ECHR : I.M v. France : Brief amicus curiae 2011

8/3/2019 ECHR : I.M v. France : Brief amicus curiae 2011

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Ok~d{pf}boc~ fn}tflb~d~ mt Hft} Nojjb~~f{bf} md~ Cf}boc~ Tcbd~ yot{ ld~ {`teb~ mdpfc} lf Not{dt{oydccd md~ m{ob}~ md lhojjd

mfc~ lf``fb{dB# J# n# @{fcnd, {dvt}d co# 264;/92

6# Bc}{omtn}boc6#6# Ld Hft} Nojjb~~f{bf} md~ Cf}boc~ Tcbd~ yot{ ld~ {`teb~ (nb*fy{~ 7 ld HN[" ~otjd} ld~ y{~dc}d~

ok~d{pf}boc~, lbcpb}f}boc md lf Not{ dt{oydccd md~ m{ob}~ md lhojjd (nb fy{~ 7 lf Not{ ot lfNot{ DMH", f`bc mfn}tflb~d{ d} md y{nb~d{ ~oc bc}d{pdc}boc n{b}d md ~dy}djk{d ;992 mfc~ lf``fb{d

B#J# n# @{fcnd6#

6#;# Lfn}tflb~f}boc yo{}d ~t{ ld~ mpdloyydjdc}~ {ndc}~ md lf leb~lf}boc d} md lf y{f}bvtd md~ ft}o{b}~`{fcfb~d~ nocnd{cfc} lf y{onmt{d mf~bld y{bo{b}fb{d dc {}dc}boc fbc~b vtd ~t{ lf {pb~boc fn}tdlld

md~ co{jd~ md lTcboc Dt{oydccd (nb*fy{~ 7 lTD" dc lf jf}b{d#

6#># Dc ot}{d, ld~ y{~dc}d~ ok~d{pf}boc~ {b}{dc} d} }frdc} ld~ y{bcnbyfld~ y{onntyf}boc~ mt HN[{dlf}bpd~ ftx lfntcd~ md lf y{onmt{d mf~bld y{bo{b}fb{d fyylbvtd ftx mdjfcmdt{~ mf~bld dc{}dc}boc dc @{fcnd; lf ltjb{d, co}fjjdc}, md loklbef}boc md coc*{d`otldjdc} d} mt m{ob} tc{dnot{~ d``dn}b` ef{fc}b yf{ lf{}bnld 6> md lf Nocpdc}boc dt{oydccd md~ m{ob}~ md lhojjd (nb*fy{~ 7 lf NDMH" d} yf{ lf gt{b~y{tmdcnd f``{dc}d md lf Not{ DMH#

6#=# F nd} ef{m, ld HN[ co}d vtd, mfc~ ~f mnb~boc ~t{ lf {dndpfkblb} md lf {dvt}d co# 264;/92, lf Not{f d~}bj vtd ld``dn}bpb} md~ {dnot{~ mb~yocbkld~ }fc} mdpfc} ld }{bktcfl fmjbcb~}{f}b` vtd mdpfc}lO``bnd `{fcfb~ md y{o}dn}boc md~ {`teb~ d} md~ fyf}{bmd~ (nb*fy{~ 7 lO@Y[F" yo~d md ~{bdt~d~vtd~}boc~ md `fb} d} md m{ob} vtb cnd~~b}d tc dxfjdc ft `ocm> # Lf mnb~boc md lf Not{ md Nf~~f}bocmd ~fb~b{ ld Noc~dbl noc~}b}t}boccdl `{fcfb~ mtcd vtd~}boc y{bo{b}fb{d md noc~}b}t}boccflb} {dlf}bpd

ld``dn}bpb} mt m{ob} ft {dnot{~ mdpfc} lf Not{ cf}bocfld mt m{ob} mf~bld (nb fy{~ 7 lf NCMF" mfc~ld nfm{d md lf y{onmt{d y{bo{b}fb{d }jobecd efldjdc} md lbjyo{}fcnd md~ vtd~}boc~ md m{ob} vtd~otlpd nd}}d y{onmt{d=#

6#4# Lf mdtxbjd yf{}bd md nd~ ok~d{pf}boc~ yo{}d ~t{ ld~ mpdloyydjdc}~ {ndc}~ {dlf}b`~ lf y{onmt{dmf~bld fnnl{d, ft~~b kbdc ft cbpdft cf}bocfl vtft cbpdft md lTD# Lf }{ob~bjd yf{}bd {b}{d lfyo~b}boc mt HN[ {dlf}bpd ftx y{bcnbyd~ ec{ftx dc gdt mfc~ lf``fb{d B#J# n# @{fcnd dt ef{m lfvtflb} md ldxfjdc md lf mdjfcmd mf~bld dc {}dc}boc dc @{fcnd#

Nd~ ok~d{pf}boc~ cd ~ft{fbdc} ~bc}d{y{}d{ nojjd tcd {dcocnbf}boc bjylbnb}d ot dxylbnb}d ftntc md~ y{bpbled~ ot bjjtcb}~ moc} ld HN[d} ~oc yd{~occdl kc`bnbdc} ft }b}{d md~ bc~}{tjdc}~ gt{bmbvtd~ bc}d{cf}bocftx fyylbnfkld~ d} md~ y{bcnbyd~ md m{ob} bc}d{cf}bocfl {dnocct~#6 Ld~ ok~d{pf}boc~ fn}tflb~d~ mobpdc} }{d ltd~ lf ltjb{d md~ ok~d{pf}boc~ bcb}bfld~ md ~dy}djk{d ;992 (nb*fy{~ Ok~d{pf}boc~ mt HN[mfc~ lf``fb{dB#J# n# @{fcnd " vtb {d~}dc} pflfkld~ d} ~oc} gobc}d~ nd} d``d} dc Fccdxd B ft y{~dc} montjdc}#; Nd~ y{onntyf}boc~ ~oc} {~tjd~ ft 4#; md~ Ok~d{pf}boc~ bcb}bfld~ mt HN[ mfc~ lf``fb{dB#J# n# @{fcnd, ~dy}# ;992, (Fccdxd B"#> Not{ DMH,B#J# n# @{fcnd, co# 264;/92, mnb~boc mt 6= mn# ;969, 664*660 7h}}y7//njb~ay#dnh{#nod#bc}/}ay625/pbdu#f~y?fn}boc:h}jl&montjdc}Bm:852459&yo{}fl:hkaj&~ot{nd:dx}d{cflkrmonctjkd{&}fkld:@02F;5@M8@K806=;K@96N6600MDF>280=2#= Not{ md Nf~~f}boc, F{{} c 688 mt 2 `p# ;966 * Y{djb{d nhfjk{d nbpbld (coc ytklb"# Ld~ ftmb}boc~ yf{ ld Noc~dbl noc~}b}t}boccdl md~fponf}~ {dy{~dc}fc} ld mdjfcmdt{ fbc~b vtd lf Nbjfmd d} ld {dy{~dc}fc} mt Eotpd{cdjdc} oc} dt lbdt ld jf{mb ;; jf{~ ;966#


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;# Mpdloyydjdc}~ {ndc}~ {dlf}b`~ lf y{onmt{d mf~bld y{bo{b}fb{d dc @{fcnd d} ft cbpdft md

lTD

f" Fyd{t md lf y{f}bvtd {ndc}d dc @{fcnd

;#6# Oc mcojk{d 6 408 mdjfcmd~ m%f~bld dc {}dc}boc dc ;992 noc}{d 6 82= dc ;9984# Ndydcmfc},lO@Y[F bcmbvtd vttcd e{fcmd jfgo{b} md~ y{onmt{d~ y{bo{b}fb{d~ dc {}dc}boc ~d {fyyo{}d md~

y{djb{d~ mdjfcmd~0 (5>$ dc ;992 flo{~ vtdlld cd {dy{~dc}fbdc} vtd 0=$ dc ;9985" # Yf{noc~vtdc}, ld cojk{d md y{djb{d~ mdjfcmd~ mf~bld dc {}dc}boc {d~}d vtf~bjdc} bcnhfce dc}{d;998 d} ;992, {d~ydn}bpdjdc} 6 ;92 d} 6 6==8#

;#;# Ld HN[ co}d vtd ld }ftx md {dnoccfb~~fcnd md lf y{o}dn}boc bc}d{cf}bocfld yf{ lO@Y[F dc ;992mfc~ ld nfm{d md lf y{onmt{d y{bo{b}fb{d fyylbvtd ftx mdjfcmdt{~ mf~bld dc {}dc}boc noc}bctdm}{d ~dc~bkldjdc} bc`{bdt{ ndltb vtd loc ok~d{pd }ot}d~ y{onmt{d~ y{bo{b}fb{d~ nocòcmtd~ d}, f

ò{}bo{b, ndltb dc y{onmt{d mf~bld co{jfld# Dc ;992, lO@Y[F cf on}{or tcd y{o}dn}boc vt 54yd{~occd~ dc {}dc}boc, nd vtb noc~}b}td tc }ftx md {dnoccfb~~fcnd md =,58 $, y{djb{d~ mdjfcmd~d} mdjfcmd~ md {dxfjdc nocòcmtd~, }fcmb~ vtd nd }ftx }ot}d~ y{onmt{d~ y{bo{b}fb{d~ nocòcmtd~}fb} md 2,6 $, d} vtd ld }ftx elokfl mfnno{m }fb} md 6=,>$2#

;#>#

Ld HN[ {b}{d ~d~ y{onntyf}boc~ lef{m md~ nocmb}boc~ md y{yf{f}boc mtcd mdjfcmd mf~bld dc{}dc}boc, ld~vtdlld~ mdjdt{dc} nd got{ bcnhfced~, dc m{ob} d} dc y{f}bvtd, d} cd òc} lokgd}mftntc f~~otylb~~djdc} mfc~ ld nfm{d mt y{ogd} md lob ~t{ lbjjbe{f}boc fn}tdlldjdc} dc not{~mfmoy}boc69# Ft noc}{fb{d, ld y{ogd} md lob y{pob}, co}fjjdc}, mfc~ ~f pd{~boc fn}tdlld, tcddx}dc~boc md lf mt{d jfxbjfld md {}dc}boc md >; =4 got{~ (f{}bnld =>"# Ld mdjfcmdt{ mf~bld dc{}dc}boc {d~}d }dct md ~otjd}}{d mfc~ tc mlfb md nbcv got{~ tcd mdjfcmd nojyl}d, dc lfcetd`{fcfb~d d} ~fc~ lf~~b~}fcnd bc}d{y{}d y{b~ dc nhf{ed yf{ ld~ yotpob{~ ytklbn~# F m`ft}, lf mdjfcmdmf~bld ~d{f noc~bm{d nojjd b{{dndpfkld66# Dc ot}{d, lO@Y[F f loklbef}boc md ~}f}td{ mfc~ tcmlfb md 20 hdt{d~ ~t{ nd~ mdjfcmd~ myo~d~ dc {}dc}boc# Md }dlld~ nocmb}boc~ ~oc} ~t~ndy}bkld~mdxylbvtd{, ft jobc~ dc yf{}bd, ld `fbkld }ftx md {dnoccfb~~fcnd vtb nf{fn}{b~d nd }ryd mdy{onmt{d y{bo{b}fb{d# LO@Y[F ltb*jjd {dnoccf} mfblldt{~ vtd ld cojk{d fnn{t md y{djb{d~mdjfcmd~ dc {}dc}boc y~d md ylt~ dc ylt~ ~t{ ld }{fpfbl mbc~}{tn}boc nojy}d }dct md~ mlfb~ md}{fb}djdc} (" mfc~ ld nfm{d md lf ~fb~bcd md lO``bnd dc y{onmt{d y{bo{b}fb{d6; # Fbc~b, bl

~djkld{fb} vtd ld mlfb md 20 hdt{d~ y{pt yf{ ld leb~lf}dt{ f``dn}d lf nfyfnb} md lO@Y[F bc~}{tb{d lf mdjfcmd md y{o}dn}boc bc}d{cf}bocfld `fb}d dc {}dc}boc mfc~ md~ nocmb}boc~~f}b~`fb~fc}d~#

;#=# Yf{ fblldt{~, ld {dnot{~ mdpfc} lf NCMF mdjdt{d myot{pt md``d} ~t~ydc~b`# Yf{ noc~vtdc}, tcmdjfcmdt{ mf~bld dc {}dc}boc cd~} yf~ dc jd~t{d md noc}d~}d{ lf mnb~boc md {dgd} md lO@Y[F mdjfcb{d d``dn}bpd mdpfc} nd}}d gt{bmbn}boc ~ynbflb~d6># O{, ylt~ mt vtf{} md~ {dnot{~ mdpfc} lf

4 Yot{ ylt~ md m}fbl~ ~t{ ld~ ~}f}b~}bvtd~ fpfc} ;992, pob{ >#= md~ Ok~d{pf}boc~ mt HN[ mfc~ lf``fb{dB#J# n# @{fcnd, ~dy}# ;992 (Fccdxd B"#0 Tcd y{djb{d mdjfcmd ~dc}dcm yf{ oyyo~b}boc tcd mdjfcmd md {dxfjdc (ot md {otpd{}t{d" vtb ydt} ~d `fb{d fy{~ ld {dgd}m`bcb}b` md lf y{djb{d mdjfcmd d} ~ot~ nocmb}boc md y{omtb{d md~ ljdc}~ cotpdftx# Bl cr yf~ md lbjb}d ft cojk{d md mdjfcmd~ md

{dxfjdc d} yf~ md noc}{fbc}d mfc~ ld }djy~#5 O@Y[F,[fyyo{} mfn}bpb} ;992, 8 fp{bl ;969, y# 69 7 h}}y7//uuu#o y{f#eotp#`{/montjdc}~/[fyyo{}_O`y{f_;992_nojyld}_KM#ym`8 Ld {fyyo{} mfn}bpb} ;969 md lO@Y[F ~d{f {dcmt ytklbn, nojjd nhfvtd fccd, ft not{fc} md lf y{djb{d ~djfbcd mfp{bl#2 O@Y[F,[fyyo{} mfn}bpb} ;992, oy#nb}#, y# >;#69 Ld y{ogd} md lob f } fmoy} dc ~dnocmd ldn}t{d yf{ lF~~djkld cf}bocfld ld 60 jf{~ ;966 d} ~d{f mb~nt} dc ~dnocmd ldn}t{d ft ^cf} yf{}b{ mt 66 fp{bl ;966, fpfc} md `fb{d lokgd} mtc dxfjdc dc nojjb~~boc jbx}d yf{b}fb{d d} cd mdp{fb} yf~ dc}{d{ dc pbetdt{ fpfc} jfb ;966,ft ylt~ }}# Ld mo~~bd{ leb~lf}b` d~} co}fjjdc} mb~yocbkld ~t{ ld ~b}d mt ^cf} 7 h}}y7//uuu#~dcf}#`{/mo~~bd{*ldeb~lf}b`/ygl69*9;5#h}jl#66 Nd~ jo}b`~ mb{{dndpfkblb} yo~dc} vtd~}boc ft {def{m md lf Y{oyo~b}boc md Mb{dn}bpd mt Yf{ldjdc} dt{oydc d} mt Noc~dbl {dlf}bpd md~co{jd~ jbcbjfld~ nocnd{cfc} lf y{onmt{d m%on}{ob d} md {d}{fb} md lf y{o}dn}boc bc}d{cf}bocfld mfc~ ld~ }f}~ jdjk{d~ ([dòc}d" (NOJ(;992" 44= 7 h}}y7//dt{*ldx#dt{oyf#dt/LdxT{b d{p/LdxT{b^d{p#mo?t{b:NOJ7;9927944=7@BC7@[7YM@" nf{ bl~ cd `bet{dc} yf~ mfc~ lf lb~}ddxhft~}bpd md jo}b`~ bet{fc} lf{}bnld ;4(;" md nd} bc~}{tjdc}# Pob{ bc`{f ;#4#6; O@Y[F,[fyyo{} mfn}bpb} ;992, oy#nb}#, y# 69#6> Pob{ bc`{f >#8#


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NCMF oc} nocmtb} tcd fcctlf}boc md lf mnb~boc md l%O@Y[F (;0,4 $"6=, mjoc}{fc} fbc~blbjyo{}fcnd md nd}}d pobd md {dnot{~ dc }d{jd~ md {dnoccfb~~fcnd mt kd~obc md y{o}dn}boc#

k" Fyd{t md lf y{oyo~b}boc md {dòc}d md lf Mb{dn}bpd md lTD ~t{ ld~ y{onmt{d~ mf~bld

;#4# Lf y{oyo~b}boc md {dòc}d md lf Mb{dn}bpd ~t{ ld~ Y{onmt{d~ mf~bld ~otjb~d yf{ lf Nojjb~~bocdt{oydccd dc on}ok{d ;99264 }jobecd md~ lfntcd~ {dlf}bpd~ ftx y{onmt{d~ mf~bld fnnl{d~60,}dlld~ vtdlld~ oc} } jb~d~ dc tp{d yf{ ld~ D}f}~ jdjk{d~65, co}fjjdc} dc }d{jd~ md ef{fc}bd~

y{onmt{fld~68# Lf y{oyo~b}boc pb~d yfllbd{ nd{}fbcd~ md nd~ bc~t``b~fcnd~62# Ld HN[ ~fltd dcyf{}bntlbd{ lbc}{omtn}boc mtcd lb~}d dxhft~}bpd md jo}b`~ yotpfc} gt~}b`bd{ tc dxfjdc fnnl{ md~mdjfcmd~ mf~bld jfcb`d~}djdc} bcòcmd~;9# Dlld y{pob} ft~~b vtd lft}o{b} {d~yoc~fkld md lfm}d{jbcf}boc mb~yo~d mtc mlfb {fb~occfkld yot{ y{onmd{ tc dxfjdc {beot{dtx md }dlld~mdjfcmd~;6# Yf{ fblldt{~, lf y{oyo~b}boc md lf Nojjb~~boc {dnoccf} dxy{d~~jdc} vtd ld `fb} vt%tcdmdjfcmd mf~bld fb} } y{~dc}d fy{~ tcd dc}{d b{{etlb{d ~t{ ld }d{{b}ob{d ot lf `{oc}b{d fbc~bvtd l%fk~dcnd md yfybd{~ ot l%t}blb~f}boc md montjdc}~ `fl~b`b~ c%dc}{fcd yf~ dc ~ob ld {dnot{~ft}ojf}bvtd tcd y{onmt{d m%dxfjdc fnnl{d# Dc`bc, ld~ ef{fc}bd~ y{onmt{fld~ {dvtb~d~ mfc~ nd}ryd md y{onmt{d ~oc} {dcò{nd~# F }b}{d mdxdjyld, lf yo~~bkblb} mojd}}{d ldc}{d}bdc bcmbpbmtdlco}fjjdc} dc nf~ md mnlf{f}boc~ bcnoh{dc}d~ ot noc}{fmbn}ob{d~ mt mdjfcmdt{ mf~bld d~}~tyy{bjd;;# Dc ot}{d, mfc~ ld~ nf~ o ld {dnot{~ noc}{d tcd mnb~boc md {d`t~ md lf mdjfcmd mf~blddc y{onmt{d fnnl{d cd~} yf~ md``d} ~t~ydc~b`, lf y{oyo~b}boc md {dòc}d md lf Mb{dn}bpd y{pob}

vttcd gt{bmbn}boc ytb~~d mnbmd{, ~t{ {dvt}d mt mdjfcmdt{ nocnd{c ot kbdc md ~f y{oy{dbcb}bf}bpd, ~b ld mdjfcmdt{ d~} ft}o{b~ {d~}d{ ~t{ ld }d{{b}ob{d md l%}f} jdjk{d;># Dc`bc, lf{}bnld=6(=" {dvtbd{} vtd ld~ mlfb~ y{pt~ cd {dcmdc} yf~ bjyo~~bkld ot dxnd~~bpdjdc} mb``bnbld lfnn~ md~mdjfcmdt{~ tc {dnot{~ d``dn}b`#

6=Lf Not{ cf}bocfld mt m{ob} m%f~bld (NCMF" 7 tcd gt{bmbn}boc cdtpd, noc`{oc}d md~ y{okljd~ {nt{{dc}~, [fyyo{} m%bcò{jf}boc c2(;969*;966" md JJ# Ybd{{d Kd{cf{m*[drjocm d} Gdfc*Nlftmd @{noc, `fb} ft coj md lf nojjb~~boc md~ `bcfcnd~, myo~ ld 0 on}# ;969 7h}}y7//uuu#~dcf}#`{/{fy/{69*992/{69*992_joco#h}jl#64Y{oyo~b}boc md Mb{dn}bpd mt Yf{ldjdc} dt{oydc d} mt Noc~dbl {dlf}bpd md~ co{jd~ jbcbjfld~ nocnd{cfc} lf y{onmt{d m%on}{ob d} md {d}{fb}md lf y{o}dn}boc bc}d{cf}bocfld mfc~ ld~ }f}~ jdjk{d~ ([dòc}d", oy#nb}##60 Ld HN[ ~otlbecd mfc~ ~d~ nojjdc}fb{d~ ~t{ lf y{oyo~b}boc md {dòc}d md lf Mb{dn}bpd ~t{ ld~ y{onmt{d~ mf~bld 7 (" fnno{mbce }o }hdNojjb~~boc, }hd e{otcm~ lb~}dm kr {dnf~} F{}bnld ;5 (0" f{d }hd loebnfl noc~dvtdcnd o` ~d{bot~ md`bnbdcnbd~ bc }hd fyylbnf}boc ò{ bc}d{cf}bocfly{o}dn}boc, bc TCHN[, TCHN[ nojjdc}~ oc }hd Dt{oydfc Nojjb~~boc%~ y{oyo~fl ò{ f Mb{dn}bpd o` }hd Dt{oydfc Yf{lbfjdc} fcm o` }hdNotcnbl oc jbcbjtj ~}fcmf{m~ oc y{ondmt{d~ bc Jdjkd{ ^}f}d~ ò{ e{fc}bce fcm ub}hm{fubce bc}d{cf}bocfl y{o}dn}boc (NOJ(;992"44=, ;6On}okd{ ;992", Ftet~} ;969, yfed =; 7 h}}y7//uuu#tchn{#o{e/{dùo{lm/monbm/=n0>dkm>;#h}jl (Fccdxd BB ft y{~dc} montjdc}"#65 Yot{ tc fyd{t md lf y{f}bvtd md nd{}fbc~ D}f}~ jdjk{d~, pob{ TCHN[, Bjy{opbce F~rltj Y{ondmt{d~7 Nojyf{f}bpd Fcflr~b~ fcm

[dnojjdcmf}boc~ ò{ Lfu fcm Y{fn}bnd * Md}fbldm [d~df{nh oc Adr F~rltj Y{ondmt{d~ Mb{dn}bpd Y{opb~boc~, Jf{nh ;969 7h}}y7//uuu#tchn{#o{e/{dùo{lm/monbm/=n0>d4;m;#h}jl#68 Ld HN[ co}d vtd lf Not{ f mg y{b~ dc nojy}d tcd y{oyo~b}boc leb~lf}bpd md lf Nojjb~~boc dt{oydccd mfc~ ~oc dxfjdc ft òcm mtcd{dvt}d# Not{ DMH, J#^#^# n# Kdlebvtd d} E{nd, co# >9020/92, f{{} mt ;6 gfcp# ;966, >49 7h}}y7//uuu#tchn{#o{e/{dùo{lm/monbm/=m>2kn5`;#h}jl#62Y{oyo~b}boc md Mb{dn}bpd mt Yf{ldjdc} dt{oydc d} mt Noc~dbl {dlf}bpd md~ co{jd~ jbcbjfld~ nocnd{cfc} lf y{onmt{d m%on}{ob d} md {d}{fb}md lf y{o}dn}boc bc}d{cf}bocfld mfc~ ld~ }f}~ jdjk{d~ ([dòc}d", oy#nb}#, y# 0#;9 Dc m{ob} `{fcfb~, ld~ jo}b`~ md ylfndjdc} dc y{onmt{d y{bo{b}fb{d ~djkldc} flld{ ft*mdl md nd}}d lb~}d# Dc d``d}, ld = jd flbcf md lf{}bnld L#5=6*= mt Nomd md ldc}{d d} mt ~got{ md~ }{fced{~ d} mt m{ob} mf~bld y{pob} vtd lf mnb~boc md ylfndjdc} dc y{onmt{d y{bo{b}fb{d d~} y{b~d ~b lf mdjfcmd mf~bld {dyo~d ~t{ tcd `{ftmd mlbk{d ot noc~}b}td tc {dnot{~ fkt~b` lf~bld ot cd~} y{~dc}d vtdc ptd md `fb{d nhdn tcdjd~t{d mlobecdjdc} y{ococnd ot bjjbcdc}d # Yot{ ylt~ md m}fbl~ ~t{ lf yo~b}boc mt HN[ nocnd{cfc} lt~fed md~ y{onmt{d~ fnnl{d~pob{ =#6 =#= d} =#6> md~ Ok~d{pf}boc~ mt HN[ mfc~ lf``fb{dB#J# n# @{fcnd, ~dy}# ;992 (Fccdxd B"#;6Y{oyo~b}boc md Mb{dn}bpd mt Yf{ldjdc} dt{oydc d} mt Noc~dbl {dlf}bpd md~ co{jd~ jbcbjfld~ nocnd{cfc} lf y{onmt{d m%on}{ob d} md {d}{fb}md lf y{o}dn}boc bc}d{cf}bocfld mfc~ ld~ }f}~ jdjk{d~ ([dòc}d", oy#nb}#, F{}bnld ;5(8"#;;Bkbm#, ld~ f{}bnld~ 6>(;"(n" d} ;>(="(e" ~oc} ~tyy{bj~ mfc~ lf y{oyo~b}boc md {dòc}d md lf Mb{dn}bpd# Dc m{ob} `{fcfb~, ld `fb} yot{ ldmdjfcmdt{ mf~bld md `fb{d md~ mnlf{f}boc~ noc}{fmbn}ob{d~ d~} ltc md~ jo}b`~ yot{ noc~bm{d{ lf mdjfcmd jfcb`d~}djdc} jfl òcmd d} y{bpd{ld mdjfcmdt{ mtc dc}{d}bdc bcmbpbmtdl#;>Bkbm, cotpdl f{}bnld =6(0"#


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># Ld~ y{bcnbyfld~ y{onntyf}boc~ mt HN[ nocnd{cfc} ldxfjdc md lf mdjfcmd mf~bld dc

{}dc}boc dc @{fcnd

f" Noc~bm{f}boc~ ec{fld~

>#6# ^dloc ld HN[, lf y{onmt{d y{bo{b}fb{d fyylbvtd dc @{fcnd ftx yd{~occd~ ylfnd~ dc {}dc}boc vtbmyo~dc} tcd mdjfcmd mf~bld cd y{~dc}d yf~ }ot}d~ ld~ ef{fc}bd~ {dvtb~d~ yot{ f~~t{d{ tc dxfjdc

vtb}fkld d} d``bnfnd md ldt{ kd~obc md y{o}dn}boc bc}d{cf}bocfld;=#

>#;# Ld HN[ {fyydlld vtd ld kc`bnd md~ m{ob}~ mnotlfc} md~ mb~yo~b}boc~ md lf Nocpdc}boc md Edcpdmd 6246 {dlf}bpd ft ~}f}t} md~ {`teb~ (nb*fy{~ 7 Nocpdc}boc md 6246 ";4, dc yf{}bntlbd{ ld {d~ydn}d``dn}b` mt y{bcnbyd md coc*{dòtldjdc}, dxbed lf jb~d dc ylfnd md y{onmt{d~ mf~bld vtb yd{jd}}dc}ftx D}f}~ mbmdc}b`bd{ ld~ yd{~occd~ frfc} kd~obc md y{o}dn}boc bc}d{cf}bocfld;0#

>#># Ld HN[ ~otlbecd vtd ld~ noc~vtdcnd~ mtc dxfjdc d{{oc mtcd mdjfcmd mf~bld ~oc}yo}dc}bdlldjdc} m{fjf}bvtd~ yot{ lf yd{~occd nocnd{cd# F nd} ef{m, lf Not{ md Gt~}bnd md lTcbocdt{oydccd (nb*fy{~ 7 NGTD" f `fb} pflob{ vtd nd} dxfjdc yo{}d ~t{ md~ vtd~}boc~ mbc}e{b} md lfyd{~occd htjfbcd d} md lbkd{}~ bcmbpbmtdlld~, vtd~}boc~ vtb {dlpdc} md~ pfldt{~ òcmfjdc}fld~ mdlTcboc d} vtbl mob} }{d d``dn}t mfc~ }ot~ ld~ nf~ (" fpdn pbeblfcnd d} y{tmdcnd;5 #

>#=# Lf Not{ DMH f }fklb, mfc~ tcd ~{bd mf{{}~, ld~ ef{fc}bd~ mnotlfc} mt m{ob} tc {dnot{~ d``dn}b`nocnd{cfc} tc e{bd` m`dcmfkld ~ot~ lfceld md lf{}bnld > md lf NDMH co}fjjdc} dt ef{m lfcf}t{d b{{pd{~bkld mt mojjfed ~t~ndy}bkld m}{d nft~ dc nf~ md {flb~f}boc mt {b~vtd md pbolf}bocmd nd}}d mb~yo~b}boc# Lf y{djb{d ef{fc}bd f }{fb} lf vtflb} md ldxfjdc# Tc {dnot{~ d``dn}b` mob}yd{jd}}{d tc dxfjdc yf{ tcd ft}o{b} nojy}dc}d lf òb~ f}}dc}b`;8 , {beot{dtx;2 d} bcmydcmfc}>9 mt e{bd` ~ot~ lfceld md lf{}bnld > md lf NDMH >6# Yf{ fblldt{~, ~dloc lf Not{,lf{}bnld 6> md lf NDMH {dvtbd{} vtd ld {dnot{~ ~ob} d``dn}b` lf òb~ dc m{ob} d} dc y{f}bvtd# Dc`bc,lf{}bnld 6> md lf NDMH bjyo~d vtd ld~ bc}{d~~~ mb~yo~dc} mtc {dnot{~ md yldbc m{ob} ~t~ydc~b`>;#

>#4# ^dloc ld HN[, lf ptlc{fkblb} yf{}bntlb{d md~ mdjfcmdt{~ mf~bld dc m}dc}boc, dxy{d~~jdc}{dnocctd yf{ lf E{fcmd Nhfjk{d md lf Not{>>, gt~}b`bd mft}fc} ylt~ md }dlld~ ef{fc}bd~#

k" Lf y{onmt{d mf~bld y{bo{b}fb{d dc {}dc}boc>#0# Ld HN[ d~}bjd vtd lf y{onmt{d mf~bld y{bo{b}fb{d dc {}dc}boc cd~} yf~ md cf}t{d ef{fc}b{ ftx

mdjfcmdt{~ mf~bld tc dxfjdc vtb}fkld d} d``bnfnd md ldt{~ kd~obc~ md y{o}dn}boc bc}d{cf}bocfld#

>#5# ]ot} mfko{m, lf ~fb~bcd md lO@Y[F dc ptd md``dn}td{ tcd mdjfcmd mf~bld cd ~f}b~`fb} yf~ nd}}ddxbedcnd# Kbdc vtd nd}}d ~fb~bcd fb} tc d``d} ~t~ydc~b` pb~**pb~ md ldxnt}boc md lf jd~t{dmlobecdjdc} mt }d{{b}ob{d>=, dlld ~d nf{fn}{b~d yf{ md~ nocmb}boc~ mdxd{nbnd noc}{fbecfc}d~,

;= Pob{ =#2, =#69, =#6; d} 4#6 md~ Ok~d{pf}boc~ mt HN[ mfc~ lf``fb{dB#J# n# @{fcnd, ~dy}# ;992 (Fccdxd B"#;4 F~~djkld Ec{fld md~ Cf}boc~ Tcbd~, Nocpdc}boc d} Y{o}onold {dlf}b`~ ft ~}f}t} md~ {`teb~, 682 T#C#]#^# 6>5 7h}}y7//uuu#tchn{#`{/neb*kbc/}dxb~/p}x/kf~bn~/oydcmon#ym ?}kl:KF^BN^&bm:=6f>9k2m=#;0 Yot{ ylt~ md md}fbl~ ~t{ nd yobc} pob{ ;#; md~ Ok~d{pf}boc~ mt HN[ mfc~ lf``fb{dB#J# n# @{fcnd, ~dy}# ;992 (Fccdxd B"#;5 NGTD, ^flfhfmbc Fkmtllf fcm o}hd{~ p# Ktcmd~{dytklba Mdt}~nhlfcm, f{{} md E{fcmd Nhfjk{d mt ; jf{~ ;969, f``fb{d~ gobc}d~ N*654/98,N*650/98, N*658/98 d} N*652/98, 29 7 h}}y7//uuu#tchn{#o{e/{dùo{lm/monbm/=k8d0df;;#h}jl#;8 Not{ DMH, Nhfjfdp d} 6; ft}{d~ n# Eo{ebd d} [t~~bd, co# >0>58/9;, f{{} mt 6; fp{bl ;994, ==8 7h}}y7//uuu#HN[#o{e/{dùo{lm/monbm/=;0 k25m=#h}jl#;2 Not{ DMH,Gfkf{b n# ]t{vtbd, co# =99>4/28, f{{} mt 66 gtbl# ;999, 49 7 h}}y7//uuu#tchn{#o{e/{dùo{lm/monbm/=f4=kk ;9#h}jl#>9Bkbm#>6 Not{ DMH, J#^#^# n# Kdlebvtd d} E{nd, y{nb}, ;2> d} >82#>; Not{ DMH, ocaf n# Kdlebvtd, co# 4640=/22, f{{} mt 4 `p# ;99;, 86*8> 7 h}}y7//uuu#HN[#o{e/{dùo{lm/monbm/>d56 m`k=#h}jl 1 d} Not{DMH, Edk{djdmhbc QEfkd{fjfmhbdcZ n# @{fcnd, co# ;4>82/94, f{{} mt ;0 fp{bl ;995, 00 7h}}y7//uuu#tchn{#o{e/{dùo{lm/monbm/=0==6`f9;#h}jl#>> Not{ DMH, J#^#^# n# Kdlebvtd d} E{nd, y{nb}, ;46#>= Ld HN[ y{nb~d nd} ef{m vtd lokgd} md lf ~fb~bcd md lO@Y[F d~} bc `bcd md {dnoccf}{d lf vtflb} md {`teb ot md kc`bnbfb{d md lfy{o}dn}boc ~tk~bmbfb{d tcd yd{~occd d} coc mbc}d{gd}d{ fyydl ldcnoc}{d mtcd mnb~boc fmjbcb~}{f}bpd vtb f } y{b~d yf{ ld y{`d}# Nojy}d


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co}fjjdc} dt ef{m ft mlfb md nbcv got{~ yot{ myo~d{ tcd mdjfcmd mf~bld dc lfcetd `{fcfb~d d} lfk~dcnd mbc}d{y{}d y{b~ dc nhf{ed yf{ ld~ ft}o{b}~# Dc ot}{d, lf k{bpd} mt mlfb bjyf{}b lO@Y[F yot{ dxfjbcd{ lf mdjfcmd cd yd{jd} yf~ cnd~~fb{djdc} md ef{fc}b{ ld nf{fn}{d{beot{dtx d} nojyld} md ldxfjdc mt kd~obc md y{o}dn}boc#

>#8# O{, ld {dnot{~ mdpfc} lf NCMF cd~} yf~ jjd mr ~tyyld{# Dc myb} md~ cojk{dt~d~ ef{fc}bd~vtd y{~dc}d nd}}d pobd md {dnot{~, dlld cd~} yf~ md``d} ~t~ydc~b` mfc~ ld nfm{d md lf y{onmt{d

mf~bld y{bo{b}fb{d# Nd}}d lfntcd f mdtx noc~vtdcnd~ jfgdt{d~# ]ot} mfko{m, lf yd{~occd nocnd{cd{b~vtd m}{d {dcpord mfc~ ~oc yfr~ mo{bebcd md jfcb{d mb{dn}d ot bcmb{dn}d fpfc} ldxfjdc d}lf mnb~boc md lf NCMF ~t{ ~oc {dnot{~# F lf ltjb{d mt }ftx ldp md {dnoccfb~~fcnd md lfNCMF>4, llobecdjdc} y{jf}t{ mt mdjfcmdt{ mf~bld yot{{fb} mocn yo{}d{ f}}dbc}d ft y{bcnbyd mdcoc*{dòtldjdc}# Dc ot}{d, ~b ldxytl~boc f lbdt lf NCMF gted{f lf mdjfcmd mf~bld }djyo{fb{djdc}~fc~ okgd}# Fbc~b, mfc~ ~oc f{{} Frmbc>0, lf Nojjb~~boc md~ [dnot{~ md~ [`teb~>5 fpfb} noc~bm{vtd }fc} ld~ ~}bytlf}boc~ md lf{}bnld 6d{ F ; md lf nocpdc}boc md Edcpd vtd ld~ mb~yo~b}boc~ mdlf{}bnld ; md lf mb{dn}bpd c;99=/8>/ND mt ;2 fp{bl ;99= y{nb}~ bjylbvtdc} vtd }ot} mdjfcmdt{mf~bld ~ollbnb}fc} ldt{ fyylbnf}boc ~d }{otpd cnd~~fb{djdc} dc mdho{~ md ~oc yfr~ mo{bebcd 1 vtd ld{d}ot{ bcpoloc}fb{d mfc~ ~oc yfr~ mo{bebcd mtc {dvt{fc}, vtb cf yf~ dc}dcmt {dcocnd{ ~fmdjfcmd md y{o}dn}boc, f yot{ noc~vtdcnd mbc}d{{ojy{d y{opb~ob{djdc} lbc~}{tn}boc md ~ocf``fb{d m~ lo{~ vtd ld {dnot{~ d~}, mfc~ nd~ nocmb}boc~, }djyo{fb{djdc} ~fc~ okgd} 1 vtbl

fyyf{}bdcm{f ~oc ft}dt{, dc nf~ md {d}ot{ dc @{fcnd, md ~fm{d~~d{ lf Nojjb~~boc f`bc vtbl ~ob}~}f}t # D}fc} mocc vtbl d~} ydt y{okfkld vtbl yf{pbdccd {dpdcb{ dc @{fcnd yot{ yot{~tbp{d lfy{onmt{d, ld mdjfcmdt{ mf~bld ~d{f md `fb} y{bp md }ot}d mnb~boc ~t{ ~oc {dnot{~# Nd}}d md{cb{d~b}tf}boc d~} ~t~ndy}bkld m}{d fee{fpd yf{ tcd mb~yo~b}boc mt y{ogd} md lob dc not{~ mdxfjdc vtby{pob} ~oc f{}bnld ;> lf n{f}boc mtcd bc}d{mbn}boc md {d}ot{ ~t{ ld }d{{b}ob{d `{fcfb~ md nbcv fc~yot{ ld~ }{fced{~ dc ~b}tf}boc md ~got{ b{{etlbd{#

n" Ld {dnot{~ mdpfc} ld }{bktcfl fmjbcb~}{f}b`>#2# Ld HN[ f mg `fb} }f} md~ nf{fn}{b~}bvtd~ mt {dnot{~ noc}{d lf jd~t{d mlobecdjdc} mdpfc} ld

}{bktcfl fmjbcb~}{f}b`>8 d} {b}{d vtbl cd ~ft{fb} noc~}b}td{ tcd fl}d{cf}bpd d``dn}bpd yot{ yfllbd{ ld~lfntcd~ md lf y{onmt{d mf~bld dc {}dc}boc>2 fcflr~d~ y{nmdjjdc}#

>#69# Kbdc vtd nd {dnot{~ ytb~~d fyyf{f}{d ~f}b~`fb~fc} dc }ho{bd=9, ld HN[ ~ot}bdc} vtbl cd yd{jd} yf~,dc y{f}bvtd, mbmdc}b`bd{ ~r~}jf}bvtdjdc} md jfcb{d vtb}fkld d} d``bnfnd ld~ yd{~occd~ frfc}kd~obc mtcd y{o}dn}boc bc}d{cf}bocfld# Ndlf ~d p{b`bd mfblldt{~ mfc~ ld nf~ md~ynd m~ lo{~ vtd lfNCMF f on}{or ld ~}f}t} md {`teb ft {dvt{fc}=6 flo{~ vtd ld gted fmjbcb~}{f}b` fpfb} {dgd} ~fmdjfcmd ft jo}b` vtd ld {dvt{fc} cfyyo{}fb} ftntc ljdc} y{okfc} lfyytb md ~d~fllef}boc~ #

>#66# ^dloc ld HN[, lf nojkbcfb~oc md ylt~bdt{~ nf{fn}{b~}bvtd~ nocmtb} ~bc}d{{oed{ ~t{ ld``dn}bpb},dc y{f}bvtd, mt {dnot{~ ò{j yf{ ld~ mdjfcmdt{~ mf~bld mdpfc} ld }{bktcfl fmjbcb~}{f}b`# Dcy{djbd{ lbdt, ld~ mlfb~ dcnfm{fc} nd {dnot{~ ~oc} dcno{d ylt~ k{d`~ vtd mfc~ ld nfm{d md lf y{onmt{d

}dct md lf ~yf{f}boc md~ y{onmt{d~ mf~bld d} mlobecdjdc} dc @{fcnd, lO@Y[F cd~} yf~ nojy}dc}d yot{ ~d y{ococnd{ ~t{ lf leflb} md lfjd~t{d mlobecdjdc}#>4 Nojjd bl f } ~otlbec y{nmdjjdc}, nd }ftx f}}dbecfb} ;0,4$ dc ;992# Pob{~ty{f ;#=#>0 Nojjb~~boc md~ [dnot{~ md~ [`teb~, dn}boc [tcbd, 6d{ gtbc ;995, 45>4;=, Frmbc#>5 Lf Nojjb~~boc md~ [dnot{~ md~ [`teb~ d~} mdpdctd Not{ cf}bocfld mt m{ob} m%f~bld dc pd{}t md l%f{}bnld ;2 md lf lob mt ;9 copdjk{d ;995{dlf}bpd lf jf}{b~d md l%bjjbe{f}boc, l%bc}e{f}boc d} l%f~bld#>8 Pob{ =#= md~ Ok~d{pf}boc~ mt HN[ mfc~ lf``fb{dB#J# n/ @{fcnd, ~dy}# ;992 (Fccdxd B"#>2Bkbm#, >#2#=9 Not{ DMH, R#Y# d} L#Y# n# @{fcnd, co# >;=50/90, f{{} mt 9; ~dy}# ;969, 44 7 h}}y7//uuu#tchn{#o{e/{dùo{lm/monbm/=m=;f;f6;#h}jl#=6 ^t{ nd yobc} ld HN[ co}d vtd lon}{ob mt ~}f}t} md {`teb ft {dvt{fc} jd} dc ltjb{d, ylt}} vtbl cytb~d, lf vtd~}boc md~ ef{fc}bd~y{onmt{fld~ mfc~ ld nfm{d md lf y{onmt{d mf~bld dc {}dc}boc# Mt yobc} md ptd md lf NDMH, lf Not{ f mg gte vtd lon}{ob mt ~}f}t} md{`teb tc {dvt{fc} cd pbmfb} yf~ md ~f ~tk~}fcnd ld e{bd` ~ot~ lfceld md lf{}# 6> nojkbc fpdn lf{}# >, co}fjjdc} lo{~vttcd mnb~boc md{dndpfkblb} f mg } fmoy}d, nojjd dc ld~ynd# Pob{ Not{ DMH, Edk{djdmhbc QEfkd{fjfmhbdcZ n# @{fcnd, y{nb}, 44 1 f noc}{f{bo pob{Not{ DMH, Lfldh Jb{B~`fhfcb n# Yfr~*Kf~, co# >6;4;/9>, mnb~boc mt >6 fo} ;998 7h}}y7//njb~ay#dnh{#nod#bc}/}ay625/pbdu#f~y?fn}boc:h}jl&montjdc}Bm:8;2>08&yo{}fl:hkaj&~ot{nd:dx}d{cflkrmonctjkd{&}fkld:@02F;5@M8@K806=;K@96N6600MDF>280=2#


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mf~bld dc {}dc}boc# Ld mdjfcmdt{ mf~bld d~} }dct mdxd{nd{ nd {dnot{~ mfc~ ld~ =8 hdt{d~ ~tbpfc} lfco}b`bnf}boc d} ld gted cd mb~yo~d vtd md 5; hdt{d~ yot{ ~}f}td{# Dc ot}{d, ldxfjdc md lf mdjfcmdd~} noc`b tc gted tcbvtd moc} lf mnb~boc cd ydt} `fb{d lokgd} vtd mtc fyydl coc ~t~ydc~b`mdpfc} lf Not{ fmjbcb~}{f}bpd mfyydl=;# Yf{ fblldt{~, l}{fced{ vtb cd yf{ld yf~ ~t``b~fjjdc} lflfcetd `{fcfb~d mob} mdjfcmd{ dxy{d~~jdc} lf~~b~}fcnd mtc bc}d{y{}d ~d~ y{oy{d~ `{fb~=>#

>#6;# Ld HN[ ~otlbecd vtd ldxfjdc mt gted md lf~bld d~} vtflb}f}bpdjdc} mb``{dc}# Lf NCMF, dcò{jf}boc nollebfld d} ~}f}tfc} dc yldbc noc}dc}bdtx==, yot{{f vtfc} dlld ~d y{ococnd{ mfy{~ldc~djkld md~ nb{noc~}fcnd~ md `fb} d} md m{ob} }fklbd~ lf mf}d md lf mnb~boc d} fbc~b, ld nf~nhfc}, ~tk~}b}td{ ~oc fyy{nbf}boc ndlld mt gted fmjbcb~}{f}b` vtb cft{fb} yf~ }fklb vtdl}{fced{ }fb} dxyo~ md~ jdcfnd~ ft ~dc~ md lf{}bnld > NDMH fbc~b vt ndlld md lO@Y[F vtbcft{fb} yf~ {dnocct ld kd~obc md y{o}dn}boc bc}d{cf}bocfld mt mdjfcmdt{#

>#6># Bl nocpbdc} yf{ fblldt{~ md {fyydld{ vtd, mfc~ ld~ nf~ md mdjfcmd~ md {dxfjdc, lf NCMF f }b{}ot}d~ ld~ noc~vtdcnd~ md lf{{} mt Noc~dbl mD}f} ]hbfj vtb, }ot} dc {fyydlfc} vttcd mnb~bocmt gted md lf {dnocmtb}d lf `{oc}b{d cd ~bjyo~d yf~ fpdn lft}o{b} md lf nho~d fk~oltd md lfnho~d gted lf Nojjb~~boc md~ {dnot{~ md~ {`teb~ (" , fpfb} bcmbvt vtd }ot}dòb~ nd}}dmnb~boc d~} tc ljdc} bjylbvtfc} vtd lf nojjb~~boc y{onmd tc {dxfjdc md ldc~djkld md~`fb}~ ~otjb~ ~oc fyy{nbf}boc=4 # Ndnb noc`b{jd mocn vtd nd~ pobd~ md {dnot{~ cd ~oc} yf~

bc}d{nhfcedfkld~#=# Nocnlt~boc=#6# F lf ltjb{d md nd vtb y{nmd d} md ~d~ ok~d{pf}boc~ bcb}bfld~ mfc~ lf y{~dc}d f``fb{d, ld HN[

{f``b{jd vtd lf y{onmt{d mf~bld y{bo{b}fb{d fyylbvtd dc @{fcnd ftx yd{~occd~ ylfnd~ dc {}dc}bocvtb myo~dc} tcd mdjfcmd mf~bld cd~} yf~ md cf}t{d yd{jd}}{d mpfltd{ md jfcb{d vtb}fkld d}d``bnfnd ldt{ kd~obc md y{o}dn}boc bc}d{cf}bocfld#

Hft} Nojjb~~f{bf} md~ Cf}boc~ Tcbd~ yot{ ld~ {`teb~>6 jf{~ ;966

=; F{}bnld [# 550*62 mt nomd md gt~}bnd fmjbcb~}{f}bpd# F nd} ef{m, bl nocpbdc} md {fyydld{ vtd lf Not{ f gte vtd ld {dnot{~ mdpfc} lf Not{fmjbcb~}{f}bpd mfyydl cd noc~}b}tfb} yf~ tc {dnot{~ d``dn}b`# Not{ DMH, ^tl}fcb n# @{fcnd, co# =4;;>/94, f{{} mt ;9 ~dy}# ;995, 46 7h}}y7//uuu#tchn{#o{e/{dùo{lm/monbm/=59n`>=>;#h}jl#=> Pob{ f{}bnld [# 550*66 mt nomd md gt~}bnd fmjbcb~}{f}bpd#== F{{} Noc~dbl mD}f}, ~dn}#, 62 cop# 622>, c 699;88,K{t}t~#=4 F{{} Noc~dbl mD}f}, > gtbl# ;992, c ;26844, ]hbfj#

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ECHR : I.M v. France : Brief amicus curiae 2011