELECT * FROM 'tablename' ORDER BY 'lname''DESC';

# more...code

# sort records by last name in ASCENDING order (default)

$query = "SELECT *FROM 'tablename'ORDER BY 'lname''ASC';

Liting


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"2$ s&ecifies that an "2$ SELECTstatement should only return rows where a''re'ate values meet the s&ecified

conditions. It was addedto the "2$ lan'ua'e because the WHEREHeyword could not be used with a''re'ate functions

o return a list of de&artment I0s whose total sales e9ceeded D1!!! on the date of January 1, !!!, alon' with the sum of

their sales on that dateL

SELECT DeptID, SUM(SaleAmount)

FROM Sales

WHERE SaleDate = '01-Jan-2000'

GROUP BY DeptID

HAVING SUM(SaleAmount) > 1000

Liting


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' +* of *!

Section =

(ie,s

vie,is a s&ecific looH on data in from one or more tables. It can arran'e data in some s&ecific order, hi'li'ht or hidesome data. view consists of a stored #uery accessible as a virtual table com&osed of the result set of a #uery. ;nliHe

ordinary tables a view does not form &art of the &hysical schema. It is a dynamic, virtual table com&uted or collated from

data in the database.

In the ne9t e9am&le, we create a sim&le view.

sqlite> SELECT * FROM Cars;

Liting 8.1 B

Id Name Cost

---------- ---------- ----------

1 Audi 52642

2 Mercedes 57127

3 Skoda 9000

4 Volvo 29000

5 Bentley 350000

6 Citroen 21000

7 Hummer 41400

8 Volkswagen 21600

&utput 8.1 B

his is our data, u&on which we create the view.

sqlite> CREATE VIEW CheapCars AS SELECT Name FROM Cars WHERE Cost < 30000;

sqlite> SELECT * FROM CheapCars;

Liting 8.5 B

Name

----------

Skoda

Volvo

Citroen

Volkswagen

&utput 8.5 B

echnically a view is a virtual table. "o we can list all views with a 6tablescommand. o remove a view, we use the DROP

(->#"2$ statement.

sqlite> .tables

Books CheapCars Friends Names Reservations

Cars Customers Log Orders Testing

sqlite> DROP VIEW CheapCars;

sqlite> .tables

Books Customers Log Orders Testing

Cars Friends Names Reservations


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Section = ;

Tri**ers

Tri**ersare database o&erations that are automatically &erformed when a s&ecified database event occurs.

-nsert Ro, Ti&esta&p

It is a 'ood &ractice to Hee& tract of the last time a file was edited. /e do this by savin' a time stam&. n insert tri''er is

created below in the file Ttri''er1T. he %oordinated ;niversal ime =;%> will be entered into the field Ttime:nterT, and

this tri''er will fire aftera row has been inserted into the table t1.

-- ********************************************************************

-- Creating a trigger for timeEnter

-- Run as follows:

-- $ sqlite3 test.db < trigger1

-- ********************************************************************

CREATE TRIGGER update_editdate AFTER INSERT ON t1

BEGIN

UPDATE t1 SET editdate = DATETIME('NOW') WHERE rowid = new.rowid;

END;

-- ********************************************************************

Liting ?.1 B

nother way of Hee&in' a timestam& =&erha&s easier than a tri''er> is to use the default value of the table scheme. he

field definition is 'iven below.

editdate TEXT DEFAULT (datetime('now','localtime')),

Liting 1%.5 B

o**in* All -nsertsN pdatesN and Deletes

he scri&t below creates the table e9amlo' and three tri''ers =u&dateCe9amlo', insertCe9amlo', and deleteCe9amlo'> to

record u&dates, inserts, and deletes made to the e9am table. In other words, whenever a chan'e is made to the e9am

table, the chan'es will be recorded in the e9amlo' table, includin' the old value and the new value. If you are familiar

with My"2$, the functionality of this lo' table is similar to My"2$Ss binlo'. "ee i&s ,


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)'

BEGIN

INSERT INTO examlog (ekey,fnNEW,lnNEW,examNEW,scoreNEW,

sqlAction,examtimeEnter,timeEnter)

values (new.ekey,new.fn,new.ln,new.exam,new.score,

'INSERT',new.timeEnter,DATETIME('NOW') );

END;

-- Also create a DELETE trigger

CREATE TRIGGER delete_examlog DELETE ON exam

BEGIN

INSERT INTO examlog (ekey,fnOLD,lnNEW,examOLD,scoreOLD,

sqlAction,timeEnter)

values (old.ekey,old.fn,old.ln,old.exam,old.score,

'DELETE',DATETIME('NOW') );

END;

Liting ?.5 B

In the followin' e9am&le, we will use the ?riends table and create a new $o' table.

CREATE TABLE Log(Id integer PRIMARY KEY, OldName text, NewName text, Date text);

Liting ?.3 B

/e will create new tables for the ne9t e9am&le with tri''ers.

CREATE TRIGGER mytrigger UPDATE OF Name ON Friends

BEGIN

INSERT INTO Log(OldName, NewName, Date) VALUES(old.Name, new.Name, datetime('now'));

END;

Liting ?. B

/e create a tri''er called mytri''er with the %R:: RI88:R statement. his tri''er will launch a IN":R statement

whenever we u&date the name column of the ?riends table. he IN":R statement will insert the old name, the new

name and the time stam& into the $o' table.

sqlite> SELECT * FROM Friends;

Id Name Sex

---------- ---------- ----------

1 Jane F2 Thomas M

3 Franklin M

4 Elisabeth F

5 Mary F

6 Lucy F

7 Jack M

his is our data.

Ne9t, we are 'oin' to u&date one row of the ?riends table.

sqlite> UPDATE Friends SET Name='Frank' WHERE Id=3;

Liting ?.% B

/e u&date the third row of the table. he tri''er is launched.


41/80


"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' SELECT * FROM Log;

Id OldName NewName Date

---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------

1 Franklin Frank 2009-11-14 16:36:28

/e checH the $o' table. his lo' confirms the u&date o&eration we &erformed.


42/80


"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' AT> TA0>statement into CR>AT> TA0> -< @OT >X-STS, the first three

statements would e9ecute.

BEGIN TRANSACTION;

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Test(Id integer NOT NULL);

INSERT INTO Test VALUES(1);

INSERT INTO Test VALUES(2);INSERT INTO Test VALUES(3);

INSERT INTO Test VALUES(NULL);

ROLLBACK;

Liting 10.5 B

transaction can end with a COMM-Tor a RO0ACBstatement. he RO0ACBreverts all chan'es.

:nd f "ection


43/80


"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' R "O-@7 0efault Join ty&e. %reate new table where one or more table rows meet criteria.

@ATRA "O-@7 %ombines all columns in tables with same column-name.

>R "O-@7 Retain all records in table on the left side =re'ardless of match>, mer'e only matches from ri'ht

side.

R-?HT OT>R "O-@7 Retain all records in table on the ri'ht side =re'ardless of match>, mer'e only matches from left

side.

$ote Left and rigt Join refer to te two ide of te J&!$ e4word. Left and R!+H' Join are

identical 74 re/ering ta7le poition.


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' SELECT * FROM Artists, CDs;

Liting 11.1 B

In some "2$ dialect it can be also used

sqlite>SELECT * FROM Artists CROSS JOIN CDs;

Liting 11.5 B

$et us try to filter the result with the /@:R: clauseL

sqlite>SELECT ArtistName, Title FROM Artists, CDs WHERE Artists.ArtistID=CDs.ArtistID;

Liting 11.3 B

It 'ives

Peter Gabriel|SoPeter Gabriel|Us

Peter Gabriel|Security

Bruce Hornsby|The Way It Is

Bruce Hornsby|Scenes from the Southside

Lyle Lovett |Joshua Judges Ruth

Beach Boys |Pet Sounds

o avoid confusion, use this statement instead

sqlite>SELECT Artists.ArtistName, CDs.Title FROM Artists, CDs WHERE Artists.ArtistID=CDs.ArtistID;

or with aliases

sqlite>SELECT a.ArtistName, c.Title FROM Artists a, CDs c WHERE a.ArtistID=c.ArtistID;

Liting 11. B


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' R "O-@

he same result can be achieved with the INN:R JIN clauseL

sqlite> SELECT Artists.ArtistName, CDs.Title FROM Artists INNER JOIN CDs ON

Artists.ArtistID=CDs.ArtistID;

Liting 11.% B

he INN:R JIN returns all rows from both tables where there is a match. If there are rows in rtists that do not have

matches in %0s, those rows will notbe listed.

>R "O-@

he $:? ;:R JIN o&erator ensures that all rows on the TleftT side of the Foin, in this case the rtists table, will beincluded.

sqlite>SELECT * FROM Artists LEFT OUTER JOIN CDs ON Artists.ArtistID = CDs.ArtistID;

Liting 11.* B

here is no "u&ernatural in %0s but you can still see "u&ernatural with em&ty fields from rtistsL

ArtistID|ArtistName |CDID|ArtistID|Title |Date

1 |Peter Gabriel|1 |1 |So |1984

1 |Peter Gabriel|2 |1 |Us |1992

1 |Peter Gabriel|5 |1 |Security |1990

2 |Bruce Hornsby|3 |2 |The Way It Is |1986

2 |Bruce Hornsby|4 |2 |Scenes from the Southside|1990

3 |Lyle Lovett |6 |3 |Joshua Judges Ruth |1992

4 |Beach Boys |7 |4 |Pet Sounds |1966

5 |Supernatural | | | |

"ome "2$ dialects use $:? JIN.

In other dialects =racle> instead of

sqlite> SELECT Artists.ArtistName, CDs.Title

------> FROM Artists

------> LEFT OUTER JOIN CDs

------> ON Artists.ArtistID = CDs.ArtistID;

Liting 11.< B

the followin' statement is used

SELECT Artists.ArtistName, CDs.Title

FROM Artists, CDs

WHERE Artists.ArtistID = CDs.ArtistID(+)

Liting 11.8 B

he => symbol denotes the table =side> that may have no matchin' rows to the other table =side>. hinH of this as

everythin' from the left &lus matchin' values from the ri'ht.


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' R "O-@ and R "O-@

"imilarly this "2$


FROM Artists

RIGHT OUTER JOIN CDs

ON Artists.ArtistID = CDs.ArtistID;

Liting 11.? B

r


FROM Artists, CDs

WHERE Artists.ArtistID(+) = CDs.ArtistID

Liting 11.10 B

would return all records from the ri'ht side.

%urrently "2$ite su&&orts neitherof the above synta9. @owever there is easy worHaroundL use $:? ;:R JIN with

interchan'ed tables. he ?;$$ ;:R JIN clause is not su&&orted as well.

@-O@

he ;NIN o&erator is used to combine the result-set of two or more ":$:% statements.

Notice that each ":$:% statement within the ;NIN must have the same number of columns. he columns must also

have similar data ty&es. lso, the columns in each ":$:% statement must be in the same order.

"2$ ;NIN "ynta9

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1UNION

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2

Liting 11.11 B

@ote7he ;NIN o&erator selects only distinct values by default. o allow du&licate values, use ;NIN $$.

"2$ ;NIN $$ "ynta9


UNION ALL


Liting 11.15 B

:nd f "ection


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' function also taHes a format strin' as its first ar'ument.

he date and time functions use a subset of I"!-*!1 date and time formats. he date=> function returns the date in this

formatL -MM-00. he time=> function returns the time as @@LMML"". he datetime=> function returns P-MM-00

@@LMML""Q. he Fulianday=> function returns the Julian day - the number of days since noon in 8reenwich on November

substitutionsL

%d day of month: 00

%f fractional seconds: SS.SSS

%H hour: 00-24

%j day of year: 001-366

%J Julian day number

%m month: 01-12

%M minute: 00-59

%s seconds since 1970-01-01

%S seconds: 00-59

%w day of week 0-6 with Sunday==0

%W week of year: 00-53

%Y year: 0000-9999

%% %

Liting 15.5 B

Notice that all other date and time functions can be e9&ressed in terms of strftime=>L

?unction :#uivalent strftime=>

date(...) strftime('%Y-%m-%d', ...)

time(...) strftime('%H:%M:%S', ...)

datetime(...) strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', ...)

julianday(...) strftime('%J', ...)

Liting 15.3 B

he only reasons for &rovidin' functions other than strftime=> is for convenience and for efficiency.


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' is used. ?ormat 1 is the Julian day number e9&ressed as a floatin' &oint value.

Modifiers

he time strin' can be followed by Kero or more modifiers that alter the date and time strin'. :ach modifier is a

transformation that is a&&lied to the time value to its left. Modifiers are a&&lied from left to ri'ht order is im&ortant.

he available modifiers are as follows.

1. NNN days

2. NNN hours

3. NNN minutes

4. NNN.NNNN seconds

5. NNN months

6. NNN years

7. start of month

8. start of year

9. start of day

10.weekday N

11.unixepoch

12.localtime

13.utc

Liting 15.% B

he first si9 modifiers =1 throu'h > sim&ly add the s&ecified amount of time to the date and time s&ecified by the&recedin' timestrin' and modifiers. Note that Q- NNN monthsQ worHs by renderin' the ori'inal date into the -MM-

00 format, addin' the - NNN to the MM month value, then normaliKin' the result. hus, for e9am&le, the data !!1-!+-

+1 modified by S1 monthS initially yields !!1-! shift the date bacHwards to the be'innin' of the current month, year or day.

he PweeHdayQ modifier advances the date forward to the ne9t date where the weeHday number is N. "unday is !,

Monday is 1, and so forth.

he Puni9e&ochQ modifier =11> only worHs if it immediately follows a timestrin' in the 0000000000 format. hismodifier causes the 0000000000 to be inter&reted not as a Julian day number as it normally would be, but as ;ni9 ime


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' and adFusts the

time strin' so that it dis&lays localtime. If PlocaltimeQ follows a time that is not ;%, then the behavior is undefined. he

PutcQ is the o&&osite of PlocaltimeQ. PutcQ assumes that the strin' to its left is in the local timeKone and adFusts that strin'

to be in ;%. If the &rior strin' is not in localtime, then the result of PutcQ is undefined.

Ti&esta&p

It is a 'ood &ractice to Hee& tract of the last time a file was edited. /e do this by savin' a time stam&. he field definition

is 'iven below.

editdate TEXT DEFAULT (datetime('now','localtime')),

>3a&ples

Compute the currentdate.

SELECT date('now');

2009-11-05

Compute the currentdate& time.

SELECT datetime('now');

2009-11-05 20:01:07

Compute the last day of the currentmonth.

SELECT date('now','start of month','+1 month','-1 day');

26

Compute the dateand timegiven a unix timestamp 1092941466.

SELECT datetime(1092941466,'unixepoch');

2009-11-05 20:01:07

Compute dateand timegiven a unix timestamp 1092941466,and compensate foryour local timezone.

SELECT datetime(1092941466,'unixepoch','localtime');

2009-11-05 20:01:07

Compute the currentunix timestamp.

SELECT strftime('%s','now');

1092941466

Subtract one timestamp from the other,use this only for dates after 1970!

SELECT trip_id, start_time, end_time,STRFTIME('%s',end_time)-STRFTIME('%s',start_time) FROMt1; #

2:56:22

Compute number of days since signing the US Declaration of Independence.

SELECT julianday('now')-julianday('1776-07-04');

76543

Compute the number of seconds since a particular moment in 2004:

SELECT strftime('%s','now')-strftime('%s','2004-01-01 02:34:56');

476977647

Compute the dateof the first Tuesday in October forthe currentyear.


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' 5! of *!

SELECT date('now','start of year','9 months','weekday 2');

2009-10-05

Compute timesince unix epoch in seconds (like strftime('%s','now')except includes fractional part):

SELECT (julianday('now')-2440587.5)*86400.0;

Compute date in different format

SELECT "Current day " || strftime('%d');

Current day 05

Compute days till Christmas. The %jmodifier gives the day of the year for the time string.

SELECT 'Days to XMas:' || (strftime('%j', '2009-12-24') - strftime('%j', 'now'));

Days to XMas:49

Save the currentdate & time to a database

$query="INSERT INTO 't1' ('name', 'mydate') VALUES ('John',datetime('now') )";

or

$query="INSERT INTO 't1' ('name', 'mydate') VALUES ('John',date("Y-m-d H-i-s") )";2009-11-05 20:01:07

Liting 15.* B

SA(> CRR>@T OR DAT>

"ave the current date and calculate the date +! days from nowO

$query = "INSERT INTO 't1' ('datenow', 'date30') VALUES (datetime('now'),datetime('now', '30 days') )";

Liting 15.< B

>SS THA@ T-M> SPA@

o 'et the rows where there is less than +! days between two dates

where SnewdateS and SolddateS are date fieldsO

$query = "SELECT * FROM 't1' WHERE julianday(newdate) < julianday(olddate)+30";

Liting 15.8 B

DAT> >QA TO T-M> SPA@

o 'et the rows where a date e#uals a s&an of +! days,

where SsomedateS and SotherdateS are date fieldsO

$query = "SELECT * FROM 't1' WHERE julianday(somedate) = julianday(otherdate)+30";

Liting 15.? B

>rrors and 0u*s

he com&utation of local time de&ends heavily on the whim of &oliticians and is thus difficult to 'et correct for all locales.

In this im&lementation, the standard % library function localtimeCr=> is used to assist in the calculation of local time. he

localtimeCr=> % function normally only worHs for years between 17! and !+. ?or dates outside this ran'e, "2$ite

attem&ts to ma& the year into an e#uivalent year within this ran'e, do the calculation, then ma& the year bacH.

hese functions only worH for dates between !!!!-!1-!1 !!L!!L!! and 7777-1-+1 +L57L57 =Fulidan day numbers11!57.5 throu'h 5++


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Non-3ista /indows &latforms only su&&ort one set of 0" rules. 3ista only su&&orts two. herefore, on these &latforms,

historical 0" calculations will be incorrect. ?or e9am&le, in the ;", in !! the 0" rules chan'ed. Non-3ista /indows

&latforms a&&ly the new !! 0" rules to all &revious years as well. 3ista does somewhat better 'ettin' results correct

bacH to 17*, when the rules were also chan'ed.

ll internal com&utations assume the 8re'orian calendar system. It is also assumed that every day is e9actly *

seconds in duration.

:nd f "ection


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Section F!

Strin*s

ist of Strin*


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' 5+ of *!

loadEe3tension$%

loadEe3tension$N"%

oad SQite e3tensions out of the shared librar+ file na&ed usin* the entr+ point "6 The

result is a @6 -f "is o&itted then the default entr+ point of s9lite!Ee3tensionEinit is

used6 This function raises an e3ception if the e3tension fails to load or initialie correctl+6

locate$sstrN strN pos% return first sstr position in str6 start fro& pos6

lo,er$str% SQite 0uilt=in

lo,er$% Return a cop+ of strin*,ill all characters converted to lo,er case6 The C librar+ tolo,er$%

routine is used for the conversionN ,hich &eans that this function &i*ht not ,or)

correctl+ on T


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"#$ite Reference %o&yri'ht ( !!5-!1)' 5< of *!

rtri&$str 4N chars4% tri&ri*ht chars$or space% fro& str6

rtri&$%

rtri&$N"%

Return a strin* for&ed b+ re&ovin* an+ and all characters that appear in "fro& the ri*ht

side of6 -f the "ar*u&ent is o&ittedN spaces are re&oved6

sounde3$% Co&pute the sounde3 encodin* of the strin*6 The strin* 4::: is returned if the

ar*u&ent is @6 This function is o&itted fro& SQite b+ default6 -t is onl+ available the =

DSQ-T>ESO@D>X1F co&piler option is used ,hen SQite is built6

space$n% return space6

s9liteEversion$U% Return the version strin* for the SQite librar+ that is runnin*6 >3a&ple7 '66:

substr$N"NZ% Return a substrin* of input strin*that be*ins ,ith the "=th character and ,hich isZ

characters lon*6 The left=&ost character ofis nu&ber F6 -f "is ne*ative the the first

character of the substrin* is found b+ countin* fro& the ri*ht rather than the left6 -fis

strin* then characters indices refer to actual T


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he followin' function will &revent forei'n characters from bein' misinter&reted in te9t. It converts the most common

&unctuation characters into html e#uivalents.

function cleantxt($str) {

$replace = array(

'&' => '&','"' => '"',

"'" => ''',

';' => ';',

'' => '>'

);

$str = str_replace(array_keys($replace), array_values($replace), $str);

return $str;

}

Liting 1%.1 B


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Section FG

Math

ist of Math


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Math >3a&ples

Examples

return the number of rows in the table. (includes NULL values)

SELECT count(*)AS '# of rows' FROM Testing;# of rows

----------

5

return the number of rows in table. (does not include NULL values)

SELECT count(id)AS '# of non NULL values' FROM Testing;

# of non NULL values

--------------------

3

Return average of values. (does not include NULL values)

SELECT avg(cost)AS 'Average price' FROM Cars;

Average price----------------

88528.1666666667

Return the sum()of values. (does not include NULL values)

SELECT sum(OrderPrice) AS Sum FROM Orders;

Sum

----------

4930

// add columns from two databases or tables, note: as is required

$result=$db->query('SELECT SUM(Total) -- SUM pulls total values

FROM (

SELECT SUM(smith) as Total FROM main.sales -- as is required so sum can pull valuesUNION

SELECT SUM(smith) as Total FROM lastyear.sales

)');

Returnmaximumvalue of a column value

SELECT max(cost)FROM t1;

max(cost)

------------

3500

Returnminimumvalue of a column value

SELECT min(cost)FROM t1;

min(cost)

------------

750

Return randomnumber

SELECT random()AS Random;

Random

-------------------

1056892254869386643

Mone+

"#lite does not su&&ort any s&ecial currency format. ou can use inte'er =1+.!!> or *-byte floatin' &oint number

=1+. with 15 si'nificant di'its.


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Savin* an -&a*e

o save an ima'e, we need to have a s&ecial data ty&e called a blob. blobis a si'nal to the database en'ine that it

should not try to fi'ure out what the data is for e9am&le it is not a strin' with line ends. Aecause a database does not

Hnow what ty&e of information is in a blob, we have to Hee& tract of what it is. /e should always have a field that Hee&s

the media content ty&e =&n', F&', 'if, video, sound, etc>. /e will need this ima'e ty&e later so we can dis&lay it.

?or this sam&le &ro'ram we Hnow what the ima'e is. ?or sim&licity saHe we dont show the ste&s needed to retrieve the

content t+peinformation. he content t+pefield is created in this e9am&le for 'ood &ractice. @ere is an e9am&le of how atable mi'ht looH for someone savin' &hoto'ra&hs.

# create table

$query=create table sample (

id integer primary key,

description text(25),

contenttype text(25),

imagedata blob

);

$result=$db->query($query)or die(Error in query: $query);

Liting 13.5 B

/ith a table &ro&erly desi'ned, we can now save the data. ?or our e9am&le we assume that the &icture is a pn*filenamed .test6pn*/6/e must use obFect oriented &ro'rammin' and a transaction =e9&lained later> to do our worH.

# insert row of data to table

$stmt=$db->prepare(insert into sample (id, description, contenttype, imagedata)

values (?,?,?,?));

# assign data for each field

$id =NULL;

$describe =Sample image file; # row data

$type =image/png;

$imagefile=fopen(test.png,rb);

# build the transaction for each field

$stmt->bindParam(1,$id);

$stmt->bindParam(2,$describe);

$stmt->bindParam(3,$type);

$stmt->bindParam(4,$imagefile,PDO::PARAM_LOB);

# perform transaction

$db->beginTransaction(); # create transaction

$stmt->execute(); # do it

$db->commit(); # finished

Liting 13.3 B

hats itG he data with ima'e has been saved.


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echo"connecting...
";}

catch(PDOException $e){echo$e->getMessage()." Error: $query";}

# enhanced errors

$db->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE,PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);

# create table

$query="create table 'sample' (

id integer primary key,

description text(25),

contenttype text(25),

imagedata blob

)";

$result=$db->query("$query")or die("Error in query: $query");

echo"new table and data initialized...
";

# setup transaction to insert row of data to table,

$stmt=$db->prepare("insert into sample (id, description, contenttype, imagedata) values(?,?,?,?)");

$id =NULL;

$describe ="Sample image file";

$type ="image/png";

$imagefile=fopen($testimage,'rb');

# perform transaction

$stmt->bindParam(1,$id);

$stmt->bindParam(2,$describe);

$stmt->bindParam(3,$type);

$stmt->bindParam(4,$imagefile,PDO::PARAM_LOB);

$db->beginTransaction(); # create transaction

$stmt->execute(); # do it

$db->commit(); # finished

echo"data saved...
";

# retrive row of data

$query ="SELECT * FROM 'sample'";

$result=$db->query($query); # get row of data

$row =$result->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);# assign to array of values

$image =$row['imagedata'];

echo"data retrieved...

";

# save image data to file

file_put_contents("temp.png",$image);

# show data

echo"
";

echo"Fig-1 ".$row['description']."
";


$db=NULL;

?>

Liting 13.* B


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:nd of "ection


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Section = FJ

Cr+ptN HashN etc

M05

md5Chmac=Hey, data 4, binary4> @M%-M05

md5Ccry&t=&ass, salt 4, binary4> A"0 com&atible M05 cry&t

a&rCcry&t=&ass, salt 4, binary4> &ache com&atible M05 cry&t

sha1=data 4, binary4> "@1

sha1Chmac=Hey, data 4, binary4> @M%-"@1aesCencry&t=Hey, data 4, binary4> ": encry&tion

aesCdecry&t=Hey, data 4, binary4> ": decry&tion

blowfishCencry&t=Hey, data 4, binary4> Alowfish encry&tion

blowfishCdecry&t=Hey, data 4, binary4> Alowfish decry&tion

desCencry&t=Hey, data 4, binary4> 0:" encry&tion

desCdecry&t=Hey, data 4, binary4> 0:" decry&tion

base Aase< encode

base Aase< decode

com&ress=data 4, binary4> com&ress data by Ki&

decom&ress=data 4, binary4> decom&ress data by Ki&

uuid=>

Liting 1.1 B


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Appendi3 = A

>rror Handlin*

>rror Codes

The error co%es for S"!ite ersion are unchange% from ersion *.They are as follows+

O, - Successful resultO / S"! error or missing %atabase$0T0#! * #n internal logic error in S"!ite

P1 #ccess 2ermission %enie%#3OT 4 Callback routine re5ueste% an abort

36S7 8 The %atabase file is locke%!OC,D 9 # table in the %atabase is locke%0O11 : # malloc() faile%

#DO0!7 ; #ttem2t to write a rea%only %atabase$0T6PT < O2eration terminate% by s5lite=interru2t()

$O /- Some kin% of %isk $>O error occurre%CO6PT // The %atabase %isk image is malforme%0OT?O60D /* ($nternal Only) Table or recor% not foun%

?6!! / $nsertion faile% because %atabase is fullC#0TOP0 /4 6nable to o2en the %atabase file

POTOCO! /8 Database lock 2rotocol error1PT7 /9 ($nternal Only) Database table is em2tySC'1# /: The %atabase schema change%

TOO3$@ /; Too much %ata for one row of a tableCO0ST#$0T /< #bort %ue to constraint iolation

1$S1#TC' *- Data ty2e mismatch1$S6S */ !ibrary use% incorrectly0O!?S ** 6ses OS features not su22orte% on host

#6T' * #uthoriAation %enie%OW /-- s5lite=ste2() has another row rea%y

DO0 /-/ s5lite=ste2() has finishe% eBecuting

F% -< LO COP->D COD> O< TH-S R>R>@C>

If you co&ied and &asted code from this M" /ord document. Ae forewarned that it trans&oses strai'ht ticHs =S>,

a&ostro&hes ], and #uotes =TT> into forward and reverse versions which are incom&atible with the )@) &arser. I have

made an attem&t to remove as many as &ossible, but a few may lin'er.

full set of &roven routines should have accom&anied this document.

'% SOM> SQ-T> (>RS-O@S HA(> -@COMPAT-0--T->S

N:L 0atabases are unsu&&orted between +.1.9 and +..9 versions of "2$ite.

fileCformat 1 3ersion +.!.!.

fileCformat 3ersion +.1.+.

fileCformat + 3ersion +.1.


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ty&ical error is somethin' liHe this, Tmalformed database schema - unable to o&en a database fileOQ

!% -@(A-D R>SORC> >RROR

If you 'et an error re&ortin' Tinvalid resourceT when attem&tin' a #uery on a database table and loo&in' throu'h it,the version of the "2$ite e9tension com&iled in to )@) mi'ht be incom&atible with the version that was used to

create the database =liHe "2$ite .9 vs +.9>.

he database mi'ht o&en =connect> oH, but will fail when #ueryin'.

Ddb X new )0=Ss#liteLtm&foo.dbS> success

foreach =Ddb-\#uery=S":$:% Y ?RM barS> as Drow> &rints invalid resource

G% S>@S-T-(-TL TO #H-T> SPAC>

In certain circumstances white s&ace can cause errors, be carefulG

Correct -> $db = new PDO("sqlite:$dbPath$dbFile");

Error -> $db = new PDO("sqlite: $dbPath$dbFile");

Correct -> $db = new PDO("sqlite:$dbPath$dbFile");

Error -> $db = new PDO("sqlite:$dbPath$dbFile ");

Correct -> ")

Error -> " )

I% .@A0> TO OP>@ /

If you receive an error while tryin' to write to a s#lite database =u&date, delete, dro&>L

Warning: PDO::query() [function.query]: SQLSTATE[HY000]: General error: 1 unable to open database.

# uni= 4tem ma4 a/e folder or file permiion pro7lem. he folder containin' the database file must be writeable.

J% .SQ-T>ECO

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