Economie Mondiala 2

5/24/2018 Economie Mondiala 2

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CURS ECONOMIE MONDIAL

CONINUTUL CURSULUI

I. ECONOMIA MONDIAL ORIGINI, TRSTURI, PERSPECTIVEI.1 Apariia econoiei on!ia"eI.# Econoia on!ia"$ !e%iniie ,&r$'$&(riI.) Coponen&e"e econoiei on!ia"e

II. SISTEMUL ECONOMIEI MONDIALEII.1 Econoia naiona"$ !e%iniie, '&r(c&(r$.II.# Re"aii"e econoice in&ernaiona"e. Piaa on!ia"$.II.) *"(+(" i circ(i&(" econoic on!ia".II.- S&r(c&(ri !e orani/are 0n econoia on!ia"$.II. Con%i(raii 0n or!inea econoic$ on!ia"$.

III. SOCIET2ILE TRANSNA2IONALEIII.1 In3e'&iii"e '&r$ineIII.# Piaa 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"eIII.) S&ra&eii 'peci%ice 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"eIII.- E+pan'i(nea 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"eIII. Tran'naiona"i&a&ea i in&erarea econoic$

IV. INTEGRAREA ECONOMIC EUROPEANIV.1 In&erarea in&eraniona"$ oriini i e3o"(iiIV.# *ore !e ani%e'&are a in&er$rii "a ni3e" on!ia"

IV.) Uni(nea E(ropean$IV.- In'&i&(ii Co(ni&areIV. Po"i&ici Co(ni&are

V. ECONOMIA 2RILOR DE4VOLTATEV.1 Po&enia"(" $ri"or !e/3o"&a&eV.# Po"i&ica econoic$ a $ri"or !e/3o"&a&e V.#.1 Po"i&ica 5(e&ar$ V.#.# Po"i&ica one&ar$ V.#.) Po"i&ici coercia"e

VI.ECONOMIA 2RILOR 6N DE4VOLTAREVI.1 Loc(" $ri"or 0n !e/3o"&are 0n econoia on!ia"$VI.# Po&enia"(" $ri"or 0n !e/3o"&areVI.) Ac&i3i&a&ea coercia"$ a $ri"or 0n c(r' !e !e/3o"&areVI.- *"(+(ri"e !e capi&a" a"e $ri"or 0n c(r' !e !e/3o"&are. Da&oria e+&ern$

VII. ECONOMIA 2RILOR 6N TRAN4I2IE. TRAN4I2IA 2RILOR EST7EUROPENE LA ECONOMIA DE PIA2


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VII.1 Loc(" $ri"or 0n &ran/iie 0n econoia on!ia"$VII.# Econoia $ri"or E'&7 E(ropeneVII.) Tran/iia econoii"or E'&7 E(ropene "a econoia !e pia$

VIII. SU8DE4VOLTAREA. EVOLU2IA 2RILOR SU8DE4VOLTATE

VIII.1 Concep&(" !e '(5!e/3o"&areVIII.# E3o"(ii 0n $ri"e '(5!e/3o"&a&e

IX.TENDIN2E 9I EVOLU2II LA NIVELUL ECONOMIEI MONDIALEI:.1 In!('&ria pe p"an on!ia"I:.# Aric("&(raI:.) Eneria. Pro5"ee"e eneriei "a ni3e" on!ia"I:.- Me!i(" i ec;i"i5r(" eco"oic

X.ROM


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TEMATICA SEMINARIILOR

1. Pri3ire !e an'a5"( a'(pra econoiei on!ia"e !e/5a&eri, '&(!ii !e ca/#. Ana"i/$ '&ra&eii, !irecii !e aci(ne a"e piee"or 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"e. S&(!ii !e

ca/

). Mo!a"i&$i !e orani/are a econoii"or '&(!ii, re%era&e c( pri3ire "a 'i'&ee"e !eorani/are a econoii"or '&a&e"or !e/3o"&a&e, '&a&e"or 0n !e/3o"&are, $ri"or 0n&ran/iie, $ri"or '(53e/3o"&a&e

-. S&r(c&(ri in&eraioni'&e "a ni3e" on!ia" pre/en&$ri a"e UE, NA*TA,MERCOSUR, AELS, CE*TA, ALADI, ASEAN, APEC, PACTUL ANDIN,CARICOM, SELA

. Principa"e pro5"ee a"e econoiei on!ia"e> '(5!e/3o"&area, po"(area e!i("(i,pro5"ee"e eneriei, e&c.

?. Ro=nia i "oc(" ei 0n econoia on!ia"$. Par&iciparea Ro=niei "a coer("on!ia", re"aii"e Ro=niei pe piaa 3a"(&ar$ in&er5ancar$, in3e'&iii"e '&r$ine, e&c.7ana"i/e.


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CAP II. SISTEMUL ECONOMIEI MONDIALE

II.1 ECONOMIA NA2IONAL !e%iniie i '&r(c&(r$

ECONOMIILE NA2IONALE '(n& ce"("e"e !e 5a/$ a"e econoiei on!ia"e i

%(ncionea/$ ca en&i&$i re/("&a&e !in !e/3o"&area 'c;i5("(i reciproc !e ac&i3i&$i 0n&ree5rii (nei co(ni&$i (ane, pe an'a5"(" &eri&ori("(i (n(i '&a& naiona".Moen&(" !eci'i3 pen&r( proce'(" !e %orare a econoiei naiona"e "7a repre/en&a&

%orarea pieei in&erne, naiona"e.*orarea pieei a %o'& !e&erina&$ !e>

*ac&ori econoici> 7 !e/3o"&area %ac&ori"or !e pro!(cie- !i3i/i(nea (ncii- !e/3o"&area pro!(ciei !e 'c;i5, e&c.

*ac&ori po"i&ici> 7 re3o"(ii"e in&erne- %orarea '&a&e"or cen&ra"i/a&e

- 'i'&e(" !e (3ernareLoc(" i ro"(" %iec$rei econoii naiona"e !epin!e !e (r$&orii %ac&ori> 0n/e'&rarea c( %ac&ori !e pro!(cie !ien'i(nea pieei in&erne !inai'(" econoiei $rii re'pec&i3e@ ra&a !e cre&ere econoic$ ra!(" !e 0n&in!ere 'pre e+&erior@ pon!erea e+por&(ri"or 0n PI8 ni3e"(" !e !e/3o"&are econoic$@ PI8, PN8B "oc(i&or

En&i&a&ea n(i&$ economie naionalpre'(p(ne e+i'&ena>a POPULA2IA ca %ac&or !e cre&ere econoic$. In%"(ena pop("aiei a'(pra econoieinaiona"e e'&e !(5"$> 7 %(rni/ea/$ ce" ai ipor&an& %ac&or !e pro!(cie@ (nca

7 con&ri5(ie prin cererea 'a !e con'(, "a !e/3o"&areapieei in&erne.5 TERITORIUL NA2IONAL , pe care are "oc 'c;i5(" reciproc !e ac&i3i&$i.Repre/in&$ 'pai(" !e"ii&a& prin %ron&iere, a'(pra c$r(ia 'e e+erci&$ '(3erani&a&ea'&a&("(i naiona".c IN*RASTRUCTURA@ c$i !e &ran'por&, co(nicaii. Se !e/3o"&$ 0n '&r=n'$ "e$&(r$c( carac&eri'&ici"e &eri&ori("(i naiona" i c( nece'i&$i"e econoice i 'ocia"e a"e epocii.! APARATUL DE PRODUC2IE repre/in&$ (na !in coponen&e"e a3(iei naiona"e.e SISTEMUL DE INSTITU2II core'p(n/$&or (n(i an(i& &ip !e 'ocie&a&e.

A'&%e" !e%ini&$, econoia naiona"$ repre/in&$ &o&a"i&a&ea ra(ri"or !e ac&i3i&a&eeconoic$ e+i'&en&e "a (n oen& !a& con'i!era&e 0n '&r=n'a "or in&er!epen!en$.

O8S. E"een&(" !e "e$&(r$ !in&re ra(ri e'&e PIA2A NA2IONAL.Ra(ra econoic$ naiona"$ repre/in&$ an'a5"(" !e ac&i3i&$i orani/a&e 0n&r7(n

o! 'peci%ic i !e'%$(ra&e 0n 'cop(" pro!(cerii ace"eiai ca&eorii !e pro!('e 'a(%(rni/$rii ace"eiai ca&eorii !e 'er3icii.

Econoia naiona"$ poa&e %i '&r(c&(ra&$ i pe SECTOARE i an(e> sectorul primar@ aric("&(ra, 'i"3ic("&(ra, in!('&ria e+&rac&i3$ sectorul secundar @ ra(ri"e in!('&riei pre"(cr$&oare, con'&r(cii"e, e&c.


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sectorul teriar@ 'er3icii"e sectorul cercetrii tiinifice 6n $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e 'e con&(rea/$ ace'& a" -7"ea 'ec&orDeci, '&r(c&(ra (nei econoii naiona"e 'e %orea/$ 0n &ip, 0n rapor& c( o 'erie !e factoriinterni, 'peci%ici %iec$rei $ri, !ar i '(5 in%"(ena factorilor externi. Dac$ in%"(ena%ac&ori"or e+&erni !e3ine e+ce'i3$ 'e poa&e a(ne "a '&r(c&(ri econoice !e%ora&e,

necon%ore c( in&ere'(" naiona".O8S. La 'car$ on!ia"$, proce'(" !e %orare a econoiei naiona"e n( '7a0nc;eia&,a'i'&$ 0nc$ "a %orarea !e noi econoii naiona"e.

6n ceea ce pri3e&e $ri"e 'a( rei(ni"e !e/3o"&a&e, per'pec&i3e"e e3o"(iei econoieinaiona"e '(n& !i%eri&e, !eoarece proce'(" !e in&erare in&er'&a&a"$ 0n'ean$ ce!area &rep&a&$a (nor preroa&i3e a"e '(3erani&$ii naiona"e, 0n %a3oarea noi"or in'&i&(ii co(ni&are.

6n %ina" 'e a(ne "a o in&erare a&=& econoic$, !ar i po"i&ic$, ce 3a a!(ce a3an&ae'(perioare pier!erii '(3erani&$ii.

II.# Re"aii"e econoice in&ernaiona"e. Piaa on!ia"$

Di3i/i(nea on!ia"$ a (ncii,'pecia"i/area in&ernaiona"$ 0n pro!(ciea( crea& nece'i&a&ea '&a5i"irii (nor rapor&(ri econoice 0n&re '&a&e"e7nai(ne,0n&re aenii econoici.

R.E.I. repre/in&$ "e$&(ri"e !in&re econoii"e naiona"e !in&re aenii econoici !epe "o5, "e$&(ri care 'e %orea/$ 0n 3ir&(&ea !i3i/i(nii on!ia"e a (ncii. Ace'&e re"aii 'e!e'%$oar$ 0n&r7(n ca!r( econoic i (ri!ic %oar&e 5ine !e&erina&.

E+i'&ena i !e/3o"&area REI pre'(p(ne in&er3enia ac&i3$ a '&a&("(i, in&er3enieconcre&i/a&$ prin>

0nc;eierea !e acor!(ri coercia"e, !e cooperare 0n%iinarea (nor repre/en&ane o%icia"e pe'&e rani$.

O8S.A"$&(ri !e '&a&(" nai(ne, ari"e STN i orani/aii"e econoice in&er'&a&a"e oac$(n ro" %oar&e ipor&an& 0n !e/3o"&area REI.E+i'&ena REI %ace po'i5i"$ !e/3o"&area %"(+(ri"or econoice in&ernaiona"e care

repre/in&$ icarea (nor 3a"ori a&eria"e, 5$ne&i 'a( 'piri&(a"e, !e "a o ar$ "a a"&a.*"(+(ri"e po& %i> !e pro!('e, !e 'er3icii, !e capi&a"(ri, !e %or$ !e (nc$, !e c(no&ine&e;nico 7 &iini%ice, e&c. A( &en!ine !e !i3er'i%icare, '(n& e&eroene@ %"(+(" in&ernaiona" !epro!('e poa&e "(a %ora e+por&(ri"or !e aini i (&i"ae, !e a&erii prie, pro!('ea"ien&are, e&c.

II.) *"(+(" i circ(i&(" econoic on!ia"

*"(+(ri"e econoiei in&ernaiona"e '&a( "a 5a/a %or$rii Pieei Mon!ia"e.Piaa Mon!ia"$> n( e'&e o noi(ne eora%ic$, ci (na econoic$.Ea repre/in&$ an'a5"("&ran/acii"or care a( "oc 0n&re aenii econoici !e pe 0n&re(" "o5.

6n prac&ic$, e+i'&$> piaa on!ia"$ a 5(n(ri"or i 'er3icii"or piaa on!ia"$ a (ncii piaa on!ia"$ a capi&a"("(i


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piaa on!ia"$ a 3a"(&e"or i !e3i/e"or.@ 'pecia"i/a&, e+i'&$> piaa on!ia"$ a o5i"ei, a a(&o&(ri'e"or, a pe&ro"("(i, a opere"or !ear&$, e&c..Pe ace'&e piee pre(ri"e 'e %orea/$ 0n %(ncie !e o 'erie !e %ac&ori 'peci%ici econoici,'ocia"i 'a( c;iar po"i&ici care po& in%"(ena cererea i o%er&a pen&r( ace'&e 5(n(ri.

O8S. 6n&re (ne"e &ip(ri !e piee e+i'&$ o con!iionare reciproc$ @ cre&e cererea on!ia"$!e a(&oo5i"e, cre&e cererea !e pe&ro"B5en/in$, cre&e pre(" 5en/inei i in3er'.

II.- S&r(c&(ri !e orani/are 0n econoia on!ia"$

Organizarea !in p(nc& !e 3e!ere a" econoiei on!ia"e, repre/in&$ an'a5"("re("i"or i in'&i&(ii"or 'ocio econoice care (3ernea/$ 0n&reaa ac&i3i&a&e 0n econoiaon!ia"$.

Ace'& 'i'&e !e re("i i in'&i&(ii n( poa&e %i 0ne"e' %$r$ a a3ea 0n 3e!ereF!ien'i(nea p(&erii, care poa&e %i 3$/(& ca F'i'&e(" ner3o' a" econoiei on!ia"e.

Puterea repre/in&$ capaci&a&ea !e a ip(ne propria 3oin$ ce"or"a"i, %ie pe ca"epo/i&i3$@ prin "i5era accep&are, %ie pe ca"e nea&i3$@ prin con'&r=neri i 'anci(ni.

Cei ai ipor&ani %ac&ori !e p(&ere '(n& con'i!erai a %i (r$&orii>1. S(pra%aa &eri&ori("(i#. Na&(ra %ron&iere"or). Pop("aia-. Deinerea !e re'(r'e. De/3o"&area econoic$ i &e;no"oic$?. *ora %inanciar$H. Ooeni&a&ea e&nic$. Gra!(" !e in&erare 'ocia"$

J. S&a5i"i&a&e po"i&ic$1K. Spiri&(" naiona"O8S.Ace&i %ac&ori aparin (nei ana"i/e ("&i!ien'iona"e.

De%iniia no($ a p(&erii> Capaci&a&ea (nei en&i&$i@ !e ce"e ai ("&e ori po"i&ic$, !arpo& %i i Fp(&eri econoice c( ar %i STN7(ri"e 'a( a"&e orani/aii in&ernaiona"e !e a %i(n 5(n (c$&or 0n Foc(ri"e !in econoia on!ia"$.Specia"i&ii aprecia/$ c$, 0n REI 0n pre/en& cea ai ipor&an&$ coponen&$ a p(&erii e'&ePUTEREA ECONOMIC.

Pornin! !e "a ace'&e !e%iniii a"e p(&erii re/("&$ (r$&oare"e &ip(ri !e p(&ere pe p"anon!ia">! P(&erea regional, a&(nci c=n! (n '&a& oac$ (n ro" ipor&an& 0n ca!r(" (nei /one !e pe

"o5@ e+> ME:IC 0n Aerica Cen&ra"$, INDIA 0n A'ia !e S(!, ISRAEL 0n Orien&("Mi"oci(.

"! P(&erea mondial, repre/in&$ '&a&(" care are po'i5i"i&a&ea !e a (ca (n ro" ;o&$r=&or peai ("&e p"an(ri@ e+> GH> r(p(" ce"or H p(&eri on!ia"e> SUA, Cana!a, aponia,Gerania, *rana, Marea 8ri&anie, I&a"ia.

#! Supraputerea , a&(nci c=n! (n '&a& !i'p(ne !e p"(ri!ien'iona"i&a&ea p(&erii @ 0n &oa&ec=p(ri"e !e p(&ere pe p"an econoic, po"i&ic, i"i&ar. E+> SUA.

O '(prap(&ere are (r$&oare"e carac&eri'&ici>


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7 coor!onea/$ an(i&e aci(ni i po"i&ici econoice pe p"an on!ia" @ pro&ecia e!i("(i0ncon(r$&or on!ia", e'&ionarea (nor cri/e "o5a"e, 'o"(ionarea (nor con%"ic&e, e&c..7 e'&e o p(&ere ;eeonic$, capa5i"$ '$ !ec"ane/e proce'e a(&ore"a&oare pen&r( aeniieconoici on!ia"i@ %ire, in'&i&(ii, orani/aii 'a( a"&e '&a&e a"e "(ii@ !e e+> SUA 0i%o"o'e&e %ora po"i&ic$ pen&r( a con3ine I'rae"(" '$ neocie/e c( $ri"e ara5e !in Orien&("

Mi"oci(.

II. Con%i(raii 0n or!inea econoic$ on!ia"$

De%iniia or!inii econoice on!ia"e !in ai ("&e p(nc&e !e 3e!ere> Repre/in&$ o!(" !e !i'p(nere i orani/are, 0n &ip i 'pai( a e"een&e"or econoice

on!ia"e. Se re%er$ "a '%era ca"i&a&i3$ a econoiei on!ia"e 0n&r7o an(i&$ perioa!$, 0n rapor& c(

re/("&a&e"e in&eraci(nii !in&re e"een&e"e econoiei on!ia"e. Are 0n 3e!ere a'i(rarea con!iii"or !e copa&i5i"i&a&e a 3oine"or, in&ere'e"or i

copor&aen&e"or po&enia" con&rare@ c;iar an&aonice a"e !i%erii"or aeni econoici,con!iii care %ac po'i5i"$ e+i'&ena (nei co(ni&$i on!ia"e.Nece'i&a&ea (nei noi or!ini econoice on!ia"e a ap$r(& ca (rare a ("&i&(!inii !e

pro5"ee ac(("a&e 0n p"an in&ernaiona"@ e+> r$/5oi(" rece, '('pen!area con3er&i5i"i&$ii 0na(r a !o"ar("(i, nere(i&a 0n '('inerea $ri"or 0n c(r' !e !e/3o"&are.

Concep&(" !e No($ Or!ine In&ernaiona"$ a %o'& !i'c(&a& pen&r( pria !a&$ 0n ca!r("ce"ei !e a ?7a Se'i(ni Specia"e a A!(n$rii ONU (n!e '7a a!op&a& Prora(" !e Aci(nepen&r( o No($ Or!ine In&erneiona"$, care c(prin!ea 1 pre3e!eri, !in&re care ain&i>

a cre&erea pre(ri"or !e e+por& a"e $rii 0n !e/3o"&are %a$ !e ce"e a"e $ri"or !e/3o"&a&e5 !e/3o"&area (n(i ecani' !e &ran'%er !e &e;no"oie c$&re $ri"e 0n !e/3o"&are,

'epara& !e ce" a" in3e'&iii"or '&r$ine

c &ari%e re!('e pen&r( e+por&(ri"e $ri"or !e/3o"&a&e 0n $ri"e 0n !e/3o"&are! !rep&(" '(3eran a" '&a&e"or a'(pra re'(r'e"or na&(ra"e i a'(pra ac&i3i&$ii econoice

!e'%$(ra&e pe &eri&ori(" "or@ a!ic$ !e e+> !rep&(" !e naiona"i/are a proprie&$i"or!ein(&e !e '&r$ini.

Ce" ai ipor&an& pa' a %o'& crearea OPEC i ip(nerea (n(i an(i& pre a" pe&ro"("(i carea !(' "a 05o$irea $ri"or e+por&a&oare !e pe&ro" i apariia (nei noi or!ini on!ia"e.

Ac&(a"a or!ine econoic$ on!ia"$ 'e poa&e concre&i/a prin c=&e3a &r$'$&(ri'peci%ice>1. Econoia on!ia"$ e !oina&$ !e $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e, a&=& 0n p"an econoic c=& i

po"i&ic. Ace'&e $ri !oin$ orani/aii"e in&ernaiona"e i aproape 0n&reaa '&r(c&(r$in'&i&(iona"$ in&ernaiona"$.

#. $ri"e 0n !e/3o"&are, !ei !ein cea ai are par&e a pop("aiei "(ii i ce" ai are&eri&ori(, n( a( %or$ econoic$ i n( !ein aceeai in%"(en$ ca i $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e.@ O8S. 6n ("&ie"e !ecenii o5'er3$ 0n'$ o a!e3$ra&$ Fo%en'i3$ a $ri"or 0n!e/3o"&are 0n ip(nerea pe p"an on!ia". Acea'&a 'e e+p"ic$ prin an(i&e o!i%ic$ri0n rapor&(ri"e !e %or$, c( ar %i ip(nerea $ri"or pro!(c$&oare !e pe&ro", 'a(!e/3o"&area %oar&e rapi!$ a econoiei C;inei i cre&erea pop("aiei ace'&eia.

). S%=ri&(" R$/5oi("(i Rece care a !(' "a enera"i/area capi&a"i'("(i i &recerea "aeconoie !e pia$.


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-. Cre&erea pop("aiei care '7a ip(' ca p(&ere pe "=n$ %ora econoic$ i cea po"i&ic$.C;ina i In!ia n( ai po& %i inora&e !eoarece pop("aia ace'&ora e'&e !e 1B) !inpop("aia "o5("(i. A( ap$r(& a'&%e" pro5"ee"e 'ocia"e "o5a"e care in%"(enea/$%oar&e ("& or!inea econoiei on!ia"e prin "e$&(ri"e pe care "e a( c(> in3e'&i&orii'&r$ini, pro5"ee"e !e e!i(, iraia in&ernaiona"$, e&c.

. Cre&erea in&er!epen!ene"or on!ia"e ca (rare a %enoen("(i !e GLO8ALI4AREi care !$ o are in'&a5i"i&a&e e!i("(i in&ernaiona"@ e+> an(i&e pro5"ee in&erne!in&r7o ar$ po& '$ in%"(ene/e i 0n a%ara ranie"or ace'&eia.

GIDUL STUDENTULUI

1. Tereni c;eie1.1 Econoie Naiona"$1.# Di3i/i(nea on!ia"$ a (ncii

1.) Specia"i/area in&ernaiona"$1.- Re"aii"e i %"(+(ri"e econoice in&ernaiona"e1. Piaa on!ia"$1.? Or!inea econoic$ on!ia"$1.H P(&erea reiona"$, on!ia"$, '(perp(&erea1. Rapor&(ri !e p(&ere#. Pro5"ee !e !i'c(ie#.1 Ro"(" i'&oric a" %or$rii nai(nii#.# Care e'&e noi(nea 'pecia"i/$rii in&ernaiona"e#.) Ro"(" %ac&ori"or in&erni i a" ce"or e+&erni 0n %orarea '&r(c&(rii econoii"or

naiona"e

#.- C( '$ e"iin$ e%ec&(" in%"aiei 0n e3a"(area per%orane"or econoice a"e (nei$ri#. Coen&ai rapor&(ri"e !e p(&ere !e &ip !oinaie 0n coparaie c( ce"e !e

"ei&ii&a&e#.? C( ai carac&eri/a ac&(a"a or!ine econoico on!ia"$#.H E+i'&$ prei'e !e 'c;i5are a ac&(a"ei or!ini econoiei on!ia"e


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III. SOCIET2ILE TRANSNA2IONALE 9I IMPLICA2IILE LORASUPRA ECONOMIEI MONDIALE

III.1 In3e'&iii"e e+&erne !e capi&a"

6n econoia con&eporan$, "o5a"i/area a !e3eni& (n %enoen e3i!en&. *ap&(" c$ (npro!(' p(r&=n! aceeai arc$ e'&e %a5rica& 0n ai ("&e $ri 'a( c$ 0n con'i"ii"e !ea!ini'&raie a"e ("&ora !in&re ce"e ai ari %ire po& %i $'ii e5ri !e naiona"i&$i!i%eri&e, n( ai con'&i&(ie ce3a no(, ce3a e+cepiona".@ e+> c;iar o re3$ "a o 0n&reprin!ere a"(i Genera" Mo&or' !in 8ra/i"ia, !ec"anea/$ o icare !e 'o"i!ari&a&e 0n (/ine"e ace"eai%ire !in A('&ra"ia 'a( An"ia, e&c

To& ace'& (ni3er' ("&i!ien'iona", cop"e+i&a&ea ace'&ei "(i '(n& !a&e 0n arepar&e !e ac&i3i&a&ea STN. Ace&i iani a( o %or$ econoic$ ai are !ec=& a (nor $ri!e/3o"&a&e c;iar.

STN o %ir$ care i7a e+&in' ac&i3i&a&ea econoico %inanciar$ !inco"o !eranie"e $rii !e oriine. Ea a"c$&(ie&e (n 3a'& an'a5"( "a 'car$ in&ernaiona"$, %ora&!in&r7o 'ocie&a&e principa"$ %ira a$, i (n n($r !e %i"ia"e@ %ire !epen!en&e !e'ocie&a&ea principa"$ ip"an&a&e 0n ace'&e $ri.

Ace&i aeni econoici on!ia"i acionea/$ "a ni3e" in&ernaiona" prin in3e'&iii.In3e'&iii"e '&r$ine po& 05r$ca !o($ %ore >

A In3e'&iii !e por&o%o"i(8 In3e'&iii '&r$ine !irec&e

A IP 0n'ean$ ac;i/iionarea !e pe piaa %inanciar$ a (nor &i&"(ri !e 3a"oare, !oar 0n'cop(" p(r %inanciar

8 ISD con'&a( 0n ac;i/iionarea pac;e&("(i !e aci(ni !e con&ro", c(p$rarea (nor0n&reprin!eri 'a( con'&r(irea "or pe F"oc o" i c;iar con'&i&(irea !e 'ocie&$i i+&e.

De%iniia !a&$ !e *MI pen&r( ISD '(n& in3e'&ii e%ec&(a&e pen&r( a ac;i/iiona o par&icipare0n&r7o 0n&reprin!ere, oper=n! 0n&r7o a"&$ econoie !ec=& cea a in3e'&i&or("(i, 'cop(" %iin!ace"a !e a !o5=n!i (n ro" e%ec&i3 0n anaeen&(" ace"ei 0n&reprin!eri.

Tr$'$&(ri"e ISD>1. e"e !ep$e'c ne& ca ipor&an$ in3e'&iii"e !e por&o%o"i(#. SUA oac$ (n ro" prepon!eren&, a&=& ca ar$ F'(r'$, c=& i ca Far$ a/!$ a ISD, 0n

coparaie c( ce"e"a"&e $ri !e/3o"&a&e, c( econoie !e pia$). pro!(cie !e 0na"&$ &e;no"oie i 'er3icii"e a&ra, 0n pre/en&, cea ai are par&e a

ISD-. are "oc o !i'&ri5(ie pe /one !e in%"(en$ a ISD7 (ri"or !in $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e 0n'pre

$ri"e 0n c(r' !e !e/3o"&are.Ce"e ia ipor&an&e %"(+(ri> SUA Aerica La&in$, UE A%rica, aponia A'ia

A3an&ae"e ISD7(ri"or>1. Po'i5i"i&a&ea oco"irii 5ariere"or 3aa"e, aco"o (n!e e+i'&$@ 0n con!iii"e 0n care %oar&e

("&e $ri !(c o po"i&ic$ coercia"$ pro&ecioni'&$, e %oar&e !i%ici" '$ 'e p$'&re/e opia$ !oar prin e+por&(ri !e aceea e nece'ar '$ 'e pro!(c$ !irec& 0n '&r$in$&a&e.

#. STN poa&e pro%i&a !e pe (ra !i%erene"or !in&re ra&e"e naiona"e a"e !o5=n/ii@ STNpoa&e 0pr((&a aco"o (n!e '(n& ce"e ai %a3ori&e con!iii i poa&e '$ !ea ace&i5ani oric$ror %i"ia"e !in "(e care n7ar %i p(&(& 0pr((&a 0n ara (n!e%(ncioonea/$.


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). STN pro%i&$ !e pe (ra %"(c&(ai"or one&are@ 'e c(p$r$, !e e+ep"(, one!e$rii (n!e 'e a&eap&$ o re3a"ori/are, iar apoi 'e 'c;i5$ pe one!e care a( c(r'(ricon'&an&e, !e (n!e re/("&$ c=&i(ri %oar&e ari.

III.# Piaa 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"eOrice STN acionea/$ 'i("&an 0n ) 'paii econoice>

1. NA2IONAL, 0n ca/(" 'ocie&$ii 7 a$#. STRIN, 0n ca/(" %i"ia"e"or). INTERNA2IONAL, ori !e c=&e ori e 3or5a !e 'c;i5(ri !in&re %i"ia"e 0n&re e"e 'a(

%i"ia"e i re'&(" "(ii.Deci, 0n 'pai(" in&ernaiona" a( "oc 'c;i5(ri 0n&re %i"ia"e, 'ocie&a&ea7 a$ i %i"ia"e,'ocie&a&ea a$ i %i"ia"e i a"&e 'ocie&$i.

Par&iciparea STN pe piaa on!ia"$ e'&e !i%eri&$ i poa&e enera # &ip(ri !e '&r(c&(ripen&r( STN> '&r(c&(ra e+&ra3er&i&$ i '&r(c&(ra in&ro3er&i&$.

a STN acionea/$ prepon!eren& 0n e+&erior, ac&i3i&a&e orien&a&$ 0n are par&e c$&ree+&erior(" $rii !e oriine.5 STN acionea/$ prepon!eren& 0n in&erior(" $rii !e oriine.

S&a5i"irea &ip("(i !e '&r(c&(r$ pen&r( o STN 'e rea"i/ea/$ ca"c("=n! indicele detransnaionalitate. C( c=& 3a"oarea ace'&(i in!ice e ai are, c( a&=& STN are o '&r(c&(r$e+&ra3er&i&$ i in3er'.E+ep"e> STN e+&ra3er&i&e> Ne'&"e@ E"3eia J,)Q, E"ec&ro"(+@ S(e!ia Q,

P;i"ip'@ O"an!a Q, e&c.

STN in&ro3er&i&e> Genera" E"ec&ric@ SUA, Too&a, i&ac;i, *(i&'(@ aponia,

Rena("&@ *rana, *ia&@ I&a"ia, &oa&e a3=n! '(5 )KQ.

A"&e e+ep"e> Coca7 Co"a, Micro'o%&, E++on. P%i/er, 8an o% Mon&rea", 8an o% Too,

e&c.

III.) S&ra&eii 'peci%ice 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"e

6n con&e+&(" "o5a"i/$rii, STN a( po'i5i"i&a&ea !e a ap"ica '&ra&eii care '$ 3i/e/e e+&in!ereapiee"or "or, n(i&estrategii de cretere.Ace'&e '&ra&eii er 0n # !irecii>1. Cre&ere in&ern$@ oranic$> 7 a(&o%inanare 7 ape"area "a '(r'e e+&erne !e %inanare> aorarea capi&a"("(ii 0pr((&(ri 5ancare.#. Cre&ere e+&ern$ care 05rac$ (r$&oare"e %ore>

A. *U4IUNEA &e;nic$ !e concen&rare con%or c$reia !o($ 'a( ia ("&e %ire,in!i%eren& !e ara !e oriine, 'e rer(pea/$ 0n&r7(na 'in(r$.

8. A8SOR82IA &e;nic$ !e ac;i/iie prin care o %ir$ c(p$r$ in&era" o a"&$%ir$.


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C. PARTICIPAREA con'&$ 0n ac;i/iionarea (nei p$ri !in capi&a"(" (nei %ire!in aceeai ar$ 'a( !in '&r$in$&a&e.7 minoritar : %$r$ a !eine pac;e&(" !e aci(ni !e con&ro"7 n cascad : A 8@C7 majoritar: !einerea pac;e&("(i !e aci(ni !e con&ro".

O8S.Proce!(ra cea ai rapi!$ i ai %rec3en& (&i"i/a&$ pen&r( a re(i o cre&ere e+&ern$e'&e oferta public de cumprare. Prin ace'& &ip !e o%er&$, o %ir$ 0i an(n$ in&enia !e7ac(p$ra o par&e !in aci(ni"e ace"e %ire.O a"&$ proce!(r$ ar %i oferta public de schimb care repre/in&$ operai(ne %irei Frai!erprin care acea'&a prop(ne %irei Fin&$ (n F&roc 0n&re aci(ni. Aci(ni"e %irei in&$ re&ra'ei 0n"oc(i&e c( a"e %irei rai!er.

III.- E+pan'i(nea 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"e

Ip"icaii"e e+pan'i(nii STN creea/$ noi %ore !e con%r(n&$ri 0n econoia on!ia"$>

CONCUREN2A>7 e %oar&e p(&ernic$ 0n&re noii 3enii @%i"ia"e"e %ire"or '&r$ine i ari"e %ire a(&o;&one,!eoarece prie"e 0ncearc$ '$ c=&ie o po/iie pe pia$, iar ("&ie"e '7o apere pe cea 3ec;e.7 cre&erea conc(renei 'e ani%e'&$ a&=& 0n&re 'ocie&$i"e a$ i a"&e 'ocie&$i !in e!i("a(&o;&on, c=& i 0n&re %i"ia"e i a"&e 'ocie&$i !e pe piaa "or.7 conc(rena n( 'e !e'%$oar$ !oar "a ni3e"(" pro!('("(i %ini& ci, !in ce 0n ce ai ("&, c;iar"a ni3e"(" %ac&ori"or !e pro!(cie.

DELOCALI4AREA INTERNA2IONAL A PRODUC2IEI>7 repre/in&$ &ran'%er(" (nei pro!(cii in&erne 0n '&r$in$&a&e.

Scop(ri"e !e"oca"i/$rii> - pre"(nirea cic"("(i !e 3ia$ a" pro!('("(i- inii/area co'&(ri"or !e %a5ricaie- oco"irea 5ariere"or 3aa"e- e3i&area %i'ca"i&$ii e+ce'i3e- e+&in!erea conc(renei o"iopo"ice

@ !e"oca"i/area 3i/ea/$ ai a"e' pro!('e"e '&an!ar!i/a&e> &e+&i"e, con%ecii, e"ec&ronice,a(&oo5i"e, na3e ari&ie, ;ar!are, 'o%&are.7 !e"oca"i/area 'e poa&e rea"i/a 0n (r$&oare"e %e"(ri>

a %i"ia"e co(ne @oin&73en&(re' are "oc a'ocierea 0n&re 'ocie&$i5 prin acor!(ri"e !e "icen$

c '(5con&rac&area @ai a"e' "a '(5an'a5"e i coponen&e n( "a pro!(cia%ini&$.O8S. De re("$, !e"oca"i/area e'&e con&ro"a&$ !e %ira7 a$ 'a( prin aranaen&e c(%ire "oca"e @'(5con&rac&ani.@e+> %ira aericana NIE, !e ec;ipaen& 'por&i3, are re"aii !e '(5con&rac&are c( -K !e%ire !in !i%eri&e $ri a'ia&ice. Ea &ran'i&e !e'in(", e"a5ora& "a ni3e" cen&ra", c$&re %ire"ee+ec(&an&e.Deci, !e"oca"i/area 0n'ean$ !e %ap& !ep"a'area pro!(ciei ori(n!e e'&e pro%i&a5i".


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Dar, e+i'&$ i %enoen(" in3er' n(i& relocalizare a produciei , a&(nci c=n!,!a&ori&$ pro%i&(ri"or rea"i/a&e, STN &rec "a o!erni/area &e;no"oii"or. 6n ace'& ca/,a3an&a(" o5in(& !e %ora !e (nc$ ai ie%&in$ !in !i%eri&e p$ri !e pe "o5, n( ai areipor&an$.

III. Tran'naiona"i&a&ea i in&erarea econoic$

Re"aii"e STN c( '&a&e"e nai(ne.E+i'&$ re"aii > 7 0n&re STN '&a&e"e nai(ne 7 0n&re STN 0n&re e"e 7 0n&re STN i %i"ia"e"e "or e+&erne 7 0n&re %i"ia"e 0n&re e"e.Sporirea %orei STN e percep(&$ ca o aeninare "a a!re'a '&a&("(i nai(ne.2in&a STN n( e'&e piaa naiona"$, ci on!ia"$, iar STN n( '(n& in&ere'a&e !ec=& !e o("7c"ien&, n( !e o("7 ce&$ean, !eoarece (r$re'cprofitul.

1. Re"aii"e STN c( 2ara !e oriine>- '(n& re"aii ca 0n&re par&eneri @par&eneria&- n(ai '&a&(" poa&e in&er3eni pen&r( a &epera po"i&ica

econoic$ are'i3$ a 3re(nei %irei naiona"e- e+por&(" !e iaine a" $rii @e+> Le3i S, McDona"!', Coca7

Co"a, 'er3e'c in&ere'(" SUA, acionea/$ ca 3e;ic("e a"eo!("(i !e 3ia$ aerican

- proo3ea/$ 3a"ori"e c("&(ra"e, !e con'(, e&c#. Re"aii"e STN c( '&a&e"e pe &eri&ori(" c$rora 0i !e'%$oar$ ac&i3i&a&ea @$ri a/!$6n principi(, ari"e STN @ai a"e' aericane pre%er$ !einerea in&era"$ a aci(ni"or%i"ia"e"or e+&erne. E%ec&e nea&i3e pe care "e re'i&e ara a/!$ '(n&>

- in%"(enarea 0n no! nea&i3 a 5a"anei !e p"ai e+&erne a ariia/!$ prin ip(nerea !e c$&re 'ocie&a&ea7 a$ !e a in3e'&i5ene%ici(" 0n a"&$ ar$ 'a( !e a c(p$ra 5(n(ri 'a('(5an'a5"(ri"e !e "a 'ocie&a&ea7 a$ c( pre(ri %oar&e ici

- crearea (nor '&$ri !e in'&a5i"i&a&e econoic$ i 'ocia"$ pen&r(ara a/!$, !ac$ STN ip(ne %i"ia"e"or e+&erne o po"i&ic$ !ere'&r=nere a ac&i3i&$ii, a c(an&(("(i 'a"arii"or, conce!ierii!e per'ona", e&c. 0n ace'& ca/ STN n( poa&e '$ ani%e'&epre%erine pen&r( o an(i&$ %i"ia"$ 'a( ar$, !eoarece 'cop(" eie'&e pro%i&(" @ceea ce 'e ;o&$r$&e "a ni3e"(" "o5a" a" STN e3a"a5i" pen&r( &oa&e %i"ia"e"e

O8S.E %oar&e ipor&an& %ora !e a&racie pe care ara a/!$ o e+erci&$ a'(pra capi&a"("(i'&r$in, %or$ ce e !e&erina&$ !e ni3e"(" ei !e !e/3o"&are econoic$.Deci, re"aia STN ar$ a/!$ 3a %i !i%eri&$ 0n %(ncie !e apar&enena $rii a/!$ "a r(p(" $rii!e/3o"&a&e 'a( 0n !e/3o"&are.@ cea ai are par&e a ISD circ("$ 0n&re SUA7 UE7 aponia. *iecare e5r( a" &ria!ei e'&ea&=& Fa/!$ c=& i F'(r'$.

E%ec&e"e po/i&i3e a"e ip"an&$rii (nei STN a'(pra $rii a/!$ '(n&>7 cre&erea n($r("(i "oc(ri"or !e (nc$


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7 cre&erea 3o"(("(i e+por&(ri"or i a pro!(ciei in&erne7 &ran'%orarea i 0nnoirea in!('&ria"$ 0n ara a/!$, prin o!erni/area pro!(ciei, &ran'%er!e &e;no"oie, e&c7 cre&erea 3eni&(ri"or ca (rare a 'a"arii"or p"$&i&e anaai"or, !ar i a cre&erii 3eni&(ri"or0nca'a&e !e c$&re '&a& !in ipo/i&e

7 noi prac&ici !e anaeen&7 in'&r(irea per'ona"("(i, ri!icarea ni3e"("(i !e ca"i%icare a %orei !e (nc$7 cre&erea conc(renei, in&ro!(cerea !e pro!('e noi, cre&erea ca"i&$ii i per%ecionarea&e;nici"or !e 3=n/are, e&c.

GIDUL STUDENTULUI

1. Tereni c;eie1.1 In3e'&iii"e '&r$ine !irec&e. In3e'&iii"e !e por&o%o"i(

1.# Piaa 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"e1.) S&r(c&(ri &ran'naiona"e1.- Cre&erea in&ern$ @oranic$1. Cre&erea e+&ern$1.? *(/i(nea, a5'or5ia, par&icipaia1.H De"oca"i/area pro!(ciei, re"oca"i/area pro!(ciei#. Pro5"ee !e !i'c(ie#.1 Ipor&ana e+erci&$rii con&ro"("(i#.# Care '(n& &r$'$&(ri"e ISD#.) Rapor&(" !e %ore !in&re STN#.- STN '(n& onopo"(ri

#. In%"(ena STN a'(pra '&r(c&(ri"or acroeconoice


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IV. INTEGRAREA ECONOMIC EUROPEAN

IV.1 In&erarea in&eraniona"$ oriini i e3o"(iiConcep&(" !e "o5a"i/are. Teorii c( pri3ire "a "o5a"i/are

G"o5a"i/area repre/in&$ (n 'a"& can&i&a&i3 i ca"i&a&i3 a" (nei 0n&rei or!ini econoicein&ernaiona"e.

G"o5a"i/area e'&e 3$/(&$ ca (n proce' !e e+&in!ere a &ran/acii"or 0n&re oaeni, !inco"o!e ranie"e %iec$rei $ri i !e a!=ncire a in&er!epen!ene"or 0n&re en&i&$i "o5a"e carepo& %i in'&i&(ii 'a( (3erne.

Mo&or(" proce'("(i !e "o5a"i/are 0" repre/in&$ in&ernaiona"i/area pro!(ciei@copanii"e &ran'naiona"e '(n& !e'c;i/$&oare !e !r((ri 0n proce'(" "o5a"i/arii.

G"o5a"i/area e nece'ar$, !eoarece 0n'ean$ o oca/ie !e a 0p$ri "a 'car$ "o5a"$capi&a"(", &e;no"oia, c(no&iine"e.

G"o5a"i/area 0n'ean$ !e'c;i!erea piee"or "(ii i %orarea (nei piee on!ia"e(nice.o;n Nai'5i&&, 'pecia"i'& aerican 0n prono/$ econoic$ i 'ocia"$, a cerce&a&%enoen(" "o5a"i/arii i a %(n!aen&a& 1K ea&en!ine care &ran'%or$ "(ea ian(e>1. !e "a 'ocie&a&ea in!('&ria"$ "a cea in%oraiona"$#. !e "a per'pec&i3a pe &eren 'c(r& "a cea pe &eren "(n). !e "a &e;no"oia %ora&$ "a cea !e 0na"&$ &e;no"oie-. !e "a econoia naiona"$ "a econoia on!ia"$. !e "a cen&ra"i/are "a !e'cen&ra"i/are?. !e "a a(&or(" in!('&ria" "a a(&oa(&orare

H. !e "a !eocraia repre/en&a&i3$ "a (na par&icipa&i3$. !e "a ierar;ii "a ree"eJ. 0n!rep&area 'pre S(!1K. !e "a opi(nea e+c"('i3$ "a cea ("&ip"$

*ac&orii care a( '&a& "a 5a/a %enoen("(i n(i& "o5a"i/are '(n&>1. De/3o"&area 'c;i5("(i "a 'car$ in&ernaiona"$#. Di3i/i(nea in&ernaiona"$ a (ncii). De/3o"&area coer("(i @ai a"e' ce" c( pro!('e an(%ac&(ra&e, re3o"(ia

in!('&ria"$-. Mic$ri"e po"i&ice '(n& re'pon'a5i"e !e in'&i&(irea (nor rei(ri po"i&ice, e"e

con&ri5(in! "a con'&i&(irea econoii"or naiona"e

. E+pan'i(nea e+&ern$ a $ri"or in!('&ria"e?. Con'&r(irea corporaii"or @car&e"(ri"or 'ocie&$i care a( !i3er'e %i"ia"e 0n !i%eri&e

$riH. Proce'(" &e;nic i &e;no"oic


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IV.# *ore !e ani%e'&are a in&er$rii "a ni3e" on!ia"Mon!ia"i/area, ca %ac&or !e in&erare econoic$ in&er'&a&a"$

MONDIALI4AREA> 'eni%ic$ o a5or!are eopo"i&ic$ i eoeconoic$ e3i!enia&$

prin re!e%inirea a"iane"or i prin&r7(n proce' cop"e+ !e in&erare a econoii"or $ri"or"(ii. 6n ace'& con&e+&, "a ni3e" reiona" a( ap$r(& !e7a "(n(" &ip("(i an(i&e '&r(c&(ri iorani/aii in&er'&a&a"e care (r$rea( in&ere'e co(ne.

INTEGRAREA> !e'enea/$ con'&i&(irea (nor re"aii 0n&re '&a&a"e e5re a"e (nei'&r(c&(ri, re"aii ce 'e po& ani%e'&a pe !oenii"e> coercia", one&ar, 'ocia", po"i&ic, e&c.*ore"e !e ani%e'&are a"e in&er$rii "a ni3e" on!ia" '(n&>1. ZONA DE COMER LIBER (FREE TRADE AREA):7 !e'%iinarea 5ariere"or &ari%are i ne&ari%are !in ca"ea coer("(i7 "i5er&a&e 0n coer(" c( &erii7 e+> AELS BE*TA @E(ropean *ree Tra!e Area7 rea"i/area (n(i coer "i5er pen&r(pro!('e in!('&ria"e @$ri e5re> I'"an!a, Nor3eia, E"3eia, Liec;&en'&ein

CE*TA @A'ociaia Cen&ra" E(ropean$ a Li5er("(i Sc;i57 $ri e5re> Rep. Ce;$,Unaria, Ro=nia, Po"onia, S"o3acia, S"o3enia, 8("aria 4ONA DE COOPERARE A MRII NEGRE>7 /on$ !e "i5er 'c;i5, cooperare i'c;i5 !e in%oraii @$ri e5re> R('ia, Ro=nia, Ucraina, A"5ania ACORDUL NORD AMERICAN DE LI8ER SCIM8 @NA*TA7 #JQ !in 3o"(("3a"oric a" coer("(i on!ia"7 $ri e5re> SUA, Cana!a, Me+ic A"&e e+ep"e> ALADI @A'ociaia La&ino Aerican$ !e In&erare, ce c(prin!e 1#$ri !in /on$, APEC @A'ociaia pen&r( Cooperare A'ia Paci%ic, ce c(prin!e 1) $ri !in/on$.2. UNIUNEA VAMAL:7 e"iinarea 5ariere"or !in ca"ea coer("(i

7 &ari% 3aa" e+&ern co(n c( &erii7 e+> PACTUL ANDIN> 8o"i3ia, Ci"e, Per(, Ec(a!or, Co"(5ia, Vene/(e"a CARICOM @Co(ni&a&ea Carai5e"or>c(prin!e 1) $ri> An&i(a, A(i""a, 8a;aa',8ar5a!o', 8e"i/e, Doinica, aaica, Mon&'era&, Trini!a!7 To5ao, Sain&7 Vicen& SELA @Si'&e(" Econoic La&ino 7 Aerican> c(prin!e &oa&e $ri"e aericane p"('C(5a3. PIAA COMUN (Commo M!"#$%):7 0n"$&(rarea 5ariere"or !in ca"ea coer("(i, a %orei !e (nc$ i %"(+(ri"or !e capi&a"7 e+> MERCOSUR @Piaa Co(n$ a S(!("(i Aericii La&ine7 $ri e5re> Aren&ina,8ra/i"ia, Para(a, Ur((a, 8o"i3ia, Ci"e. UNIUNEA VAMAL 9I ECONOMIC A A*RICII CENTRALE> $ri e5re>

Caer(n, Rep. A%rica Cen&ra"$, Ga5on, Cono, Cia!&. UNIUNEA ECONOMIC:7 &oa&e carac&eri'&ici"e pieei co(ne i aroni/area po"i&ici"or naiona"e a"e $ri"or e5re7 e+> UNIUNEA EUROPEANO8S. Specia"i&ii aprecia/$ c$ ar p(&ea e+i'&a (n '&a!i( '(perior a" in&er$rii, Fin&erareaeconoic$ &o&a"$ care 3a a3ea &oa&e carac&eri'&ici"e (ni(nii econoice p"(' o a(&ori&a&eneprooiona"$ care '$ ;o&$ra'c$ &o&(".


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IV.) Uni(nea E(ropean$

E'&e ce" ai e3o"(a& '&a!i( a" in&er$rii.I'%o"*+ ,-/" UE:

a S7a 0n%iina& CECO @Co(ni&a&ea Econoic$ a C$r5(ne"(i i Oe"("(i 0n 1J1 ic(prin!ea> 8e"ia, O"an!a, L(+e5(r, Gerania *e!era"$, I&a"ia, *rana.7 a3ea 'e!i(" "a L(+e5(r7 '7a crea& 0n 'cop(" !e a a3ea o pia$ co(n$ a c$r5(ne"(i i a oe"("(i7 O8IECTIVE> 7 reconci"ierea Geraniei i *ranei 7 &e'&area po'i5i"i&$ii (nei Piee Co(ne 7 p(nerea 5a/ei (nei no( E(rope5 6n 1JH 'e 0n%iinea/$ CEE @Co(ni&a&ea Econoic$ E(ropean$ i EURATOM@Co(ni&a&ea E(ropean$ a Eneriei A&oice7 O8IECTIVE> 7 in&erarea &(&(ror 'ec&oare"or econoice 7 crearea (nei Uni(ni 3aa"e

7 '&a5i"irea (nei Piee Co(ne enera"i/a&e (r=n! '$ 'e a(n$ "area"i/area (nei (ni(ni econoice one&are i c;iar po"i&iceEURATOM re"een&a ac&i3i&a&ea 0n !oeni(" eneriei n(c"eare.c 6n 1JJ# ia %iin$ UNIUNEA EUROPEAN. 6n 1JJ) 'e a!op&$ Ac&(" Unic E(ropean care a 0n"$&(ra& ("&ie"e 5ariere !in ca"earea"i/$rii pieei (nice. Ace'& ac& p(ne 5a/e"e F'pai("(i e(ropean %$r$ %ron&iere prinrea"i/area concoi&en&$ a - "i5er&$i>

- "i5era circ("aie a 5(n(ri"or- "i5era circ("aie a 'er3icii"or- "i5era circ("aie a capi&a"(ri"or- "i5era circ("aie a %orei !e (nc$

Ce"e - &ra&a&e ipor&an&e 0n !ec(r'(" %or$rii UE>1.T"!%!%*+ 0$ +! Rom! (1)Pre3e!eri> 7 crearea (nor in'&i&(ii co(ne @Coi'ia E(ropeana, A!(narea Par"aen&ar$,C(r&ea !e ('&iie E(ropean$, Con'i"i(" !e Mini&rii, e&c 7 crearea (nor %on!(ri co(ne @*on!(" Socia" E(ropeanO8S. anii HK7K a( %o'& ani !e rere', Fani neri ai (ni(nii2.T"!%!%*+ 0$ +! M!!'%"4% (13)Pre3e!eri> 7 '7a &rec(& "a Piaa Unic$ 7 '7a crea& o Uni(ne Econoic$ i Mone&ar$ @UEM 7 '7a crea& o Uni(ne Po"i&ic$ 7 '7a in'&i&(i& ce&$enia !e (ni(ne

3.T"!%!%*+ 0$ +! Am'%$"0!m (O+!0! 1)Pre3e!eri> 7 'e in&ro!(ce EURO ca one!$ (nic$ 7 1 ian #KK# 'e p(ne 0n circ("aie one!a E(ro

&.T"!%!%*+ 0$ +! N'! (F"!! 2553)7 1K '&a&e 'enea/$ pen&r( in&erarea 0n UE 0n #KK-> Cipr(, E'&onia, Le&onia, Li&(ania,Ma"&a, Rep. Ce;$, S"o3enia, S"o3acia, Unaria, Po"onia.E3o"(ia Co(ni&$ii Din P(nc& De Ve!ere a" Me5ri"or>


17/38

FCei ?@1J1> 8e"ia, O"an!a, L(+e5(r, Gerania *e!era"$, I&a"ia, *rana.FCei J@1JH)>W Marea 8ri&anie, Danearca, Ir"an!aFCei 1K@1J1>W GreciaFCei 1#@1J?>W Spania, Por&(a"iaFCei 1@1JJ>W A('&ria, *in"an!a, S(e!ia

FCei #@#KK->W Cipr(, E'&onia, Le&onia, Li&(ania, Ma"&a, Rep. Ce;$, S"o3enia, S"o3acia,Unaria, Po"onia.

IV.- In'&i&(ii Co(ni&are

1. 1JH-7 CONSILIUL EUROPEAN7 e %ora& !in e%i !e '&a& i !e (3erne,pree!in&e"e Coi'iei E(ropene i pree!in&e"e Par"aen&("(i E(ropean. Are 'e!i(""a 8r(+e""e', 0n 8e"ia, 'e 0n&r(ne&e !e # ori pe an, iar pree!enia con'i"i("(i e!ein(&$ pe r=n!, c=&e ? "(ni, !e %iecare ar$ e5r$ UE. S7a 0n%iina& prin Ac&("

Unic E(ropean.Are ca ro"> 7 ia !eci/ii aore c( carac&er !e !irec&i3$7 e re'pon'a5i" c( iniierea "inii"or enera"e !e po"i&ic$ a UE, !e !e/3o"&are a

po"i&icii e+&erne i !e 'ec(ri&a&e co(n$.#. COMISIA EUROPEAN7 e %ora&$ !in # !e coi'ari, c=&e (n(" !in %iecare ar$

e5r$ @coi'arii 3or repre/en&a in&ere'e"e UE, n( ce"e naiona"e.Are ca ro"> 7 iniia&or "ei'"a&i3 7 re'pon'a5i"$ !e ap"icarea po"i&ici"or co(ne 7 a!ini'&rea/$ %on!(ri"e e(ropene pen&r( ace'&e po"i&iciO8S. Coi'ia E(ropean$ acionea/$ in!epen!en& !in p(nc& !e 3e!ere po"i&ic irepre/in&$ F5ra(" e+ec(&i3 a" in'&i&(ii"or e(ropene.

). PARLAMENTUL EUPOPEAN7 'in(r(" orani' a"c$&(i& 0n o! !irec& !e c$&rece&$enii e(ropeni, o !a&$ "a ani, are 'e!i(" "a S&ra'5(r7 *rana.E'&e coponen&a "ei'"a&i3$ a in'&i&(ii"or e(ropene. 6pre(n$ c( Con'i"i(" !e Mini&rii,Par"aen&(" E(ropean 0par& p(&erea "ei'"a&i3$ prin ) ca&eorii !e co7 proce!(ri>cooperare, co7acor!, co7!eci/ie.a Cooperare> prin acea'&$ co7proce!(r$ Par"aen&(" E(ropean 0i e+pri$ opinia 0n

"e$&(r$ c( proiec&e"e prop('e !e Coi'ia E(ropean$.5 Co-acord> 0n ace'& ca/ Par"aen&(" &re5(ie '$7i !ea acor!(" a'(pra &ra&a&e"or

in&ernaiona"e neocia&e !e Coi'ia E(ropean$ i a'(pra "$ririi UE.c Co-decizie> prin acea'&$ proce!(r$ 'e p(ne pe picior !e ea"i&a&e Par"aen&("

E(ropean i Con'i"i(" !e Mini&rii 0n ceea ce pri3e&e ;o&$r=rea a'(pra> "i5era

circ("aie a %orei !e (nc$, piaa in&ern$, e!(caie, cerce&are, e!i(, '$n$&a&e.

Are ca ro"> 7 e'&e %ora con!(c$&oare !in p(nc& !e 3e!ere po"i&ic 0n UE 7 e+erci&$ con&ro" a'(pra UE @poa&e '$ !ei&$ Coi'ia E(ropean$ 7 a!op&$ 5(e&(" UE 0pre(n$ c( Con'i"i(" !e Mini&rii-. CONSILIUL DE MINI9TRII7 repre/in&$ re(ni(nea ini&ri"or pe pro5"ee 'peci%ice !in$ri"e e5re.6n %(ncie !e pro5"ee"e !i'c(&a&e e+i'&$>


18/38

- Con'i"i(" Genera" re(ne&e ini&rii a%aceri"or e+&erne ai$ri"or e5re

- ECO*IN re(ne&e ini&rii econoiei i %inane"or !in$ri"e e5re

- Con'i"i(" ini&ri"or pen&r( aric("&(r$, e&c.

S&r(c&(ra Con'i"i("(i !e Mini&ri>a Coi&e&(" repre/en&ani"or peraneni @COREPER7 inc"(!e a5a'a!oriperaneni ai $ri"or e5re UE.

5 Secre&aria&(" enera"7 orani' a!ini'&ra&i3.N($r(" !e repre/en&ani 0n Con'i"i(" !e Mini&ri e'&e proporiona" c( n($r(" "oc(i&ori"or$rii re'pec&i3e. @o!a&$ c( "$rirea UE, n($r(" !e "oc(i&ori a cre'c(& !e "a H "a )#1.. CURTEA SUPREM DE USTI2IE7 con'&i&(i&$ !in (!ec$&ori ce aparin %iec$rei $rie5re @1 (!B%iecare ar$.Are ca ro"> 7 'e a'i(r$ c$ "ei"e e(ropene '(n& 0n con%ori&a&e c( principii"e !e !rep& i '(n&in&erpre&a&e i ap"ica&e corec& @'e ap"ic$ !eci (ni%or acea'&$ "ei'"aie pe &eri&ori(" UE.?. CURTEA AUDITORILOR 'a( . CURTEA DE CONTURI EUROPEAN

Are ca ro">7 '(pra3e;ea/$ o!(" !e con'&i&(ire a 3eni&(ri"or co(ni&are i o!(" !ec;e"&(ire a ace'&or 3eni&(ri. 7 pre/in&$ perio!ic rapoar&e c$&re Par"aen&(" E(ropean.H. COMITETUL REGIUNILOR7 in'&i&(ie ip"ica&$ 0n pro5"ee reiona"e !in UE.Are ca ro"> 7 0n&$rirea "e$&(ri"or !in&re ce&$enii ace"eai /one, rei(ni. 7 e a"c$&(i&$ !in ### e5ri care pro3in !in ) r(p(ri 'ocia"e> pa&rona&, 'a"ariai,repre/en&anii a"&or ra(ri !e ac&i3i&a&e.. COMITETUL ECONOMIC SOCIALAre &o& ### e5ri i 'e!i(" "a 8r(+e""e'.Are ro"(" !e a %or("a opinii 0n "e$&(r$ c( !oeni(" econoic i 'ocia".J. 8ANCA EUROPEAN DE INVESTI2II

Are ca ro"> 7 %inanarea in3e'&iii"or pen&r( proo3area o5iec&i3e"or UE 7 'priinirea !e/3o"&$rii ec;i"i5ra&e, a in&er$rii econoice i cre&erii coe/i(nii'ocia"e 0n &eri&ori(" UE.1K. 8ANCA CENTRAL EUROPEAN7 e'&e o coponen&$ a SE8C @Si'&e(" E(ropeana" 8$nci"or Cen&ra"e.*ora& !in> 7 8CE7 e"a5orea/$ '&ra&eii"e "ea&e !e po"i&ica one&ar$ a UE 7 8CN7 5$nci"e cen&ra"e naiona"e a"e '&a&e"or e5re UE. Are ro"(" !e aip"een&a '&ra&eii"e 8CE i !e a '(pra3e;ea ap"icare "or.11. AVOCATUL POPORULUI7 re"a&i3 recen& crea&.E'&e n(i& !e Par"aen&(" E(ropean.La A3oca&(" popor("(i ce&$enii (ni(nii po& !ep(ne p"=neri pri3in! ac&i3i&a&ea !i%eri&e"or

in'&i&(ii e(ropene.Perio!ic A3oca&(" popor("(i in%orea/$ C(r&ea E(ropean$ !e ('&iie 0n "e$&(r$ c( ace'&ep"=neri.


19/38

IV. Po"i&ici Co(ni&are

POLITICA AGRILOC COMUN @PACO5iec&i3e>

7 cre&erea pro!(ciei 0n aric("&(r$7 '&a5i"irea (nor pre(ri re/ona5i"e7 a'i(rarea (n(i ni3e" !e &rai re/ona5i" pen&r( pop("aia anrena&$ 0n aric("&(r$7 a'i(rarea (nei o%er&e re"a&i3 con'&an&e c( pro!('e arico"e.Principii"e PAC>

1. (nici&a&ea pieei !e'%inarea 5ariere"or &ari%are i ne&ari%are "a pro!('e"e arico"e#. pre%erina co(ni&ar$ in'&i&(irea (nor &a+e 3aa"e co(ne %a$ !e &eri). 'o"i!ari&a&ea %inanciar$ prin&r7(n %on! 'pecia" !e'&ina& aric("&(rii

*EOGA *on!(" E(ropean !e Orien&are i Garan&are Arico"$.

POLITICA REGIONAL

A ap$r(& ca (rare a !i%erene"or !e !e/3o"&are !in&re !i%eri&e $ri e5re 'a( a!i%erene"or !in rei(ni !e%eri&e a"e ace"orai $ri.O5iec&i3e>7 a'i(rarea (n(i ni3e" !e &rai ec;i&a5i" pen&r( pop("aia !in &oa&e $ri"e UE7 a'i(rarea (n(i ni3e" !e &rai !ecen& 0n /one"e ai p(in !e/3o"&a&e a"e UE7 reorien&area pro%e'iona"$ a pop("aiei !in /one"e c( ra&$ are a oa("(i7 recon3er'ia pro%e'iona"$ a pop("aiei !in !oeni(" arico"

*inanarea 'e %ace prin %on!(ri 'pecia"e>*EDR *on!(" E(ropean !e De/3o"&are Reiona"$*C *on!(" !e Coe/i(ne*SE *on!(" Socia" E(ropean

*EOG *on!(" E(ropean !e Orien&are i Garan&are

POLITICA 8UGETAR 9I *ISCAL7 "a 0ncep(& co(ni&a&ea e(ropean$ 0i con'&i&(ia %on!(ri"e !in con&ri5(ii"e '(5 %or$ !eprocen& !in PI8 a '&a&e"or e5re.7 pe $'(r$ ce a e3o"(a&, con'&i&(irea 3eni&(ri"or 'a"e 'e 5a/ea/$ !in ce 0n ce ai ("& pere'(r'e"e proprii co(ni&are @&a+e 3aa"e, a"&e in3e'&iii.7 0n ceea ce pri3e&e c;e"&(ie"i"e 0n anii K e"e era( !ireciona&e 0n proporie !e JKQ 'prearic("&(r$.

POLITICA MONETARP a UE

7 !(p$ con'&i&(irea Coi&e&("(i E(ropean, %"(+(ri"e %inanciare !in&re '&a&e"e e5re a(%(nciona& 0n ca!r(" Si'&e("(i one&ar e(ropean @SME care '7a 5a/a& pe ECU @E(ropeanC(rrenc Uni& acea'&a n( a e+i'&a& ca one!$, e'&e o one!$ &ip con& pen&r( Fcon&3a"(&ar. Era %o"o'i&$ pen&r( c$ !$!ea o are '&a5i"i&a&e.6n anii JK, UE a &rec(& "a '&a!i(" !e 0n%$p&(ire a "an'$rii one!ei EURO.@1 ian 1JJJ7 'e"an'ea/$ one!a (nic$ e(ro, 1 ian #KK#7 'e p(ne 0n circ("aie one!a (nic$ e(ro.

POLITICA TRANSPORTURILOR


20/38

7 0n 1JH7 prin &ra&a&(" !e "a Roa7 a( e+i'&a& !oar pre3e!eri "ea&e !e &ran'por&(" &ere'&r(.7 ("&erior, acea'&$ po"i&ic$ '7a re%eri& "a o aroni/are, '&an!ar!i/are, aceeai '&r(c&(r$,op&ii/are a &ran'por&(ri"or.7 '7a( crea& e&o!e &ran'e(ropene !e &ran'por& care "ea$ ai ("&e $ri ce aparin UE, !ecia'&%e" '7a %"(i!i/a& &ran'por&(".

A"&e po"i&ici co(ni&are, po"i&ici "a care a( a!era& &oa&e '&a&e"e e5re>- Po"i&ica 'ocia"$- Po"i&ica conc(renei- Po"i&ica coercia"$- Po"i&ica in!('&riei

O8S. UE e'&e (n 'i'&e %oar&e 5ine orani/a&, ce '7a !o3e!i& a %i per%ec&i5i" ,!a& n(per%ec&.

GIDUL STUDENTULUI1. Tereni c;eie

1.1 I!eea e(ropean$1.# In'&i&(ii co(ni&are e(ropeane1.) Po"i&ici co(ni&are1.- Cri&erii !e con3eren$1. E(ro#. Pro5"ee !e !i'c(ie#.1 Ca(/e"e '(cce'("(i in&er$rii in&er'&a&a"e 0n E(ropa Occi!en&a"$#.# Ro"(" po"i&icii one&are 0n an'a5"(" proce'("(i in&er$rii e(ropene#.) Per'pec&i3e"e e(ro ca one!$ (nic$#.- 9an'e"e Uni(nii E(ropene


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V. ECONOMIA 2RILOR DE4VOLTATE

V.1 Po&enia"(" $ri"or !e/3o"&a&e

2$ri"e !e/3o"&a&e '(n& repre/en&a&e !e ace"e econoii c( po&enia"(" ce" ai ri!ica&Carac&eri'&ici"e $ri"or !e/3o"&a&e '(n&>7 econoia "or e'&e o econoie c( e%icien$ cre'c(&$7 ni3e"(" !e &rai a" pop("aiei e'&e ri!ica&7 !e/3o"&area econoic$ 'e 5a/ea/$ 0n principa" pe %ac&orii in&en'i3i ai !e/3o"&$rii7 'ec&oare"e pre!oinan&e 0n ca!r(" econoii"or $ri"or !e/3o"&a&e '(n&> 'ec&or(" &eriar i'ec&or(" 'ec(n!ar7 e+por&(ri"e 'e 5a/ea/$ ai a"e' pe pro!('e c( ra! 0na"& !e pre"(crare @c( 3a"oarea!$(a&$ are7 $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e '(n& $ri"e !e oriine a"e ("&or STN

V.# Po"i&ica econoic$ a $ri"or !e/3o"&a&e

V.#.1 Po"i&ica 5(e&ar$

Po"i&ica 5(e&ar$ repre/in&$ aci(nea '&a&("(i prin in&ere!i(" 5(e&("(i @acea'&$ po"i&ic$e'&e o!a"i&a&ea cea ai e3i!en&$ !e in&er3enie a '&a&("(i 0n econoia $ri"or !e/3o"&a&eTip(ri !e po"i&ici 5(e&are>

1. POLITICA !e &ip STOP @ po"i&ic$ !e 3ioare7 ap"ica&$ pen&r( e3i&area cri/e"oreconoice !e '(prapro!(cie. Acea'&$ po"i&ic$ 3i/ea/$> cre&erea %i'ca"i&$ii i'c$!erea c;e"&(ie"i"or p(5"ice. Acea'&$ po"i&ic$ 'e ap"ic$ a&(nci c=n! are "oc ocre&ere p(&ernic$ a ac&i3i&$ii econoice, ce poa&e !(ce "a !e/ec;i"i5reacroeconoice @in%"aie, oa.

#. POLITICA !e &ip GO po"i&ic$ !e re"an'are> 'e a"ic$ 0n oen&e"e !e !epre'ieeconoic$. Acea'&$ po"i&ic$ 3i/ea/$> 'c$!erea %i'ca"i&$ii i cre&erea c;e"&(ie"i"orp(5"ice. Ace'& &ip !e po"i&ic$ 'e ap"ic$ 0n perioa!e"e !e rece'i(ne, c=n! n( e+i'&$'(%icien&e re'(r'e %inanciare pen&r( in3e'&iii, !eci cererea 3a %i 0n 'c$!ere, o%er&a "a%e", iar oa(" 0n cre&ere.

2$ri"e !e/3o"&a&e ani%e'&$ preoc(p$ri pen&r( raiona"i/area po"i&icii 5(e&are, pen&r(a!ini'&rarea c=& ai e%icien&$ a 5(e&("(i. S7a( ap"ica& 0n ace'& con&e+& o 'erie !epo"i&ici &ra!iiona"e !e raiona"i/are, !ar i e&o!e ai o!erne !e raiona"i/are.a e&o!e &ra!iiona"e> 7 pre'(p(n ca"c("area nece'ar("(i !e re'(r'e %inanciare p"ec=n!

!e "a 'i&(aia e+i'&en&$5 e&o!e o!erne@ P"annin Prorain 8(!e& S'&e > 7 @ P"ani%icarea Proraa&$

a Si'&e("(i 8(e&ar7 pre'(p(n ca"c("area nece'ar("(i !e re'(r'e %inanciarep"ec=n! !e "a %ina"i&$i"e (3ernaen&a"e.

O8S. Po"i&ica 5(e&ar$ e '(p('$ !e ai ("&e ori (nor con'&r=neri ce re/("&$ !in &en!ina!e cre&ere a !e%ici&e"or 5(e&are.


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V.#.# Po"i&ica one&ar$

Po"i&ica one&ar$ repre/in&$ aci(nea '&a&("(i a'(pra o%er&ei !e one!$ 'a( a'(pra ra&ei!o5=n/ii, 0n 'cop(" rea"i/$rii (n(i ec;i"i5r( i a" '&a5i"i/$rii acroeconoice.

6n $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e, po"i&ica one&ar$ e'&e rea"i/a&$ !e c$&re 8anca Cen&ra"$ iip"een&a&$ !e 8$nci"e Coercia"e.*(ncionarea 'i'&e("(i 5ancar 0n $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e pre'(p(ne e+i'&ena a # ni3e"e>

I. 8anca Naiona"$@Cen&ra"$7 e '&ra&e(" po"i&ici one&are i'(pra3e;ea/$ ap"icarea ei

II. 8$nci"e Coercia"e W a"&e in'&i&(ii %inanciare7 'e oc(p$ ai a"e' !eacor!area !e cre!i&e.

In'&r(en&e"e po"i&icii one&are '(n& (r$&oare"e>1. aci(nea 8$ncii Cen&ra"e a'(pra re/er3ei o5"ia&orii a 8$nci"or Coercia"e

E+> 7 !ac$ 'e !ore&e o cre&ere a a'ei one&are, '&a&(" poa&e aciona prin 'c$!ereaprocen&("(i re/er3ei o5"ia&orii, "$'=n! !eci 0n circ("aie o can&i&a&e ai are !e 5ani !e

con& @'crip&(ra"i. 7 !ac$ 'e !ore&e o 'c$!ere a a'ei one&are, '&a&(" 3a cre&e procen&(" re/er3eio5"ia&orii, re&r$=n! !in circ("aie o par&e !in 5anii 'crip&(ra"i.

#. operai(ni"e pe piaa !e'c;i'$ @OMO Open Mare& Opera&ion'E+> 7 !ac$ 'e !ore&e o 'c$!ere a a'ei one&are, 8anca Cen&ra"$ 3in!e 8$nci"orCoercia"e &i&"(ri !e 3a"oare con&ra "ic;i!i&$i, !eci 'e 0pr((&$ !e "a e"e. 7 !ac$ 'e !ore&e o cre&ere a a'ei one&are 8anca Cen&ra"$ c(p$r$ !e "a 8$nci"eCoercia"e &i&"(ri !e 3a"oare, %(rni/=n!(7"e "ic;i!i&$i, !eci "e 0pr((&$ pe ace'&ea.

). ra&a !o5=n/ii8anca Cen&ra"$ poa&e '$ o!i%ice ra&a !o5=n/ii !irec&oare, a!ic$ pre(" cer(& o%icia" pen&r(acor!area !e cre!i&e.

E+> 7 !ac$ ra&a !o5=n/ii 'ca!e a&(nci cre&e cererea !e cre!i&e, !e (n!e re/("&$ o cre&ere ain3e'&iii"or, o re"an'are econoic$ carac&er in%"aioni'& 7 !ac$ ra&a !o5=n/ii cre&e a&(nci 'ca!e cererea !e cre!i&e, !e (n!e re/("&$ &en'i(ni"ea'(pra pre(ri"or enera"e 'e a&en(ea/$ e%ec& !e%"aioni'&

-. operai(ni"e c( !e3i/e8anca Naiona"$ poa&e '$ rec(r$ "a o!i%icarea pari&$ii 0n&re !e3i/e prin !e3a"ori/are 'a(re3a"ori/are a one!ei naiona"e.E+> 7 'o"(ia con'&$ 0n 3=n/area 'a( c(p$rarea !(p$ ca/ !e !e3i/e. 8anca Naiona"$3e;ea/$ "a eninerea c(r'("(i !e 'c;i5 a" one!ei naiona"e.

E+ep"e !e 8$nci Cen&ra"e !in $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e>7 8anca Cen&ra"$ a SUA '(pra3e;ea&$ !e Si'&e(" *e!era" !e re/er3e

7 8anca Cen&ra"$ a aponiei '(5 '(pra3e;erea Mini'&er("(i *inane"or @ 0n proprie&a&epri3a&$7 8anca Naiona"$ a Geraniei @5anca c( ce" ai are ra! !e in!epen!en$7 8anca Naiona"$ a Marii 8ri&anii aparine '&a&("(i, e&c.


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V.#.) Po"i&ici coercia"e

Po"i&ica coercia"$ repre/in&$ &o&a"i&a&ea in'&r(en&e"or (&i"i/a&e !e c$&re '&a& pen&r(re"een&area re"aii"or 'a"e coercia"e e+&erne.

Po"i&ica coercia"$ c(prin!e>1. Po"i&ica 3aa"$ 'a( po"i&ica &ari%ar$#. Po"i&ica ne&ari%ar$). M$'(ri"e !e proo3are i '&i("are a e+por&(ri"or

! Politica $amalRepre/in&$ acea coponen&$ a po"i&icii coercia"e care are ca 'cop pro&eareapro!(c$&ori"or a(&o;&oni i o5inerea !e 3eni&(ri "a 5(e&. In'&r(en&(" principa" a" po"i&icii 3aa"e e'&e> tariful amal! taxe amaleAce'&e &a+e 3aa"e '(n& ipo/i&e in!irec&e '(por&a&e !e con'(a&ori. E+i'&$ # &ip(ri !e &a+e3aa"e>

a &a+e 3aa"e a!7 3a"ore@procen&e5 &a+e 3aa"e 'peci%ice @0n $rie a5'o"(&$

ap"icarea &a+e"or 3aa"e poa&e pro!(ce (r$&oare"e e%ec&e> "a ni3e" naiona"> a3an&aea/$ pro!(c$&orii naiona"i, !ar !e/a3an&aea/$ con'(a&orii

naiona"i "a ni3e" e+&ern> poa&e '$ %ie a%ec&a& pre(" $r%ii, !epin!e !e $riea $rii care ap"ic$

ace'&e &a+e

"! Politica comercial% netari&arC(prin!e (r$&oare"e $'(ri>

a 5ariere ne&ari%are care ip"ic$ o "ii&are can&i&a&i3$ !irec&$ a ipor&(ri"or @ e+>in&er!icii "a ipor&, "ii&$ri 3a"(&are "a e+por&, re'&ricii can&i&a&i3e@con&rinen&e "aipor&, in&er!icii "a an(i&e pro!('e ipor&a&e

5 5ariere ne&ari%are care ip"ic$ in!irec& "ii&area ipor&(ri"or prin ecani'e !epre @e+> pre(ri inie "a ipor&, ipo/i&e in!irec&e, a('&$ri %i'ca"e "a %ron&ier$,&a+e an&i7!(pin, acor!(ri 0n&re '&a&e

c 5ariere ne&ari%are ce !ec(r !in %ora"i&$i 'ip"e i a!ini'&ra&i3e pri3in!ipoor&(ri"e @e+> e3a"(area 3aa"$, !oc(en&e"e i %ora"i&$i"e 3aa"e

#! M'uri (e )romo$are *i 'timulare a e+)orturilorSe re%er$ "a in'&r(en&e"e !e na&(r$ 5(e&ar$, %inanciar$, %i'ca"$ 'a( 3a"(&ar$ (&i"i/a&e c('cop(" 0nc(ra$rii pro!(c$&ori"or in&erni 0n ac&i3i&a&ea "or !e e+por&.Tip(ri !e po"i&ici coercia"e ap"ica&e 0n $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e> Po"i&ica coercia"$ %a3ora5i"$ "i5er("(i 'c;i5 '&a&(" re'pec&i3 0nc(raea/$ a&=&

E+por&(ri"e c=& i Ipor&(ri"e, a3=n! o ip"icare ri!ica&$ 0n coer(" on!ia" Po"i&ica coercia"$ pro&ecioni'&$ '&a&(" re'pec&i3 are ca o5iec&i3e pro&earea

pro!(c$&ori"or "oca"i, !ar i !e'c(raarea ipor&(ri"or Po"i&ica coercia"$ '&ra&eic$ '&a&(" 0i !irecionea/$ aci(nea po"i&icii coercia"e

a'&%e" 0nc=& '$ pro&ee/e 'a( '$ 0nc(rae/e @!(p$ ca/ an(i&e !oenii con'i!era&e'&ra&eice.


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O8S. La ni3e" in&ernaiona", ac&i3i&a&ea coercia"$ in&ernaiona"$ are "oc '(5'(pra3e;erea Orani/aiei Mon!ia"e a Coer("(i @OMC care %(ncionea/$ !in an("1JJ.

P=n$ 0n 1JJ, o are par&e a '&a&e"or naiona"e era( 'ena&are a"e (n(i acor!coercia" in&ernaiona" n(i& GATT @ Genera" Areen& o% Tarri%' an! Tra!e Acor!("

Genera" pen&r( &ari%e i Coer.

C!6 VI . Eoom! T!"+o" D$78o+%!"$

VI 1. Lo*+ %!"+o" 0$78o+%!"$ !0"*+ Eoom$ mo0!+$O5' Maori&a&ea &ari"or "(ii '(n& &ari in !e/3o"&are.D(pa oriinea "or, &ari"e in !e/3o"&are 'e po& r(pa a'&%e">

a %o'&e &ari co"onia"e 'a( !epen!en&e5 %o'&e &ari co(ni'&e @care a( apar&in(& CSI Co(ni&a&ea S&a&e"or In!epen!en&e

c ac&(a"e &ari c( rei co(ni'& @Ce;ia, Vie&na, C(5a, Corea !e S(!Specia"i'&ii con'i!era ca a( e+i'&a& ai ("&i %ac&ori care a( con!(' "a o ai "en&a!e/3o"&are a ace'&or &ari.

1. *ac&ori na&(ra"i 'i 'ocio7c("&(ra"i

"ip'a an(i&or re'(r'e a'e/area eora%ica re"iia 'i'&e(" !e 3a"ori.

#. Si'&ee"e po"i&ice care (3ernea/a ace'&e '&a&e, a!ica ace"e (3erne care ipria o

an(i&a &en!in&a.). Orien&area coer&("(i, care are in 3e!ere orien&area !e%a3ora5i"a a rapor&("(i !in&reipor&(" !e pro!('e an(%ac&(ra&e 'i e+por&(" !e pro!('e priare.

@ ip X e+p

O5' Ca&eoria &ari"or in !e/3o"&are c(prin!e a&a& &ari %oar&e 'arace, !ar 'i &ari ("& ai5oa&e care &in! 'pre '&a&(&(" !e &ara !e/3o"&a&a.

VI 2. Potentialul tarilor in dezvoltare

O r(pare a ace'&or &ari, in %(nc&ie !e po&en&ia"(" econoic p"a'ea/a C;ina pe pri(" "oc,ea %iin! con'i!era&a cea ai p(&ernica !in&re &ari"e in c(r' !e !e/3o"&are.

Pe (ra&oare"e "oc(ri 'e 'i&(ea/a># 8ra/i"ia) R('ia- Tari"e a'ia&ice @e+por&a&oare !e pe&ro" In!ia? Me+icH In!one/ia

C4!@Rep(5"ica Pop("ara C;ine/a


25/38

7 i'i orien&ea/a po"i&ica econoica !(pa '"oan(" Y(n '&a&7!o(a 'i'&ee, a!ica oan(i&a !e'c;i!ere 'pre %or&e"e pie&ei "i5ere.

7 in!('&ria c;ine/a '7a ri!ica& pana "a a pa&ra po/i&ie on!ia"aco'&(ri Z ) ori !eca& in SUA Z 1K ori !eca& in Taian

7 C;ina 'e 'i&(ea/a pe "oc(" 1K in "(e "a e+por&(ri

7 e'&e o &ara c( re'(r'e !e %or&a !e (nca 'eni%ica&i3e.7 Sec&or(" 'ec(n!ar a(ne pana "a -Q !in PI87 Re3enirea on7on7"(i "a &ara aa a ip("'iona& !e/3o"&area C;inei.7 on7on e'&e in pre/en& Rei(ne A!ini'&ra&i3a Specia"a @RAS a!ica po'e!a

(3ern 'i po"i&ici proprii, iar apararea ei in&erna 'i po"i&ica e+&erna in'a ina&ri5(&ii"e C;inei

7 one!a c;ine/a n( e'&e (&i"i/a&a in 7

Brazilia

7 &ara c( po&en&ia" !e re'(r'e na&(ra"e %oar&e are

7 e'&e !e orien&are in!('&ria"a7 e'&e a op&a p(&ere econoica on!ia"a7 "a incep(&, 8ra/i"ia a e+por&a& &re'&ie !e /a;ar, apoi ca(ci(c 'i ca%ea7 in pre/en& pro!(ce a3ioane, &anc(ri, a(&oo5i"e 'i po'e!a o ian&ica re&ea !e

!r((ri @&ran'aa/on("7 are "a con!(cere (n rei i"i&ar7 (rea/a o po"i&ca a e+por&(ri"or orien&a&a 'pre in!('&rie 'i 'pre aric("&(ra

India

7 in #KKK a &rec(& pra(" !e (n i"iar! !e "oc(i&ori7 PI87(" In!iei e'&e (a&a&e !in PI87(" c;ine/

7 O5'&aco"e"e in ca"ea !e/3o"&arii In!iei a( %o'& e+&ree e&nice 'i re"iioa'e, !ar 'iperioa!a 1J171JJK, can! &ara a %o'& '(5 rei co(ni'&.7 are e+por&a&oare !e pro!('e arico"e

O a"&a c"a'i%icare a &ari"or in !e/3o"&are, in %(nc&ie !e ni3e"(" 3eni&("(i pe "oc(i&or ar %i(ra&oarea >

1" #oile state independente @NSI '(n& ce"e ai a3an'a&e !in p(nc& !e 3e!ereeconoic 'i 'ocia", in an'a5"(" &ari"or in c(r' !e !e/3o"&are. Or!inea, in %(nc&ie !e PN8 pe "oc(i&or, ina%ara !e C;ina , care poa&e %i con'i!era&a &ara!e/3o"&a&a, e'&e (ra&oarea >

7 Sinapore #?.J1K [ pe "oc7 on7Gon7 Aren&ina

$" %ari exportatoare de petrol

7 EAU @Eira&e"e Ara5e Uni&e 1H.KKK[ pe "oc 7 \a&ar 7 8a;rein 7 Ara5ia Sa(!i&a


26/38

&" %ari mai putin dezoltateIn acea'&a ca&eorie a( %o'& inc"('e # !e &ari r(pa&e in %(nc&ie !e >

7 3eni& pe "oc(i&or

7 pon!rea pro!('e"or in!('&ria"e in PN8 @'(5 1KQ7 ra&a a"%a5e&i/arii @'(5 #JQ

E+In&re 1KK71JJ[ pe "oc(i&or7 E&iopia, R(an!a,Cia!,8(r(n!i,Tan/ania,Siera Leone, Ma"ai

In&re #KK7#JJ[ pe "oc(i&or 7 Nier, 8(rc;ina *a'o, Ma"i, Ma!aca'car, G(ineea, 8an"a!e';, Uan!a, Vie&na

In&re )KK7)JJ[ pe "oci&or7 Tao, ai&i, Rep. A%rica Cen&ra"a, 4a5ia, 4air, Ta!ii'&an, Mono"ia, Lao'.

VI 3. A%8%!%$! om$"!+! ! %!"+o" 0$78o+%!"$

7 Pro5"ea e IpXE+p.7 Ace'&e &ari e+por&a ai ("&e pro!('e priare 'i ipor&a pro!('e an(%ac&(ra&e!e%ici& a" 5a"an&e"or coercia"e

In p"(', e+por&(" !e pro!('e priare e re'&ric&iona& !e (ra&oare"e o5'&aco"e >

'" interentia statului tarilor dezoltate @pen&( a7'i inc(raa pro!(ca&ori 'i o%er&an&ii"oca"i, ace'&e &ari "ii&ea/a ipor&(ri"e

$" fiscalitatea7 in ace'& ca/ , &ari"e !e/3o"&a&e ip(n, !e a'eenea an(i&e re'&ric&ii %i'ca"e "aipor&(ri !in &ari"e in c(r' !e !e/3o"&are. &" instabilitatea preturilor 7 "a ni3e" in&erna&iona", '&a5i"i&a&ea pre&(ri"or pen&r( pro!('e priare 'e %ace aia"e' in %(nc&ie !e o%er&a, !eoarece cererea pen&r( ace'& &ip !e pro!('e e'&e oarec( rii!a@ine"a'&ica

C!6 VII . S*90$78o+%!"$! . E8o+*%! %!"+o" '*90$78o+%!%$

VII1. Co$6%*+ 0$ '*90$78o+%!"$

8anca on!ia"a ara&a ca !e/3o"&area in'eana i5(na&a&irea ca"i&a&ii 3ie&ii, iar in&ari"e 'arace, ai a"e', o ca"i&a&e ai 5(na a 3ie&ii in'eana ai ("& !eca& 3eni&(ri ari pe"oc(i&or. Ace'&a i5(na&a&ire a ca"i&a&ii 3ie&ii pre'(p(ne>


27/38

Sa&i'%acerea ne3oi"or a&eria"e@ a"ien&e, "oc(in&a, 'ana&a&e, pro&ec&ie'ocia"a

E!(ca&ie 'i a%irarea per'ona"i&a&ii (ane, prec( 'i po'i5i"i&a&ea !e aa"ee

O5' In con!i&ii"e in care (n(" !in ace'&e e"een&e "ip'e'&e 'a( 'e carac&eri/ea/a prin&r7(nni3e" ai 'ca/(& 'e poa&e 'p(ne ca e+i'&a o '(5!e/3o"&are a5'o"(&a.

S(5!e/3o"&area e'&e re3er'(" !e/3o"&arii. Ea repre/in&a o 'i&(a&ie econoica in careper'i'&a ni3e"(ri re!('e a"e '&an!ar!("(i !e 3ia&a, per'i'&a 'aracia a5'o"(&a, ra&e !e cre'&ereeconoica 'ca/(&e , ni3e" re!(' a" con'(("(i , ra&e ri!ica&e a"e or&a"i&a&ii 'i na&a"i&a&ii.

Tra'a&(ri"e enera"e a"e '(5!e/3o"&ari '(n& >

7 'aracie a5'o"(&a7 !epen!en&a %a&a !e e+&erior

7 cre'&ere econoica '"a5a7 ra&e ri!ica&e a"e na&a"i&a&ii 'i or&a"i&a&ii

O5' Na&i(ni"e Uni&e a( !e%ini& ca "ii&a a 'araciei a5'o"(&e ca %iin! ni3e"(" 3eni&(ri"or !e1[ pe /i a('&a& (neaori c( pari&a&ea p(&erii !e c(parare. A'&a/i apro+ia&i3 1,) i"iar!e!e oaeni &raie'c '(5 acea'&a "ii&a a 'araciei..

La in&a"nirea G@GHWR('ia !in i("ie #KKK, i!en&i%ican! 'aracia !rep& (na !in ce"e aira3e pro5"ee a"e oeniei a %o'& e"a5ora& Rapor&(" pri3in! 'aracia "o5a"a care 3i/ea/aca pana in #K1, pop("a&ia care &raie'&e in 'aracie 'a 'ca!a "a ci%ra !e 1 i"ioane .

Ceea ce ne"ini'&e'&e Co(ni&a&ea In&erna&iona"a e'&e a!ancirea !eca"ae"or !in&re&ari"e !e/3o"&a&e 'i &ari"e in !e/3o"&are 'i ai a"e' ara3area con&ra!ic&ii"or !in&re ce"e !o(aca&eorii !e '&a&e.

VII 2. E8o+*% !+$ %!"+o" '*90$78o+%!%$

Pen&r( a e3i!en&ia 'i&(a&ia &ari"or ne!e/3o"&a&e, a3e in 3e!ere (ra&orii in!ica&ori >

!) 8$%*+ 6$ +o*%o" @ rapor&(" !in&re 3eni&(" &ari"or !e/3o"&a&e 'i 3eni&(" &ari"or'(5!e/3o"&a&e

7 "a incep(&(" 'eco"("(i ?B17 1J)K H,B17 1J?K 1KB17 1JHK 1-B17 1JJH KB1


28/38

9) "$6!"%7!"$! 6"o0*%$ 0*'%"!+$7 apro+ -B !in pro!(c&ia on!ia"a apar&ine &ari"or !e/3o"&a&e

7 apro+ 1B !in pro!(c&ia on!ia"a apar&ine &ari"or in !e/3o"&are 7 &ari"e '(5!e/3o"&a&e n( pro!(c aproape !e"oc.

) 8!+o!"$! !0!*!%! 6$ +*"!%o"e+> in ena e'&e !e 1B1KKK %a&a !e SUA.

0) 0$+$ 0$78o+%!" *m!$ (IDU)e'&e (n in!ice area& care ia in 'eaa @ca"c("(ra&orii parae&rii>

"one3i&a&ea 'a( 'peran&a !e 3ia&a "a na'&er ra!(" !e a"%a5e&i/are a" pop("a&iei ni3e"(" !e %rec3en&are a c(r'(ri"or priare, 'ec(n!are 'i

'(perioare !e in3a&aan& PI8 pe "oci&or or&a"i&a&ea in%an&o"a !o&area c( ec;ipaen&e e"ec&roca'nice 'i a(&oo5i"e acce'(" "a in%orare @a''7e!ia, &e"eco(nica&ii ra!(" !e (r5ani/are ea"i&a&ea 'e+e"or

S(5!e/3o"&area (n(i n(ar are !e &ari e'&e, ai a"e', e%ec&(" (n(i %ac&or e+&ern 'ian(e rei(" co"onia"

*o'&e"e co"onii a( raa' !epen!en&e 'i !(pa pra5('irea co"onia"i'("(i. Are "oc a'&%e"(n 'c;i5 inea" c( &ari"e !e/3o"&a&e, prin 3an/area !e a&erii prie "a pre&(ri re!('e 'ic(pararea !e pro!('e an(%ac&(ra&e "a pre&(ri ri!ica&e.

O5'&aco"e"e in ca"ea !e/3o"&arii ace'&or &ari '(n& ai a"e' (ra&oare"e >1) C"$'%$"$! 6o6*+!%$ @re'(r'e"e 'e ipar& "a &o& ai ("&i "oc(i&orie+ 1B- !in pop("a&ia p"ane&ei con'(a apro+ KQ !in re'(r'e"e Terei.Un aerican con'(a re'(r'e !e

7 1) ori ai ("& !eca& (n 5ra/i"ian7 ) ori ai ("& !eca& (n in!ian7 #K ori ai ("& !eca& (n ;ai&ian

De'i in ("&ia 3ree ra&a e!ie an(a"a !e cre'&ere a pop("a&iei a 'ca/(&, in 3a"oarea5'o"(&a, pop("a&ia Terei con&in(a 'a crea'ca. E'&iari"e ara&a ca in #KK pop("a&ia Terei 3a

a(ne "a apro+ ,# i"iar!e !e "oc(i&ori, !in care ?, i"iar!e 3or &rai in &ari c( ra! !e!e/3o"&are re!(' !e !e/3o"&are.

2) Som!;*+> e'&e o pro5"ea 'peci%ica &ari"or '(5!e/3o"&a&e (n!e ra&a e!ie 'e ri!ica "aapro+ #KQ in e!i(" (r5an 'i a%ec&ea/a )KQ !in &inerii ap&i !e (nca. Soa(" a a%ec&a& %oar&e ("& 'i ari"e a"oerari (r5ane (n!e n(ar(" !e "oc(i&ori e'&ein con&in(a cre'&ere.E+ > Me+ico Ci& 1JJK 1J,- i" "oc


29/38

#KKK #-,- i" "oc

Sao Pao"o 1JJK 1,- i" "oc #KKK #),? i" "oc

3)

1. I !%$o"! %!"+o" 0$78o+%!%$

1. Nor3eia PI8B"oc -.KKK[ H. SUA#. S(e!ia . Cana!a). A('&ra"ia J. aponia

1K. E"3e&ia

2.I !%$o"! %!"+o" * 0$78o+%!"$ m$0$>

7 "oc H 8("aria7 "oc ?) R('ia7 "oc H# Roania7 "oc H) Ara5ia Sa(!i&a7 "oc H- T;ai"an!a7 "oc H Ucraina, Per(, Li5an, A"5ania, T(rcia, C;ina, Rep Mo"!o3a


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3. I !%$o"! %!"+o" '*90$78o+%!%$ 7 "oc 1# 8o'&ana 7 "oc 1H- Nier ("&ia Siera Leone

C!6 VIII. Eoom! %!"+o" %"!7%$. T"!7%! %!"+o" E'%=E*"o6$$ +! $oom! 0$ 6!%!

VIII 1. Lo*+ %!"+o" $oom! mo0!+!

Tari"e in &ran/i&ie '(n& &ari"e in care 'i'&e(" econoic 'e 'c;i5a. Trecerea cea ai%rec3en&a a &ari"or 'e rea"i/ea/a in !irec&ia econoie cen&ra"i/a&a econoie !e pia&a

Tari"e in &ran/i&ie era( r(pa&e con%or '&a&i'&ici"or ONU pen&r( an(" #KK) a'&%e">

1 Tari cen&ra"e 'i E'& E(ropene > A"5ania, 8("aria, Ce;ia, Croa&ia, Mace!onia, Po"onia,S"o3acia, S"o3enia, Roania, Unaria.# Tari 5a"&ice > E'&onia, Le&onia, L&(ania) Co(ni&a&ea S&a&e"or In!epen!en&e > Arenia, A/er5aiian, 8e"ar(', Georia, a/a'&an,ir;i'&an, Rep Mo"!o3a, *e!. R('a, Ta!ii'&an, T(reni'&an, U/5ei'&an, Ucraina.

O5' Din&re ace'&ea , (ne"e &ari '7a( in&era& in UE in #KK-

VIII2. Eoom! %!"+o" $%"!+ ' $'% $*"o6$$

a Pana in JK ace'&e &ari a( a3(& o po"i&ica econoica cen&ra"i/a&a 'i n( a apar&in(& (neipie&e 'peci%ice ace'&ei &ip !e econoie CAER. Econoii"e ace'&or '&a&e a( %o'& pana in JK econoi !e !e/3o"&are c( (n ra! ai ic'a( ai are !e cen&ra"i/are. A'&%e" &ari prec( Po"onia 'i Unaria, !e'i a3ea( econoiicen&ra"i/a&e, a( e+perien&a& inain&e !e JK (ne"e incercari !e re%ora. De e+ep"( inUnaria a( %(nc&iona&, in ca!r(" 'i'&e("(i 5ancar (ne"e %ore a"e 5anci coercia"e pri3a&e.Une"e !in ace'&e &ari a3ea( (n ra! !e in!('&ria"i/are cre'c(& @ Roania 8("aria a3ea( ?7HQ pon!erea pro! in!('&rria"e in PI8

Po"onia 'i Ce;ia a3ea( o pon!ere in PI8 !e pe'&e HKQ a pro!('e"or in!('&ria"e5 D(pa 1JJK &ari"e cen&ra" 'i e'& e(ropene '7a( 3a/(& in 'i&(a&ia !e a 'c;i5a 'i'&e("econoic. Pro5"ea e'en&ia"a a &ari"e cen&ra" 'i e'& e(ropene a repre/en&a&7o o!a"i&a&ea !erea"i/are a &ran/i&iei. In ace'& 'en' ace'&e &ari a( a3(& !e a"e' in&re !o(a 3arian&e principa"e po'i5i"e >


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1 %"!7%! %6 'o repre/en&a &ran/i&a a"e carei o5iec&i3e '(n& in!ep"ini&e in&r7(n &iprapi!, !ar care pre'(p(ne co'&(ri 'ocia"e ri!ica&e. O a'eenea re%ora a %o'& po'i5i"a inPo"onia, !a&ori&a en&inerii p(&ernice a (3ern("(i !in acea perioa!a (3ernaen&a"arepre/en&a&a !e (n par&i! na'c(& !e %o'&(" 'in!ica& So"i!ari&a&ea.#) %"!7%$ +$%!pre'(p(nea in!ep"inirea o5iec&i3e"or "ea&e !e &ran/i&ie, in&r7(n &ip ai

"(n, !ar c( co'&(ri 'ocia"e ai re!('e. @e+ 8("aria Roania.

O5' (ne"e &ari a( op&a& c;iar pen&r( co5ina&ii a"e ce"or # 3arian&e.

VIII3. T"!7%! %!"+o" $%"!+ ' $'%=$*"o6$$ +! $ 0$ 6!%!

Proce'(" !e &ran/i&ie "a econoia !e pia&a '7a '(5'cri' (ra&oare"or o5iec&i3e >7 'ci5area 'i'&e("(i !e orani/are a ac&i3i&a&ii econoice7 o5&inerea acro'&a5i"i&a&ii econoice.

Ace'& o5iec&i3 era nece'ar !eoarece co"ap'(" 'i'& cen&ra"i/a& a !e&erina& crearea !e

!e/ec;i"i5re "a ni3e" acroeconoic .Tran/i&ia &ari"or cen&ra" 'i e'&7e(ropene a pre'(p(' in%ap&i(rea (nor re%ore 'pecia"en(i&e re%ore '&r(c&(ra"e. Ace'&ea 'e re%era "a >

7 re%ora propri&a&ii7 re%ora 'i'&e("(i 5ancar7 crearea o!e"("(i conc(ren&ia"7 "i5era"i/area coer&("(i e+&erior 'i a c(r'("(i !e 'ci57 "i5era"i/area %"(+(ri"or in3e'&i&iona"e !e capi&a" '&rain.

1) "$-o"m! 6"o6"$%!% a a3(& in &ari"e cen&ra" 'i e'& e(ropene o5iec&3e enera&e !econ&e+&(" econoic, 'i po"i&ic an&erior. Ace'&e o5iec&i3e a( %o'& !e &rei &ip(ri >

a obiectie economice7 crearea 'ec&or("(i proprie&a&ii pri3a&eb" obiectie sociale7 repararea (nor ne!rep&a&i coi'e !e rei(ri"e an&erioare, %ie prinre&roce!area proprie&a&i"or , %ie prin p"a&a (nor !e'pa(5iri %inanciare.c" obiectie politice7 in care proprie&a&ea pri3a&a era cea !e 5a/a.

Re%ora proprie&a&ii a pre'(p(' # e&ape > 1 &ran'%orarea 'ec&or("(i !e '&a& in 'ec&or p(5"ic # &ran'%orarea 'ec&or("(i p(5"ic in 'ec&or pri3a&, !eci crearea 'i'&e("(i proprie&a&i

pri3a&e.

2 pen&r( rea"i/area Re%orei ''%$m*+* 9!!", &ari"e cen&ra"e 'i e'& e(ropene a( &re5(i&'a re%or("e/e a&ri5(&ii"e 5ancii cen&ra"e 'i 'a in%iin&e/e 5anci coercia"e. 8anci"e coercia"e !in ace'&e &ari a( "(a& na'&ere %ie prin pri3a&i/area (nor in'&i&(&ii%inanciare e+i'&en&e, %ie prin in%iin&area (nor %i"ia"e e+&erne a"e (nor 5anci e+&erne.


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3) C"$!"$! mo0$+*+* o*"$%!+ '7a %ac(& prin crearea !e ca&re %o'&e"e e5re CAERa '&r(c&(rii !e in&erare econoica '(5reiona"a CE*TA.

&) L9$"!+7!"$! om$"%*+* $>%$"o" ' ! *"'*+* 0$ '4m9

Li5era"i/area coer&("(i e+&erior7 1JJK a repre/en&a& pen&r( ace'&e &ari, a5o"irea onopo"("(i !e'&a& prin coer&(" e+&erior 'i !eci aen&ii econoici a( p(&(&par&icipa "a coer&(" e+&erior %ara a a3ea ne3oi !e "icen&e !eipor&Be+!por&.

7 Principa"(" in'&r(en& a" "i5era"i/ari coer&("(i e+&ern a %o'&&ari%(" 3aa"@ a'&%e" a( 'ca/& &a+e"e 3aa"e c( 7?Q

7 Principa"a pro5"ea in ace'& ca/ a %o'& con&ra!ic&ia !in&reipor& 'i e+por&, !eoarece ace'&e '&a&e e+por&a( pro!('e aip(&in cope&i&i3e 'a( pro!('e priare 'i ipor&a( pro!('e c(ra! ri!ica& !e pre"(crare

7 De a'eenea acea'&a "i5era"i/are a coer&("(i e+&erior a !('"a crearea (nei '&r(c&(ri a!ini'&ra&i3e capa5i"e 'ain!ep"inea'ca o5iec&i3e"e prop('e @ a( 5ene%icia& 'i !ea'i'&en&a UE.

Li5era"i/area c(r'("(i !e 'c;i57 a a3(& ca pro5"ea principa"a '&a5i"irea (n(i c(r' !e 'c;i5

rea"i'& , "a incep(&(" perioa!ei !e &ran/i&ie7 po'i5i"i&a&i"e !e '&a5i"i/are a c(r'("(i !e 'c;i5 a( %o'& >

c(r'(" !e 'c;i5 a('&a5i" care e'&a5i"i& in rapor& c( o one!a %or&e, !arcare e a(&ori/a& 'a %"(c&(e/e in&re

an(i&e "ii&e %i+a&e !e a(&ori&a&i"eone&are. C(r'(" !e 'c;i5 %"o&an& care e '&a5i"i&

in %(nc&ie !e rapor&(" !in&re cerere 'io%er&a.

) L9$"!+7!"$! -+*>*"+o" 8$'%%o!+$ 0$ !6%!+ '%"!Va"oarea in3e'&i&ii"or '&raine in&re ace'&e &ari a %o'& 'ca/(&a 'i inea" !i'&ri5(i&a.

A3an&ae"e in3e'&i&ii"or '&raine in ace'&e &ari a( %o'& repre/en&a&e !e a3an&ae"e pe &eren'c(r& @co'&(" re!(' a" ainii !e "(cr(, re!(cerea co'&(ri"or prin pri'a &ran'por&(ri"or,a'i(rari, re!(ceri"e !e pr]& !in e"iinarea &a+e"or 3aa"e

A3an&ae"e pe &eren "(n@ per'pec&i3a (nor pro%i&(ri 3ii&oare

Tip(ri !e pri3a&i/are

'" priatizarea interna 7 pre'(p(ne in&rarea in proprie&a&e !e ca&re anaa&i %ireire'pec&i3e. Ace'& &ip !e pri3a&i/are 'e con'i!era ca are (n carac&er ne('& !eoarece n(con%era !rep&(ri ea"e &(&(ror ce&a&eni"or in 3e!erea ac;i/i&ionarii %irei.


33/38

Ace'& &ip !e a3an&aea/a !oar "(cra&orii !in in&reprin!eri"e pro%i&a5i"e. N( !a re/("&a&e"ece"e ai 5(ne, !eoarece anaa&ii, in !orin&a "or !e a7'i pro&ea "oc(ri"e !e (nca, n('(5'cri( &o&!ea(na principii"or e%icien&ei$" priatizarea externa'e poa&e ap"ica in !o(a o!(ri >1 prin !i'&ri5(ire ra&(i&a care are a3an&a(" (nei !i'per'i cre'c(&e, !ar pre/in&a

!e/a3an&a(" ca pre'(p(ne (n &ran'%er !e proprie&a&e 'i n( in%(/ie !e capi&a".# 3an/area are a3an&a(" in%(/iei !e capi&a" in %ira, !ar apare !e/a3an&a(" %ap&("(i cain%(/ia !e capi&a" 'e %ace !e ce"e ai ("&e ori in '&raina&a&e.

I,! TENDINTE SI E-OLUTII LA NI-ELUL ECONOMIEIMONDIALE

IX.1. I0*'%"! 6$ 6+! mo0!+

De'pre pro5"ea in!('&ria"a pe p"an "o5a", p(&e 3or5i a3an! ca p(nc& !e p"ecarere3o"(&ia in!('&ria"a @ca o con'ecin&aapari&i %enoen("(i !e in!('&ria"i/are.In!('&ria"i/area repre/in&a principa"(" e"een& care !e&erina cre'&ere econoica a (nei&ari. Ro"(" in!('&riei in&r7oo econoie poa&e %i e3i!en&ia& c( a(&or(" (nor in!ica&oriprec(> PI8 in!('&ria" 3a"oarea 5(n(ri"or in!('&ria"e no( crea&e in !ec(r'(" (n(i an Va"oare a!a(a&a an(%ac&(ra&a 3a"oarea a!a(a&a in 'ec&or(" in!('&riei.De a'eenea, ro"(" in!('&riei pe p"an on!ia" 'e e3i!en&ia/a prin propor&ia re/("&a&e"oreconoice !in in!('&rie pe &ari, rei(ni, e&c. A'&%e", HKQ !in ipor&(ri"e 'i e+por&(ri"e !epro!('e in!('&ria"e 'i ipor&(ri !e a&erii prie '(n& rea"i/a&e !e &ari"e !e/3o"&a&e, #Q !ine+por&(ri"e !e a&erii prie @ai a"e' arico"e 'i pro!('e !in in!('&ria ('oara @in 'pecia"

&e+&i"e '(n& rea"i/a&e in &ari"e in c(r' !e !e/3o"&are.Ten!in&e in e3o"(&ia in!('&riei "a ni3e" on!ia"

A Tari"e in &ran/i&ie "a econoia !e pia&a a( a3(& o &en!in&a in enera" !e 'ca!ere apro!(c&iei in!('&ria"e @ai a"e' in parioa!a 1JJ#71JJ).

8 Tari"e in !e/3o"&are pro!(c&ia in!('&ria"a c(noa'&e o &en!in&a !e cre'&ere, !arace'a&a e'&e inea"a 'i p(&in ne'&i(&a.

C C;ina in perioa!a 1JJ7#KKK a inrei'&ra& (n recor! !e cre'&ere econoica ace'&recor! !a&oran!(7'e ai a"e' cre'&erii in!('&riei.

D In!ia inrei'&re/a !(pa 1JJK o cre'&ere in!('&ria"a 'eni%ica&i3a.

E Aerica La&ina a inrei'&ra& o e3o"(&ie enera"a !e cre'&ere, !ar a5'o"(&a @peria!a!e cri/a "a incep(&(" ani"or YJK a in!('&riei.* A%rica repre/in&a con&inen&(" c( ce" ai ic ra! !e in!('&ra"i/are @ai a"e' A%rica

!e S(!.

S&ra&eii"e 'i po"i&ici"e !e !e/3o"&are a in!('&riei '(n& c(prin'e in&re # "ii&e crea&e !eli.erali'm@SUA, Gerania 'i inter$entioni'm @ *ran&a, aponia.LI8ERALISM in&er3en&ie ica a '&a&("(i in econoia &arii


34/38

INTREVENTIONISM ra! are !e ip"icare a '&a&("(i in econoie

Po"i&ica in!('&ria"a repre/in&a an'a5"(" !e a'(ri, in'&r(en&e 'i ac&i(nii a"e a(&ori&a&iipo"i&ice na&iona"e 'i in&erna&iona"e, care a( ca 'cop '('&inerea in!('&riei 'i a e!i("(i 'a(!irec& !e in%"(en&a in rea"i/area o5iec&i3e"or 'peci%ice in!('&riei.

Acea'&a poo"i&ica e'&e e"a5ora&a 'i ap"ica&a in %(nc&ie !e re'(r'e"e !e care !i'p(ne econoia,!e ariea 'i cerin&e"e pie&ei, !e !e/3o"&area 'i e%icien&a econoica a &arii.

IX.2. A"*+%*"! ' !+m$%!%! 6$ +o9

La '%ar'i&(" ace'&(i 'eco", pro!(c&ia a"ien&ara a cr'c(& in &ari"e in !e/3o"&are !eapro+ia&i3 &rei ori, iar in &ari"e !e/3o"&a&e !e circa ? ori. To&('i aric("&(ra 'i a"ien&a&iacoon'&i&(ie o pro5"ea on!ia"a, !a&ori&a (rar&oare"or 'i&(a&ii>

a pop("a&ia cre'&e in &ip ce '(pra%a&a arico"a @ara5i"a pe "oc(i&or 'ca!e @pericoo"("e+p"o/iei !eora%ice5 prac&icarea aric("&(rii o!erne c( 'cop(" o5&inerii !e ran!aen&e &o& ai ari

!(ce "a !e&eriorarea paan&("(i, "a ara3area cri/ei econoice.O8S Se ip(ne &o& ai ("& ca ipre(na c( o in!('&rie eco"oica, aric("&(ra 'a !(ca "a o!e/3o"&are !(ra5i"a. De a'eenea, a( apar(& in /i"e"e noa'&re # &en!in&e con&rare 'i an(e>

7 in (ne"e /one @in %oar&e ("&e /one e+i'&a %oae&e 'i '(5!e/3o"&are7 in E(ropa Occi!en&a"a, SUA, Cana!a 'i in a"&e &ari !e/3o"&a&e 'e ani%e'&a '(pra

pro!(c&ia aroa"ien&ara. Ace'&a '(prapro!(c&ie 'e !a&orea/a prore'("(i &e;nic 'i&e;no"oic, !ar 'i po"i&icii !e '(53en&ionare a aric("&(rii, ace'& %enoen a" '(prapro!(c&iei !e&erin acre'&erea '&oc(ri"or @pri5"ee !e '&ocare, co'&(ri ri!ica&e

c;iar !i'&r(erea (nor pro!('ec cri/a co(ni&a&i"or r(ra"e7 !aca 'a&e"e !in &ari"e !e/3o"&a&e &in! 'a 'e apropie !e5ene%icii"e ci3i"i/a&iei ora'e"or, ce"e !in &ari"e in !e/3o"&are '(n& ("& raa'e in(ra.

Ten!in&e in e3o"(&ia aric("&(rii pe p"an on!ia"

1. pon!erea pro!(c&iei arico"e in PGM @pro!('(" "o5a" on!ia" e'&e in 'ca!ere#. ace"ea'i&en!in&e !e 'ca!ere 'e ani%e'&a 'i in ceea ce pri3e'&e pop("a&ia ac&i3a !in

aric("&(ra.). in ceea ce pri3e'&e '&r(c&(ra pro!(c&iei arico"e, e+i'&a &en!in&a ca pro!(c&ia

a"ianiera 'a crea'ca ai ("& !eca& cea 3ee&a"a.-. (&a&ii ipor&an&e 'e !e'%a'oara 'i in '&r(c&(ra proprie&a&ii a'(pra paan&("(i, in!(5"( 'en'> pe !e o par&e 'ca!e n(ar(" %erieri"or, iar pe !e a"&a par&e cre'&e e!ia'(pra%e&ei ce re3ine (nei %ere.

Pe ace'&e 5a/e 'e a%ira !e'&(" !e prenan& !o(a &en!in&e>A !e 'pecia"i/are in !i%eri&e ra(ri 'i c;iar '(5 ra(ri a"e aric("&(rii8 !e %orare !e onopo"(ri 'i 'ocie&a&i &ran'na&iona"ee+> in SUA are"e co"o' ^Cari"" !e'%a'oara (ra&oare"e ac&i(ni in #KK)>


35/38

7 are pro!(ca&or !e pro!('e aro7a"ien&are7 pro!(ca&or !e a'ini, /a;ar7 are %"o&a proprie !e pe'c(i& 'i %a5rica !e %aina !e pe'&e7 c(para 'oia, pr(5 'i pro!(ce ("ei(ri pen&r( ania"e7 !e&ine ) !e (/ine in SUA pen&r( %a5ricarea !e pro!('e pen&r( ania"e 'i #K !e

(/ine in a%ara SUA7 are parc propri( !e caioane !e &ran'por&, 'i"o/(ri 'i ari !epo/i&e p"(' in'&a"a&iipor&(a"e

7 pro!(ce 'i e+por&a inra'ain&e7 are 'i'&ee proprii !e &e"era%ie in #K !e ora'e, in SUA 'i in ?K !e ora'e !in )? !e

&ari7 are e+por&a&or !e pro!('e a"ien&are pe "o57 are "a5ora&oare proprii 'i cap(ri e+perien&a"e pen&r( cerce&ari arico"e

Da&ori&a !ien'i(ni"or 'a"e on!ia"e, acea'&a 'oocie&a&e &ran'na&iona"a a prii& !en(irea!e ^Iperi(" Cari"".

. In ceea ce pri3e'&e pro!(c&i3i&a&ea (ncii a3e (ra&oare"e in%ora&ii>

7 in &ari"e !e/3o"&a&e (n "(cra&or "(crea/a circa 1K ;ec&are7 in &ari"e in !e/3o"&are (n "(cra&or "(crea/a circa # ;ec&areCa(/e"e ar %i (ra&oare"e>

7 '"a5a !o&are &e;ica a&eria"a in &ari"e in c(r' !e !e/3o"&are7 in (ne"e &ari @ai a"e' in A%rica e+i'&a oo concen&rare a paan&("(i in %a3oarea (n(i

r(p re'&ran' !e proprie&ari7 aric("&(ra e'&e ai a"e' !e &ip onoc("&(ra in &ari"e in c(r' !e !e/3o"&are7 'i'&e(" coercia" in&erna&iona" e'&e %a3ora5i" &ari"or !e/3o"&a&e @onopo"i/area

ace'&(i coer& ai a"e' !e ca&re STN

A"ien&a&ia pe "o5

Pro5"ea a"ien&ara a !e3eni& in&erna&iona"a pen&r( ca '(n& ip"ica&i '(&e !e i"ioane !eoaeni care &raie'c in a'a n(i&e"e ^/one a"e %oaei . In perioa!a 1JJK7#KKK #KQ !inpop("a&ia &ari"or in !e/3o"&are a3ea( acce' in'(%icien& "a a"ien&a&ie.S7a aprecia& ca ce" ai 'ca/(& con'( a"ien&ar i" are A%ani'&an(" c( circa 1-? !eca"B"oc pe /i %a&a !e e!ia !e con'( a &ari"or in !e/3o"&are !e #HKK ca"B"ocB/i.Con'ecin&e"e enera"e a"e %oaei '(n& n(eroa'e>

7 %ranarea !e/3o"&arii p'i;o7in&e"ec&(a"e7 5o"i"e pro3oca&e e "ip'a (nor e"een&e n(&ri&i3e> *e, Ca, e&c7 '&are 'ocia"a e!iocra care !ec"an'ea/a eira&ia 'pre oora'e inc"('i3 pe'&e rani&e7 ipor&(ri a"ien&are pen&r( care &ari"e %ac !a&orii %oar&e ari

Conc"(/ie>Unii '('&in ca 3ino3a&a ar %i ^e+p"o/ia !eora%ica 'i "ii&e"e %i/ice na&(ra"e a"epo'i5i"i&a&ii !e cre'&ere a pro!('e"or arico"e ca (rare a 'ca!erii '(pra%e&e"orarico"eB"oc(i&or 'i 'eca&(irii &rep&a&e a 'o"("(i !e '(5'&an&e nece'are c("&(ri"or, prec( 'i!a&ori&a ca"ai&a&i"or na&(ra"e !in ("&ia perioa!a.


36/38

,! RELATII MONETARE INTERNATIONALE /RMI0

RMI repre/in&a rapor&(ri"e 5ane'&i care 'e %orea/a in&re econoii"e na&iona"e, in&reaen&ii econoici !in !i%eri&e &ari ca (rare a par&iciparii "or "a circ(i&(" econoic on!ia".

,I! Coo)erarea moonetara inter'tatala )o't.elica

D(pa ce" !e a" !oi"ea ra/5oi on!ia" !a&ori&a '&arii precare a re"a&ii"or one&ar3a"(&are in&rena&iona"e 'e ip(nea in%ap&(irea (nei "ari cooperari a '&a&e"or "(ii, in3e!erea re"een&arii one&are on!ia"e.De aceea in 1JJ- '7a !e'%a'(ra& Con%erin&a Mone&ara 'i *inanciara In&erna&iona"a !e "a8rei&on _oo!' @SUA c( par&iciparea a - !e '&a&e care a( !eci' crearea 'i'&e("(i one&arin&erna&iona". Carac&eri'&ici"e %(n!aen&are a"e SMI era(>

1. A!op&area e&a"on("(i a(r !e3i/e @e&a"on(ni&a&e !e a'(ra .

In ace'& ca/ a"a&(ri !e a(r ca in'&r(en& !e p"a&a 'i re/er3a in rapor&(ri"e econoicee+&erne 'e (&i"i/ea/a !o"ar(" SUA. Ace'&a a %o'& !e%ini& prin&r7o re(&a&e in3aria5i"a in a(r@1[K.?H1 r a(r.#. *i+i&a&ea c(r'("(i !e 'c;i5*iecare &ara 'ena&ara i'i rapor&a one!a "a [ 'a( " a(r.). Con3er&i5i"i&a&ea one&araSe a3ea in 3e!ere # a'pec&e in ace'& ca/ >

7 "i5era con3er&i5i"i&a&e a [ in a(r7 "i5era con3er&i5i"i&a&e a one!e"or na&iona"e a"e '&a&e"or e5re SMI in&re e"e

O8S Ace'& 'i'&e a %(nc&iona& aproape # ani apoi a in&ra& in&r7o cri/a p(&enica 'i '7a

'('pen!a& con3er&i5i"i&a&ea [ in a(r.

Se pra5('e'&e !e a'eenea 'i 'i'&e(" e&a"on a(r !e3i/e ca (rare a !e3a"ori/arii%oar&e ari a !o"ar("(i @c( H, Q.De3a"ori/area !o"ar("(i a a3(& "oc !a&ori&a i'carii re/er3e"or !e a(r a"e SUA !e&eriorarii5a"an&ei !e p"a&i. Perioa!a care a (ra& a5an!onarii principi"or !e "a 8rei&on _oo!' '7acarac&eri/a& prin&r7o %"o&are p(ra, necon&ro"a&a a c(r'(ri"or !e 'c;i5. In acea'&a perioa!a '7a( "(a& (raroare"e a'(ri>

a In&er3en&ia repe&a&a a 5anci"or cen&ra"e pe pia&a one&ara pen&r( '('&

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Economie Mondiala 2