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Edible Schoolyard | Pittsburgh Organic Products General Guidelines Ideally we would never have to use a product purchased a store in our garden. A great farmer is one who draws (and replenishes) as many resources from his or her farm as possible. Nevertheless, sometimes a storebought product is necessary. Avoid the use of pesticides and fertilizers. Any product with an EPA number on it is subject to the usage protocol of your school district. In most cases, it must be locked up and can only be applied by a certified applicator, a notice most be posted at every school entrance for 72 hours before application, and the site must be vacant for 48 hours after the application of the product. Because of these regulations, compost, compost tea, and a few home remedies are the preferred methods of fertilization and pest management. If your school district does not extensively regulate the use of fertilizers and pesticides, follow these three guidelines: 1) use only organic products. 2) keep them securely locked in a dry location. 3) allow only adults to handle these products. According to organic standards, if raw manure is applied directly to the soil, a set number of days must pass before a crop can be harvested from that soil. If you are growing a crop whose edible portion does not have direct contact with the soil (e.g. peppers), then you must wait 90 days. If you are growing a crop whose edible portion does have direct contact with the soil (e.g. lettuce), 120 days must pass between date of application and date of harvest. Despite these standards, avoid the use of manure in school gardens. Fertilizer dispensing containers should be labeled with the common name of the fertilizer. Never use a food container as a fertilizer container. Organic Products Look for the OMRI (Organic Materials Review Institute) label to identify a product as organic. Here are our most commonly used products: Seed Applications: Inoculant increases the population of rhizobacteria in leguminous crops. These rhizobacteria create little nodules on the roots of pea, clover, and bean crops, and are responsible for fixing nitrogen in the soil. Inoculant powder expires after a season, but the bacteria live on in the soil. Foliar Feeds: If you do not have compost tea, add Fish Emulsion and Liquid Kelp to the water when you are watering in a newlytransplanted seedling. The immediate surge of nutrients provided by these products will help the seedling cope with transplant shock. Liquid Kelp can be sprayed on the leaves of spring broccoli if you notice them turning purple. Purple leaves are a result of insufficient phosphorous uptake. Though phosphorous may be abundant in your soil, the cold temperatures of spring can limit its accessibility. Soil Amendments: After the results of your soil test are known, you may need to alter the pH, Phosphorous, and Potassium levels. Use Dolomitic Lime, Rock Phosphate, and Jersey Greensand, respectively. Revita (commercially composted chicken manure) can be added to soil in lieu of compost to increase Nitrogen levels. Pest Applications: o Sprinkle Blood Meal around crops to deter mammalian pests such as groundhogs, rabbits, and deer . It should be reapplied after a few rains to maintain effectiveness.

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Edible  Schoolyard  |  Pittsburgh  

Organic  Products  

General  Guidelines  Ideally  we  would  never  have  to  use  a  product  purchased  a  store  in  our  garden.  A  great  farmer  is  one  who  draws  (and  replenishes)  as  many  resources  from  his  or  her  farm  as  possible.  Nevertheless,  sometimes  a  store-­‐bought  product  is  necessary.  • Avoid  the  use  of  pesticides  and  fertilizers.  Any  product  with  an  EPA  number  on  it  is  subject  

to  the  usage  protocol  of  your  school  district.  In  most  cases,  it  must  be  locked  up  and  can  only  be  applied  by  a  certified  applicator,  a  notice  most  be  posted  at  every  school  entrance  for  72  hours  before  application,  and  the  site  must  be  vacant  for  48  hours  after  the  application  of  the  product.  Because  of  these  regulations,  compost,  compost  tea,  and  a  few  home  remedies  are  the  preferred  methods  of  fertilization  and  pest  management.  

• If  your  school  district  does  not  extensively  regulate  the  use  of  fertilizers  and  pesticides,  follow  these  three  guidelines:  1)  use  only  organic  products.  2)  keep  them  securely  locked  in  a  dry  location.  3)  allow  only  adults  to  handle  these  products.  

• According  to  organic  standards,  if  raw  manure  is  applied  directly  to  the  soil,  a  set  number  of  days  must  pass  before  a  crop  can  be  harvested  from  that  soil.  If  you  are  growing  a  crop  whose  edible  portion  does  not  have  direct  contact  with  the  soil  (e.g.  peppers),  then  you  must  wait  90  days.  If  you  are  growing  a  crop  whose  edible  portion  does  have  direct  contact  with  the  soil  (e.g.  lettuce),  120  days  must  pass  between  date  of  application  and  date  of  harvest.  Despite  these  standards,  avoid  the  use  of  manure  in  school  gardens.  

• Fertilizer  dispensing  containers  should  be  labeled  with  the  common  name  of  the  fertilizer.  Never  use  a  food  container  as  a  fertilizer  container.  

Organic  Products  Look  for  the  OMRI  (Organic  Materials  Review  Institute)  label  to  identify  a  product  as  organic.  Here  are  our  most  commonly  used  products:  • Seed  Applications:  Inoculant  increases  the  population  of  rhizo-­‐bacteria  in  leguminous  crops.  

These  rhizo-­‐bacteria  create  little  nodules  on  the  roots  of  pea,  clover,  and  bean  crops,  and  are  responsible  for  fixing  nitrogen  in  the  soil.  Inoculant  powder  expires  after  a  season,  but  the  bacteria  live  on  in  the  soil.    

• Foliar  Feeds:  If  you  do  not  have  compost  tea,  add  Fish  Emulsion  and  Liquid  Kelp  to  the  water  when  you  are  watering  in  a  newly-­‐transplanted  seedling.  The  immediate  surge  of  nutrients  provided  by  these  products  will  help  the  seedling  cope  with  transplant  shock.  Liquid  Kelp  can  be  sprayed  on  the  leaves  of  spring  broccoli  if  you  notice  them  turning  purple.  Purple  leaves  are  a  result  of  insufficient  phosphorous  uptake.  Though  phosphorous  may  be  abundant  in  your  soil,  the  cold  temperatures  of  spring  can  limit  its  accessibility.  

• Soil  Amendments:  After  the  results  of  your  soil  test  are  known,  you  may  need  to  alter  the  pH,  Phosphorous,  and  Potassium  levels.  Use  Dolomitic  Lime,  Rock  Phosphate,  and  Jersey  Greensand,  respectively.  Revita  (commercially  composted  chicken  manure)  can  be  added  to  soil  in  lieu  of  compost  to  increase  Nitrogen  levels.    

• Pest  Applications:    o Sprinkle  Blood  Meal  around  crops  to  deter  mammalian  pests  such  as  groundhogs,  

rabbits,  and  deer.  It  should  be  reapplied  after  a  few  rains  to  maintain  effectiveness.  

o If  you  notice  aphids  or  spider  mites  on  your  crops,  spray  them  with  a  solution  of  Castile  Soap  (1½  tablespoons  of  soap  to  one  quart  of  water).  Do  not  use  detergent  or  a  stronger  concentration  of  soap  as  it  can  damage  your  crops.  

o If  flea  beetles  become  a  problem  (look  for  them  in  late  July)  Diatomaceous  Earth  can  be  applied  with  a  flour  sifter.  It  must  be  reapplied  often  and  is  not  100%  effective,  so  think  of  it  as  a  last  line  of  defense.  

o The  first  line  of  defense  against  flea  beetles  is  the  use  of  row  cover  as  a  barrier.  Place  an  object  coated  with  Tangletrap  inside  the  row  cover  with  the  plants  so  that  any  flea  beetles  hatching  inside  will  be  attracted  to  the  trap  and  stick  to  it.  

o Bt,  a  bacteria  which  occurs  naturally  in  the  soil,  can  be  sprayed  on  Imported  Cabbageworm.  Though  naturally  occurring,  Bt  should  not  be  used  near  children.  Therefore  it  is  not  recommended  for  school  gardens.  Instead,  handpick  Imported  Cabbageworm.    

• Cover  Crop:  these  are  crops  sown  for  the  express  purpose  of  turning  them  under.  They  are  intended  to  be  food  for  the  soil,  not  food  for  the  consumer.  The  best  cover  crops  accomplish  three  things:  1)  they  outcompete  weeds.  2)  they  reduce  erosion.  3)  they  improve  the  soil  by  adding  nutrients  and  organic  matter.  Here  are  our  favorite  cover  crops:  

o In  mid-­‐March  seed  Crimson  Clover  (at  a  rate  of  ¼  cup  per  12’x3’  bed)  on  beds  that  will  not  be  planted  until  mid-­‐May.    

o A  good  summer  cover  crop  is  Buckwheat.  Usually,  because  plants  are  growing  over  the  summer  in  anticipation  of  students’  return  in  the  fall,  buckwheat  isn’t  very  useful  in  a  school  garden  context.  It  is  very  fast-­‐growing,  however,  and  can  be  seeded  in  late  July/August  if  a  crop  in  one  or  your  beds  fails.  

o In  late  September,  seed  Field  Peas  and  Oats  (½  cup  field  peas  and  1/3  cup  oats  per  12’x3’  bed).  These  will  add  Nitrogen  to  your  soil,  then  die  during  the  coldest  part  of  winter.  Though  dead,  the  roots  will  keep  the  soil  structure  in  place  during  the  spring  thaw,  then  add  organic  matter  back  to  the  soil  as  they  decompose.  They  do  need  time  to  establish  themselves  in  the  fall,  so  do  not  delay  their  planting.  

A  Note  On  Organic  Seeds  Organic  produce  is  not  necessarily  grown  from  organic  seeds.  Farmers  who  are  certified  organic  are  required  to  look  for  organic  seed  in  three  different  sources.  If  no  organic  seed  is  found,  conventionally  grown  seed  may  be  used.  At  Edible  Schoolyard  Pittsburgh,  we  typically  use  FEDCO  Seeds,  Southern  Exposure  Seed  Exchange,  and  Johnny’s  Selected  Seeds  as  our  three  sources.  Even  though  our  sites  are  not  certified  organic,  we  order  organic  seeds  whenever  possible.