{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya - Shivaji University - III/B. Com. III Business... · 2 1.1 àñVmdZm : ì`mdgm`mVrb Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m ì`dhmam§Zm Á`m H$m`ÚmÛmao {Z`§{ÌV Ho$bo

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya {ejU H|$Ð

~r. H$m°_. ^mJ-3

ì`dgm` {Z`_Z H$m`Xo{df`H$ aMZm (Business Regulatory Framework)

go{_ñQ>a 5 H$[aVm

(e¡j{UH$ df© 2015-16 nmgyZ)

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gÌ 5 : KQ>H$ 1

^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm - 1872 gd©gmYmaU H$amam§Mr _ycVÎdo

AZwH«$_{UH$m

1.0 C{ÔîQ>o

1.1 àñVmdZm

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 ì`mnmar H$m`ÚmMr ì`m»`m Am{U Ë`m§À`m {Z{_©VrMo _mJ©

1.2.2 H$m`Xoera H$amamMr ì`m»`m - Amdí`H$ AQ>r Am{U H$amam§Mo àH$ma

1.2.3 àñVmd d àñVmdmMr pñdH¥$Vr, H$amanmÌ ì`ŠVr, à{V\$b, _wŠV g§_Vr d H$m`Xoera CÔoe

1.2.4 ì`W© R>amd d Ë`m§Mo àH$ma

1.2.5 H$ama g_már - ì`m»`m d H$ama g_márMo àH$ma

1.2.6 H$ama ^§Jm~X²Xb Cnm` `moOZm

1.3 gmam§e

1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ g§km

1.5 ñdmÜ`m`

1.0 C{ÔîQ>o : àñVwV KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va {dÚmÏ`m©§Zm ì`mnmar H$m`ÚmÀ`m {Z{_©VrMo _mJ© d ì`mnmar H$m`ÚmÝVJ©V ^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1872 _Yrb H$amam§Mr {Z{_©Vr, H$amam§Mr g_már Am{U H$ama ^§Jm~Ôb CnbãY AgUmè`m Cnm``moOZm `m{df`r H$m`ÚmVrb VaVyXtMr _m{hVr hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.

1. ì`mnmar H$m`Úm§Mm AW© Am{U ì`mnmar H$m`Úm§À`m {Z{_©VrMo _mJ©.

2. H$m`Xoera H$amamMr ì`m»`m, Amdí`H$ AQ>r Am{U H$amam§Mo dJr©H$aU.

3. H$ama {Z{_©VrgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m ~m~r - àñVmd d àñVmdmMr pñdH¥$Vr, H$amanmÌ ì`ŠVr, à{V\$b, _wŠV g§_Vr Am{U H$m`Xoera C{ÔîQ>o.

4. ì`W© R>amd - AW© Am{U H$ama H$m`ÚmZo ì`W© R>a{dÊ`mV Ambobo ì`W© R>amd.

5. H$ama g_márMm AW© Am{U H$ama g_márMo {d{dY _mJ© qH$dm nÕVr.

6. H$ama ^§Jm~X²Xb H$m`ÚmZo CnbãY Agboë`m {d{dY Cnm``moOZm.

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1.1 àñVmdZm :

ì`mdgm`mVrb Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m ì`dhmam§Zm Á`m H$m`ÚmÛmao {Z`§{ÌV Ho$bo OmVo Ë`m H$m`Úm§Zm ì`dgm` {Z_`Z{df`H$ H$m`Xo Ago åhUVmV. `m_Üò ì`dgm` hr g§H$ënZm ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo dmnabr OmVo `mV dñVw Am{U godm CËnmXZ ñWmZmnmgyZ Cn^mo½` ñWmZmn`©§V nmohM{dÊ`mgmR>r H$amì`m bmJUmè`m gd© H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m H$m`m©_Üò AZoH$ ì`ŠVr, g§ñWm gh^mJr hmoVmV. `mV CÚmoOH$, _mbmMo nwadR>oXma, ^m§S>db nwa{dUmè`m ì`ŠVr, {dVr` g§ñWm, Jw§VdUyH$Xma, J«mhH$, gaH$ma, ì`mnmar _Ü`ñW `m§Mm nañnamer g§~§Y òV AgVmo. ì`dgm`m_Üò Aem ì`ŠVr Am{U g§ñWm nañnamV AZoH$ ì`dhma H$arV AgVmV. Aem ì`dhmam§er g§~§{YV ì`ŠVr dm g§ñWmMo {hVg§~§Y gwa{jV ahmdoV, ì`dhmam§Mr H$m`Xoera A_b~OmdUr ìhmdr `m CX²XoemZo Oo {Z`_, H$m`Xo g§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. Ë`mZm§M ì`dgm` {Z`_Z{df`H$ H$m`Xo Ago åhUVmV. `mV dm{UÁ` d CÚmoJ joÌmg bmJy hmoUmè`m gd© H$m`Úm§Mm g_mdoe ì`mnmar H$m`ÚmV hmoVmo, `mVrb ^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1872, `m _hËdmÀ`m ì`mnmar H$m`ÚmMr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho.

Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZm_Üò àËòH$ ì`ŠVr hr {d{dY àH$maMo Xodr-KodrMo ì`dhma H$arV AgVmo. So>AarVyZ XÿY KoUo, ~oH$arVyZ ~«oS> AmUUo d dV©_mZnÌ {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z dV©_mZnÌ {dH$V KoUo Ago ì`dhma AmnU H$arV AgVmo, Ago ì`dhma H$aVmZm AmnU H$ama H$arV AgVmo d Ë`mMr A_§b~OmdUr gwÕm hmoV AgVo. na§Vw Ë`mMr OmUrd AmnUmg AgV Zmhr. ì`mdgm{`H$ OJVm_Üò {d{dY ì`dhma hmoV AgVmV. `m ì`dhmamVyZ Oer H$m`Xoera O~m~Xmar {Z_m©U hmoVo, VgoM H$m§hr A{YH$magwÕm àmßV hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio àËòH$ ì`ŠVr dm g§ñWoZo Amnbr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>mdr, Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§Zm ñW¡`© d gwa{jVVm bm^mdr, ì`dhma H$aUmè`m§Zm Ano{jV Z\$m ìhmdm åhUyZ ^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.

^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1 gßQ>|~a 1872 amoOr Oå_y H$mpí_a dJiVm g§nyU© ^maVmV bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m H$m`ÚmMr XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJUr Ho$bobr Amho. n{hë`m ^mJmV gd©gmYmaU H$amam§Mr VËdo d {Z`_ `m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho `mbm gd©gmYmaU H$amam§Mr _ybVËdo Ago åhUVmV. H$b_ 1 Vo 75 _Üò gd©gmYmaU H$amam§Mr _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho. Xþgè`m ^mJm_Üò {deof H$amam§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `mV ZwH$gmZ ânmB© d h_rMo H$ama, {Zjon d VmaUm§Mo H$ama d à{V{Z{YËdmMo H$ama `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m {deof H$amam§À`m nyV©VoMo ñdV§Ì {Z`_ H$b_ 123 Vo 238 _Üò {Xbo AmhoV Ë`m§Zm {deof H$amam§Mr _ybVËdo Ago åhUVmV.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 H$m`Xm åhUOo H$m` ?

H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm H$m`Xm _m{hV Zmhr qH$dm H$m`ÚmMo AkmZ Amho Ago gm§JyZ H$m`ÚmÀ`m ~§YZmVyZ Amnbr gyQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoVm òV Zmhr Á`m Xoem_Üò AmnU amhVmo Ë`m XoemVrb _hËËdmÀ`m H$m`ÚmMo kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. ì`mnmar joÌmVrb CËnmXH$, {dH«o$Vo, ì`mdgm{`H$, ì`dñWmnH$ `m§Zm XoIrb ì`mnmar H$m`ÚmMr _m{hVr AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo `m X¥îQ>rZo H$m`Xm Am{U ì`mnmar H$m`Xo `m§Mm AW© g_OmdyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

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1. H$m`ÚmMr ì`m»`m Definition of Law

1. Holland : ""Ý`m`XmZmÀ`m à{H«$òV gmd©^m¡_ gËVoZo _mZdmMo ~mh` dV©Z {Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobo {Z`_ qH$dm A{Y{Z`_ `mbm H$m`Xm Ago åhUVmV''.

2. Salmand : """"""""Ý`m`XmZmÀ`m à{H«$òV XoemVrb emgZmZo g§_V Ho$bobo Am{U bmJy Ho$bobo {gÕm§V Am{U VËËdo `m§À`m g§J«hUmg H$m`Xm Ago åhUVmV''.

H$m`Xm hm XoemVrb ZmJ[aH$m§Mo OrdZ g_¥X²Y hmoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVmo. Aem H$m`Úm_wio ZmJ[aH$m§À`m dV©Zmda EH$ àH$maMo {Z`§ÌU amhVo d ZmJ[aH$m§Zm gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm àmá hmoVo.

2. ì`mnmar H$m`Xo Business Law

`m XoemVrb g§gXoH$Sy>Z _mb_ËVm, H§$nÝ`m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ, naH$s` MbZ {Z`§ÌU, MbZj_ XñVEodOo, H$m_Jma Am{U CÚmoJ BË`mXter g§~§YrV AZoH$ àH$maMo H$m`Xo g§_V Ho$bo OmVmV `mn¡H$s AZoH$ H$m`Xo ho dm{UÁ`, ì`mnma, ì`dgm`, Am{U Ë`mÀ`m§er g§~§YrV AgUmao ì`dhma {Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVmV. Á`m H$m`Úm_wio ì`mnma Am{U Ë`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo hmoUmao ì`dhma `mMo {Z`§ÌU Am{U {Z`_Z H$aÊ`mV oVo Ë`m§Zm ì`mnmar H$m`Xo Ago åhUVmV. `m_Ü o H$ama H$m`Xm, _mb {dH«$sMm H$m`Xm, ^mJrXmar g§ñWmMm H$m`Xm, H§$nZr H$m`Xm, MbZj_ XñVEodOm§Mm H$m`Xm, ghH$mar g§ñWmMm H$m`Xm d J«mhH$ g§ajU H$m`Xm B.Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ì`mnmar H$m`Xo hr H$m`ÚmMr ñdV§Ì Aer emIm Zmhr Va Vmo {XdmUr H$m`ÚmMm EH$ ^mJ AgVmo.

ñQ>°ca `m§À`m _Vo - CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, ì`dgm`, BË`mXr joÌm_Üò ì`mnmar d ì`mdgm{`H$m_Üò ì`dhma hmoVmV Ë`m ì`dhmam_YyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m hŠH$m§À`m, H$V©ì`mÀ`m g§X^m©V H$m`ÚmMm Omo ^mJ dmnabm OmVmo Ë`mg ì`mnmar H$m`Xo Ago åhUVmV.

àm. Ohm§Jra E_. Oo. goR>Zm :

""`m§À`m_Vo ì`mnmar H$m`Xo åhUOo ì`mnmè §mMo H$m`Xo H$s Á`m§Mm ì`mnmè`m§À`m ì`dhmamVrb gd© KQ>Zm§er g§~§Y AgVmo. `m_Üò ì`mnmamer {ZJS>rV AZoH$ {df`m§À`m H$m`Úm§Mm A§V^m©d hmoVmo Am{U ì`mnmamVrb àËòH$ ì`dhmamda {Z`§ÌU Am{U n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m H$m`Xoera VËdm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

3. ì`mnmar H$m`ÚmÀ`m {Z{_©VrMo _mJ© Sources of Business Law

ì`mnmar H$m`Xo ho àm_w»`mZo B§J«Or ì`mnmar H$m`ÚmnmgyZ V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. _wiÀ`m B§J«Or H$m`ÚmVrb H$mhr ^mJ dJiyZ Am{U ^maVmVrb àmá n[apñWVrg Cn`wŠV R>aVrb Aem gwYmaUm H$ê$Z ^maVr` ì`mnmar H$m`Xo V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV Aem ^maVr` ì`mnmar H$m`Úm§À`m {Z{_©VrMo _mJ© qH$dm ñÌmoV Imbrb à_mUo AmhoV.

1) B§J«Or ì`mnmar H$m`Xo : B§J«Or ì`mnmar H$m`Xo ho ^maVr` ì`mnmar H$m`ÚmÀ`m {Z{_©VrMo à_wI ñÌmoV Amho. B§J«Or ì`mnmar H$m`Xo ho B§½bS§>_Yrb ì`mnmè`m§À`m ì`dhmamVrb ê$T>r, na§nam

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Am{U g§Ho$V `mda AmYmabobo AgVmV Ago ho B§J«Or ì`mnmar H$m`Xo ^maVr` ì`mnmar H$m`Úm§À`m {Z{_©VrMo à_wI AmYma AmhoV.

2) ^maVr` d¡Ym{ZH$ H$m`Xo : ^maVr` g§gXo_Ü o ñdV§Ì H$m`Xm g§_V H$ê$Z Á`m {d{dY d¡Ym{ZH$ H$m`ÚmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmVo ho gd© d¡Ym{ZH$ H$m`Xo ^maVr` ì`mnmar H$m`ÚmÀ`m {Z{_©VrMo à_wI AmYma _mZbo OmVmV. `mV ^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm, _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama H$m`Xm, ^maVr` ^mJrXmarMm H$m`Xm, MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`Xm, H§$nZr H$m`Xm `m d¡Ym{ZH$ H$m`Úm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

3) _mJrb Ý`m`mb`rZ Ý`m`{ZdmSo> : B§J«Or Ý`m`mb`m§Zr Am{U ^maVr` Ý`m`mb`m§Zr doJdoJù`m IQ>ë`m_Üò {Xbobo _mJrb Ý`m`mb`rZ {ZH$mb ho XoIrb ì`mnmar H$m`ÚmMo {Z{_©VrMo gmYZ _mZÊ`mV òVo. Ooìhm H$moQ>m©nwT>o EImÚm IQ>ë`m~m~V EImÚm {df`mda H$m`Xm Amnbo åhUZo gm§JV Zgob Voìhm Ý`m`m{YemZo Amnbr gXgX² {ddoH$ ~wX²Yr OmJ¥V R>odyZ Aem Ho$gMm {ZH$mb _mJrb Ý`m`mb`rZ H$mJXnÌmÀ`m AmYmao Ý`m` VËdmda {Xbm nm{hOo, Agm {ZH$mb XoVmZm _mJrb IQ>ë`mVrb {Xboë`m {ZU© mMo AZwH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m g_moa Amboë`m IQ>ë`mMm§ {ZH$mb X`mdm bmJVmo.

4) ì`mnmar ê$T>r - na§nam : XoemVrb ì`mnmam_Ü o ì`mnma H$aVmZm àM{bV Agboë`m ê$T>r na§nam qH$dm àWm `m XoIrb ^maVr` ì`mnmar H$m`Úm§Mm {Z{_©VrMo à_wI ñÌmoV g_Obo OmVmV. Aem `m ì`mnmar ê$T>r-na§nam `m ì`mnmè`m§Zr Ë`mMo ì`dhma H$go H$amdo `mMo {Z`_ Xe©{dVmV, Aem ê$T>r-na§namMm H$m`ÚmÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Üò _hËd ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr` H$m`Xo _§S>imZo H$mhr H$m`Úm§_Üò ñnîQ> C„oI H$ê$Z ê$T>r-na§namMm ZdrZ H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXrda H$m§hrhr n[aUm_ hmoUma Zmhr Ago ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho. Ooìhm Aem ê$T>r-na§nam H$moQ>m©H$Sy>Z _mÝ` Ho$ë`m OmVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mm Ý`m`mb`rZ {ZH$mb nÌm§_Üò g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV òVmo. Voìhm Ë`m ê$T>r-na§nam H$m`Úm§Mm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ ~ZVmV Am{U Ë`m§Zm H$m`Xoera _mÝ`Ê`mV XoÊ`mV òVo.

WmoS>Š`mV cjmV R>odm ^maVr` ì`mnmar H$m`ÚmÀ`m {Z{_©VrMo - B§J«Or ì`mnmar H$m`Xo, ^maVr` d¡Ym{ZH$ H$m`Xo, _mJrb Ý`m`mb`rZ Ý`m` {ZdmSo> d ì`mnmar ê$T>r na§nam ho Mma ñÌ«moV AmhoV.

1.2.2 H$m`Xoera H$ama Valid Contract

1. H$m`Xoera H$amamMr ì`m»`m : Definition of Valid Contract

àËòH$ H$amamMr gwê$dmV hr R>amdmZo hmoVo. Aem R>amdmÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r dMZmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Aem dMZmÀ`m {Z{_©VrH$aVm "EH$m ì`ŠVrZo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg àñVmd Ho$bm nm{hOo Am{U Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrZo Vmo àñVmd pñdH$mabm nm{hOo. Ooìhm àñVmd pñdH$maÊ`mV òVmo Voìhm Ë`m àñVmdmMo R>amdmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Üò R>amd hm H$m`Xoera Agbm nm{hOo ^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 10 _Üò H$m`Xoera H$amamMr ì`m»`m Imbrb à_mUo {Xbr Amho.

""Oa XmoZ ì`pŠV_Yrb R>amd H$ama nmÌ ì`ŠVrZr Amnë`m _wŠV g§_VrZo Ho$bm Agob Am{U Ë`mMm CX²Xoe d à{V\$b H$m`Xoera Agob Am{U Vmo R>amd H$moUË`mhr H$m`X`mZo ì`W© R>amdbm

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Zgob Va Agm R>amd H$m`XoeraH$ama hmoVmo. VgoM Vmo R>amd boIr Agmdm AWdm Zm|Xdbobm Agmdm Aer AQ> Agob Va, Vmo boIr dm Zm|Xdbobm Agbm nm{hOo.''

1.2.2 H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m Amdí`H$ AQ>r Essentials of Valid Contract

`m darb H$b_ 10 _Üò {Xboë`m ì`m»òÀ`m {díbofUmdê$Z EImXm R>amd H$m`Xoera H$ama_Üò ê$nm§Va ìhmd`mMm Agob Va Ë`m R>amdmZo Imbrb AQ>tMr nwV©Vm Ho$br nm{hOo Ë`mbmM H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m Amdí`H$ AQ>r Ago åhUVmV.

1) XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Üò R>amd hmoUo : H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Üò Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m R>amdm H$arVm {H$_mZ XmoZ ì`ŠVr Amdí`H$ AgVmV `mVrb EH$m ì`ŠVrZo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg àñVmd Ho$bm nm{hOo, Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrZo Ë`mg pñdH¥$Vr {Xbr nm{hOo. Agm àñVmd Am{U àñVmdmMr pñdH¥$Vr `m XmoÝhrhr H$m`Xoera Agë`m nm{hOoV. àñVmd hm àñVmdË`mbm H$i{dbm nm{hOo d àñVmdmMr pñdH¥$Vr XoIrb àñVmdH$mg H$idrcr nm{hOo.

2) H$m`Xoera g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$aUo : R>amd H$aUmè`m XmoÝhr ì`ŠVrMm CX²Xoe hm nañnam§_Üò H$m`Xoera g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$aUo hm Agbm nm{hOo. Oa EImX`m R>amdmMm CX²Xoe hm gm_m{OH$ qH$dm _¡ÌrnyU© g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$aUo hm Agob, Va Ë`m R>amdmMr A§_b~OmdUr H$m`ÚmZo H$aVm òV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Vmo R>amd H$m`Xoera g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVwZo Ho$bm nm{hOo V|ìhmM Vmo R>amd H$m`Xoera H$amamV ê$nm§Va hmoVmo.

3) H$amanmÌ ì`ŠVr : H$m`Xoera H$ama ApñVËdmV òÊ`mgmR>r R>amd H$aUmè`m XmoÝhr ì`ŠVr `m H$ama H$aÊ`mg nmÌ Agë`m nm{hOoV, H$ama nmÌ ì`ŠVr åhUOo Or ì`ŠVr gkmZ (18 df} nyU©) AgyZ, {OMr ~wX²Yr_ËVm gwk Amho Am{U Á`mbm H$moUË`mhr H$m`X`mZo H$ama H$aÊ`mg AnmÌ R>a{dco Zmhr Aer ì`ŠVr hmo`. Oa EImX`m R>amdmVrb EH$ ì`ŠVr gkmZ Am{U Xþgar AkmZ Agob Va Vmo R>amd H$m`Xoera H$ama hmoV Zmhr. Vmo R>amd ì`W© g_Ocm OmVmo.

4) _wŠV g§_ËVr : H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Üò R>amd H$aUmè`m XmoÝhr ì`ŠVtMr g§_Vr _wŠV Agbr nm{hOo åhUOoM H$amamÀ`m XmoÝhrhr ì`ŠVrZr ñdÀN>oZo R>amdmVrb {Xbobo Amnmnbo dMZo nyU© H$aÊ`mg V`ma Agë`m nm{hOoV. Ooìhm R>amdmg ì`ŠVrZo {Xbobr g§_Vr hr ~bà`moJ, AZw{MV à^md, H$nQ>, AgË` {dYmZ Am{U MyH$ `mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr EH$m H$maUmZo {Xbobr AgVo, Voìhm Vr g§_Vr _wŠV hmoV Zmhr. `m H$maUm{edm` XoÊ`mV òUmar g§_Vr hr _wŠV g_OÊ`mV òVo åhUyZ ì`ŠVrMr R>amdmg g§_Vr _wŠV Agob VaM H$m`Xoera H$ama ApñVËdmV òVmo.

5) H$m`Xoera CX²Xoe : H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Üò R>amdmMm CX²Xoe hm H$m`Xoera Agbm nm{hOo Oa R>amdmMo CX²{XîQ> ho-

1. Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrMr \$gdUyH$ H$aUmao Agob qH$dm

2. H$m`ÚmZo à{V~§Y Ho$bobo H¥$Ë` H$aÊ`m~m~V Agob qH$dm

3. H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXtMm §J H$aUmao qH$dm {Z`_m {dê$X²Y Agob qH$dm

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4. Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m {OdrVmg AWdm Ë`mMm _mb_ËVog YmoH$m nmohMdUmao Agob qH$dm

5. AZ¡{VH$ AWdm gm_m{OH$ YmoaUm{dê$X²Y g_Obo OmUmao Agob.

Aem darb 1 Vo 5 CnH$b_m_Üò gm§{JVbobr R>amdm§Mo CX²Xoe ho ~oH$m`Xoera AgVmV åhUyZ darb CX²Xoe gmoSy>Z BVa gd© R>amdm§Mo CX²Xoe ho H$m`Xoera g_OÊ`mV òVmV.

6) H$m`Xoera à{V\$c : H$m`Xoera H$amamgmR>r Ogo R>amdmMo CX²XrîQ> ho H$m`Xoera Agmdo bmJVo Ë`mà_mUo à{V\$b XoIrb H$m`Xoera Agbo nm{hOo. oWo darb H$m`Xoera CX²XrîQ>mÀ`m CnH$b_ 1 Vo 5 `m_Üò Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo R>amdmMr à{V\$b Agob Va Vo XoIrb ~oH$m`Xoera g_OÊ`mV òVo åhUyZ darb CnH$b_ 1 Vo 5 _Üò gm§{JVboë`m R>amdmÀ`m à{V\$bm{edm` BVa gd© R>amdm§Mr à{V\$bo hr H$m`Xoera g_OÊ`mV òVmV.

7) R>amd ì`W© Zgbm nm{hOo : H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Üò Pmbobm R>amd ì`W© Zgbm nm{hOo. ^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmZo H$mhr R>amd ho ì`W© R>a{dbo AmhoV, Oar Ago R>amd H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m BVa AQ>r åhUOoM H$ama nmÌ ì`ŠVr, _wŠV g§_Vr, H$m`Xoera CX²Xoe Am{U H$m`Xoera à{V\$b `mgma»`m AQ>r nyU© H$arV Agob Var Vo ì`W© g_OÊ`mV oVmV.

CXm. {ddmh à{V~§Y R>amd, ì`mnma Y§Xm à{V~§Y R>amd, Ý`m`XmZmÀ`m H$m_mVhñVjon H$aUmam R>amd, n¡OoMm R>amd B. ho gd© R>amd ì`W© g_OÊ`mV òVmV. Oar Vo H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m BVa AQ>r nyU© H$aUmao Agbo Var Vo H$m`Xoera H$amamV ê$nm§Va hmoV ZmhrV.

8) {ZpíMV AWm©Mm R>amd : XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Üò Pmboë`m R>amdmÀ`m AQ>r `m {ZpíMV Am{U {Zg§{X½Y Agë`m nm{hOoV H$maU ^maVr` H$ama H$m`X`mMm H$b_ 29 _Üò Á`m R>amdmMm AW© ñnîQ> hmoV Zmhr Am{U Oo R>amd A{ZpíMV AWm©Mo AgVmV Vo gd© R>amd ì`W© g_OÊ`mV òVmV. CXm. "A' `m ì`mnmè`mZo "~' `m ì`mnmè`mg 100 Q>Z Vob {dH$Ê`mMm H$ama Ho$bm `m R>amdm_Üò "A'"~' bm H$moUË`m àH$maMo Vob {dH$Uma Amho `mMm AW© ñnîQ> hmoV Zgë`mZo Vmo R>amd ì`W© hmoVmo.

9) R>amdmVrb dMZm§Mr nyV©Vm eŠ` Pmbr nm{hOo : H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Üò R>amdmV {Xboë`m dMZmMr nyV©Vm H$aUo eŠ` Pmco nm{hOo. H$b_ 56 à_mUo Á`m R>amdm§Mr A_b~OmdUr AeŠ` AgVo, Vo ì`W© g_OÊ`mV òVmV.

CXm. XmoZ g_m§Va aofm EH$_oH$m§Zm OmoS>Ê`mMm R>amd H$aUo qH$dm AmH$memVrb Vmao O{_Zrda AmUÊ`mMo dMZ XoUo B. Ago R>amd ì`W© AgVmV H$maU H$ama_Üò {Xboë`m dMZmnyV©Vm H$aUo AeŠ` AgVo.

10) H$m`Xoera ~m~tMm nyV©Vm : R>amd hm boIr / Vm|S>r Agbm Var MmbVmo na§Vw H$m`ÚmZo Vmo boIr H$ê$Z Ë`mMr arVga Zm|XUr H$aÊ`m{df`rMo ~§YZ KmVbo Agob Va Vmo H$ama boIr ñdê$nmV Ho$bobm Agmdm bmJVmo, Vmo Vm|S>r H$ê$Z MmbV Zmhr. Aem àH$mao _mb_ËVoÀ`m, O{_ZrÀ`m IaoXr-{dH«$sMo H$ama ho boIr ñdê$nmV Agmdo bmJVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mr [aVga Zm|XUr H$amdr bmJVo AemàH$mao XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Üò Pmboë`m R>amdmZo da gm§{JVboë`m gd© AQ>tMr nyV©VmHo$ë`mg Vmo R>amd

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H$m`Xoera H$ama hmoVmo. `mn¡H$s EH$ Oar AQ> nyU©Pmbr Zmhr Va Ë`mMo H$m`Xoera R>amdmV ê$nm§Va hmoV Zmhr. åhUyZ Ago åhUVmV H$s, gd© H$ama R>amd AgVmV na§Vw gd© R>amd H$ama AgVrbM Ago Zmhr.

bjmV R>odm : H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m Amdí`H$ AQ>r -

1. XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Üò R>amd hmoUo. 2. H$m`Xoera g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$aUo.

3. H$ama nmÌ ì`ŠVr 4. _wŠV g§_`r

5. H$m`Xoera CÔoe 6. H$m`Xoera à{V\$b

7. R>amd ì`W© Zgbm nm{hOo 8. {ZpíMV AWm©Mm R>amd

9. R>amdmVrb dMZm§Mr nyV©Vm eŠ` 10. H$m`Xoera ~m~tMr nyV©Vm.

3. H$amamMo dJr©H$aU / àH$ma Classification of Contract

H$amam§§À`m dJr©H$aUmMo VrZ AmYma AmhoV. Ë`mZwgma H$amam§Mo Imbrbà_mUo dJr©H$aU Ho$bo OmVo-

A) {Z{_©VrZwgma dJr©H$aU Classification on the basis of formation

XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Üò Oo H$ama ApñVËdmV òVmV Ë`m§À`m {Z{_©VrZwgma H$amam§Mo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV.

1) ì`ŠV H$ama : Á`m H$amam_Üò H$ama ApñVËdmV òVmZm ì`ŠVrZr Vm|S>r AWdm boIr ñdê$nmV dMZ {Xbobo AgVo Voìhm Ë`mg ì`ŠV H$ama Ago åhUVmV.

CXm. "A' Zo "~' bm Amnbo Ka 1 bmI én`mg {dH«$s H$aÊ`mMm Vm|S>r ñdê$nmV àñVmd Ho$bm d "~' Zo Ë`mg _mÝ`Vm {Xbr. qH$dm "A' Zo "~' bm nÌ nmR>dyZ Amnë`m KamÀ`m {dH«$sMm àñVmd Ho$bm Va hm boIr ñdê$nmVrc ì`ŠV H$ama hmoVmo.

2) J¥{hV H$ama : Oo H$ama Vm|S>r AWdm boIr dMZmZo ì`ŠV Ho$bo OmV ZmhrV. na§Vw ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©Zmdê$Z H$ama Pmë`mMo AZw_mZ H$mT>bo OmVmV Ë`mg J¥hrV H$ama Ago åhUVmV `mV H$ama ì`ŠVr `m Amnë`m dV©ZmZo àñVmd H$aVmV Am{U dV©ZmZoM pñdH¥$Vr XoÊ`mV oVo.

CXm. Ooìhm EImXr dmhVyH$ H§$nZr {d{dY _mJm©da àdmgr dmhVwH$sMr gmo` H$aVo Am{U àdmgr Ë`mMm bm^ KoVmV V|ìhm Vmo J¥{hV H$ama AgVmo.

~) nyV©VoZwgma H$amam§Mo dJr©H$aU Classification on the basis of Performance

H$ama ApñVËdmV Amë`mZ§Va Aem H$amamVrb dMZm§Mr nyV©Vm, ì`ŠVr H$em H$aVmV `mdê$Z H$amamMo VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.

1) nyV©Vm Pmbobm H$ama : Á`m H$amam_Üò H$amamÀ`m XmoÝhr ì`ŠVr `m H$amamV {Xbobr Amnbr dMZo EH$mM doir nyU© H$aVmV Voìhm Ë`mg nyV©Vm Pmbobm H$ama Ago åhUVmV. CXm. amoIrÀ`m _mb IaoXr-{dH«$sMm H$ama

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2) nwV©Vm ìhmd`mMm H$ama : Á`m H$amam_Üò H$amamÀ`m XmoÝhrhr ì`ŠVr H$amamVrb Amnbr {Xbobr dMZo AÚmn nyU© Ho$bobr ZgVmV Voìhm Ë`mg nyV©Vm ìhmd`mMm H$ama Ago åhUVmV. CXm. _mb {dH«$sMm R>amd hm nyV©Vm ìhmd`mMm H$ama AgVmo.

3) A§eV: nyV©Vm Pmbobm Am{U A§eV: nyV©Vm ìhmd`mMm H$ama : Á`m H$amam_Üò EH$ ì`ŠVr hr H$amamV {Xbobo Amnbo dMZ nyU© Ho$bobo AgVo Am{U Xþgar ì`ŠVr hr Amnbo dMZ AX`mn nyU© H$aUma AgVo, Ë`m H$amam§Zm A§eV: nyV©Vm Pmbobm Am{U A§eV: nwV©Vm ìhmd`mMm H$ama Ago åhUVmV. CXm. ñQ>oeZdarb aoëdo Hw$brZo àdmemMo gm{hË` CMbyZ Q>°Šgr_Üò R>odbo åhUOo Hy$brZo Amnë`m dMZmMr nyV©Vm Ho$br AmVm àdmembm Amnë`m dMZmMr nyV©V: H$amdr bmJob åhUOoM g§~§YrV Hw$brbm Ë`mÀ`m H$m_mMm _mo~Xbm h_mbr Úmdr bmJob.

H$) A§_b~OmdUrZwgma H$amam§Mo dJr©H$aU Classification on the basis of Enforceability

H$amamMr {Z{_©Vr Pmë`m§Va Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr hmoV AgVmZm Ë`mVrb H$m`Xoera ~m~r {dMmamV KoD$Z H$amamMo Imbrbà_mUo nmM àH$ma nS>VmV.

1) H$m`Xoera H$ama : Á`m H$amam§Mr H$m`Úmà_mUo A§_b~OmdUr H$aVm òVo Am{U Oo H$ama XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Üò H$m`Xoera g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$aVmV Ë`m§Zm H$m`Xoera H$ama Ago åhUVmV. `m H$m`Xoera H$amamH$Sy>Z ì`ŠVr_Üò H$m`Xoera hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ìò {Z_m©U Ho$br OmVmV Am{U Ë §mMo nmbZ H$aUo Ë`m§À`mda H$m`ÚmZo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo.

2) dÁ`©Zr` H$ama : Á`m H$amamMr A§_b~OmdUr hr H$amamVrb EH$M ì`ŠVr H$ê$ eH$Vo, Xþgar ì`ŠVr H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr Ë`mg dÁ`©Zr` H$ama Ago åhUVmV. `m_Üò EH$mM ì`ŠVrg H$ama A§_bmV AmUÊ`mMm qH$dm aX²X H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ àmá hmoVmo. åhUyZ Á`m H$amam_Üò H$ama ì`ŠVrMr g§_Vr hr ~bà`moJ (X~md), Z¡{VH$ dOZ (AZw{MV à^md), \$gdUyH$ (H$nQ>) AgË` {dYmZ `m H$maUm§Zr {_idbobr AgVo Voìhm Vmo dÁ`©Zr` H$ama hmoVmo Aem H$amam_Üò ì`ŠVrMr g§_Vr _wŠV AgV Zmhr.

3) ì`W© H$ama : H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m {déÕ n[apñWVr ì`W© H$amam_Ü o AgVo. Á`m H$amamMr A§_b~OmdUr H$m`ÚmZo H$aVm òV Zmhr qH$dm Oo H$ama H$ama ì`ŠVr_Üò H$moUVohr H$m`Xoera g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV, Aem H$amam§Zm ì`W© H$ama åhUVmV. ì`W© H$amam_Üò H$amamVrb dMZm§Mr A§§_b~OmdUr XmoÝhrhr ì`ŠVr H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV Am{U Ý`m`mb`m§Zm XoIrb Aem H$amamÀ`m nyV©VoMm AmJ«h YaVm òV Zmhr.

4) ~oH$m`Xoera H$ama : Oo R>amd _wiV: H$m`X`mVrb VaVwXtMm ^§J H$aUmao AgVmV qH$dm Á`m H$amamMo CX²Xoe d à{V\$b ho ~oH$m`Xoera AgVo V|ìhm Aem R>amdm§Zm ~oH$m`Xoera H$ama Ago åhUVmV. ~oH$m`Xoera H$ama ho gwadmVrnmgyZ ì`W© AgVmV.

5) nyV©Vm Z H$aVm oUmam H$ama : Omo H$ama àË`jmV H$m`Xoera AgVmo na§Vw H$mhr Vm§{ÌH$ Xmofm§_wio Aem H$amam§Mr H$m`X`mZo A§_b~OmdUr H$aVm òV Zmhr Ë`mZm nyV©Vm Z H$aVm òUmam H$ama åhUVmV. Aem H$amamVrb Vm§{ÌH$ Xmof åhUOo boIr ñdê$nmV ZgZo qH$dm H$amamda `mo½`

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aŠH$_oMo {V{H$Q> Z bmdUo B. Aem H$amamVrb Vm§{ÌH$ Xmof Xÿa Ho$bo Va H$m`ÚmZwgma Aem H$amam§Mr nyV©Vm hmoVo.

1.2.3.1 àñVmd Am{U àñVmdmMr pñdH¥$Vr Proposal and Acceptance of Proposal

1) àñVmd Proposal : XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Üò R>amd ApñVËdmV òÊ`mgmR>r EH$m ì`ŠVr Zo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg àñVmd H$amd`mMm AgVmo Am{U Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrZo Ë`mg g§_Vr Úmd`mMr AgVo åhUyZ H$moUË`mhr H$amamMr gwédmV hr R>amdmnmgyZ hmoVo. O|ìhm àñVmdH$mMm àñVmd àñVmdVm pñdH$maVmo Voìhm R>amd ApñVËdmV òVmo. Or ì`ŠVr àñVmd H$aVo Ë`mg àñVmdH$ åhUVmV Am{U Á`m ì`ŠVrg àñVmd H$aÊ`mV òVmo qH$dm Or ì`ŠVr àñVmdmg g§_Vr XoVo Ë`mg àñVmdVm åhUVmV. H$ama H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 2 _Üò àñVmdmMr ì`m»`m Imbrbà_mUo {Xbr Amho.

""Ooìhm EH$ ì`ŠVr Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg Ë`mMr g§_Vr {_idÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo EImXo H¥$Ë` H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr AWdm Z H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr Amnbr BÀN>m àH$Q> H$aVo Voìhm Aem ì`ŠVrZo àñVmd Ho$bm Ago åhUVmV'' R>amdmÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r àñVmd hm H$m`Xoera hmoÊ`mgmR>r àñVmdmZo Imbrb AQ>r nyU© Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV.

1. H$m`Xoera g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm CX²Xoe : àñVmdH$mMm àñVmd H$m`Xoera hmoÊ`mgmR>r Vmo àñVmdË`mer H$m`Xoera g~§Y {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo Ho$bm nm{hOo Oa àñVmd ì`ŠVr_Üò H$m`Xoera g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$arV Zgob Va àñVmd H$m`Xoera hmoV Zmhr.

2. àñVmd {ZpíMV d {dZm AQ> Agbm nm{hOo : àñVmdH$mMm àñVmd hm {d{eîQ> ñdê$nmMo {ZpíMV H¥$Ë` H$aÊ`m~m~V AWdm Z H$aÊ`m~m~V Ho$bm nm{hOo. VgoM Oa àñVmdmVrb H¥$Ë` A{ZpíMV qH$dm AQ>rgh Agob Va Vmo àñVmd H$m`Xoera hmoV Zmhr.

3. àñVmd hm eŠ` Agboë`m H¥$Ë`m~X²Xb Agbm nm{hOo : àñVmdH$mMm àñVmd hm Zoh_r {ZpíMV dñVy~m~V AWdm eŠ` AgUmè`m H¥$Ë`m~m~V Agbm nm{hOo. Oa àñVmdmVrb H¥$Ë` AeŠ` Agob Va àñVmd AmnmoAmn aÔ hmoVmo.

4. àñVmd àñVmdË`mg H$i{dbm nm{hOo : àñVmdH$mMm àñVmd hm àñVmdË`mg H$ibm nm{hOo H$maU àñVmdË`mZo àñVmd Z H$iVmM EImXo H¥$Ë` Ho$bo Va Ë`m H¥$Ë`m~X²Xb _mo~Xbm _mJVm òV Zmhr. Agm {ZH$mb bmb_Z {dê$X²Y Jm¡ar XÎm `m Ho$g_Üò Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbm Amho.

5. àñVmd Am{U àñVmdmMo {Z_§ÌU `m_Ü o \$aH$ AgVmo : àñVmd åhUOo àñVmdmMo {Z_§ÌU hmoV Zmhr. àñVmdmMo {Z_§ÌU ho àñVmdmnojm doJio AgVo. àñVmdmMo {Z_§ÌU åhUOo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrZo àñVmd H$amdm `mgmR>rMo Vo AmdmhZ AgVo. àñVmdmMo {Z_§ÌU pñdH$mabo `m§Mm AW©. àñVmd pñdH$mabm Ago g_Obo OmV Zmhr åhUyZ O|ìhm H§$nÝ`m ^m§S>db C^maUrgmR>r dV©_mZ nÌmV ^mJ {dH«$sMr Om{hamV XoVmV {H$dm H$m_mg§~§YrMo Om{hamVrg AZwgê$Z BÀNy>H$ ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Q>|S>a _mJ{dVmV Vo àñVmdmMo {Z`§ÌU AgVo åhUyZ àñVmd Am{U àñVmdmMo {Z_§ÌU `mV \$aH$ Ho$bm OmVmo.

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6. àñVmd g§_Vr {_idÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo Ho$bm nm{hOo : àñVmd hm Zoh_r Amnë`m H¥$Ë`mg Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrMr g_§Vr {_idÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo Ho$bm nm{hOo Oa g§^mfUmX²dmao Xþgè`m Ag§~YrV ì`ŠVrOdi BÀN>m àH$Q> Ho$br Va Vmo àñVmd hmoV Zmhr.

7. àñVmd EH$mg CX²XoeyZ qH$dm AZoH$m§Zm CX²XoeyZ Ho$bm OmVmo : Ooìhm àñVmd EH$m {d{eð> ì`ŠVrbm CX²XoeyZ Ho$bm OmVo Voìhm Vmo {d{eîQ> àñVmd AgVmo. `mCbQ> Ooìhm Vmo dV©_mZ nÌmVyZ Om{hamV XoD$Z AZoH$m§Zm CX²XoeyZ H$aÊ`mV òVmo Voìhm Ë`mg gd©gmYmaU àñVmd Ago åhUVmV.

8. àñVmd pñdH¥$VrMr AQ> : àñVmdmVyZ àñVmdH$mZo àñVmd pñdH¥$VrÀ`m AQ>r àñVmdË`mg H$i{dë`m nm{hOoV, Oa `m AQ>r H$idë`m Zmhr Va Ë`m§Mr nyV©Vm àñVmdË`m§Va ~§YZH$maH$ amhV Zmhr.

9. àñVmd pñdH¥$VrMr _wXV : àñVmd {H$Vr _wXVrV pñdH$mabm nm{hOo `mMr AQ> àñVmdmV KmVbr Agob Va Ë`m _wXVrV pñdH$mabm nm{hOo. Oa àñVmd> pñdH¥$VrMr _wXV R>adyZ {Xbr Zgob Va Vmo `mo½` _wXVrV pñdH$mabm nm{hOo. `mo½` _wXVrÀ`m g_már Z§Va Vmo aX²X hmoVmo.

2) àñVmdmMr pñdH¥$Vr Acceptance of Proposal : Á`m ì`ŠVrg àñVmd H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho Aem ì`ŠVrZo àñVmdmg pñdH¥$Vr ñdV: qH$dm ñdV:À`m à{V{ZYr _m\©$V XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ooìhm àñVmdVm àñVmdH$mg Amnbr g§_Vr XoVmo V|ìhm Ë`mZo àñVmd pñdH$mabm Ago åhUVmV. H$ama H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$_b 2 _Üò àñVmd pñdH¥$VrMr ì`m»`m Imbrbà_mUo {Xbr Amho. ""Á`m ì`ŠVrg àñVmd H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho Aer ì`ŠVr Á`mdoir Amnbr g§_Vr XoVo, Voìhm Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo àñVmd pñdH$mabm Ago åhUVmV. Ooìhm àñVmd pñdH$maÊ`mV òVmo V|ìhm H$amamgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmam R>amd ApñVËdmV oVmo.''

WmoS>Š`mV àñVmdmMr pñdH¥$Vr åhUOo àñVmdmg ì`ŠV Ho$bobr g§_Vr hmo`.

H$m`Xoera àñVmd pñdH¥$VrÀ`m AQ>r -

àñVmdmMr pñdH¥$Vr H$m`Xoera hmoÊ`mgmR>r àñVmd pñdH¥$VrZo Imbrb AQ>r nyU© Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV.

1) pñdH¥$Vr {dZm AQ> : àñVmdmg pñdH¥$Vr XoVmZm g§nyU© àñVmdmg åhUOoM àñVmd g§nyU©nUo pñdH$mabm nm{hOo. àñVmdmÀ`m _wi AQ>r OemÀ`m Ví`m pñdH$maë`m nm{hOoV. Oa Ë`m AQ>rV ~Xb Ho$bm Va Vr pñdH¥$Vr Z hmoVm à{VàñVmd ~ZVmo.

2) pñdH¥$VrMr nX²YV : àñVmd pñdH$maÊ`mg~§Yr àñVmdH$mZo àñVmdË`mg Á`m gyMZm Am{U nÕVr gm§{JVbr Agob, Ë`m nÕVrZoM àñVmdmg pñdH¥$Vr {Xbr nm{hOo. Oa `m nojm doJù`m nÕVrZo pñdH¥$Vr XoÊ`mV Ambr Va Vr ~oH$m`Xoera g_OÊ`mV òVo.

3) pñdH¥$Vr H$i{dUo : Á`m à_mUo àñVmdH$mMm àñVmd àñVmdË`mbm H$i{dUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo. Ë`mà_mUo àñVmdË`mZo {Xbobr g§_Vr XoIrb àñVmdH$mg H$i{dbr nm{hOo. Vr Vm|S>r, boIr

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qH$dm dV©ZmVyZ H$i{dbr Var Mmbob, Ho$di _Zm_Üò pñdH¥$VrMm Ho$bobm {ZíM` pñdH¥$Vr hmoV Zmhr.

4) pñdH¥$Vr H$moUr {Xbr nm{hOo : àñVmdmg pñdH¥$Vr hr àñVmdË`mZoM {Xbr nm{hOo, Oa EImÚm {VèhmB©V ì`ŠVrZo àñVmdmg pñdH¥$Vr {Xbr Va Vr H$m`Xoera hmoV Zmhr.

5) pñdH¥$Vr H$moUmg {Xbr nm{hOo : àñVmdmMr pñdH¥$Vr hr àñVmdH$mg {Xbr nm{hOo, Oa pñdH¥$Vr AZm{YH¥$V Xþgè`m {VèhmB©V ì`ŠVrg XoÊ`mV Ambr Va Vr H$m`Xoera hmoV Zmhr.

6) àñVmd pñdH¥$VrMr doi : Oa àñVmdH$mZo àñVmd pñdH¥$VrMr doi R>adyZ {Xbr Agob Va Ë`m doioVM pñdH$mabm nm{hOo. `mCbQ> Oa doi R>adyZ {Xbr Zgob Va pñdH¥$Vr `mo½` _wXVrV Pmbr nm{hOo.

7) àñVmdmVrb AQ>tMr nyV©Vm åhUOo àñVmd pñdH¥$Vr hmo` : Oa àñVmdH$mZo àñVmdm_Üò gm§{JVboë`m AQ>rà_mUo àñVmdË`mZo Amnbr dV©dUyH$ R>odbr åhUOoM àñVmdmVrb AQ>rMr nyV©Vm Ho$br Va Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo àñVmd pñdH$mabm Ago g_OÊ`mV òVo. Agm {ZH$mb {_gog H$mbr©b {déÕ H$m~m}{cH$ ñ_moH$~m°b H§$nZr `m Ho$g_Üò Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbm Amho.

8) àñVmdmV {dMmaboë`m àíZm§Mr {Xbocr CËVao pñdH¥$Vr hmoV Zmhr : àñVmdH$mZo àñVmdmV {dMmaboë`m àíZmMr CËVao XoUo qH$dm àñVmdH$mZo Ho$boë`m Mm¡H$erg AZwgê$Z Amdí`H$ AgUmar _m{hVr nwa{dUo `mbm àñVmdmMr pñdH¥$Vr åhUVm òUma Zmhr Agm {ZH$mb hmd} {dê$ÜX \$m°go `m ~§na hm°b \$m°D$Q>Z noZ Ho$g_Üò Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbm Amho.

9) àñVmd aX²X hmoÊ`mnydr© pñdH¥$Vr XoUo : àñVmdH$mMm àñVmd aX²X hmoÊ`mnydr© qH$dm àñVmdH$mMm àñVmd àñVmdH$mZo _mJo KoÊ`mnydr© àmñVmdË`mZo Ë`m àñVmdmg pñdH¥$Vr {Xbr nm{hOo.

1.2.3.2 H$amanmÌ ì`ŠVr Capacity to Contract :

^maVr` H$ama H$m`X`mÀ`m H$b_ 11 à_mUo H$ama H$ê$ BpÀN>Umè`m XmoÝhrhr ì`ŠVr `m H$amanmÌ Agë`m nm{hOoV. `mVrb EH$ H$amanmÌ Am{U Xþgar H$ama H$aÊ`mg AnmÌ Agob Va H$ama ì`W© hmoVmo åhUyZ H$amanmÌ ì`ŠVr H$moUmg åhUmdo `mMr ì`m»`m ^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 11 _Üò {Xbr Amho.

""Or ì`ŠVr d`mZo gkmZ AgwZ, gwk ~w{Õ_ÎmoMr Amho Am{U Á`m ì`ŠVrg H$moUË`mhr H$m`ÚmZo H$ama H$aÊ`mg AnmÌ R>adbobo Zmhr Aem ì`ŠVrg H$amanmÌ ì`ŠVr g_OÊ`mV òB©b.''

darb ì`m»òdê$Z EImXr ì`ŠVr H$amanmÌ hmoÊ`mgmR>r darc VrZ AQ>tMr nwV©Vm hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `mbmM H$amanmÌ ì`ŠVrÀ`m H$gmoQ>`m Ago åhUVmV.

H$amanmÌ ì`ŠVrZo nyU© H$amd`mÀ`m AQ>r:-

1. ì`ŠVr d`mZo gkmZ Agbr nm{hOo

ì`ŠVr H$amanmÌ hmoÊ`mgmR>r gkmZ Agmì`m bmJVmV. Á`m ì`ŠVrZo d`mMr 18 df} nyU© Ho$bobr AgVmV Aem ì`ŠVrg gkmZ ì`ŠVr Ago åhUVmV. Á`m ì`ŠVr d`mMr 18 df} nyU©

12

Ho$bobr ZgVmV Ë`m AkmZ ì`ŠVr åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmVmV. AkmZ ì`ŠVrZm H$ama H$aVm òV Zmhr åhUyZ AkmZ ì`ŠVrhr H$ama H$aÊ`mg AnmÌ R>aVo Aem ì`ŠVrZo AmnU gkmZ AmhmoV Ago ImoQ>o ^mgdyZ H$ama Ho$bm Va Vmo ì`W© g_OÊ`mV òVmo, Agm {ZU©` gd© àW_ _mohar ~o~r {dê$X²Y Y_m}Xmg Kmof `m Ho$g_Üò {Xbm Amho. H$moUË`mhr H$amam_Üò H$amamÀ`m XmoÝhr ì`ŠVr gkmZ Agmì`m bmJVmV. VgoM Á`m _wbm§Mr H$miOr KoÊ`mgmR>r EImÚm nmbH$mMr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV òVo qH$dm AkmZmÀ`m _mb_ËVoÀ`m gwa{jVVogmR>r H$moQ>m©H$Sy>Z H$moQ>©g Am°\$ dm°S©>g² `m A{YH$mè`mMr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV òVo, Aem _wbm§À`m ~m~VrV d`mMr 21 df} nyU© hmoVrb, Voìhm Vr H$m`ÚmZwgma gkmZ g_OÊ`mV òVmV.

2. ì`ŠVr gwk ~wX²Yr_ËVoMr Agbr nm{hOo

H$ama H$aUmè`m XmoÝhr ì`ŠVr øm gwk ~wX²Yr_ËVoÀ`m Agmì`m bmJVmV. H$amamMr EH$ ì`ŠVr gwk ~wX²Yr_ËVoMr Zmhr ho Oar Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrbm _m{hV Zgbo Var XoIrb Ë`mÀ`§m_Yrb H$ama hm ì`W© hmoVmo H$ama H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 12 _Üò gwk ~wX²Yr_ËVoMr ì`m»`m Imbrbà_mUo {Xbr Amho.

"Á`m ì`ŠVrg H$amamÀ`m AQ>r g_Oy eH$VmV Am{U H$ama Ho$ë`m_wio Amnë`m {hVg§~§Ymda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoUma `mMm H$ama H$aVmZm gmamgma {dMma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm AgVo Ë`m§Zm gwk ~wX²Yr_ËVoMr ì`ŠVr Ago åhUVmV'

`m ì`m»òdê$Z Ago AT>iyZ òVo H$s, Á`m ì`ŠVrbm AmnU Ho$boë`m H$amamMm H$m` n[aUm_ hmoUma Amho ho g_OVo, H$amamVyZ Amnbm \$m`Xm qH$dm VmoQ>m hmoUma `mMr _m{hVr AgVo. Ë`m ì`ŠVr gwk ~wX²Yr_ËVoÀ`m AmhoV Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. åhUyZ doS>ga, ^«{_ð>, ewX²Y hanboë`m, ì`gZmÀ`m Am{YZ OmD$Z ZeoV AgUmè`m qH$dm nmnr àd¥ËVrÀ`m ì`ŠVr `m gwk ~wX²Yr_ËVoÀ`m ZmhrV Ago g_OÊ`mV òVo. Ë`m ì`ŠVr H$amanmÌ hmoV ZmhrV.

3. ì`ŠVtZm H$ama H$aÊ`mg H$moUË`mhr H$m`X`mZo à{V~§Y Ho$bm Zgbm nm{hOo:-

ì`ŠVr H$amanmÌ hmoÊ`mgmR>r, ì`ŠVtZm H$moUË`mhr H$m`ÚmZo H$ama H$aÊ`mg à{V~§Y Ho$bm Zgbm nm{hOo. ^maVr` H$ama H$m`X`mZo Imbrb ì`ŠVtZm H$ama H$aÊ`mg à{V~§Y Ho$bm Amho. Aem ì`ŠVr H$amanmÌ g_Oë`m OmV ZmhrV.

� naXoer amOà_wI / amOXÿV

� naH$s` eÌy

� ì`mnmar H§$nÝ`m

� Vwê$§JdmgmVrb H¡$Xr

� {XdmiImoa ì`ŠVr

1.2.3.3 _wŠV g§_Vr Free Consent

1) g§_Vr åhUOo H$m` ? : H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Üò H$amanmÌ ì`ŠVtMr H$amamg \$ŠV g§_Vr AgyZ MmbV Zmhr, Va g§_Vr _wŠV Agmdr bmJVo. gm_mÝ`mnUo g§_Vr åhUOo

13

H$amambm _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mMo H¥$Ë` hmo`. ^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 13 _Üò g§_VrMr ì`m»`m Imbrbà_mUo {Xbr Amho.

""Á`mdoir XmoÝhr H$ama ì`ŠVr EH$mM {df`mda (gma»`m) {dMmamZo, EH$mMdoir gh_V hmoVmV. Ooìhm Ë`m§Zr H$amamg g§_Vr {Xbr Ago åhUVmV.''

`m ì`m»òdê$Z Ago ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s, g§_Vr _Üò ì`ŠVrMo _Z ho Ë`m§À`m gh_Vr~amo~a Agbo nm{hOo, Oa H$amamV g§_VrMm A^md Agob Va Vmo H$ama àma§^mnmgyZ ì`W© hmoVmo åhUyZ H$ama H$aVmZm H$amamÀ`m XmoÝhrhr ì`ŠVrMr H$amamÀ`m {df`mg§~§Yr g_mZ {dMmagaUr Agbr nm{hOo. Oa {dMmagaUr_Üò \$aH$ Agob, Va ì`ŠVrMr H$amamg g§_Vr Zmhr Ago g_OVmV Am{U Aem ì`ŠVr_Üò H$ama PmbmM Zmhr Ago g_Obo OmVo.

2) _wŠV g§_Vr : hr H$m`Xoera H$amamMr EH$ à_wI AQ> Amho. ^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 14 _Üò _wŠV g§_VrMr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo {Xbr Amho.

""Ooìhm H$ama ì`ŠVrMr g§_Vr hr YmH$ qH$dm ~bà`moJ, AZw{MV à^mdqH$dm Z¡{VH$ dOZ, H$nQ> qH$dm \$gdUyH$, AgË` {dYmZ, MyH$ `m H$maUmn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr EH$m H$maUm{edm` XoÊ`mV òVo. Voìhm Vr _wŠV AgVo.''

WmoS>Š`mV H$amamÀ`m XmoÝhr ì`ŠVtZr ñdoÀN>oZo d ñdIwerZo H$amamg g§_Vr {Xbr nm{hOo. darc ì`m»ò_Üò {Xboë`m nmM H$maUmn¡H$s EImÚm H$maUmZo g§_Vr {_idbr Agob Va Vr _wŠV hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio H$ama dÁ`©Zr` H$ama hmoVmo, Vmo H$m`Xoera AgV Zmhr åhUyZ _wŠV g§_Vr hr `m darb nmM H$maUm{edm` XoÊ`mV Ambobr g§_Vr AgVo.

1. YmH$ / ~bà`moJ Coersion

YmH$ / ~bà`moJ åhUOo {^Vr XmIdyZ H$ama H$aÊ`mg àd¥ËV H$aUo hmo . H$ama H$m`Xm H$b_ 15 _Üò ~bà`moJmMr ì`m»`m Imbrbà_mUo {Xbr Amho. "^maVr` \$m¡OXmar H$m`X`mZo Oo H¥$Ë` H$aÊ`mg à{V~§Y Ho$bo Amho Ago H¥$Ë` H$aÊ`mMr {^Vr XmIdyZ qH$dm H¥$Ë` H$ê$Z Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg R>amd H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>bo OmVo. qH$dm Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrZo R>amd H$amdm åhUyZ Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr _mb_ËVm ~oH$m`Xoera [aË`m AmS>dUo AWdm AmS>dyZ R>odÊ`mMr {^Vr KmbyZ R>amdmg g§_Vr {_idUo, `mbm ~bà`moJmZo {_idbobr g§_Vr Ago åhUVmV. Vr _wŠV AgV Zmhr.

R>amdmg Á`m ì`ŠVrMr g§_Vr ~bà`moJmZo {_idbobr AgVo Ë`mM ì`ŠVrg Vmo R>amd aX²X H$aVm òVmo Ë`m_wio Vmo dÁ`©Zr` H$ama hmoVmo.

2. AZw{MV à^md / Z¡{VH$ dOZ Undue Influence :

AZw{MV à^md åhUOo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z AdmOdr \$m`Xm H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r EH$m ì`ŠVrZo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zmda à^md Q>mHy$Z R>amdmg g§_Vr {_idUo hmo`. H$ama H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 16 _Üò Z¡{VH$ dOZmMr ì`m»`m Imbrbà_mUo {Xbr Amho.

""Á`mdoir H$amamÀ`m XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Üò Ago g§~§Y AgVmV H$s EH$ ì`ŠVr Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zmda Amnbm à^md nmSy> eH$Vo Am{U `m g§~§YmMm Vr ì`ŠVr Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Am`mo½`

14

\$m`Xm KoÊ`mgmR>r dmna H$aVo Voìhm Aem ì`ŠVrZo AZw{MV à^mdmZo H$ama KS>dyZ AmUbm Ago åhUVmV.''

Imbrb n[apñWVr_Ü o EH$ ì`ŠVr Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zmda à^md Q>mHy$Z H$ama KS>dyZ AmUy eH$Vo.

1. EH$m ì`ŠVrMm Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrda Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$ma Agob Va CXm. ~mn-_wbJm, nVr-nËZr, nmbH$-nmë`.

2. EH$m ì`ŠVrZo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrda {dídmg Q>mH$bm Agob Va CXm. dH$sb-njH$ma, _§{XamVrb nwOmar-^ŠV, S>m°ŠQ>a-noe§Q>.

3. EH$m ì`ŠVrMm Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrda dmñVd A{YH$ma Agob Va CXm. _mbH$-H$m_Jma, {ejH$-{dÚmWr©, gaH$ma-Am_ OZVm.

4. Ooìhm EImXr ì`ŠVr Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m emar[aH$ AWdm _mZ{gH$ AmKmVm_wio Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr ~m¡X²YrH$ eŠVr H$m`_Mr AWdm VmËnyaVr ZîQ> Pmbr Agob Va Aem ì`ŠVr ~amo~a H$ama H$aUo AZw{MV à^md Ago åhUVmV. AZw{MV à^mdmZo Pmboë`m R>amdmMr g§_Vr _wŠV AgV Zmhr Ë`m_wio Vmo dÁ`©Zr` H$ama hmoVmo.

3. H$nQ> /\$gdUyH$ Fraud

H$nQ> qH$dm \$gdUyH$ åhUOo OmUyZ~wOyZ ImoQ>o {dYmZ H$ê$Z Xþgè`m ì`ŠVr~amo~a R>amd H$ê$Z Ë`mMr \$gdUyH$ H$aUo hmo . H$b_ 17 _Üò H$nQ>mMr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.

""OmUyZ ~wOyZ ImoQ>o ~mobyZ /hoVynyd©H$ Xþgè`mMr \$gdUyH$ H$ê$Z Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg H$ama H$aÊ`mg CX`wŠV H$aUo. `mbm H$nQ> /\$gdUyH$ Ago åhUVmV. H$nQ>m_Üò ì`ŠVr hr OmUrdnyd©H$ Xþgè`mg \$gdÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo EImXo ImoQ>o {dYmZ Iao Amho Ago gm§JyZ AmnUm~amo~a H$ama H$aÊ`mg àd¥ËV H$aVo. H$nQ>m_Üò Imbrb àH$mamZo EH$ ì`ŠVr Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrMr \$gdUyH$ H$ê$ eH$Vo.

1. EImXo {dYmZ ImoQ>o Amho ho _m{hV AgVmZm Vo {dYmZ Iao Amho Ago Xþgè`mg gm§JUo.

2. Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrnmgyZ gË` n[apñWVr bndyZ R>odUo.

3. Oo dMZ AmnU nyU© H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhr Ago dMZ Xþgè`mg XoUo.

4. Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrMr nyU©V: \$gdUyH$ hmoB©b Ago H¥$Ë` H$aUo.

5. H$m`ÚmZo Oo H¥$Ë` H$gya, \$gdUyH$ åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bobo Amho Ago H¥$Ë` H$aUo. Á`m ì`ŠVrMr g§_Vr H$nQ>mZo{_idbobr AgVo. Vmo H$ama dÁ`©Zr` H$ama AgVmo.

4. AgË` {dYmZ /AgË` H$WZ Mis-representation

AgË` {dYmZ åhUOo EH$m ì`ŠVrZo AkmZmZo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg H$amamÀ`m {df`mg~§Yr AgË` à{VnmXZ H$aUo hmo`. Aem AgË` {dYmZm_Üò Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrMr \$gdUyH$ H$amdr hm {dYmZ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrMm hoVy ZgVmo, AZmdYmZmZo Vmo ImoQ>o {dYmZ H$aVmo. H$b_ 18 _Üò Ë`mMr

15

ì`m»`m Imbrbà_mUo {Xbr Amho. ""Ooìhm R>amd H$aVmZm EH$ ì`ŠVr Amnë`m AkmZm_wio Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg AgË` {dYmZ H$aVoAm{U `m AgË` {dYmZmda {dídmg R>odyZ Xþgar ì`ŠVr R>amd H$aVoVoìhm Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrMr g§_Vr AgË` {dYmZmZo {_idbobr g§_Vr hmoVo.'' Agm R>amd dÁ`©Zr` hmoVmo.

AgË` {dYmZm_Üò O|ìhm EH$ ì`ŠVr AgË` {dYmZ H$aVo V|ìhm Vo {dYmZ gË` Amho Ago g_OyZ {dYmZ H$aVo. Z§Va Vo {dYmZ AgË` Agë`mMo ì`ŠVrg _m{hV hmoVo. `mV ì`ŠVr H$nQ>m à_mUo OmUyZ~OyZ ImoQ>o ~mobV Zmhr.

5. MyH$ Mistake

Ooìhm H$amamMm {df` ApñVËdmV ZgVmo /ZîQ> Pmbobm AgVmo `mMr XmoÝhr H$ama ì`ŠVrZm H$ama H$aVmZm _m{hV AgV Zmhr Var XoIrb Ë`m ì`ŠVr H$ama H$aVmV Voìhm R>amd H$aÊ`mV XmoÝhr ì`ŠVrMr MyH$ Pmbr Ago åhUVmV. `mMm AW© Imbrbà_mUo {Xbr Amho.

""Ooìhm H$amamÀ`m _hËËdmÀ`m {df`mg§~§Yr XmoÝhrhr H$ama ì`ŠVrMr MyH$ hmoVo V|ìhm Agm H$ama ì`W© hmoVmo.''

CXm. ~ Zo AMm KmoS>m {dH$V KoÊ`mMm R>amd Ho$bm R>amdmÀ`m doir KmoS>m _`V Pmbm hmoVm `mMr _m{hVr ~ d A `m XmoKm§Zmhr ZgVo Voìhm Agm H$ama MyH$s_yio R>amd aX²X hmoVmo. MyH$s_wio H$ama aX²X hmoÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb AQ>r nyU© ìhmì`m bmJVmV.

1. MyH$ hr XmoÝhr ì`ŠVrMr Agmdr bmJVo.

2. MyH$ hr R>amdmÀ`m {df`mg§~Yr Agmdr bmJVo.

3. ^maVmV àM{bV Agboë`m H$m`Úm~m~V MyH$ hmoVm H$m_m Zò.

4. dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrVrb MT>-CËVmam ~m~VMo A§XmO MyH$s _Üò òV ZmhrV.

5. naXoer H$m`X`m~m~V MyH$ Pmbr Va R>amd aX²X hmoV Zmhr.

6. ñdV:À`m H$m`Xoera hŠH$m~m~V Pmboë`m MyH$s_yio R>amd Ho$bm Va R>amdm aX²X hmoVmo.

1.2.3.4 à{V\$c Consideration

AW© : à{V\$b ho H$m`Xoera H$amamMm Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ Amho. à{V\$b åhUOo H$ama ì`ŠVtZm H$amamnmgyZ {_iUmam _mo~Xbm hmo`. H$ama H$aUmè`m XmoÝhrhr ì`ŠVtZm H$amnmgyZ _mo~Xbm {_imbm nm{hOo, `m_Ü o _mo~Xbm EH$mg Oar {_imbm Zmhr Va Ë`mÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo Vmo H$ama ì`W© hmoVmo. Agm _mo~Xbm dñVw, n¡gm, Z\$m, ì`mO, hŠH$, Ë`mJ, bm^m§e qH$dm qH$_V `m ñdê$nmV {_iVmo. WmoS>Š`mV à{V\$b åhUOo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrMo dMZ {dH$V KoÊ`mgmR>r {Xbobr qH$_V AgVo. H$ama H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 2 (S>) _Üò à{V\$bmMr ì`m»`m Imbrbà_mUo {Xbr Amho.

""Ooìhm àñVmdH$mÀ`m BÀN>oZwgma àñVmdVm AWdm Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrZo EImXo H¥$Ë` Ho$bo Amho qH$dm Ho$bo Zmhr, qH$dm H$arV Amho qH$dm Zmhr qH$dm ^{dî`mV H$aÊ`mMo AWdm Z H$aÊ`mMo dMZ

16

{Xbobo AgVo Voìhm Aem Ho$boë`m dm Z Ho$boë`m H¥$Ë`mg qH$dm H¥$Ë`m~ÔbÀ`m dMZmg à{V\$b Ago åhUVmV.''

à{V\$bmMr d¡{eîQ>o :

1. à{V\$bmMo H¥$Ë` àñVmdH$mÀ`m BÀN>oà_mUo Pmbo nm{hOo -

àñVmdË`mZo Ho$bobo H¥$Ë` à{V\$b hmoÊ`mgmR>r Vo H¥$Ë` àñVmdH$mÀ`m BÀN>oZwgma Ho$bo nm{hOo. Oa àñVmdH$mÀ`m BÀN>oMm {dMmaVm Z H$aVm àñVmdË`mZo H¥$Ë` Ho$bo Va Vo à{V\$b hmoV Zmhr Aem H¥$Ë`mMm _mo~Xbm àñVmdË`mg àñVmdH$mH$Sy>Z _mJUr H$aVm òUma Zmhr, Agm {ZH$mb XþJm©àgmX {déÕ ~bXod `m Ho$g_Üò H$moQ>m©Zo {Xbm Amho. åhUyZ à{V\$bmMo H¥$Ë` Zoh_r àñVmdH$mÀ`m BÀN>oZwgma H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

2. à{V\$bmMo H¥$Ë` ñdV:àñVmdË`mZo qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m _m\©$V Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrZo Ho$bo nm{hOo -

à{V\$bmMo H¥$Ë` ñdV: àñVmdË`mZo Ho$b nm{hOo. _mÌ ^maVr` H$m`X`m_Üò à{V\$bmMo H¥$Ë` ñdV: àñVdVmZo qH$dm Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrZo Ho$b Var Mmby eH$Vo. `mZwgma ^maVmV EH$m ì`ŠVrZo Ho$boë`m H¥$Ë`m~m~V Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg _mo~Xbm _mJVm òVmo åhUOo Amnë`m H¥$Ë`mMm \$m`Xm Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg {_imdm Aer H¥$Ë` H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrMr BÀN>m Agob Va Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg Ë`mMm _mo~Xbm {_idVm òVmo. Agm {ZH$mb {MÝZ`m {déÕ am_oæ`m `m Ho$g _Üò Ý`m`mc`mZo {Xbm Amho.

3. à{V\$bmMo H¥$Ë` dV©_mZ H$mbrZ/ ämyVH$mbrZ/ ^{dî` H$mbrZ AgVo -

Ooìhm H$amam_Yrb XmoÝhr ì`ŠVrMr H¥$Ëò hr EH$mM doir, g_H$mbrZ AgVmV Voìhm Vo dV©_mZ H$mbrZ à{V\$b AgVo. CXm. amoIrMr IaoXr. Ooìhm H$amam_Yrb EH$m ì`ŠVrMo H¥$Ë` ho AJmoXa, Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrZo dMZ XoÊ`mnydr© Ho$bobo AgVo. Voìhm Ë`mg ämyVH$mbrZ à{V\$b åhUVmV. CXm. AnKmVmVrb _wbmMo àmU AJmoXa dmMdUo Ë`mZ§Va ~{jg XoÊ`mMo dMZ {Xbo OmUo. Ooìhm H$amamVrb XmoÝhr ì`ŠVrMr dMZo/H¥$Ëò hr ^{dî`H$mimV nyU© H$amd`mMr AgVmV Voìhm Ë`mg ^{dî`H$mbrZ à{V\$b Ago åhUVmV.

4. à{V\$bmg _yë` Agbo nm{hOo -

H$amamVrb à{V\$b ho nwaogo Agbo nm{hOo Agm H$m`X`mMm AmJ«h Zmhr _mÌ H$m`ÚmÀ`m ZOaoV H$mhrVar à{V\$b H$amamV AgUo gŠVrMo _mZbo OmVo.

CXm. A Zo Amnbm 5000 é. qH$_VrMm KmoS>m 500 én`mg ~ bm {dH$Ê`mMm R>amd Ho$bm. `m R>amdmV A Zo ñdoÀN>oZo 5000 é. qH$_VrMm KmoS>m 500 é. {dH$Ê`mMr V`mar Xe©dbr Agob Va H$m`ÚmV H$moUVrhr AS>MU òV Zmhr H$maU R>amdmV H$mhrVar à{V\$b ApñVËdmV Amho. Oa à{V\$b A{O~mV Zgob Va _mÌ R>amd ì`W© hmoVmo.

5. à{V\$b ho ^«m_H$ Zgmdo :-

à{V\$bmMo H¥$Ë` ho Zoh_r Iao Agmdo Vo ImoQ>o g§{X½Y qH$dm ^«m_H$ AgVm H$m_m Zò.

6. à{V\$bmMo H¥$Ë` àñVmdH$mÀ`m ZmoH$ar ~mhoaMo Agbo nm{hOo -

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Á`m H¥$Ë`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrMr {Z`wŠVr Pmbr Amho Am{U Á`m H$m_mgmR>r Ë`mbm `mo½` _mo~Xbm {_iV Agob Va VoM H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z _mo~Xbm _mJVm òV Zmhr. H$maU Ë`mMo H¥$Ë` à{V\$b hmoV Zmhr. H¥$Ë`, à{V\$b hmoÊ`mgmR>r Vo ì`ŠVrÀ`m ZmoH$arÀ`m ~mhoaMo Agbo nm{hOo.

CXm. nmo{bgm§Zr VH«$ma Zm|XdÊ`mMo H¥$Ë` H$aUo à{V\$b ZgVo _mÌ AQ>b JwÝhoJmam§Zm qH$dm XamoSo>Imoam§Zm nH$S>Uo ho H¥$Ë` Ë`m§À`m ZmoH$ar ~mhoaMo R>aVo, Vo à{V\$c ~ZVo.

7. à{V\$b H¥$Ë` H$m`Xoera Agmdo :-

~oH$m`Xoera H¥$Ë`m~m~VMoR>amd / JwÝhoJmar ñdê$nmMo R>amd ho H$m`Xoera à{V\$b hmoV ZmhrV H$maU `mV ~oH$m`Xoera H¥$Ë` H$aÊ`mMo dMZ AgVo åhUyZ à{V\$bmMo H¥$Ë` H$m`Xoera hmoÊ`mgmR>r Vo Zoh_r Z¡{VH$ ñdê$nmMo Agmdo cmJVo.

8. à{V\$bmMo H¥$Ë` g_Vmob Agmdo :-

ì`dhmamVrb ~hþVoH$ H$ama ho ì`mnmar ñdê$nmMo AgVmV Aem ì`dhmamVrb H¥$Ë`mMr qH$_V qH$dm _mo~Xbm hm Am{U Vmo ì`dhma hm g_Vmob Agbm nm{hOo åhUyZ Zoh_r {dH«o$Ë`mZo {dH«$s Ho$boë`m _mbmMr `mo½` (g_Vmob) qH$_V IaoXrXmamZo {Xbr nm{hOo.

1.2.3.5 H$m`Xoera CX²XoeAm{U H$m`Xoera à{V\$b Lowful object and lawful

consideration ----

H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r XmoZ ì`ŠVr _Yrb R>amdmMo C{ÔîQ>` Am{U à{V\$b H$m`Xoera Agmdo bmJVo. H$ama H$m`ÚmMm H$b_ 23 _Üò R>amdmMo C{ÔîQ> Am{U à{V\$b ho ~oH$m`Xoera H|$ìhm AgVo ho gm§{JVbobo Amho åhUyZ H$b_ 23 à_mUo Imbrb R>amdm§Mo CX²Xoe Am{U à{V\$b ho ~oH$m`Xoera g_OÊ`mV oVmV.

1. R>amdmMo C{ÔîQ> qH$dm à{V\$b H$m`ÚmZo à{V~§Y Ho$bobr JmoîQ> Agob Va CXm. EH$m ì`ŠVrZo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z cmM KoD$Z, Ë`mbm ZmoH$ar {_idyZ XoÊ`mMm R>amd H$aUo.

2. R>amdmMo C{ÔîQ>o / à{V\$b Oa A_§bmV Ambo Va; Ë`m_wio H$m`ÚmÀ`m {Z`_mMm ^§J hmoUma Agob Va CXm. "A' Mr O{_Z eoVgmè`mÀ`m WH$~mH$s dgwbrgmR>r gaH$maZo {dH«$sg H$mT>br, VrM O{_Z "A' bm H$m`ÚmZo {dH$V KoVm oV Zmhr åhUyZ A d ~ `m§À`mV Agm R>amd Pmbm H$s "~' Zo Vr O_rZ {dH$V ¿`mdr Am{U Z§Va Vr "A' bm naV H$amdr, Agm R>amd A§_bmV Ambm Va H$m`ÚmÀ`m {Z`_m§Mm^§J hmoVmo Ë`m_wio Vmo ~oH$m`Xoera g_OÊ`mV òVmo.

3. R>amdmMo C{ÔîQ>o / à{V\$b Xþgè`mMr \$gdUyH$ H$aUmao Agob Va. CXm. A,~,H$ `m {VKm§Zr Agm R>amd Ho$bm H$s \$gdUyH$sMo ì`dhma H$ê$Z hmoUmam Z\$m AmnmngmV dmQy>Z KoUo V|ìhm R>amd ~oH$m`Xoera hmoVmo.

4. R>amdmMo C{ÔîQ>o Am{U à{V\$b Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdrVmg qH$dm _mb_ËVog YmoH$m nmohMdUmao Agob Va CXm. A d ~ `mÀ`m_Üò Agm R>amd Pmbm H$s ~ Zo H$ À`m Kambm AmJ bmdmdr qH$dm ~ Zo H$ bm R>ma _mamdo Ë`m~Ôb A ~ bm 1 bmI én o XoB©b.

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5. R>amdmMo C{ÔîQ>o qH$dm à{V\$b ho Ý`m`mb`mH$Sy>Z AZ¡{VH$ qH$dm gm_m{OH$ YmoaUm{dê$ÜX R>adÊ`mV Ambo Agob Va, Oa Ý`m`mb`mZo R>amdmMo C{ÔîQ> Am{U à{V\$b ho ~oH$m`Xoera, AZ¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$ YmoaUm{déÕ R>a{dbo Agob. VgoM Oo R>amd gm_m{OH$ ê$T>r na§nam§Mm ^§J H$aUmao qH$dm amîQ´>hrVmÀ`m {déÕ AgVmV Aem R>amdmZm gm_m{OH$ YmoaUm{déÕ AgUmao R>amd _mUyZ Vo ì`W©, ~oH$m`Xoera g_OÊ`mV oVmV.

darb R>amd gmoSy>Z BVa gd© R>amdm§Mo CX²oe d à{V\$b H$m`Xoera _mZÊ`mV oVo.

1.2.4 ì`W© R>amd Void Agreements

AW©:- H$ama H$m`X`mMm H$b_ (2) "J'_Üò ì`W© R>amdm§Mr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo {Xbr Amho.

""Á`m R>amdm§Mr H$m`ÚmZo A§_b~OmdUr H$aVm òV Zmhr Am{U Oo R>amd H$ama H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr_Üò H$moUVohr H$m`Xoera g~§Y {Z_m©U H$arV ZmhrV. Aem R>amdm§Zm ì`W© R>amd åhUVmV Ago R>amd ho H$amamÀ`m {Z{_©Vr nmgyZM A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mg AeŠ` AgVmV, ho R>amd gm_m{OH$ YmoaUm{dê$ÜX Agë`mZo ì`W© g_OVmV Aem R>amdmZr H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m BVa AQ>r nyU© Ho$ë`m Var Vo R>amd H$m`Xoera H$amamV ê$nm§Va hmoV ZmhrV. H$maU H$ama H$m`ÚmZo Ago R>amd ì`W© åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo AmhoV. `m_Üò Imbrb R>amdm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

H$ama H$m`ÚmZo ì`W© R>adbobo R>amd : Agreements expressely declared void

1. {ddmh à{V~§YH$ R>amd:

H$ama H$m`X`mÀ`m H$b_ 26 à_mUo H$moUVmhr {ddmh à{V~§YH$ qH$dm {ddmhmda _`m©Xm AmUUmam R>amd hm ì`W© g_Obm OmVmo. H$maU H$moUË`mhr gkmZ ì`ŠVrbm Xþgè`m gkmZ ì`ŠVr~amo~a {ddmh H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` KQ>ZoZo {Xbo Amho, Voìhm EImÚm gkmZ ì`ŠVrg {d{eîQ> OmVr qH$dm Y_m©Vrb Xþgè`m ì`ŠVr~amo~a {ddmh H$aÊ`mMr gŠVr qH$dm {ddmh Z H$aÊ`m~m~V à{V~§Y H$aUmam H$moUVmhr R>amd Ho$bm Va, Vmo ì`W© hmoVmo.

2. ì`mnma Y§Xm à{V~§YH$ R>amd :-

^maVr` g§{dYmZmÀ`m H$b_ 19 (J) à_mUo àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm Ë`mÀ`m AmdS>r-{ZdS>rZwgma EImXm ì`dgm`, Y§Xm, CÚmoJ, ZmoH$ar qH$dm H$m_ H$aÊ`mMo nyU© ñdmV§Í` {Xbobo AgVo Aem doir Á`m R>amdmZo EImÚm ì`ŠVrbm H$moUVmhr H$m`Xoera ì`mnma, CÚmoJY§Xm, ì`dgm` qH$dm ZmoH$ar H$aÊ`mnmgyZ à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mV Ambo Va Agm R>amd ì`W© g_OÊ`mV òVmo. Xþgè`m ì`ŠVr~amo~a R>amd H$ê$Z Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo KQ>ZoZo {Xbobo ì`mnma-Y§Xm àVr Agbobo ñdmV§Í` ZîQ> H$aVm òV Zmhr, Agm _`m©Xm KmbUmam R>amd Ho$bm Va Vmo ì`W© hmoVmo. na§Vw H$m§hr ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`mnmaY§Xm H$aÊ`mÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mda {Z`§ÌUo KmbVm òVmV Aer {Z`§ÌUo Oa `mo½` AgVrb Va Vr {Z`§ÌUo ì`ŠVrda ~§YZH$maH$ AgVmV Am{U Aer {Z`§ÌUo H$m`Xoera hmoVmV.

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1. EH$m ì`ŠVrZo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`dgm`mV _XVZrg åhUyZ H$mhr df©o H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm R>amd Ho$bm Va _XVZrgmÀ`m H$mimV Aem ì`ŠVrZo Ë`mM àH$maMm ì`dgm` ñdV§ÌnUo H$ê$ Z o Agm R>amd Ho$bm Va Vmo H$m`Xoera hmoVmo.

2. Ooìhm EImXr ì`ŠVr EImÚm H$maImÝ`m_Üò {eH$mD$ C_oXdma åhUyZ Aà|Q>o{en A°ŠQ>à_mUo C_oXdmar H$arV Agob Va Aem {eH$mD$ C_oXdmarMm H$mbmdYr g§në`mZ§Va Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo Ë`mM H$maImÝ`mV 1 df© 6 _{hÝ`mgmR>r H$m_ H$aÊ`m{df`r ~§YZ R>amdmVyZ KmVbo Va Agm R>amd H$m`Xoera hmoVmo.

3. Ooìhm EImÚm {d{eîQ> dñVyMo CËnmXZ H$aUmao gd©: CËnmXH$ EH${ÌV òD$Z Agm R>amd H$aVmV H$s, Amnë`m gdm©Mo CËnmXZ EH${ÌV H$ê$Z {d{eîQ> {dH«$s H|$ÐmVyZ Ë`mMr {dH«$s H$amd`mMr Am{U Pmbobm Z\$m CËnmXZmÀ`m à_mUmV {Z_m©Ë`mZr dmQy>Z ¿`md`mMm Va Agm R>amd H$m`Xoera hmoVmo _mÌ Aem ì`mnmè`mZr _ŠVoXmar {Z{_©VrMm R>amd Ho$bm Va Vmo ì`W© hmoVmo.

3. Ý`m`mb`mV OmÊ`mg à{V~§Y H$aUmam R>amd :-

H$b_ 25 à_mUo Imbrb XmoZ àH$maMo R>amd ho ì`ŠVrZm Ý`m`mb`mV OmÊ`mnmgyZ à{V~§Y H$aUmao R>amd qH$dm Ý`m`XmZmV hñVjon H$aUmao R>amd g_OÊ`mV òVmV Ago R>amd ì`W© AgVmV.

1. EImÚm R>amdm_Üò {Z_m©U Pmboë`m hŠH$m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$m ì`ŠVrg Xþgè`m ì`ŠVr{déÕ H$moQ>m©V Xmdm bmdÊ`mMm hŠH$ AgVmo, V|ìhm Á`m R>amdmZo Aem ì`ŠVrg H$moQ>m©V Xmdm bmdyZ Amnë`m hŠH$m§Mr A_§b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mg à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mV òVmo AWdm {d{eîQ> _wXVrVM Amnë`m hŠH$mMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMo ~§YZ KmbÊ`mV òVo Voìhm Vmo R>amd ì`W© hmoVmo.

2. ^maVr` H$mbmdYr H$m`ÚmZo àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm Amnbo H$m`Xoera {_imbobo hŠH$ A§_bmV AmUÊ`mMm H$mbmdYr Z_wX Ho$bm Amho. Á`m R>amdmZo Aem ì`ŠVrZm {_imbobo H$m`Xoera hŠH$ Z_wX Ho$boë`m H$mbmdYrnojm AJmoXa A§_bmV AmUÊ`m~m~VMr gŠVr qH$dm ~§YZo KmbÊ`mMm R>amd Ho$bm Va Vmo ì`W© hmoVmo. Aem `m darb {Z`_m_wio ì`ŠVrZm R>amd H$ê$Z ì`ŠVtÀ`m hŠH$m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMo AgUmao hŠH$, R>amdmZo aÔ H$aVm òV ZmhrV qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m A{YH$mamV hñVjon H$aVm òV Zmhr. Oa Ago R>amd Pmbo Va Vo ì`W© g_OÊ`mV òVmV.

4. A{ZpíMV AWm©Mo R>amd :-

XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Yrb Pmboë`m R>amdmMo AW© A{ZpíMV AgVmV qH$dm {ZpíMV AW© H$mT>Vm òUo AeŠ` hmoVo. Aem R>amdm§Zm A{ZpíMV AWm©Mo R>amd åhUVmV. Ago R>amd ì`W© hmoVmV.

CXm. "A' Zo "~' bm 100 Q>Z Vob {dH$Ê`mMm H$ama Ho$bm. `m R>amdm_Üò "A' "~' bm H$moUË`m àH$maMo Vob {dH$Uma Amho ho ñnîQ> hmoV Zgë`mZo hm R>amd ì`W© hmoVmo.

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5. AeŠ` H¥$Ë` H$aÊ`m~m~VMm R>amd :-

Oa XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Yrb EImXm R>amd EImXo AeŠ` H¥$Ë` H$aÊ`m~Ôb Agob Va Vmo R>amd ì`W© hmoVmo. CXm. A Am{U ~ `m§À`mV Agm R>amd Pmbm H$s, "A' Zo XmoZ aoëdo ê$i EH$_oH$m§Zm OwidyZ XmIdbo Va "A' "~' bm 10,000 é. XoB©b. `m R>amdm_Yrb XmoZ g_m§Va AgUmao aoëdo ê$i EH$_oH$m§Zm OwidUo ho H¥$Ë` AeŠ` Agë`mZo R>amd ì`W© hmoVmo.

6. n¡OoMm R>amd :-

H$ama H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 30 à_mUo XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Yrb Agm R>amd H$s Á`m_Üò EImXr {d{eîQ> A{ZpíMV KQ>Zm KS>br Va n{hbr ì`ŠVr Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg EH$ R>am{dH$ aŠH$_ Úmdr Am{U KQ>Zm KS>br Zmhr Va Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrZo n{hë`m ì`ŠVrg {VVH$sM aŠH$_ Úmdr, VgoM KQ>Zm KS>Uo ho {ZpíMV Agob Va {VÀ`m A{ZpíMV {ZU©`m~m~V R>amd H$aVm òVmo. Voìhm Ë`mg n¡OoMm R>amd åhUVmV.

CXm. ^maV Am{U nm{H$ñVmZ `mÀ`m_Üò EH$ {Xdgr` {H«$Ho$Q> gm_Zm gwê$ Amho. A Am{U ~ `m§À`mV Agm R>amd Pmbm H$s, ^maVmZo gm_Zm qOH$bm Va "~' Zo "A' bm 20000 é. ÚmdoV Am{U nm{H$ñVmZZo gm_Zm qOH$bmVa "A' Zo "~' bm 20000 é. Úmdo, hm R>amd n¡OoMm R>amd hmoVmo. Voìhm Vmo ì`W© hmoVmo. n¡OoMm R>amd ì`W© hmoÊ`mgmR>r R>amdmZo Imbrb AQ>r nyU© Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV.

n¡OoÀ`m R>amdmVrb Amdí`H$ AQ>r -

1. n¡OoMm R>amd hm XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Üò Pmbm nm{hOo.

2. n¡OoÀ`m R>amdmV n¡O haUmè`m ì`ŠVrZo n¡O qOH$Umè`m ì`ŠVrg {d{eîQ> aŠH$_ qH$dm dñVy XoÊ`mMo ~§YZ Agbo nm{hOo.

3. n¡OoÀ`m R>amdmVrb n¡O {OH$Ê`m§Mr d n¡O haÊ`mMr XmoÝhr ì`ŠVrZm 50 Q>ŠHo$ g§Yr Agbr nm{hOo.

4. n¡OoÀ`m R>amdmVrb KQ>Zm hr Zoh_r A{ZpíMV Agbr nm{hOo. Ë`m KQ>Zoda H$moUmMohr {Z`§ÌU Zgbo nm{hOo. Oa KQ>Zm {ZpíMV Agob Va {VMm {ZU©` A{ZpíMV Agbm nm{hOo.

5. n¡OoÀ`m R>amdm_Üò qOH$bobr aŠH$_ {_iÊ`mIoarO H$moUVohr d¡`pŠVH$ g~§Y Zgbo nm{hOoV.

6. VoOr _§XrMo ì`dhma ho n¡OoMo R>amd hmoV ZmhrV.

7. n¡OoÀ`m R>amdm_Üò ì`ŠVtZm H$moUË`mhr l_m{edm` AWdm H$m¡eë`m{edm` n¡OoMr aŠH$_ {_iUma AgVo.

7. à{V\$bm{edm` AgUmao R>amd -

H$ama H$m`ÚmVrb H$b_ 25 Zwgma à{V\$bm{edm` AgUmao R>amd ì`W© g_Obo OmVmV `mM H$b_m_Üò `m gd©gmYmaU {Z`_mg AndmXhr gm§{JVbo AmhoV. Aem `m AndmXmË_H$ R>amdmV à{V\$b Zgbo qH$dm à{V\$b EH$V\$s© Agbo Var XoIrb H$ama H$m`Xoera hmoVmV.

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8. ~oH$m`Xoera CÔoe qH$dm à{V\$b AgUmao R>amd :

Á`m R>amdm§Mo CX²Xoe Am{U à{V\$bo hr Ae§V: qH$dm nyU©V: ~oH$m`Xoera AgVmV Ago gd© R>amd ì`W© g_OÊ`mV oVmV.

9. H$ama ì`ŠVrÀ`m MyH$m§_wio Pmbobo R>amd :

Ooìhm XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Üò R>amd hmoV AgVmZm H$amamMm {df` ApñVËdmV ZgVmo qH$dm Vmo ZîQ> Pmbobm AgVmo Voìhm R>amd H$aÊ`m_Üò XmoÝhr ì`ŠVtMr MyH$ Pmbr Ago _mZyZ R>amd ì`W© g_OÊ`mV òVmo.

10. H$ama H$aÊ`mg AnmÌ Agboë`m ì`ŠVrZr Ho$bobo R>amd :

H$ama H$m`X`mZo H$mhr ì`ŠVrZm H$ama H$aÊ`mg AnmÌ R>adbobo Amho Ë`m_Ü o AkmZ ì`ŠVr, gwk ~wX²Yr Zgbobr ì`ŠVr d H$ama H$aÊ`mg à{V~§Y Agboë`m ì`ŠVr BË`mXtZm H$ama H$aÊ`mg AnmÌ R>a{dbo Amho. Aem ì`ŠVtZr R>amd Ho$bm Va Vmo ì`W© hmoVmo.

bjmV R>odm - H$ama H$m`ÚmZo ì`W© R>a{dbobo R>amd

1. {ddmh à{V~§YH$ R>amd 6. n¡OoMm R>amd

2. ì`mnmaY§Xm à{V~§YH$ R>amd 7. à{V\$bm{edm` AgUmao R>amd

3. Ý`m`mb`mV OmÊ`mg à{V~§YH$ H$aUmao R>amd

8. ~oH$m`Xoera CÔoe d ~oH$m`Xoera à{V\$b AgUmao R>amd

4. A{ZpíMV AWm©Mo R>amd 9. H$ama ì`ŠVrÀ`m MyH$s_wio Pmbobo R>amd

5. AeŠ` H¥$Ë` H$aÊ`m~m~VMm R>amd 10. H$ama H$aÊ`mg AnmÌ Agboë`m ì`ŠVrZr Ho$bobo R>amd

1.2.5 H$ama g_már Discharge of Contract -

1. AW© :-

H$amamÀ`m _ybämyV VËdm§_Yrb H$amam§Mr g_már hr eodQ>Mr {Vgar nmàr Amho. H$ama ì`ŠVtZr H$ama_Üò {Xboë`m dMZm§Mr nyV©Vm Ho$br qH$dm H$amamZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobr O~m~Xmar nyU© Ho$br Va H$amamMr g_már Pmbr Ago åhUVmV. Ooìhm H$amamZo {Z_m©U Pmbobr ì`ŠVr_Yrb H$m`Xoera O~m~Xmar g§nwð>mV òVo. Voìhm H$ama g_má hmodyZ, H$ama ì`ŠVr øm EH$_oH$m§À`m O~m~XmamVyZ _wŠV hmoVmV. H$amam§Mr g_már hr H$amam§Vrb dMZm§À`m nwV©Vo_wio qH$dm H$amamVrb dMZm§Mr nyV©Vm Z PmboZo åhUOoM H$ama ^§Jm_wio hmody eH$Vo. gmYmaUnUo ~hþVm§er H$ama ho H$ama nwV©Vm PmboZo g_má hmoVmV. H$ama H$m`Úm_Üò H$ama g_márÀ`m Imbrb gmV nX²YVr AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr EH$m nX²YVrZo H$ama g_má Ho$bm OmVmo.

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2. H$ama nyV©VoÀ`m nÜXVr Methods of discharge of contract :

1. H$ama nyV©Vm PmboZo By Performance :

Ooìhm XmoÝhr H$ama ì`ŠVr `m Amnë`m dMZm§Mr nyV©Vm H$amamVrb AQ>rZwgma H$aVmV Voìhm H$amamMr nwV©Vm Pmbr Ago _mZwZ H$ama g_má hmoVmo. Aem `m H$ama nyV©VoMo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV.

1) àË`j H$ama nyV©Vm Actual Performance : Ooìhm H$ama ì`ŠVr øm H$amamVrb AQ>rà_mUo Amnmnë`m dMZm§Mr nyV©Vm H$amVmV Voìhm Ë`mg àË`j H$ama nwV©Vm Ago åhUVmV. àË`j dMZm§Mr nyV©Vm Pmë`mZo H$ama g_má hmodyZ XmoÝhr ì`ŠVr H$amamÀ`m O~m~XmarVwZ _yŠV hmoVmV.

2) H$ama nwV©VoMm à`ËZ Tender Performance : H$ama nyV©VoÀ`m à`ËZmg H$m`ÚmV àË`j H$ama nyV©Vm _mZVmV. Ooìhm àñVmdH$ H$amamVrb Amnbo dMZ nyU© H$aÊ`mMr àñVmdË`mg V`mar àX{e©V H$aVmo. na§Vw àñVmdVm Ë`mMm pñdH$ma H$arV Zmhr, Voìhm Ë`mbm H$ama nwV©VoMm à`ËZ Ago åhUVmV.

2. nañnamVrb R>amdmZo H$ama g_már : By Mutual Agreement

Á`m à_mUo XmoZ ì`ŠVr øm nañnamV R>amd H$ê$Z H$ama ApñVËdmV AmUVmV. Ë`mà_mUo H$ama ì`ŠVr øm nañnamV EopÀN>H$ R>amd H$ê$Z H$amam§Mr g_már H$ê$ eH$VmV. Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr EH$m àH$mamZo Agm nañnam§V R>amd H$ê$Z H$ama g_má Ho$bm OmVmo.

1) H$amamMo ZyVZrH$aU : Ooìhm H$ama ì`ŠVr øm Ë`m§À`mVrb OwZm H$ama aÔ H$ê$Z Ë`mEodOr ZdrZ H$ama ApñVËdmV AmUVmV. Voìhm Ë`mg H$amamMo ZyVZrH$aU Ago åhUVmV. `m ZyVZrH$aUm_wio OwÝ`m H$amamMr OmJm ZdrZ H$amamH$Sy>Z KoVbr OmVo, d _yi H$amamMr g_már hmoVo.

2) H$amamVrb ~Xb : Ooìhm H$amamÀ`m XmoÝhr ì`ŠVr øm nañnam§À`m g§å_VrZo H$amamVrb AQ>rV ~Xb H$aVmV, Voìhm Ë`mg H$amamVrb AQ>rÀ`m ~Xbm_wio H$ama g_már Ago åhUVmV. H$amamVrb AQ>r ~Xbm_wio _yi H$ama g_má hmoVmo Am{U ZdrZ H$ama ApñVËdmV òVmo.

3) H$ama aÔ H$aUo : Ooìhm H$amamVrb EH$m ì`ŠVrZo qH$dm gdm©§Zr {_iyZ ñdoÀN>oZo H$ama aÔ H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm Va H$ama aX²X H$aÊ`mÀ`m R>amdmÀ`m _mÜ`_mZo H$amamMr g_már hmoVo.

4) H$amamV gdbV XoUo : Ooìhm àñVmdVm hm àñVmdH$mH$Sy>Z H$amamV R>aboë`m à{V\$bm nojm H$_r à{V\$b pñdH$maVmo qH$dm H$amamMm H$mhr ^mJ ñdoÀN>oZo gmoSy>Z XoVmo Voìhm Ë`mg H$amamV gdbV XoÊ`mMm R>amd H$ê$Z H$ama g_má H$aUo Ago åhUVmV.

5) hŠH$ Ë`mJ H$aUo : Á`mdoir àñVmdVm àñVmdH$m{déÕ {_imbobm H$m`Xoera hŠH$ ñdV:hÿZ gmoSy>Z XoVmo. åhUOoM àñVmdVm àñVmdH$mg Ë`mÀ`m dMZ nyVr©VyZ _m\$s XoVmo. Voìhm Ë`mg hŠH$ Ë`mJ H$aUo Ago åhUVmV, Ooìhm àñVmdVm Agm hŠH$ Ë`mJ H$aVmo. Voìhm àñVmdH$mMr H$amamÀ`m O~m~XmarVyZ _wŠVVm hmoVo Am{U H$ama g_má hmoVmo.

6) VS>OmoS> Am{U g_mYmZ : Ooìhm àñVmdH$mg H$amamVrb AQ>tà_mUo Amnbo dMZ nyU© H$aUo AeŠ` hmoVo Voìhm Vmo àñVmdË`mnwT>o VS>OmoS>rMm àñVmd R>odVmo. `m àñVmdm_Üò H$amamVrb

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{Xboë`m dMZmÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV àñVmdH$ H$_r aŠH$_ qH$dm H$_r _mobmMr dñVw pñdH$maÊ`mg àñVmdË`mbm {dZ§Vr H$aVmo. Ooìhm Aer {dZ§Vr àñVmdVm _mÝ` H$aVmo. Voìhm Ë`m XmoKm§_Üò VS>OmoS> Pmbr Ago åhUVmV. Aem `m VS>OmoS>rà_mUo Z§Va Ooìhm àñVmdH$ Amnë`m dMZmMr nyV©Vm H$aVmo, åhUOoM H$_r aŠH$_ qH$dm H$_r _mobmMr dñVw R>aë`mà_mUo àñVmdË`mÀ`m Vã`mV XoVmo. Voìhm XmoÝhr njm§Mo g_mYmZ hmodyZ àñVmdH$ hm Amnë`m _yi dMZmÀ`m O~m~XmarVyZ _yŠV hmoVmo Am{U Xmohm|Vrb _yi H$ama g_má hmoVmo.

3. H$m`ÚmÀ`m VaVwXr_wio hmoUmar H$ama g_már By Operation of law

H$m`ÚmÀ`m VaVwXr_wio Imbrb KQ>Zm KS>ë`mg XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Yrb H$ama ho AmnmoAmn g_má hmoVmV.

1) àñVmdH$mMr {XdmiImoar : Ooìhm àñVmdH$mbm H$moQ>m©_m\©$V {XdmiImoa åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo OmVo. Voìhm Vmo {XdmiImoa àñVmdH$, {XdmiImoa hmoÊ`mÀ`m VmaIon ªVÀ`m H$amam§À`m O~m~XmarVyZ _wŠV hmoVmo. Am{U {XdmiImoarÀ`m VmaIon`ªV Ë`mZo Ho$bobo gd© H$ama ho AmnmoAmn aÔ hmoVmV.

2) H$ama ì`ŠVrMm _¥Ë`y : Ooìhm EImÚm H$amamÀ`m nyV©Vo_Üò ì`ŠVtMr JwUd¡{eîQç>o gm_mdbobr AgVmV. Voìhm Aem H$amam§Mr nyV©Vm hr ñdV: àñVmdH$mZoM Ho$br nm{hOo. Oa H$ama nyV©Vonydr© nwñVmdH$mMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm Va Agm H$ama aÔ hmoVmo. Ë`mÀ`m nyV©VoMr O~m~Xmar Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrda Q>mH$Vm òV Zmhr.

3) àñVmdH$ Am{U àñVmdVm hr EH$M ì`ŠVr AgVo : Ooìhm àñVmdH$ hm ñdV: àñVmdVm ~ZVmo. Voìhm Aem H$amamVrb BVa ì`ŠVr øm H$amamÀ`m O~m~XmarVyZ _wŠV hmoVmV Am{U H$ama g_má hmoVmo. CXm. j Zo ` da ì`mnmar hþ§S>r H$mT>br Ë`mg ` Zo pñdH¥$Vr {Xbr. Ë`mZ§Va j Zo Vr hþ§S>r H$ bm hñVm§Va Ho$br, H$ Zo nwÝhm Vr hþ§S>r ` H$So> hñVm§Va Ho$br Va òWo ` hm àñVmdH$ Am{U àñVmdVm ~ZVmo. Ë`m_wio Vr EH$M ì`ŠVr Agë`mZo BVa ì`ŠVtMr H$amamÀ`m O~m~XmarVwZ _wŠVVm hmoVo Am{U H$ama g_má hmoVmo.

4) hŠH$m§Mo {dbZrH$aU : O|ìhm H${ZîQ> XOm©À`m hŠH$mMm H$ama hm d[aîQ> XOm©À`m hŠH$m_Üò ê$nm§Va hmoVmo V|ìhm H${ZîQ> XOm©À`m hŠH$mÀ`m H$amamMr AmnmoAmn g_már hmoVo d H$ama ì`ŠVr `m H$amamÀ`m O~m~XmarVyZ _wŠV hmoVmV. CXm. ^mSo>H$ê$Zo amhV Agbobo ^mS>çmMo Ka Ka_mbH$m§H$Sy>Z {dH$V KoUo.

5) H$amamÀ`m _hËdmÀ`m ~Xbm_wio hmoUmar H$ama g_már By Material Alteration : Ooìhm H$amam_Yrb àñVmdH$ hm H$amamVrb _hËdmÀ`m AQ>r_Üò àñVmdË`mÀ`m g§_ËVr {edm` boIr ñdê$nmV ~Xb H$aVmo, H$s Á`m ~Xbm_wio ì`ŠVtÀ`m O~m~Xmè`m dmT>VmV> Voìhm Ë`mg _hËdmMo ~Xb Ago åhUVmV. Aem ~Xbm§_wio ~Xbmg g§å_Vr Zgboë`m ì`ŠVrMr H$amamÀ`m O~m~XmarVyZ _wŠVVm hmoVo Am{U Vmo H$ama g_má hmoVmo. `mgmR>r Imbrb VrZ AQ>tMr nyV©Vm hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

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1. H$amamVrb AQ>t_Yrb ~Xb hm EH$m ì`ŠVrZo boIr Ho$bm nm{hOo.

2. Agm ~Xb hm Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m g§å_Vr {edm` Ho$bm nm{hOo.

3. Agm ~Xb hm _hËdmÀ`m AQ>r~m~V Agbm nm{hOo, åhUOoM H$ama ì`ŠVtMo hŠH$ Am{U O~m~Xmè`m `mda n[aUm_ H$aUmam Agbm nm{hOo.

6) H$mb_`m©Xm g§në`mZo H$amamMr g_már By Lapse of Time : Oa EImÚm H$amamVrb dMZm§Mr nyV©Vm hr R>aboë`m {d{eîQ> H$mb_`m©XoV Pmbr Zmhr Va, Ë`m H$amamÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrMr H$mb_`m©Xm g§në`m_wio H$ama g_má hmoVmo. ^maVr` H$mbmdYr H$m`Xm 1963 Zo doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m H$amam§Zm H$amanyV©VoMr doJdoJir H$mb_`m©Xm KmVbr Amho.

CXm. H$O©dgwbrMm Xmdm XmIb H$aÊ`mMr H$mb_`m©Xm H$O© {Xboë`m VmaIonmgyZ VrZ df} Amho. Am{U pñWa _mb_ËVoÀ`m hŠH$m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrMm H$mbmdYr ~mam df} Amho. Aem `m {Xboë`m H$mbmdYrÀ`m _`m©Xm g§në`m Va g~§{YV ì`ŠVtMm Xmdm bmdÊ`mMm hŠH$ ZîQ> hmoVmo. åhUyZ H$ama nyV©VoMr H$mb_`m©Xm g§në`mZo qH$dm `mo½`> H$mbmdYrÀ`m g_márZ§Va H$ama AmnmoAmn g_má hmoVmo.

7) H$ama nyV©Vm AeŠ` Pmë`mZo H$ama g_már By Impossibility of Performance : XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Üò H$m`Xoera H$ama ApñVËdmV Amë`mZ§Va H$mhr AZno{jV KQ>Zm KSy>Z Amë`m_wio H$amamMr nyV©Vm H$aUo AeŠ` hmoVo. Voìhm H$ama g_má hmoVmo, H$ama ì`ŠVr øm H$amamÀ`m O~m~XmarVyZ _wŠV hmoVmV. Aem `m H$ama nyV©VoÀ`m AeŠ`Vobm níMmV AeŠ`Vm qH$dm Z¡amí`mÛmao H$ama g_már Ago hr åhUVmV. H$ama H$aVmZm ì`ŠVtZr Á`m KQ>Zm§Mm {dMma Ho$bobm AgVmo, Aem Z¡g{J©H$, ~mø KQ>Zm øm AmH$pñ_H$arË`m KS>ë`m_yio H$amam§Mr nyV©Vm AeŠ` hmoVo `mbm Z¡amíòMm {gÜXm§V Ago hr åhUVmV. hm Z¡amíòMm {gÜXm§V bmJy hmodyZ Imbrb H$maUm§_yio H$amamMr nyV©Vm AeŠ` ~ZVo Am{U H$ama g_má hmoVmo.

1. H$amamMm {df` ZîQ> hmoUo :

H$ama ApñVËdmV Amë`mZ§Va H$ama ì`ŠVtMm Xmof ZgVmZm H$mhr H$maUmZo H$amamMm _hËdmMm {df` ZîQ> hmodyZ H$ama nyV©Vm AeŠ` ~ZVo Am{U H$ama g_má hmoVmo. CXm. "A'Zo Amnë`m _wbrÀ`m {ddmhmgmR>r H$m`m©b` ^mS>çmZo KoÊ`mMm H$ama Ho$bm. {ddmhmÀ`m VmaIoÀ`m AmXë`m amÌr em°Q>©gH$s©Q>Zo AmJ bmJyZ Vo H$m`m©b` nyU©nUo Oimbo. òWo "A' Am{U H$m`m©b`mMm _mbH$ `m§Mr H$mhrhr MwH$ ZgVmZm H$amamMm {df` ZîQ> Pmë`m_wio H$ama nyV©Vm AeŠ` ~ZyZ H$ama g_má hmoVmo.

2. H$ama ì`ŠVrMm _¥Ë`y qH$dm Ag_W©Vm:

Ooìhm EImÚm H$amamMr nyV©Vm hr ì`ŠVrÀ`m H$bmJwUmda qH$dm H$m¡eë`mda AmYmabobr AgVo. Voìhm Aem ì`ŠVrMm H$ama nyV©Vonydr© _¥Ë`y Pmbm qH$dm Vr ì`ŠVr emar[aH$ Am{U _mZ{gH$ X¥îQ>`m H$ama nyU© H$aÊ`mg Ag_W© R>abr Va H$ama nyV©Vm AeŠ` hmodyZ H$ama g_má hmoVmo. CXm. A Zo ~ À`m WoQ>a_Üò {d{eîQ> {Xder JmUr JmÊ`mMm H$ama Hoo$bm. n{hbo XmoZ H$m`©H«$_ Pmbo. {Vgè`m

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H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m doir A hm BVH$m AmOmar nS>bm H$s Ë`mbm Vmo H$m`©H«$_ H$aVm Ambm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Vmo H$ama g_má hmoVmo.

3. H$m`ÚmVrb ~Xb :

XmoZ ì`ŠVr_Üò H$ama Pmë`mZ§Va gaH$maZo Aem H$amamer g~§{YV H$m`Úm_Üò ~Xb Ho$bm Am{U Ë`m_yio H$amamMr nyV©Vm AeŠ` Pmbr Va Vmo H$ama g_má hmoVmo. CXm. A Zo ~ bm Amnbr eoVO_rZ {dH$Ê`mMm H$ama Ho$bm. H$amamZ§Va gaH$maZo amOnÌ à{gÕ H$ê$Z A Mr Vr eoVO_rZ gmd©O{ZH$ H$m_mgmR>r Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbr Ë`m_wio gaH$mar H$m`ÚmV ~Xb Pmë`mZo A Am{U ~ `m§À`mVrb O_rZ {dH«$sMm H$ama g_má hmoVmo.

4. `wX²Y Kmo{fV hmoUo :

Á`m XoemMo ZmJarH$ Amnë`m XoemVrb ZmJ[aH$m§er H$ama H$aVmV. Voìhm Vo EH$_oH$m§Mo naH$s` {_Ì AgVmV. Oa `m XmoZ Xoem§_Üò `wX²Y gwê$ Pmbo Va hoM ZmJarH$ EH$_oH$m§Mo naH$s` eÌy ~ZVmV. Aem naH$s` eÌy§Zm H$ama H$aÊ`mg AnmÌ R>a{dbo Agë`mZo, wÕ gwê$ hmoÊ`mÀ`m VmaIon`ªV Oo H$ama Ë`m§À`mV Pmbo AgVrb Vo g_má hmoVmV.

5. {d{eîQ> KQ>Zm Z KS>ë`mg :

Or KQ>Zm KQ>Ý`mda H$amamMr nyV©Vm Adb§~yZ AgVo. Vr KQ>Zm KS>Uo AeŠ` Pmë`mg H$ama aÔ hmoVmo Am{U H$amamMr g_már hmoVo.

8. H$ama ^§Jm_yio H$ama g_már By Breach of Contract :

H$ama ì`ŠVtZm H$amamVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobr H$m`Xoera O~m~Xmar hr nma nmS>mdrM bmJVo. O|ìhm EImXr ì`ŠVr H$amam_Üò {Xbobo Amnbo dMZ nyU© H$aÊ`mg ZH$ma XoVo qH$dm Q>mimQ>mi H$aVo. Voìhm Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo H$ama §J Ho$bm Ago åhUVmV. Or ì`ŠVr H$ama ^§J H$aVo {Vbm Xmofr ì`ŠVr åhUVmV. Am{U H$ama ^§Jm_wio Á`m ì`ŠVrMo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Ë`mg {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVr åhUVmV. H$ama ^§J Pmë`m_wio XoIrb H$ama g_má hmoVmo. _mÌ H$ama ^§Jm_wio {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVrbm Xmofr ì`ŠVr{dê$X²Y ZwH$gmZ ânmB© dgwb H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xmdm bmdÊ`mMm hŠH$ àmá hmoVmo. H$ama ^§Jm_yio H$ama g_márMo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. Vo àË`j H$ama §J Am{U _yXVnwd© H$ama §J hmo`.

1. àË`j H$ama ^§J :

Á`mdoir àË`j H$amamMr nwV©Vm hmoUma AgVo Ë`mdoir H$amamÀ`m XmoZ ì`ŠVtn¡H$s EH$mZo dMZ nyU© Ho$bo Zmhr qH$dm dMZ nyU© H$aÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xbm Va Ë`mg àË`j H$ama §J Ago åhUVmV. Aem àË`j H$ama §Jm_wio H$amamVrb Xþgar ì`ŠVr Amnë`m O~m~XmarVyZ _yŠV hmoVo Am{U Ë`mbm H$ama ^§J H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr{déÕ Pmboë`m ZwH$gmZrMr ânmB© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xmdm bmdVm òVmo.

2. _yXVnyd© H$ama^§J :

Ooìhm àñVmdH$ H$ama nyV©VoMr doi òÊ`mnydr©M Amnbo dMZ nyU© H$aÊ`mMo ZmH$maVmo. qH$dm Amnë`m dV©ZmZo Aer n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$aVmo H$s, Á`m_yio Ë`m dMZmMr nwV©Vm hmoUo AeŠ` hmoVo.

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Voìhm Ë`mg àñVmdH$mZo _yXVnyd© H$ama ^§J Ho$bm Ago åhUVmV, _yXVnyd© H$ama ^§J hm Ho$di àñVmdH$ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. `m_Üò Vmo Amnbo dMZ nyU© H$aUma Zgë`mMo ñnîQ>nUo àñVmdË`mg H$i{dVmo. Á`mdoir _yXVnyd© H$ama ^§J hmoVmo. Voìhm àñVmdH$mbm Ë`mÀ`m dMZnyVr©nmgyZ _m\$s {_iVo Am{U àñVmdH$m{déÕ Ë`mbm nwT>rbà_mUo XmoZ A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmV.

1. àñVmdË`mZo _yXVnyd© H$ama ^§Jmg àË`j H$ama §J Pmbm Ago _mZyZ àñVmdH$m{déÕ H$ama ^§Jm~X²Xb Vm~S>Vmo~ ZyH$gmZ ânmB©gmR>r H$moQ>m©V Xmdm bmdVm òVmo.

2. H$ama nwV©VoMr doi òB©n`©§V àñVmdVm àñVmdH$m{déÕ H$moUVrhr H$m`Xoera H$madmB© H$aUma Zmhr Va Vmo àñVmdH$mg Amnbo dMZ nyU© H$aÊ`mMr AmUIr EH$ g§Yr XoB©b Am{U H$ama nyV©VoMr doi oÊ`mMr dmQ> nmhrb. Oa àñVmdË`mZo H$ama nyV©VoMr doi òB©n`©§V dmQ> nm{hbr Am{U Xmdm XmIb Ho$bm Zmhr Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV H$mhr Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm KS>ë`m_yio àñVmdH$mg H$amamVrb dMZmÀ`m nyVr©nmgyZ _m\$s {_imbr Va àñVdË`mMm àñVmdH$m{déÕ Xmdm XmIb H$ê$Z ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJUr H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ ZîQ> hmoVmo.

cjmV R>odm H$ama g_márÀ`m nÕVr -

1. H$ama nyV©Vm Pmë`mZo 2. nañna R>amdmZo

3. H$m`ÚmVrb VaVyXrZwgma 4. H$amamV _hËdmMm ~Xb Pmë`mZo

5. H$mb _`m©Xm g§në`mZo 6. H$ama nyV©Vm AeŠ` Pmë`mZo

7. H$ama ^§J Pmë`m_yio

1.2.6 H$ama ^§Jm~X²XbÀ`m Cnm``moOZm:- Remedies for Breach of Contract

1. AW© :-

H$m`Xoera H$amamVyZ H$ama ì`ŠVtZm H$mhr {ZpíMV Ago A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmV. VgoM H$mhr H$m`Xoera O~m~Xmè`m XoIrb nma nmS>mì`m bmJVmV. Ooìhm H$ama ì`ŠVr h`m H$amamA§VJ©V Agbobr Ë`m§Mr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>Ê`mg ZH$ma XoVmV, Voìhm Ë`mg H$ama §J Ago åhUVmV. H$ama ^§Jm_wio Á`m ì`ŠVrg ZwH$gmZ ghZ H$amdo bmJVo, Ë`mg {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVr Ago åhUVmV. Am{U Á`m ì`ŠVrZo H$ama ^§J Ho$bm Ë`mg Xmofr ì`ŠVr åhUVmV. Aem {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVrZm Xmofr ì`ŠVr{dê$X²Y H$ama^§JmgmR>r Or H$m`Xoera H$madmB© H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma CnbãY AgVmo Ë`mg H$ama^§Jm~X²XbMr Cnm``moOZm åhUVmV. Ë`m nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV -

2. H$ama ^§Jm~ÔbÀ`m Cnm``moOZm : Remedies for Breach of Contract

1. H$ama aX²X H$aUo : Rescission of Contract

Ooìhm H$amamVrb EH$ ì`ŠVr H$amamMm ^§J H$aVo V|ìhm Xþgar ì`ŠVr Vmo H$ama aX²X H$ê$ eH$Vo. VgoM Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg Ë`mMo H$amamVrb dMZ nyU© H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo. {ZXm}frì`ŠVr hr Xmofr ì`ŠVr {dê$X²Y ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo H$m`Xoera H$madmB© H$ê$

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eH$Vo. _mÌ Ý`m`mb`mZo H$ama aX²X Pmë`mMm {ZU©` {Xë`mZ§VaM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m AmXoemZygma {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVrg ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJUr H$aVm òVo.

2. ZwH$gmZ ânmB©gmR>r Xmdm bmdUo : Suit for Damages

ZwH$gmZ ânmB© åhUOo n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV _mo~Xbm XoD$Z {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVrg H$ama nyU© Pmë`mZ§VaMr pñWVr àmá H$ê$Z XoUo hmo`. Or ì`ŠVr H$ama ^§J H$aVo Aem Xmofr ì`ŠVrZo {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVrMo H$ama ^§Jm_yio Pmbobo ZwH$gmZ ^ê$Z Úmd`mMo AgVo. åhUOoM Oa H$ama nyU© Pmbm AgVm Va ì`ŠVrMm Omo \$m`Xm Pmbm AgVm qH$dm Or pñWVr ì`ŠVrg àmá Pmbr AgVr Vr pñWVr n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XodyZ àmá H$ê$Z XoUo hm `m_mJrb CX²Xoe AgVmo. H$ama ^§JmgmR>rMr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© hr n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmVM {Xbr nm{hOo. Vr BVa dñVw§À`m ñdê$nmV XoVm òUma Zmhr, VgoM {VMm CX²Xoe ZwH$gmZ ^ê$Z H$mT>Uo hm Agbm nm{hOo. Vmo ì`ŠVrg {ejm H$aUo hm AgVm H$m_m Zò. Aem `m ZwH$gmZ ânmB©Mo nwT>rb àH$ma nS>VmV.

1. gd©gmYmaU ZwH$gmZânmB© : General Damages

H$ama^§J Pmë`mg gd©gmYmaU n[apñWVr_Üò H$moUVo Am{U {H$Vr ZwH$gmZ hmoB©b `mMr H$ënZm XmoÝhrhr H$ama ì`ŠVtZm AgVo. Aem `m àË`j Pmboë`m ZwH$gmZrMr Or ânmB© H$aÊ`mV òVo {Vbm gmYmaU ZwH$gmZ ânmB© åhUVmV. `mMr aŠH$_ hr gd©gmYmaUnUo àË`j Pmboë`m ZwH$gmZrÀ`m aŠH$_oBVH$s AgVo.

2. {deof ZwH$gmZânmB© : Special Damages

H$ama ^§Jm_yio ì`ŠVtMo AàË`j ñdê$nmV Pmbobo ZwH$gmZ Oa ^ê$Z {Xbo OmV Agob Va Ë`mg {deof ZwH$gmZ ânmB© Ago åhUVmV. `m_Üò H$ama^§JmVyZ AàË`j {H$Vr ZwH$gmZ hmoB©b `mMr _mhrVr H$amamÀ`m doir Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg {Xbr Agob VaM Aem àH$maMr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z _mJVm oVo.

3. X§S>mË_H$ / {ejmË_H$ ZwH$gmZ ânmB© : Punitive/Vindictive Damages

Aem àH$maMr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© hr H$ama ^§J H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrbm {ejm AWdm X§S> H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo {Xbr OmVo, Vr ZwH$gmZ ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m CX²XoemZo {Xbr OmV Zmhr. Aem àH$mam_Üò Xmofr ì`ŠVrg H$ama ^§Jm_yio OmñVrV OmñV X§S> ìhmdm Aer Anojm AgVo. gm_mÝ`nUo H$ama §Jm_wio ì`ŠVtÀ`m à{Vð>obm, Zmdbm¡{H$H$mg ~mYm nmohMUma Agob VaM Aer ZwH$gmZ ânmB© {Xbr OmVo. Imbrb XmoZ H$maUmgmR>r Aer X§S>mË_H$ ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XoVmV.

1. {ddmh H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr {Xboë`m dMZm§Mm §J Pmë`mg

2. J«mhH$m§À`m ImË`mV nwaoer aŠH$_ {e„H$ AgVmZm ~±Ho$Zo ImVoXmamÀ`m YmZmXoemMm MwH$sZo AZmXa Ho$bm. BË`mXr Ho$grg _Üò ì`ŠVtÀ`m à{Vð>oMm àíZ òVmo. Ë`m_wio g~§YrV H$ama^§J H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm OmñVrV OmñV X§S> hmoÊ`mÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo {ejmË_H$ ZwH$gmZ ânmB© {Xbr OmVo.

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4. Zm__mÌ ZwH$gmZ ânmB© : Nominal Damages

Ooìhm H$ama ^§J Pmë`m_yio ì`ŠVrMo Pmbobo ZwH$gmZ A{VAën AgVo. Voìhm Ý`m`mb` Xmofr ì`ŠVtZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m H$ama ^§Jm~X²Xb O~m~Xma YaÊ`mgmR>r Zm__mÌ ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XoÊ`mMm AmXoe XoVo. `m_Üò ZwH$gmZ ânmB©Mr aŠH$_ A{VAën åhUOo 1 é. BVH$s AgVo. Aer ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XoÊ`mMm _yi CX²Xoe hm {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVrg Ý`m` XoUo Am{U {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVrMm ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJUr H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ gwa{jV R>odÊ`mgmR>r Aer Zm__mÌ ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _§Oya Ho$br OmVo.

5. A§XmOo ZwH$gmZ ânmB© : Liquidated Damages

Ooìhm H$amamVrb XmoÝhr ì`ŠVr øm H$ama H$aVmZmM H$ama^§J Pmë`mg Xmofr ì`ŠVrZo {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVrcm {H$Vr aŠH$_ ZwH$gmZ ânmB© åhUyZ Úmdr ho AJmoXaM R>a{dVmV. Voìhm Ë`mg A§XmOo ZwH$gmZ ânmB© Ago åhUVmV. `m àH$mam_Üò H$amamV OodT>r ZwH$gmZ ânmB©Mr aŠH$_ {ZpíMV Ho$bobr AgVo, VodT>rM aŠH$_ {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVrbm Xmofr ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z _mJUr H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ AgVmo.

3. H$moQ>m©V Xmdm bmdyZ H$ama nyV©VoMr _mJUr H$aUo : Suit for specific performance

AgmYmaU n[apñWVrV H$ama ^§J Pmbm Va Xmofr ì`ŠVrZo H$amamVrb AQ>rà_mUo H$ama nyV©Vm H$amdr Ago H$moQ>m©H$Sy>Z AmXoe ìhmdoV, `mgmR>r H$moQ>m©V Xmdm bmdyZ H$ama nyV©VoMr _mJUr {ZXmofr© ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVo. {deofV: Ooìhm H$ama ^§Jm_wio H$ama ì`ŠVrMo Oo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Vo Oa n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV ì`ŠV H$amVm òV Zgob qH$dm Ë`m ZwH$gmZrMr n¡emV _moOXmX H$aVm òV Zgob Va Aem doir H$moQ>m©V Xmdm bmdyZ {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVrg H$ama nyV©VoMm AmXoe {_i{dVm oVmo.

CXm. A Zo ~ bm EH$ Xþ{_©i V¡b{MÌ 50,000/- én`mg {dH«$s H$aÊ`mMm H$ama Ho$bm. H$amamZ§Va A Zo Vo Xþ{_©i V¡b{MÌ ~ bm {dH$Ê`mMo ZmH$mabo åhUyZ ~ A {déÕ H$moQ>m©V Xmdm XmIb H$ê$Z A H$So> H$ama nyV©VoMr _mJUr H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Imbrb n[apñWVr_Üò _mÌ H$moQ>m©V Xmdm bmdyZ H$ama nyV©VoMr _mJUr H$aVm òV Zmhr.

1. H$ama ^§JmnmgyZ Ooìhm Pmbobo ZwH$gmZ ho n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV ì`ŠV H$aVm òV Agob Va

2. Ooìhm H$ama ho ì`{ŠVJV ñdê$nmMo AgVmV.

3. Ooìhm H§$nZrZo KQ>ZmàÌH$mÀ`m A{YH$ma joÌm~mhoaÀ`m ~m~tMo H$ama Ho$ë`mg

4. OoWo H$moQ>m©g H$amamÀ`m nyV©Voda ZOa R>odUo AeŠ` hmoVo.

5. Ooìhm H$amamVrb EImXr ì`ŠVr hr AkmZr AgVo

4. OodT>o {_i{dbo VodT>oM _mJUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xmdm bmdUo : Suit for Quantum - Merit

Ooìhm EImÚm H$amam_Üò H$m_ nyU© Pmë`mda _mo~Xbm XoÊ`mMm H$ama Agob Am{U Agm H$ama Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrZo H$m_ nyU© hmoÊ`mnwdr©M _moS>bm qH$dm H$mhr AmH$ñ_rH$ H$maUm_yio Vo H$m_ nyU© hmody eH$bobo Zmhr, Va H$m_ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrbm OodT>o H$m_ Ho$bo Agob {VVŠ`mM H$m_mMm _mo~Xbm {_iÊ`mMm hŠH$ AgVmo. `mbmM OodT>o {_i{dbo VodT>oM _mJUr H$aÊ`mMo VËd AgoåhUVmV. CXm. A `m àH$meH$mZo Amnë`m _m{gH$m_Üò ~ Mr boI_mbm à{gÜX H$aÊ`mMm H$ama Ho$bm. A Zo

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EHy$U Ë`m _m{gH$mV ~ Mo 10 boI à{gÜX H$aÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo. `m H$amamà_mUo ~ Mo 6 boI à{gÜX Pmbo. Ë`mZ§Va A Zo H$mhr H$maUmZo Vo _m{gH$ à{gÜX H$aÊ`mMo ~§X Ho$bo, Ë`m_wio Cabobo 4 boI à{gÜX Pmbo ZmhrV. òWo ~ Mo OodT>o boI à{gÜX Pmbo VodT>çmM boIm§Mm _mo~Xbm ~ bm A H$Sy>Z _mJUr H$aVm òB©b. à{gÜX Z Pmboë`m 4 boIm§Mm A H$Sy>Z _mo~Xbm _mJUr H$aVm òUma Zmhr. Imbrb n[apñWVr_Üò H$amamà_mUo H$m_ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrg "OodT>o {_i{dbo Agob VodT>oM' `m VËdmà_mUo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z _mo~Xbm _mJUr H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$AgVmo.

1. Ooìhm EImXm H$ama ì`W© hmoVmo Am{U EH$m ì`ŠVrZo H$amamà_mUo H$m_ Ho$ë`mMm \$m`Xm Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg {_iVmo. Voìhm Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrZo H$m_ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrbm H$m_m ~X²XbMm _mo~Xbm {Xbm nmhrOo.

2. Ooìhm EImXo H¥$Ë` {dZm_mo~X²Xbm Ho$bo OmV Zmhr Am{U Ë`m H¥$Ë`mMm\$m`Xm Xþgar ì`ŠVr KoVo. Voìhm Aem ì`ŠVrZo H¥$Ë` H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrg Ë`m H¥$Ë`m~X²XbMm _mo~Xbm {Xbm nm{hOo.

3. Ooìhm H$ama nyU© H$aÊ`mnydr©M aÔ H$aÊ`mV oVmo.

4. Ooìhm Pmbobo H$m_ AnyU© amhrboë`m H$m_m nmgyZ doJio H$aVm òVo. Voìhm nyU© Pmboë`m H$m_m~X²Xb ì`ŠVrg _mo~Xbm _mJVm òVmo. na§Vw nyU© Pmbobo H$m_ AnyU© H$m_mnmgyZ doJio H$aVm òV Zmhr qH$dm Ë`mMr n¡em_Üò qH$_V R>a{dVm òV Zmhr, Voìhm H$m_ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrg H$mhrM _mo~Xbm _mJÊ`mMm hŠH$ ZgVmo.

5. Ooìhm Ag_mYmZH$maH$ nÕVrZo H$ama nyU© Ho$bm OmVmo. Voìhm H$ama nyV©Vo~X²Xb àñVmdH$mbm nyU© _mo~Xbm {_iÊ`mMm hŠH$ AgVmo. _mÌ àñVmdË`mg Ag_mYmZH$maH$ H$m_m~Ôc dOmdQ> H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ AgVmo.

5. H$moQ>m©VyZ _ZmB© AmXoe {_i{dUo : Granting of Injunction

Ooìhm H$amamer g§~§{YV AgUmar EH$ì`ŠVr H$ama ^§J H$arV Amho qH$dm H$aÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Agob Va Aem ì`ŠVrZo H$ama ^§J H$ê$ Zò, `mgmR>r Ý`m`mb`mV Xmdm XmIb H$ê$Z _ZmB© hþHy$_ {_i{dVm òVmo. òWo _ZmB© hþHy$_ åhUOo H$amamer g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrZo H$ama ^§J H$ê$ Zò, åhUyZ H$moQ>m©Mm _ZmB© AmXoe {_i{dUo hmo`. CXm. EImÚm gwà{gÜX A{^ZoÌrZo df©â EH$m {d{eð> {Z_m©Ë`mH$So> H$m_ H$aÊ`mMo dMZ {XboAgob Am{U Ë`mM A{^ZoÌrZo Ë`mMdoir Xþgè`m {Z_m©Ë`mH$So> H$m_ H$aÊ`mMo dMZ {Xbo Agob Va nhrbm {Z_m©Vm Ë`m A{^ZoÌrZo Xþgè`m {Z_m©Ë`mH$So> Ë`m H$mbmdYrV H$m_ H$ê$Z Zò, `mgmR>r Ý`m`mb`mH$Sy>Z _ZmB© AmXoe {_idy eH$Vmo. Aem _ZmB© AmXoemMo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV.

1. VmËnwaVm _ZmB© AmXoe :

VmËnwaVm _ZmB© AmXoe åhUOo H$amamVrb AQ>r à_mUo H$m_ nyU© hmoB©n ©§V _ZmB© AmXoe {_i{dUo hmo`.

2. H$m`_Mm _ZmB© AmXoe :

Xmì`mMm A§{V_ {ZH$mb Omhra hmoB©n ©§V _ZmB© AmXoe {_i{dUo hmo`.

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bjmV R>odm : H$ama ^§Jm~ÔbÀ`m Cnm``moOZm

1. H$ama aÔ H$aUo

2. ZwH$gmZ ânmB©gmR>r Xmdm H$aUo

3. H$moQ>m©V Xmdm bmdyZ H$ama nyV©VoMr _mJUr H$aUo

4. OodT>o {_i{dbo VodT>oM _mJUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xmdm bmdUo

5. H$moQ>m©VyZ _ZmB© AmXoe {_i{dUo.

1.3 gmam§e :

^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1872 hm 1 gßQ>|~a 1872 amoOr Oå_y H$mí_ra ho amÁ` gmoSy>Z g§nyU© ^maVmV bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambm. g§nyU© H$m`ÚmMr {d^mJUr XmoZ ^mJmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. n{hë`m ^mJmV gd©gmYmaU H$amam§Mr VËdo, `mV H$amam§Mr {Z{_©Vr, nyV©Vm Am{U g_már ~m~VÀ`m VaVyXr {Xboë`m AmhoV. Xþgè`m ^mJm_Üò {deof H$amam§Mr {Z{_©Vr, nyV©Vm Am{U g_már~m~VMr VËdo {Xbr AmhoV. Aem {deof H$amam§Mo {Z`_ gd©gmYmaU H$amam§gmR>r bmJy hmoV ZmhrV åhUyZ gd©gmYmaU H$amam§À`m _ycVËdmnmgyZ {deof H$amam§Mr _ybVËdo doJir Ho$br AmhoV.

gd©gmYmaU H$amam§À`m _ybVËdm§Mr H$amam§Mr {Z{_©Vr, H$amam§Mr nyV©Vm Am{U H$amam§Mr g_már `m VrZ ^mJm_Üò {d^mJUr Ho$br Amho. `mZm§M gd©gmYmaU H$amam§À`m _ybVËdm§À`m VrZ AdñWm Ago åhUVmV. H$amam§Mr {Z{_©Vr `m n{hë`m AdñWo_Üò H$ama ApñVËdmV òÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m ~m~tMr Amdí`H$ AgVmV Am{U H$ama H$m`Xoera hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m AQ>tMr nyV©Vm hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m gd© AQ>tMm Vnerb H$b_ 2 Vo 30 _Üò {Xbm Amho. H$amamMr {Z{_©Vr Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mMr nyV©Vm H$er H$amdr `mMr _ybVËdo H$ama nyV©VoMo {Z`_ `m Xþgè`m AdñWo_Üò H$b_ 32 Vo 50 `m_Üò {Xbobo AmhoV.

gd©gmYmaU H$amam§À`m _ybVËdmVrb eodQ>Mr nmàr åhUOo H$amam§Mr g_már hmo . H$ama g_már åhUOo H$ama ì`ŠVtMr H$amamÀ`m H$m`Xoera O~m~XmarVyZ _wŠVVm hmo`. H$amam§Mr g_már hr H$ama ì`ŠVrZr H$amamV {Xboë`m dMZm§Mr nyV©Vm Pmë`mZo hmoVo Va H$m§hr doim H$amamMm ^§J Pmë`mZo XoIrb H$amam§Mr g_már hmoVo. O|ìhm H$ama ^§JmnmgyZ H$ama g_má hmoVmV V|ìhm H$ama ^§Jm_yio Á`m ì`ŠVrMo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo Ë`m {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVrg H$ama §J H$aUmè`m Xmofr ì`ŠVr {dê$ÜX ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r, H$ama §JmnmgyZÀ`m Cnm``moOZm {Xë`m AmhoV. Ë`m Cnm``moOZm AZwgma {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVr Xmofr ì`ŠVr {déÕ H$m`Xoera H$madmB© H$ê$Z ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJUr H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

1.4.nm[a^m{fH$ g§km :- 1. Proposal - àñVmd : O|ìhm EH$ ì`ŠVr Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrMr g§_Vr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r EImXo H¥$Ë`

H$aUo AWdm Z H$aUo `mgmR>r Amnbr BÀN>m ì`ŠV H$aVmo V|ìhm EH$m ì`ŠVrZo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg àñVmd Ho$bm Ago åhUVmV.

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2. Promisor - àñVmdH$ : Or ì`ŠVr àñVmd H$aVo {Vbm àñVmdH$ åhUVmV.

3. Promisee - àñVmdVm : Á`m ì`ŠVrg àñVmd H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho qH$dm Or ì`ŠVr àñVmdmg Amnbr g§_Vr ì`ŠV H$aVo Ë`mg àñVmdVm Ago åhUVmV.

4. Promise - dMZ : pñdH¥$Vr AWdm g§_Vr {Xboë`m àñVmdmg dMZ Ago åhUVmV. dMZ = àñVmd + àñVmdmMr pñdH¥$Vr

5. Counter Proposal - à{VàñVmd : àñVmdmg pñdH¥$Vr XoVmZm _yi àñVmdmVrb EImÚm AQ>rV ~Xb Ho$bm Va Vr àñVmdmMr pñdH¥$Vr Z hmoVm CbQ> àñVmdË`mH$Sy>Z àñVmdH$mbm Ho$bobm à{VàñVmd hmoVmo.

6. Acceptance of Proposal - àñVmdmMr pñdH¥$Vr : Á`m ì`ŠVrg àñVmd H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo àñVmdmg Amnbr g§_Vr {Xbr Va àñVmdmMr pñdH¥$Vr Pmbr Ago åhUVmV.

7. Invitation to Proposal - àñVmdmMo {Z_§ÌU : Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrZo àñVmd H$amdm `mgmR>r Ho$boë`m AmdhmZmg àñVmdmMo {Z_§ÌU åhUVmV. àñVmd Am{U àñVmdmMo {Z_§ÌU `mV \$aH$ AgVmo.

8. An Agreement - R>amd : àËòH$ dMZmg Am{U EH$_|H$mMo à{V\$b AgUmè`m dMZm§À`m g§Mmg R>amd Ago åhUVmV. àñVmdmg pñdH¥$Vr {Xbr H$s Ë`mMo R>amdmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo.

9. Contract - H$ama : Á`m R>amdm§Mr H$m`Xoera A_b~OmdUr eŠ` AgVo V|ìhm Aem R>amdm§Zm H$ama åhUVmV. åhUyZ H$ama-R>amd- R>amdm§Mr H$m`Xoera A_b~OmdUr.

10. Consideration - à{V\$b : H$ama ì`ŠVtZm H$amamnmgyZ {_iUmam _mo~Xbm hm à{V\$b AgVmo. Agm _mo~Xbm n¡emV, dñVy, Z\$m, ì`mO, Ë`mJ, qH$_V `m ñdê$nmV H$ama ì`H$VrZm {_iV AgVmo.

11. Aggrieved Party - {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVr : H$ama^§Jm_wio Á`m ì`ŠVrg ZwH$gmZ ghZ H$amdo bmJVo Ë`mg {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVr åhUVmV.

12. Defaulting Party - Xmofr ì`ŠVr : Á`m ì`ŠVrZo H$ama ^§J H$ê$Z MyH$ Ho$bobr AgVo Ë`mg Xmofr ì`ŠVr åhUVmV.

1.5 ñdmÜ`m` : A) WmoS>Š`mV CËVao Úm.

1. H$m`Xoera àñVmdmÀ`m AQ>r H$moUË`m ?

2. H$m`Xoera àñVmd pñdH¥$VrÀ`m AQ>r H$moUË`m ?

3. g§_Vr _wŠV H|$ìhm hmoVo ?

4. H$amanmÌ ì`ŠVr H$moUmg åhUVmV ?

5. ~oH$m`Xoera CÔoe Am{U ~oH$m`Xoera à{V\$b AgUmao R>amd H$moUVo ?

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6. H$ama nyV©VoZwgma H$amam§Mo dJr©H$aU H$go Ho$bo OmVo ?

7. níMmV AeŠ`Vm åhUOo H$m ?

8. H$m`ÚmÀ`m VaVyXrZwgma H$ama g_márMr H$maUo Úm ?

9. OodT>o {_i{dbo VodT>oM _mJUr H$aÊ`mMo VËd ñnîQ> H$am.

10. H$ama ^§JmMo àH$ma gm§Jm ?

11. n¡OoMm R>amd åhUOo H$m ?

12. nañna R>amdmZo H$ama g_már åhUOo H$m` ?

~) XrKm}ËVar àíZ

1. H$m`Xoera H$ama åhUOo H$m` ? H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m Amdí`H$ AQ>r gm§Jm.

2. g§_Vr åhUOo H$m` ? g§_Vr _wŠV H|$ìhm hmoVo Vo ñnîQ> H$am.

3. ì`W© R>amd åhUOo H$m` ? H$ama H$m`ÚmZo ì`W© R>a{dboë`m H$amam§Mr _m{hVr Úm.

4. à{V\$b åhUOo H$m` ? à{V\$bmMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm ?

5. H$ama g_márÀ`m {d{dY nÕVtMr WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr Úm.

6. H$ama ^§JmnmgyZÀ`m {d{dY Cnm``moOZm gm§Jm.

H$) Q>rnm Úm.

1. ì`mnmar H$m`ÚmÀ`m {Z{_©VrMo _mJ©

2. ì`mnmaY§Xm à{V~§YH$ R>amd

3. A_b~OmdUrZwgma H$amam§Mo àH$ma

4. à{V\$bmMo àH$ma

5. Z¡amíòMm {gÜXm§V

6. _wVXnyd© H$ama^§J

7. ì`mnmar H$m`ÚmMm AW©

8. H$nQ> d AgË` {dYmZ `mVrb \$aH$

9. ì`ŠV Am{U J¥{hV H$ama

10. nañnadMZmÀ`m R>amdmÛmao H$ama g_már

11. ZwH$gmZ ânmB©Mo àH$ma

12. ~bà`moJ Am{U AZw{MV à^md

��

33

gÌ 5 : KQ>H$ 2

{deof H$ama Special Contracts

AZwH«$_{UH$m

2.0 C{ÔîQ>o

2.1 àñVmdZm

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1 ZwH$gmZ ânmB© Am{U h_rMo H$ama - ì`m»`m - nj d¡{eîQ>ço, \$aH$ Am{U h_rMo àH$ma

2.2.1 {ZjonmMm H$ama Am{U VmaU H$amam§Mr ì`m»`m-nj d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U \$aH$

2.2.3 à{V{ZYrËd H$amamMr ì`m»`m, {Z{_©Vr Am{U g_mßVr

2.3 gmam§e

2.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

2.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` 2.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va {dÚmÏ`mªZm Imcrc {deof àH$maÀ`m H$amam§~m~V H$m`Xoera VaVyXtMr AmoiI hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©c.

� ZwH$gmZ ânmB© Am{U h_rÀ`m H$amam§Mr ì`m»`m - nj, d¡{eîQ>ço, \$aH$ Am{U h_rMo àH$ma _m{hV hmoVrc.

� {Zjon Am{U VmaU H$amam§Mr ì`m»`m - nj, d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U \$aH$ H$ioc.

� à{V{Z{YËd H$amamMr ì`m»`m, {Z{_©VrMo àH$ma Am{U à{V{ZYrËd H$amamMr g_mßVr Mo _mJ© _m{hV hmoVrc.

2.1 àñVmdZm …

^maVr` H$ama (g§{dYm) H$m`Xm 1872 _Yrb H$b_ 124 Vo 138 _Yrb VaVwXr øm {deof H$ama A§VJ©V Aä`m{gë`m OmVmV. `m_Üò àm_w»`mZo ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XoUo (Indemnity) Om_rZ h_r (Guarantee), {d{eîQ> JmoîQ>r KSy>Z Amë`mda _mb KoUmè`mZo _mb nmR>{dUmè`mbm naV H$am`Mr R>od, AZm_V, {Zjon qH$dm R>od (Bailment) g§ñWm, à{V{ZYr H$ama (Agency) `mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. H$ama Am{U {deof H$ama `m XmoÝhrMm CëboI d VaVwXr ^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1872 _Üò Amho. H$ama hm gai XmoZ qH$dm XmoZ nojm OmñV ì`qº$_Üò Ho$bm OmVmo Va {deof H$ama øm doJdoJù`m n[apñWVrV Am{U doJdoJù`m à`moOZmZwgma Ho$bobm H$ama AgVmo. `m

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H$amamÀ`m àH$mam§_Üò àË oH$ doir boIr ñdê$nmV Agdm Ago JaOoMo AgV Zmhr. A{bIrV ñdê$nmMm H$ama XoIrb `m àH$mamV _moS>Vmo. ì`dgm`mVrb {d{eîQ> ñdê$nmÀ`m H$amamZm H$m`Xoera _mÝ`Vm, Ë`mVrb A{YH$ma, H$V©ì` d O~m~Xmar `m gdm©Mm g{dñVa Vn{eb XoÊ`mV òVmo.

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ …

2.2.1 ZwH$gmZ ânmB©Mm H$ama (Contract of Indemnity)

1. AW© : ^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1872 Zwgma H$b_ 174 AÝdò ZwH$gmZ / VmoQ>m ^ê$Z XoUo (Indemnity) Mr ì`m»`m {Xbr Amho `m A§VJ©V - Ooìhm _wi H$amam_Üò, H$ama H$aUmè`m§Zo VmoQ>m ^ê$Z XoÊ`mg§X^m©V AQ> Z_yX Ho$br Agob Va Aem H$amamg VmoQ>m ^ê$Z XoÊ`mMm H$ama åhUVm òB©b. g_mOmVrb ì`mdhm[aH$ XodmUKodmUtÀ`m H$amam_Üò Aem àH$maMr VmoQ>çmMr VaVwXtMm CëboI Ho$bobm ZgVmo, na§Vw `m àH$mam_Üò àm_w»`mZo VmoQ>çmMm CëboI Ho$bobm AmT>iVmo.

2. nj : ZwH$gmZ ânmB©À`m H$amam_Üò àm_w»`mZo XmoZ nj AgVmV. Á`mZo ZwH$gmZ ^ê$Z XoÊ`mMr h_r {Xcr Vmo EH$ nj ZwH$gmZ ânmB© ..... (Indemnifier) Am{U Xþgam nj Á`mcm ZwH$gmZ ^ê$Z Úmd`mMm Amho Vmo nj ZwH$gmZ ânmB© J¥{hVm Indemnityholder.

3. d¡{eîQ>ço : {deof H$ama hm ^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1872 Zwgma AgyZ Ë`mgmR>r Imcrc ~m~tMr nyV©Vm hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

1. dMZJ¥hrVmMo ZwH$gmZ (Loss to Promisee Essential) …………

H$b_ 124 À`m VaVwXrZwgma VmoQ>m ^ê$Z XoUogmR>rÀ`m H$amamgmR>r dMZ {Xbo Jobobm (dMZJ¥{hVm) bm H$moUË`m Var ñdê$nmMo ZwH$gmZ Pmbo Agbo nm{hOo. CXm. "A' Zo "~' gmo~V VmoQ>m ^ê$Z XoÊ`mg§X^m©Vrb H$ama Ho$ë`mg "H$' Zo "~' gmo~V Ho$boë`m H$moUË`mhr ZwH$gmZmg "A' bm O~m~Xma YaÊ`mV oB©b.

2. _mo~Xbm hm H$m`Xoera (Consideration) Agbm nm{hOo …

gd©gm_mÝ`nUo H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m H$amamMm CÔoe qH$dm EH$_oH$m§gmo~VMm ì`dhma hm H$m`XoeraM Agbm nm{hOo VaM Ë`mbm H$m`ÚmMr _mÝ`Vm {_iVo. VmoQ>m ^ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m (Contract of Indemnity) H$amamV XoIrb _mo~Xbm d CÔoe hm H$m`XoeraM Agbm nm{hOo AÝ`Wm dMZ KoUmam d dMZnyVu H$aÊ`mg ~m§Yrb AgUmè`mÀ`m A{YH$mamMo g§ajU hmoUma Zmhr.

3. ì`º$ (Express) qH$dm J{^©V (Implied) H$ama …

_w»`Îdo H$ê$Z H$amamMo Ë`m§À`m ñdê$nmZwgma XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV – ì`º$ H$ama … Omo {bIrV ñdê$nmMm AgVmo Am{U J{^©V H$ama … Omo {bpIV ñdê$nmMm ZgyZ Ë`mMm Ame` hm J{^©V AgVmo, Vmo ì`ŠVrZo ñdV… g_OyZ Ë`mdarb O~m~Xmar A§{JH$mam`Mr AgVo. VmoQ>m ^ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m H$amam_Üò ì`º$ H$amamg (Express Contract) AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd AgVo. Oa Vmo A{bIrV ñdê$nmMm Agob Vmo nyU© H$aÊ`mg H$m`Xoera AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$VmV.

4.4.4.4. ì`már … H$b_ 124 Mr ì`már hr H$mhr {d{eîQ> ~m~tgmR>r Cn`wº$ R>aVo. `m_Ü o Z¡g{J©H$

35

~m~tMm Am{U AMmZH$nUo bmJboë`m AmJrgma»`m ~m~tMm CëboI AmT>iV Zmhr.

{d_m H$ama (Insurance) hm {deof H$ama H$m`Úm_Üò òV Zmhr.

dMZJ¥{hVmMo A{YH$ma (Rights of Indemnity Holder) ::::

H$b_ 125, ^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1872 Zwgma dMZJ¥{hVm Mo Imbrb A{YH$ma AmhoV.

1. dMZXmVm (Premisor) H$Sy>Z gd© ZwH$gmZ ânmB© H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.

2. H$moQ>m©Vrb `m{MHo$gmR>r bmJUmam gd© IM© dgyb H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.

3. Oa VS>OmoS> dm AmngmV {_Q>dbo Agë`mg Vr VS>OmoS> AmYrÀ`m H$amam-{damoYr AgVm H$m_m Zò, `mMr XIb KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.

2.2.1.2 Om_rZXmamMo H$ama (Contract of Guarantee)

Om_rZXmamMo H$ama hm {deof H$m`ÚmA§VJ©V oUmam H$ama Amho. `m H$amamgmR>r H$m`Xoera ~m~tMm Adb§~ Ho$ë`mg Ë`mg ^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1872 A§VJ©V _mÝ`Vm {_iVo.

1. AW© : ""Om_rZ H$ama åhUOo Agm H$ama Omo dMZnyVugmR>r qH$dm O~m~Xmar nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobm H$ama.''

2. nj : `m H$amam_Ü o àm_w»`mZo Imbrb ì`º$s¨Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo -

1. Om_rZXma (Surety) ::::

Aer ì`º$s {OZo Om_rZ {Xbo Amho.

2. à_wI G$UH$mo) (Principal Debtor) ::::

Aer ì`º$s {Ocm Om_rZ {Xbm Amho.

3. gmdH$ma (Creditor) :

Aer ì`ŠVr H$s Á`mcm Om_rZXmamZo h_r {Xcocr AgVo.

Om_rZ H$ama hm _mo~Xbm qH$dm à{V\$b Agë`mIoarO nyU© hmoV Zmhr. `m H$amam_Üò Om_rZXmambm H$mhr \$m`Xm PmbmM nm{hOo ho JaOoMo Zmhr. _w»` XoUoH$ar/G$UH$mo bm \$m`Xm Pmbm nm{hOo hmM à_wI CÔoe `m H$amamMm AgVmo.

3. d¡{eîQ>ço

Imbrb ~m~tMr Om_rZ H$amam_Üò nyV©Vm H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

1. VrZ ì`º$s¨Mr gh_Vr …

X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmam_Üò àm_w»`mZo XmoZ ì`º$s¨_Üò H$ama AgVmo. na§Vw Om_rZ H$amam_Üò VrZ ì`º$s AgyZ Ë`m§À`m_Üò gh_Vr XoIrb Amdí`H$ AgVo. Om_rZXma, _w»` XoUoH$ar Am{U gmdH$ma `m gdmªÀ`m gh_VrZo Om_rZ H$ama hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

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2. {dn`m©g (Misrepresentation) Agy Z o …

`m H$amam_Üò Om_rZXma hm \$gJV qH$dm {Xem^yb H$aUmam Zgmdm. Om_rZXmamÀ`m àm_m{UH$Voda Om_rZ H$ama Adb§~yZ AgboZo Ë`mgmR>r H$miOr KoUo JaOoMo AgVo. Oa EImXm Om_rZ H$ama hm {Xem yb H$aUmam AmT>ië`mg Vmo {dYr~mø qH$dm ~oH$m`Xoera g_OÊ`mV òB©b.

4. Om_rZ H$ama d ZwH$gmZ ^ê$Z XoÊ`mMm H$ama `m_Yrb \$aH$ hm Imbrb ~m~tda AmYm[aV H$aVm oD$ eH$Vmo.

Om{_ZXmamMo H$ama ZwH$gmZ ânmB©Mm H$ama

nj : gXaMm H$ama hm {Ìnjr` (VrZ ì`ŠVt_Üò H$ama AgVmo.)

ZwH$gmZânmB©Mm H$ama hm àm_w»`mZo {Ûnjr` AgVmo.

H$ama g§»`m: Om{_ZXmamÀ`m H$amam_Üò Om_rZXma, _w»` XoUoH$ar Am{U gmdH$ma `m VrZ ì`ŠVt_Üò VrZ H$ama AgVmV.

gXaÀ`m H$amam_Üò dMZ KoUmam d dMZnyVu H$aÊ`mg ~m§{Yc AgUmam `m_Üò \$ŠV EH$M H$ama AgVmo.

O~m~Xmar: Om_rZXma H$amam_Üò àmW{_H$ O~m~Xmar hr _w»` XoUoH$arMr (F$UH$moMr) AgVo Am{U Xþæ`_ ñdê$nmMr O~m~Xmar hr Om_rZXmamda AgVo.

ZwH$gmZ ânmB©À`m H$amam_Üò j{VnyaH$ hm àmW{_H$ ñdê$nmÀ`m Xm{`Îdmg nmÌ AgVmV.

CÔoe: gXaÀ`m H$amamMm CÔoe hm gmdH$mamMr gwajm AgVmo. (H$amamg§~§Yr)

ZwH$gmZ ânmB©À`m H$amam_Üò MwH$Vo XoUo qH$dm naV\o$S> dm à{VnyVu H$aUo hm CÔoe AgVmo.

5. h_rMo àH$ma Kinds of Guarantee : h_rMo àH$ma nwT>rcà_mUo nS>VmV.

1) ^{dî`H$mcrZ h_r : O|ìhm ^{dî`H$mcrZ H$Om©gmR>r AWdm O~m~XmargmR>r h_r {Xcr OmVo V|ìhm Ë`mg ^{dî`H$mcrZ h_r åhUVmV.

2) dV©_mZH$mcrZ h_r : O|ìhm ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m H$Om©gmR>r qH$dm O~m~XmargmR>r h_r {Xcr OmVo V|ìhm Ë`mg dV©_mZH$mcrZ h_r åhUVmV.

3) {d{eîQ> h_r : O|ìhm EH$m {d{eîQ> H$Om©gmR>r h_r {Xcr OmVo V|ìhm Ë`mg {d{eîQ h_r åhUVmV.

4) gVVMr h_r : O|ìhm F$UH$moÀ`m {d{dY Am{U ñdV§Ì H$Om©gmR>r h_r XoÊ`mV òVo V|ìhm Ë`mg gVVMr h_r åhUVmV.

`m_Üò H$O©Xma (F$UH$mo) EH$m {d{eîQ> H$mcmdYrV OodT>r {d{^ÝZ H$O} KoVmo Ë`m gd© H$OmªZm

37

{Xcoë`m h_rg gVVMr h_r åhUVmV.

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm

1. ZwH$gmZ ^ê$Z XoÊ`mMm H$ama hm ^ma{V` H$ama H$m`Xm 1872 Zwgma H$b_ ........... `m A§VJ©V ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

2. Om_rZ H$ama hm ........... `m H$b_m§A§VJ©V Aä`m{gbm OmVmo

3. Omo ì`º$s Om_rZ XoVmo Ë`m ì`º$sg ........... åhUVmV.

4. {deof H$ama hm ........... `m VrZ àH$maUmV {dfX Ho$bm Amho.

5. {deof H$ama VaVwXr Zwgma àm_w»`mZo \$º$ ........... ì`º$sMm g_mdoe hmoVmoM Ago Zmhr.

2.2.2 {ZjonmMm H$ama (Contract of Bailment) …

^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1872 A§VJ©V, H$b_ 148 A§VJ©V R>od, R>odrXma Am{U dñVw / _mb KoD$Z R>odUmam `m ì`º$s¨Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo Am{U Ë`m§Mr H$m`Xoera g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

1. AW© / {Zjon …

EH$m ì`º$sH$Sy>Z Xþgè`m ì`º$s¨H$So> gm_mZmMr / dñVwMr XodmU-KodmU Am{U Ë`m g§X^m©V Ho$bobm H$ama Á`m_Üò CÔoe g§nwîQ>mV Amë`mZ§Va dñVw naV H$aUo qH$dm XoUmè`m (R>odUmè`m) ì`º$sÀ`m gwMZoZwgma ZîQ> H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$amamg {Zjon H$ama (Bailment Contract) Ago åhUVmV.

2. nj :

Aem H$amam_Üò {ZJS>rV AgUmè`m XmoZ ì`º$s EH$ dñVw R>odUmam {ZjonXmVm (Bailor) Am{U Xþgam ì`º$s dñVw R>odyZ KoD$Z CÔoe n[anyVu H$ê$Z XoUmam {ZjonJ¥{hVm (Bailee) AgVmo.

3. d¡{eîQ>ço …

{Zjon H$amamÀ`m n[anyVugmR>r Imbrb ~m~tMr nyV©Vm H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

1. dñVw / _mb H$mhr CÔoemgmR>r ñdmYrZ H$aUo …

H$mhr CÔoemÀ`m nyV©VogmR>r _mbmMr XodmU H$aUo qH$dm gwnyX© qH$dm ñdmYrZ H$aUo. na§Vw _mb XoUo hm H$mhr H$mimnwaVmM AgVmo. Omon ªV CÔoe nyU© hmoV Zmhr Vmon ªV. g§nyU© _mb_Îmm Xþgè`mÀ`m ñdmYrZ H$aÊ`mMm H$ama Aem H$amam_Üò _moS>V Zmhr.

2. CÔoe n[anyU© Pmë`mZ§Va _mb naV H$aUo …

{Zjon/R>od H$amamMm _yi CÔoeM _mb R>oD$Z KoUmam ì`º$sZo _mc qH$dm CÔoe nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va gXaMm _mb naV H$aUo Amho.

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2.2.2.2 VmaU H$ama (Contract of Pledge) ::::

1. AW© : H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> qH$dm EImÚm dMZmMr n[anyVu H$aon`ªV Amnbm _mb qH$dm dñVw Xþgè`mH$So> emídVr qH$dm gwajm åhUyZ R>odÊ`mV òVo `m à{H«$òg VmaU H$ama Ago åhUVmV.

2. nj : `m à{H«$ò_Ü o _mb R>odUmè`mbm "A{YH$Vm©' (Pawnor) åhUVmV Va _mb R>odyZ KoUmè`mbm "JhmUXma' qH$dm "A{YJ«mhr' (Pawnee) g§~moYbo OmVo.

3. d¡{eîQ>ço : "VmaU' à{H«$ògmR>r Imbrb ~m~tMr n[anyVu H$aUo A{Zdm`© AgVo.

1. _mb ñdmYrZ H$aUo … JhmU à{H«$ò_Üò A{YH$Ë`m©Zo A{YJ«mhrbm _mb / dñVw ñdmYrZ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. ZwgVm H$mJXmonÌr H$ama Z H$aVm gXaMm _mb hm àË`j gwnyX© H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

2. gwajm hm CÔoe … JhmU à{H«$ò_Yrb _mbmMr XodmU-KodmU ho H$O© naV\o$S> qH$dm dMZmMr n[anyVugmR>r Ho$bobr gwajoMr VaVwX hmM _w»` CÔoe AgVmo.

4. {Zjon Am{U VmaU H$amam_Yrc \$aH$ :

{Zjon Am{U VmaU H$ama `m_Yrc \$aH$ hm Imcrc ~m~tZwgma H$aVm òB©c.

{Zjon H$ama (Bailment) VmaU H$ama (Pledge)

AW© : Ooìhm EImXm _mc H$mhr H$mimnwaVm Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrH$S>o gwnyX© Ho$cm OmVmo Voìhm gXa à{H«$òg {Zjon åhUVmV

H$Om©À`m h_rgmR>r EImXm _mc qH$dm dñVy Xþgè`mH$S>o gwnyX© H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òg VmaU åhUVmV.

H$c_ : H$c_ 148, ^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmA§VJ©V Aä`m{gcm OmVmo.

H$c_ 172, ^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1872 Zwgma VmaU-H$ama Aä`m{gcm OmVmo.

_mo~Xcm : {Zjon H$amam_Üò _mo~Xcm AgVmoM Ago Zmhr.

gXa H$amam_Üò _mo~Xcm hm AgVmoM.

CÔoe : _mcmMr XþéñVr Am{U XoI^mc H$aUo {Zjon H$amamMm CÔoe AgVmo.

H$Om©À`m h_rgmR>r VmaU-H$amamMm Cn`moJ àm_w»`mZo Ho$cm OmVmo.

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm :

1. {d{eï> CÔoemgmR>r Amnbm _mb/dñVw Xþgè`mH$So> R>odÊ`mÀ`m àH«$sòg ........... åhUVmV.

2. H$b_ 148, A§VJ©V ^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1872 Zwgma Á`m ì`º$sZo Amnbm _mb/dñVw Xþgè`mH$So> R>odbm Ë`mg .............. åhUVmV.

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3. VmaU/JhmU H$amamMr ì`m»`m H$b_ .............. `m A§VJ©V Ho$br Amho.

4. ì`mnmar Xbmb XoIrb (H$b_ 178) Zwgma .............. H$ama H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.

2.2.3 à{V{ZYrMm H$ama (Contract of Agency)

1. AW© : à{V{ZYrMm H$ama hm {deof H$amamMm ^mJ AgyZ `m H$amam_Üò EH$ ì`º$s Omo àYmZ (Principal) AgVmo Ë`mZo Xþgè`m ì`º$sg Omo à{V{ZYr ñdê$nmMm (Agent) AgVmo Ë`mbm {Vgè`m ì`º$s~amo~a H$ama H$aÊ`m{df`rMo A{YH$ma {Xbobo AgVmV.

H$b_ 182 Zwgma à{V{ZYr (Agent) ñdV…Mo A{YH$ma dmnê$ eH$V Zmhr Omon`ªV Vgo {ZX}e àYmZmZo (Principal) Ë`mg {Xbobo Zgob. àËòH$ ì`dhmam_Üò _w»` àYmZmÀ`m {ZX}emZwgma à{V{ZYrg H$m_o H$amdr bmJVmV Am{U {ZX}emZwgma Ho$boë`m H$m_mg à{V{ZYr Zìho Va _w»` àYmZ hm H$m`Xoera O~m~Xma AgVmo.

2. à{V{ZYr H$amamMr d¡{eîQ>ço :

1. àYmZ A{^H$Vm© hm H$ama H$aÊ`mg gj_ nm{hOo …

H$b_ 183 Zwgma, àYmZ A{^H$Vm© hm H$ama H$aÊ`mg nmÌVo{df`rÀ`m {ZH$fmg nmÌ Agbm nm{hOo.

2. à{V{ZYr (Agent) hm nmÌ Zgob Var Mmbob …

AS>V H$amam_Üò à{V{ZYr åhUyZ H$m_ H$aUmam ì`º$s hm H$ama H$aÊ`mg g_W© dm H$m`Xoera gj_ AgbmM nm{hOo ho JaOoMo Zmhr, H$maU à{V{ZYrZo Ho$boë`m H$amamg gd©ñdr àYmZ A{^H$Vm© Agë`m_wio à{V{ZYr hm H$ama H$aÊ`mg gj_ AgUo JaOoMo Zmhr. (H$b_ 184)

3. à{V{ZYr H$amamg _mo~Xbm JaOoMo Zmhr (H$b_ 185) …

H$moUË`mhr H$amamgmR>r _mo~Xbm hm à_wI KQ>H$ AgVmo. na§Vw AS>V H$amam_Üò _mo~Xbm AgUo JaOoMo Zmhr.

3. à{V{ZYr H$amamMr {Z{_©Vr Creation of Contract of Agency

H$ama H$aÊ`mg nmÌ ì`ŠVr EH$ Va ñdV… H$ama H$aV AgVmo qH$dm BVa ì`ŠVrÀ`m _m\©$V H$ama H$aV AgVmo. Oa Vmo ñdV… H$ama H$aV Agoc Va Vmo gai H$ama AgVmo. na§Vw gXaMm H$ama hm BVa ì`ŠVrÀ`m _m\©$V H$aV Agoc Va Ë`mdoir "à{V{ZYr H$ama'Mr _XV KoVcr OmD$ eH$Vo. Aem ñdê$nmMm H$ama {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo Imcrc àH$ma AmhoV.

1. ì`ŠV H$ama Express

gm_mÝ`nUo à{V{ZYr H$ama H$aVm§Zm `m _mJm©Mm Adc§~ Ho$cm OmVmo. gXaMo H$ama àm_w»`mZo {c{IV ñdê$nmMo AgVmV nU H$Yr-H$Yr ho Vm|S>r H$amamZwgma XoIrc Ho$ë`m OmVmV qH$dm A{YH$manÌmZo (Power of Attorney) XoIrc gXa H$aÊ`mMo _mJ© AgVmV.

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2. H$m`ÚmMm dmna H$ê$Z Operation of Law

H$m`ÚmMm dmna H$ê$Z Ho$cocm H$ama XoIrc à{V{ZYr H$ama hmoD$ eH$Vmo. CXmhaUmW©, ^mJrXmar H$ama, H§$nZrgmR>r Ho$coco H$ama BË`mXr.

3. nwîQ>rH$aUmÛmao à{V{ZYr H$ama {Z{_©Vr

Mmcy KS>m_moS>rg _§Oyar XoD$Z à{V{ZYr H$ama Ho$cm OmD$ eH$Vmo. ì`ŠVrZo EImXo H$m`© H$ê$Z H$m_mg gwédmV Ho$co Agoc Am{U Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrZo Ë`mg _mÝ`Vm/_§Oyar XoD$Z à{V{ZYr H$ama Ho$cm OmD$ eH$Vmo. _§Oyar XoIrc ì`ŠV Am{U Üd{ZV (Implied) àH$mao Ho$ë`m OmD$ eH$VmV.

4. Üd{ZV A{YH$mamZo (Implied Authority)

njmÀ`m (Parties) / ì`ŠVrÀ`m g§~§Ymda AmYm[aV qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m AmMaUm_wio / ì`dhmamZwgma gXaMm H$ama Ho$cm OmD$ eH$Vmo.

4. à{V{ZYr H$ama g_mßVr (Termination of Agency) :

`m {d^mJmV à{V{ZYr H$ama H$Yr g§nVmo `mMo {díbofU Ho$bo Amho.

1. à{V{ZYrMm A{YH$ma aÔ Ho$ë`mg :

à{V{ZYr H$amam_Üò Oa à{V{ZYrÀ`m aÔ Ho$ë`mg (H$c_) AS>V H$ama g§nwï>mV òVmo. Ago A{YH$ma ho àXeuV H$ê$Z qH$dm AàXeuV H$aVm XoIrb H$aVm òVmV.

2. à{V{ZYrZo A{YH$mamMm Ë`mJ Ho$ë`mg :

`m VaVyXrZygma à{V{ZYr Amnë`m A{YH$mamMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z AS>V H$ama g§nwï>mV AmUy eH$VmV na§Vw gXaMr _m{hVr d H$ënZm àYmZ A{^H$Ë`mªg XoUo JaOoMo AgVo, ZmhrVa hmoUmè`m ZwH$gmZrg à{V{ZYr O~m~Xma amhy eH$VmV.

3. CÔoe g§në`mZ§Va :

à{V{ZYr H$amamMm CÔoe g§në`mZ§Va Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m H$ama g§nyï>mV òVo. àYmZ A{^H$Vm©, à{V{ZYr Am{U {Vgè`m ì`º$s Zo AmnAmnbr O~m~Xmar ì`dpñWV nma nmSy>Z H$amamMm CÔoe nyU© Ho$ë`mg AS>V H$ama g§nwï>mV òVmo.

4. àYmZ A{^H$Vm© qH$dm à{V{ZYrMm _¥Ë`w Pmë`mg :

à{V{ZYr H$amam_Üò _hËdmMo àYmZ A{^H$Vm© dm à{V{ZYr n¡H$s EH$mMm Oar _¥Ë`w Pmë`mg H$ama g§nyï>mV oVmo.

5. àYmZ A{^H$Vm© {XdmiImoa Pmë`mg :

à{V{ZYr H$amamVrb àYmZ A{^H$Vm© hm H$ama H$aVmZm qH$dm H$amam-Xaå`mZ {XdmiImoa Pmë`mg H$ama g§nyï>mV òVmo.

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Amncr àJVr Vnmgm

1. à{V{ZYr H$ama hm H$b_ .................. `m A§V©JV ^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm Aä`m{gbm OmVmo.

2. à{V{ZYr H$amam_Üò à{V{ZYrZo Ho$boë`m H$m`m©g .................. O~m~Xma AgVmo.

3. O_mIMm©Mm {hemo~ ì`dpñWV R>odÊ`mMo H$m`© .................. `m§Mo AgVo.

2.3 gmam§e

{deof H$ama hm Oar ^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmMm ^mJ Agbm Var `m_Üò {d{eï> ñdénmÀ`m H$amamg _mÝ`Vm {Xbobr AmT>iVo. ^ma{V` H$ama H$m`ÚmA§JJ©V {d{dY n[apñWVrÀ`m H$amamMm C„oI àm_w»`mZo AmT>iVmo. `m H$amamA§VJ©V òUmè`m àË oH$ KQ>H$mMr/ì`º$sÀ`m A{YH$mam, H$V©ìò Am{U O~m~XmarMm ñnï>nUo C„oI H$éZ Ë`mMo ajU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho.

2.4 nm[a^m{fH$ g§km

�� {deof H$ama : {deof H$ama ho ^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1872 Zwgma ^mJ VII, IX Am{U X _Üò Aä`m{gbo OmVmV. `m H$amam_Üò gm_mÝ` H$amamnojm {deof ~m~tMm C„oI AgVmo, Xþgè`m eãXmV gm§Jm`Mo Va gai H$ama ZgyZ {d{eï> n[apñWVrV, {d{eï> A{YH$ma d H$V©ì`mgmR>r Ho$bobm H$ama.

�� Om_rZ : àË`m yVr XoUo, h_rXma, {Zå`m, h_r BË`mXr AW© Om_rZ Mo {ZKVmV åhUOoM {d{eï> H$O©\o$S> H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm EImXo CÔoe n[anyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobo/{Xbobo dMZ.

�� {Zjon {Zjon {Zjon {Zjon (Bailment) :::: _mc nmR>{dÊ`mMm _mc KoUmè`mer Agm coIr qH$dm Vm|S>r H$ama H$s, {d{eîQ> JmoîQ>r KSy>Z Amë`mda _mc KoUmè`mZo _mc nmR>{dUmè`mcm naV H$am`Mr R>od, AZm_V.

�� à{V{ZYr (Agency) :::: g§»`m, à{V{ZYr H$m`m©b`, EOÝgr qH$dm A{^H$aU. Xþgè`mV\}$ H$m_ nhm`bm {Z`wº$ Ho$bobr g§ñWm H$m`Xoera H$m_o H$aÊ`mg gwb^ ìhmdo `mgmR>r {Z_m©U Ho$bobr g§ñWm.

2.5 ñdmÜ`m`

A) ZwH$gmZ ^ê$Z XoÊ`mg§X^m©Vrb (Contract of Indemnity) H$amamMr d¡{eîQ>ço {bhm.

~) dMJ¥hrVm (Indemnity Holder) Mr A{YH$mamMo H$m`Xoera {díbofZ H$am.

H$) Om_rZ H$ama åhUOo H$m` ?

S>) VmaU H$amamMr d¡{eîQ>ço {chm.

B©) à{V{ZYr H$ama H$Yr g§nwï>mV òVmo WmoS>Š`mV ñnï> H$am.

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2.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W

1. Dr. R.K. Bangia (2012) Contract - II, Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabad

(Haryana)

��

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gÌ 5 : KQ>H$ 3

_mc {dH«$s H$m`Xm - 1930

AZwH«$_{UH$m

3.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

3.1 àñVmdZm

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ

3.2.1 _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama, ì`m»`m Am{U Amdí`H$ AQ>r

3.2.2 _mb {dH«$s Am{U _mb{dH«$sMm R>amd

3.2.3 _mb {dH«$s H$amamVrb à_wI Am{U Xþæ`_ AQ>r.

3.2.4 _mb {dH«$s H$amamMr nwV©Vm

3.2.5 AXV {dH«o$Vm Am{U Ë`mMo A{YH$ma

3.3 gmam§e

3.4 n[a^m{fH$ g§km

3.5 ñdmÜ`m`

3.0 C{ÔîQ>ço :

àñVwV KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va {dÚmÏ`m©§Zm _mb {dH«$s H$m`Xm 1930 _Yrb Imbrb ~m~r{df`r Ho$boë`m VaVwXrMr _mhrVr hmoB©b.

1. _mb {dH«$s H$amamMr ì`m»`m d _mb{dH«$s H$ama {Z{_©VrÀ`m Amdí`H$ AQ>r.

2. _mb {dH«$s Am{U _mb{dH«$sMm R>amd -AW© Am{U `mVrb \$aH$.

3. _mb {dH«$s H$amamVrb à_wI Am{U Xþæ`_ AQ> - ì`m»`m d \$aH$, _mb {dH«$s H$amamVrb J¥hrV à_wI d JwhrV Xþæ`_ AQ>r Am{U H$moUË`m àg§Jr à_wI AQ>rMm Pmbobm ^§J hm à_wI AQ>rMm ^§J Z _mZVm Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm ^§J _mmZÊ`mV òVmo.

4. _mb {dH«$s H$amamMr nyV©Vm

5. AXV {dH«o$Vm AW© Am{U Ë`mg àmá hmoUmao A{YH$ma

3.1 àñVmdZm :

ì`mnmamVrb _mbmÀ`m IaoXr {dH«$sMo ì`dhma ho gwImVrg ^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 76 Vo 123 _Yrb VaVwXrZwgma {Z`§{ÌV Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. _mÌ 1930 _Üò ñdV§Ì ^maVr` _mb

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{dH«$sMm H$m`Xm g§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambm. ^maVr` _mb {dH«$sMm H$m`Xm 1 Owb¡ 1930 nmgyZ ApñVËdmV Ambm. 22 gßQ>|~a 1963 _Üò `mVrb ^maVr` eãX dJiÊ`mV Ambm. gÜ`m Vmo _mb {dH«$sMm H$m`Xm 1930`m ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmVmo. gXa H$m`ÚmÀ`m VaVwXr Oå_y Am{U H$mpí_a ho amÁ` gmoSy>Z g§nyU© ^maVâ bmJyHo$ë`m AmhoV.

_mb {dH«$sMm H$m`Xm hm \$ŠV MbdñVy§À`m {dH«$sg bmJy hmoVmo. Vmo AMb dñVw§À`m {dH«$sg bmJy hmoV Zmhr. AMb _mb_ËVoÀ`m {dH«$sMo ì`dhma ho Transfer of Property Act - 1882 (_mc_Îmm hñVm§VaU H$m`Xm 1882) Zo {Z`§{ÌV Ho$bo OmVmV, ""VmaU J«hU ì`dhma'' ho ^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmZo {Z`§{ÌV H$aÊ`mV òVmV. _mb {dH«$sMm H$m`Xm hm n¡go Am{U n¡go dgyb H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ (Money and actionable claims) gmoSy>Z BVa gd© àH$maÀ`m MbdñVw§À`m IaoXr-{dH«$sg bmJy hmoVmo. _mb {dH«$s hm XoImrb EH$ àH$maMm H$ama Amho `m_Üò {dH«o$Vm _mbmMr qH$_V KodyZ IaoXrXmamg dñVw§Mm _mbH$s hŠH$ hñVm§V[aV H$aVmo, åhUOoM `mV qH$_VrÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV dñVy§Mr _mbH$s hñVm§V[aV hmoVo åhUyZ `mg _mb {dH«$sMm H$m`Xm Ago åhUVmV. _mb {dH«$s hm XoIrb EH$ àH$maMm H$ama Amho.

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

3.2.1 _mb{dH«$sMm H$ama A contract of sale

1. AW© :

""Á`mH$amamZo {dH«o$Vm hm qH$_VrÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV dñVw_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ IaoXrXmamg hñVm§V[aV H$aVmo qH$dm hñVm§Va H$aÊ`mMo dMZ XoVmo. Voìhm Ë`mg _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama Ago åhUVmV.''

`m ì`m»òdê$Z Ago åhUVm òB©b H$s dñVw _Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$mMo hñVm§Va Pmbo Agob Va Ë`mg _mb {dH«$s åhUVmV. `mCbQ> dñVw_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ ^{dî`mV hñVm§Va hmoUma Agob Va Vmo _mb {dH«$sMm R>amd AgVmo åhUyZ _mb {dH«$sÀ`m H$mamam_Üò EH$ Va àË`j _mb {dH«$s qH$dm _mb {dH«$sMm R>amd AgVmo.

2. _mb {dH«$s H$ama {Z{_©VrÀ`m Amdí`H$ AQ>r : Essentials of Contract of sale

_mb {dH«$sMm H$ama ApñVËdmV òÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb AQ>tMr nyV©Vm hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `mbmM _mb {dH«$s H$amamÀ`m Amdí`H$ AQ>r Ago åhUVmV.

1) {dH«o$Vm Am{U IaoXrXma : _mb {dH«$s H$amamÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r XmoZ nj (ì`ŠVr) Agmì`m bmJVmV. Ë`mVrb EH$ IaoXrXma Am{U Xÿgam {dH«o$Vm. IaoXrXma åhUOo Or ì`ŠVr dñVy IaoXr H$aVo qH$dm IaoXr H$ê$ BpÀN>Vo. {dH«o$Vm åhUOo _mbmMr {dH«$s H$aUmar qH$dm _mb {dH«$s H$aÊ`mg BÀNy>H$ AgUmar ì`ŠVr hmo`. EH$M ì`ŠVr hr {dH«o$Vm Am{U IaoXrXma hmody eH$V Zmhr. `m XmoZ ñdV§Ì ì`ŠVr Agmì`m bmJVmV. `m_Üò {dH«o$Vm ñdÀN>oZo _mb {dH«$s H$aÊ`mg V`ma Agbm nmhrOo.

2) Mb dñVy : _mb {dH«$sÀ`m H$amamgmR>r {dH«$s H$aÊ`mV òUmar dñVyhr Mb Agmdr

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bmJVo. Mb dñVw åhUOo amoI n¡go qH$dm n¡go dgyb H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ gmoSy>Z BVa gd© dñVy Á`m§Mr EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xþgè`m {R>H$mUr ñWbm§Va H$aVm òVo `mV gmd©O{ZH$ H§$nÝ`mMo ^mJ, ^mJ-dmQ>n, O_rZrda CJdbobo JdV, YmÝ` Am{U {dH«$snydr© O{_ZrnmgyZ doJù`m H$aVm òUmè`m O{_ZrVrb dñVw (VmoS>bobr PmSo>, ImUrVrb XJS>) BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Aem `m MbdñVw _mb {dH«$s H$amamÀ`m doir, H$amanydr© qH$dm H$amamZ§Va ApñVËdmV òUmè`m Agë`m Var MmbVmV. _mÌ H$amamÀ`m doir Aem dñVy {ZpíMV H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

3) _mbH$s hŠH$mMo hñVm§Va : _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm _w»` CÔoe hm dñVw_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z IaoXrXmamH$So> hñVm§Va hmoUo hm AgVmo. òWo _mbH$s hŠH$ `mMm AW© dñVwMr gd©gmYmaU _mbH$s hñVm§Va hmoUo Agm KoVbm OmVmo. gd©gmYmaU _mbH$s åhUOo dñVw§Mm _mbH$s hŠH$ Am{U {deof _mbH$s åhUOo dñVw§Mm Vm~m Agm AW© hmoVmo. Aem `m _mbH$s hŠH$mMo hñVm§Va H$amamì`mdoir qH$dm H$amamZ§Va hmoUma Agbo Var MmbVo åhUyZ dñVw _Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$mMo hñVm§Va hmoUo _mb {dH«$s H$amamgmR>r AË`mdí`H$ ~m~ AgVo.

4) _mbmMr qH$_V : _mb {dH«$s H$amamgmR>r IaoXrXmamZo {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z {dH$V KoVboë`m _mbmMr qH$_V hr amoI n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV {Xbr nm{hOo. H$maU _mbmMr qH$_V hr _mb {dH«$s H$amamMo à{V\$b _mZbo OmVo. Oa {dH«o$Ë`mg IaoXrXmamH$Sy>Z _mbmMr qH$_V {_imbr Zmhr qH$dm {_iUma Zgob Va Vmo _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama hmoV Zmhr. Oa dñVwMr qH$_V Xþgè`m dñVwÀ`m ñdê$nmV {Xbr Va Vmo dñVw{d{Z_` hmoB©b Ë`mg _mb {dH«$s åhUVm òUma Zmhr. dñVw§Mr qH$_V H$m§hr à_mUmV amoI n¡emV Am{U H$m§hr YZmXoe qH$dm hþ§S>rÀ`m ñdê$nmV {Xbr Va Ë`mg _mb {dH«$s åhUVm òB©b. Aer qH$_V H$amamnydr©, H$amamÀ`mdoir qH$dm H$amamZ§Va, EH$m aŠH$_oZo qH$dm hßË`mZo {Xbr Var MmbVo.

5) H$ama H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 10 _Yrb AQ>rMr nyV©Vm : _mb {dH«$s hm XoIrb EH$ àH$maMm H$amaAgë`mZo Vmo _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama H$m`Xoera hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m H$amamZo H$ama H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 10 _Üò {Xboë`m H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m gd© AQ>r nyU© Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV. CXm. H$amanmÌ ì`ŠVr, _wŠV g§_Vr, H$m`Xoera CÔoe, H$m`Xoera à{V\$b, R>amd ì`W© ZgUo, `mgma»`m AQ>r _mb {dH«$s H$amamZo nyU© H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

6) H$amamMo ñdê$n : _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama boIr qH$dm Vm|S>r ñdê$nmV Agbm Var MmbVmo. Vmo {d{eîQ> ñdê$nmV Agbm nm{hOo Ago H$moUVohr H$m`Xoera ~§YZ Zmhr.

7) _mb {dH«$s H$amamÀ`m AQ>r : _mb {dH«$s H$amam_Üò {dH«o$Ë`mZo {dH«$s Ho$bobm _mb IaoXrXmamH$So> H|$ìhm, H$moR>o d H$gm nmR>dmdm. VgoM IaoXrXmam§Zo Ë`m _mbmMr qH$_V H|$ìhm, H$er d H$moUË`m ñdê$nmV Úmdr `m~m~VÀ`m AQ>r XmoKm§Zm KmbVm òVmV. `mVrb H$m§hr AQ>r `m A{V_hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV Va H$m§hr AQ>r `m H$_r _hËdmÀ`m AgVmV. Ë`m _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm CÔoe nyU© hmoÊ`mÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo à_wI Am{U Xþæ`_ AQ>r, Ago g§~moYVmV.

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WmoS>Š`mV bjmV R>odm - _mb {dH«$s H$amamÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r

1. {dH«o$Vm IaoXrXma XmoZ nj 2. MbdñVy

3. _mbH$s hŠH$mMo hñVm§Va 4. _mbmMr qH$_V

5. H$ama H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 10 _Yrb AQ>rMr nyV©Vm 6. H$amamMo ñdê$n

7. _mb {dH«$s H$amamÀ`m AQ>r

3.2.2 _mb {dH«$s Am{U _mb {dH«$sMm R>amd A sale and An agreement to sell.

1. AW© :-

1) _mb {dH«$s A sale : _mb {dH«$s H$amamZwgma, Ooìhm dñVw_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ hm {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z IaoXrXmamH$So> hñVm§VarV Pmbobm AgVmo, Voìhm Ë`mg _mb {dH«$s Ago åhUVmV. _mb {dH«$s _Üò _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama Pmë`m~amo~a Ë`m _mbmMr _mbH$s IaoXrXmamH$So> OmVo d IaoXrXma Ë`m dñVwMm _mbH$ ~ZVmo åhUyZ _mb {dH«$s hm nyV©Vm Pmbobm H$ama AgVmo.

CXm. A Zo ~ bm Amnë`m eoVmVrb H$mnyg {dH$Ê`mMm H$ama Ho$bm. ~ Zo A À`m eoVmVrb H$mnyg Ho$ìhmhr H$mTy>Z Ý`mdm Ago H$amamV R>abo Va òWo A Zo ~ bm H$mngmMr {dH«$s Ho$br Ago åhUVmV.

2) _mb {dH«$sMm R>amd An agreement to sell : "_mb {dH«$sÀ`m H$amamZwgma O|ìhm dñVw_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ hm IaoXrXmamH$So> ^{dî`mV hñVm§V[aV ìhmd`mMm AgVmo qH$dm IaoXrXmamZo EImXr AQ> nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va hñVm§Va hmoUma AgVmo, V|ìhm Ë`mg _mb {dH«$sMm R>amd Ago åhUVmV. ^{dî`mV _mb ApñVËdmV Ambm qH$dm IaoXrXmamZo _mb {dH«$s R>amdmVrb AQ> nyU© Ho$br Va _mbH$s hŠH$mMo hñVm§Va hmoVo åhUOoM _mb {dH«$sMm R>amd hm nwV©Vm ìhmd`mMm H$ama AgVmo.

CXm. A Zo ~ bm 5000 én`mMo bmH$S>r H$nmQ> {dH$Ê`mMo H$~wb Ho$bo. 15 Am°JñQ> 2015 amoOr ~ Zo H$nmQ>mMr nyU© qH$_V {Xë`mZ§Va, 31 Am°JñQ> 2015 amoOr, A H$nmQ>mMm _mbH$s hŠH$ ~ H$So> hñVm§Va H$amdm Ago R>abo. hm _mb {dH«$sMm R>amd hmoVmo.

_mb{dH«$s Am{U _mb {dH«$sMm R>amd

_mb {dH«$s _mc {dH«$sMm R>amd

1. _mbH$s hŠH$mMo hñVm§Va

_mb{dH«$s åhUOo dñVw_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama Pmë`m~amo~a {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z IaoXrXmamH$So> hñVm§V[aV hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama Pmë`m~amo~a IaoXrXma hm dñVw§Mm _mbH$ ~ZVmo.

_mb{dH«$s R>amdm_Üò dñVw_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ hm H$ama Pmë`m~amo~a IaoXrXmamH$So> hñVm§Va hmoV Zmhr Va Vmo ^{dî`mV IaoXrXmamZo _mb {dH«$s H$amamVrb AQ> nyU© Ho$ë`mZwVa hñVm§Va hmoUma AgVmo. Vmon ©§V _mbH$s hŠH$ hm {dH«o$Ë`mH$So> amhVmo åhUOoM _mb {dH«$s R>amdmMo

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_mb {dH«$s_Üò ê$nm§Va Pmë`mZ§Va dñVw_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ IaoXrXmamH$So> hñVm§Va hmoVmo.

2. H$amamMo ñdê$n

_mb{dH«$s_Üò dñVw_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$mÀ`m hñVm§VamMr à{H«$`m nyU© Pmbobr AgVo åhUyZ Ë`mg nyV©Vm Pmbobm (Executed Contract) H$ama Ago åhUVmV.

_mb{dH«$sÀ`m R>amdm_Üò dñVw_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$mÀ`m hñVm§VamMr à{H«$`m nyU© ìhmd`mMr AgVo. Vr ^{dî`mV hmoUma AgVo åhUyZ `mg nyV©Vm ìhmd`mMm H$ama (Executory Contract) Ago åhUVmV.

3. O~m~XmarMo hñVm§Va

_mb{dH«$s _Üò _mbmVrb YmoŠ`mMr O~m~Xmar hr _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama Pmë`m~amo~a {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z IaoXrXmamH$So> OmVo.

_mb{dH«$sÀ`m R>amdm_Üò _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama Pmë`mZ§Va XoIrb _mbmMr _mbH$s {dH«o$Ë`mH$So> amhV Agë`m_wio Aem _mbmVrb YmoŠ`mMr O~m~Xmar _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama Pmë`mZ§Va XoIrb {dH«o$Ë`mH$So>M amhVo.

4. H$ama ^§JmMo n[aUm_

_mb{dH«$s_Üò {dH«o$Ë`m§Zo H$ama ^§J Ho$bm Va IaoXrXma {dH«o$Ë`m{dê$ÜX _mb Vmã`mV {_iÊ`mgmR>r d _mb doioV Z nmR>{dë`m~X²Xb Pmboë`m ZwH$gmZrÀ`m ânmB©gmR>r Xmdm bmdy eH$Vmo. VgoM Oa IaoXrXmamZo _mbmMr qH$_V Z XodyZ H$ama ^§J Ho$bm Va {dH«o$Vm _mbmMr qH$_V dgwbrgmR>r IaoXrXmam{dê$ÜX H$moQ>m©V qH$_V dgwcrMm Xmdm bmdy eH$Vmo.

_mb{dH«$sÀ`m R>amdm_Üò {dH«o$Ë`mZo _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm ^§J Ho$bm Va IaoXrXma hm {dH«o$Ë`m{dê$ÜX ì`ŠVrJV nmVirda H$madmB© H$ê$ eH$Vmo. VgoM Oa IaoXrXmamZo _mb pñdH$maÊ`mg ZH$ma XodyZ H$ama ^§J Ho$bm Va {dH«o$Vm Ho$di ZwH$gmZ ânmB©gmR>r H$madmB© H$ê$ eH$Vmo _mÌ Ë`mbm qH$_V dgwbrgmR>r Xmdm bmdVm òV Zmhr.

5. IaoXrXma {XdmiImoa

_mb{dH«$s_Üò Oa IaoXrXma {XdmiImoa Pmbm Am{U {dH«o$Ë`mH$So> {dH«$s _mbmMm Vm~o hŠH$ Zgob Va Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamÀ`m Ý`m`mb`rZ ì`dñWmnH$mH$So> {dH«$s Ho$bobm _mb nmR>{dbm nm{hOo d {dH«o$Ë`mbm IaoXrXmamÀ`m _mb_VoVyZ gà_mUmV _mbmMr qH$_V {_i{dÊ`mMm hŠH$ amhrb.

_mb{dH«$sÀ`m R>amdm_Üò _mbmMr qH$_V XoÊ`mnydr©M IaoXrXma {XdmiImoa Pmbm Va {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXramamH$So> _mb nmR>{dÊ`mMr JaO amhV Zmhr.

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6. {dH«o$Vm {XdmiImoa

_mb{dH«$s_Üò Oa {dH«o$Ë`m {XdmiImoa Pmbm Va IaoXrXmamg {dH«o$Ë`mÀ`m Ý`m`mb`rZ ì`dñWmnH$mH$Sy>Z _mb {_i{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amhrb H$maU _mbH$s hŠH$ hm IaoXrXmamH$So> hñVm§Va Pmbobm AgVmo.

_mb{dH«$sÀ`m R>amdm_Üò Oa {dH«o$Vm {XdmiImoa Pmbm Am{U IaoXrXmamZo {dH«o$Ë`m§À`m {XdmiImoar nydr© _mbmMr qH$_V AJmD$ {Xbr Agob Va IaoXrXma {dH«o$Ë`mÀ`m _mb_VoVyZ gà_mUmV aŠH$_ {_imdr Aer _mJUr H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Ë`mg _mbmMr _mJUr H$aVm òV Zmhr. H$maU dñVw§Mm _mbH$s hŠH$ {dH«o$Ë`mH$So>M AgVmo.

7. hŠH$mMo ñdê$n

_mb{dH«$s_Üò _mbmMm _mbH$s hŠH$ hm IaoXrXmamH$So> hñVm§Va Pmbobm AgVmo, `m hŠH$m§Zm g§nyU© g_mOmMr _mÝ`Vm AgVo Ë`m_wio H$moUVrhr {VèhmB©V ì`ŠVr IaoXrXmamÀ`m _mbH$s hŠH$mg ~mYm nmohMdy eH$V Zmhr.

_mb{dH«$sÀ`m R>amdm_Üò IaoXrXmamg {dH«o$Ë`m{déÕ Am{U {dH«o$Ë`mg IaoXrXmam{déÕ ì`ŠVrJV nmVirda _`m©{XV hŠH$ EH$_oH$m§Zm àmá hmoVmV.

8. _mbmÀ`m nwZ{d©H«$sMm hŠH$

_mb{dH«$s_Üò _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama Pmë`m~amo~a _mbH$s hŠH$mMo hñVm§Va {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z IaoXrXmamH$So> Pmbobo AgVo. Ë`m_wio {dH«$s Ho$bobm _mb Oar {dH«o$Ë`mÀ`m Vmã`mV Agbm Var {dH«o$Ë`mbm Ë`m _mbmÀ`m nwZ{d©H«$sMm hŠH$ àmá hmoV Zmhr.

_mb{dH«$sÀ`m R>amdm_Üò _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama Pmë`mZ§Va XoIrb dñVwMm _mbH$s hŠH$ hm {dH«o$Ë`mH$So>M AgVmo. Ë`m_wio {dH«o$Vm Aem _mbmMr nwZ{d©H«$s H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

3.2.3 _mb {dH«$s H$amamVrb à_wI Am{U Xþæ`_ AQ>r : Condition and Warranty in a

contract of sale

_mb {dH«$sMm H$ama hmoVmZm H$amamÀ`m nyV©Vo~m~V IaoXrXma Am{U {dH«o$Vm ho AQ>r KmbVmV. {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamg {dH«$s Ho$bobm _mb H|$ìhm ? H$gm? H$moR>o? nmR>dmdm d IaoXrXmamZo _mbmMr qH$_V Ho$ìhm ? H$moUË`m ñdê$nmV Úmdr ? `mg§~§YrÀ`m AQ>r AgVmV. `m AQ>rn¡H$s H$m§hr AQ>r `m _mb {dH«$s H$amam§Mm CÔoe nyU© hmoÊ`mÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo AË`mdí`H$ Am{U A{V_hËdmÀ`m AgVmV. Va H$m§hr H$_r _hËdmÀ`m AgVmV. Aem AQ>rMo _hËd {dMmamV KoD$Z _mb {dH«$s H$amamVrb AQ>tMo à_wI AQ> Am{U Xþæ`_ AQ> Ago XmoZ àH$ma nmS>VmV.

1. à_wI AQ> Condition :

AW© : _mb {dH«$s H$amamVrb Or AQ> _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm CÔoe nyU© hmoÊ`mg Amdí`H$

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AgVo Am{U Xmohmon¡H$s EH$mZo Vr AQ> nyU© Ho$br Zmhr Va Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg H$ama aÔ H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ àmá H$ê$Z XoVo Ë`mg à_wI AQ> åhUVmV.

CXm. A EH$m _moQ>magm`H$b {dH«o$Ë`mH$So> OmdyZ ñnîQ>nUo gm§JVmo H$s, _bm à{V {bQ>a (noQ´>mob) 80 {H$. _r. YmdUmar _moQ>magm`H$b hdr Amho. ""Voìhm {dH«o$Vm A bm {d{eîQ> H§$nZrZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobr _moQ>magm`H$b XmI{dVmo'' hr _moQ>magm`H$b Mm§Jbr Amho Ago {dYmZ H$aVmo. A Zo Vr _moQ>magm`H$b IaoXr Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m {ZXe©Zmg Ago òVo H$s Vr _moQ>magm`H$b à{V {bQ>a (noQ´>mob) 50 {H$. _r. YmdVo. `m CXmhaUmV A Mo àVr {bQ>a 80 {H$._r. YmdUmar _moQ>magm`H$b hdr, hr _hËdmMr AQ> Amho. Vr à_wI AQ> hmoVo. Ë`m AQ>rMr nwV©Vm Z Pmë`mZo A hm H$ama aX²X H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

à_wI AQ>tMr d¡{eîQ>ò :

1. à_wI AQ> hr _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm CXoe nyU©hmoÊ`mg Amdí`H$ AgVo.

2. à_wI AQ>rMm ^§J Pmë`mg {ZXm}fr ì`ŠVrbm H$ama aX²X H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ àmá hmoVmo.

_mb {dH«$sÀ`m H$amamVrb _mbmMm XOm©, Z_wZm, dU©Z, H$mMoÀ`m dñVw§Mo n°qH$J, dñVy hmVmiUrÀ`m gyMZm `m à_wI AQ>r _mZÊ`mV oVmV.

2. Xþæ`_ AQ> qH$dm AmídmgZ : Warranty

AW© : _mb {dH«$s H$amamVrb Or AQ> _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm CX²Xoe nyU© hmoÊ`mg nyaH$ qH$dm ghmæ`H$mar AgVo Am{U Or AQ> EH$m ì`ŠVrZo nyU© Ho$br Zmhr Va Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJUr H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ àmá H$ê$Z XoVo _mÌ H$ama aX²X H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ àmá hmoV Zmhr Ë`mg Xþæ`_ AQ> qH$dm AmídmgZ Ago åhUVmV.

CXm. A Zo EH$m _moQ>magm`H$b {dH«o$Ë`mH$So> OmdyZ Mm§Jbr _moQ>magm`H$b gwM{dÊ`mMo gm§{JVbo, _moQ>magm`H$b {dH«o$Ë`mZo {hamo hm|S>m ñn|S>a hr _moQ>ma gm`H$b à{V{bQ>a noQ´>mob _mJo 80 {H$._r. YmdVo Ago gm§{JVbo åhUyZ A Zo {hamo hm|S>m ñn|S>a hr _moQ>ma gm`H$b IaoXr Ho$br. Z§Va A À`m Ago {ZXe©Zmg Ambo H$s Vr _moQ>magm`H$b à{V {bQ>a noQ´>mob_mJo 40 {H$._r. YmdVo. oWo _moQ>magm`H$b {dH«o$Ë`mZo Ho$bobo {dYmZ hr Xþæ`_ AQ> _mZbr, Va A bm Ë`m _moQ>ma gm`H$brbm ZH$ma XoVm oUma Zmhr. \$ŠV {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJUr H$aVm òB©b.

Xþæ`_ AQ>rMr d¡{eîQ>ò :

1. Xþæ`_ AQ> hr _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm CÔoe nyU© hmoÊ`mg nyaH$ qH$dm ghmæ`H$mar AgVo.

2. Xþæ`_ AQ>tMm ^§J Pmë`mg ì`ŠVrbm H$ama aÔ H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ àmá hmoV Zmhr, \$ŠV ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJUr H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ àmá hmoVmo.

_mb {dH«$s H$amamVrb Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm ^§J ì`ŠVrZm \$ŠV ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJUr H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ àmá H$ê$Z XoVo. Ë`m_wio A{bH$S>À`m H$mimVrb gd©M _mb {dH«$sÀ`m H$amam_Üò Xþæ`_ AQ>r qH$dm AmídmgZo {Xbr OmVmV. ¹${MV àg§Jr à_wI AQ>rMm g_mode AgVmo.

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3. à_wI AQ> Am{U Xþæ`_ AQ> `mVrb \$aH$

à_I AQ Xþæ`_ AQ

1. Amdí`H$ {dê$ÜX nyaH$

à_wI AQ> hr _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm CÔoe nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r AË`mdí`H$ AgVo.

Xþæ`_ AQ> hr _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm CÔoe nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r nyaH$ qH$dm ghmæ`H$mar AgVo.

2. AQ>rÀ`m ^§JmMm n[aUm_

à_wI AQ>rMm ^§J {dH«o$Vm qH$dm IaoXrXma `mn¡H$s EH$mZo Ho$bm Va Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg H$ama aX²X H$aÊ`mMm Am{U _mbmg ZH$ma XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmo.

Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm IaoXrXma qH$dm {dH«o$Ë`m `mn¡H$s EH$mZo Oa ^§J Ho$bm Va Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg \$ŠV H$ama ^§JmnmgyZMr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJÊ`mMm hŠH$ àmá hmoVmo. Ë`m§Zm H$ama aX²X H$aVm òV Zmhr qH$dm _mbmg ZH$ma XoVm òV Zmhr.

3. AQ>rMo ê$nm§Va

à_wI AQ>rMm ^§J Pmë`mg Vmo à_wI AQ>rMm ^§J Z _mZVm Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm ^§J _mZyZ IaoXrXma à_wI AQ>rÀ`m §JmMo Xþæ`_ AQ>rÀ`m ^§JmV ê$nm§Va H$ê$ eH$Vmo

Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm Pmbobm §J hm Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm ^§J Z _mZVm à_wI AQ>rMm Pmbobm ^§J Ago H$Yrhr _mZbo OmV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Xþæ`_ AQ>rÀ`m ^§JmMo à_wI AQ>rÀ`m ^§JmV ê$nm§Va hmoV Zmhr

4. à_wI AQ>rÀ`m ^§J {dH«o$Ë`mZo Ho$bm Var Vmo Xþæ`_ AäMm ^§J H|$ìhm _mZÊ`mV oVmo ?

_mb {dH«$s H$amamVrb {d{eîQ> à_wI AQ>rMr nwV©Vm {dH«o$Ë`mZo H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. {dH«o$Ë`mZo Ë`m à_wI AQ>rMr nyV©Vm Ho$br Zmhr qH$dm {VMr ^§J Ho$cm Va Imbrbn[apñWVrV IaoXrXma à_wI AQ>rMm ^§J Z _mZVm Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm ^§J _mZVmo -

1. IaoXrXmamZo H$ama aX²X H$aÊ`mMmhŠH$ ñdoÀN>oZo gmoSy>Z XoUo.

{dH«o$Ë`mZo _mb {dH«$sÀ`m H$amamVrb à_wI AQ>tMm ^§J Ho$bm AgVmZm IaoXrXma Vmo H$ama aX²X Z H$aVm Xþæ`_ AQ>tMm ^§J Pmbm Ago g_OVmo Am{U ñdV:Mm H$ama aX²X H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ ñdoÀN>oZo Ë`mJ H$aVmo. Voìhm à_wI AQ>tÀ`m Pmboë`m ^§JmMo Xþæ`_ AQ>rÀ`m ^§JmV ê$nm§Va Pmbo Ago g_OÊ`mV òVo. òWo IaoXrXmamZo ñdV:, Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm ^§J Pmbm Ago _mZë`m_wio Ë`mg {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJUr H$aVm òVo. H$ama aX²X H$aVmòV Zmhr d EH$Xm KoVbobm {ZU©` ~XbVm hr oV Zmhr.

2. A{d^mÁ` qH$dm EH$g§Kr` H$amamVrb _mbmg pñdH¥$Vr XoUo

Ooìhm _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama hm EH$g§Kr` ({d^ŠV Z H$aVm òÊ`mgmaIm) AgyZ IaoXrXmamg

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H$amamà_mUo {dH«o$Ë`mZo nmR>{dbobm _mb Z_wÝ`mà_mUo {d{eîQ> XOm©Mm Zmhr ho Ë`mÀ`m bjmV Ambo AgVmZm, XoIrb IaoXrXma Ë`m _mbmg pñdH¥$Vr XoVmo. Ë`mVrb H$m§hr _mbmMm dmna hr H$aVmo Voìhm am{hbobm _mb Z_wÝ`mà_mUo Zmhr `m g~~rImbr Ë`mg {dH«o$Ë`mbm naV H$aVm oUma Zmhr H$maU à_wI AQ>rMm ^§J Pmbobm AgVmZm IaoXrXmamZo Vmo Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm ^§J _mZbm Ë`m_yio Ë`mbm {dH«o$Ë`m§H$Sy>Z \$ŠV ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJUr H$aVm òB©b.

3. IaoXrXmamg _mbH$s hŠH$ àmá Pmboë`m dñVyMr {dH«$s hmoV Agob Va -

_mb {dH«$s H$amamZwgma {dH«o$Ë`mZo EImÚm AQ>rMm §J Ho$bobm Agob Am{U IaoXrXmambm Ë`m dñVyMm _mbH$s hŠH$ {_imbm Agob. Aemdoir IaoXrXmamZo Ë`m dñVy§Mr Vm~S>Vmo~ {Vgè`m njmg {dH«$s Ho$br Va à_wI AQ>rMm Pmbobm §J, à_wI AQ>rMm ^§J Z _mZVm Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm ^§J _mZÊ`mV òVmo.

5. _mb {dH«$s H$amamVrb J¥hrV à_wI Am{U J¥{hV Xþæ`_ AQ>r Implied Conditions & Waranties in a contract of sale

_mb {dH«$s H$amamVrb AQ>r Am{U AmídmgZo hr XmoZ àH$maMr AgVmV IaoXrXma Am{U {dH«o$Vm `m§À`m_Üò _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama hmoVmZm Á`m AQ>r R>a{dë`m OmVmV Ë`m§Zm ì`ŠV AQ>r d AmídmgZo åhUVmV. `mCbQ> Á`m AQ>r d eVr© IaoXrXma Am{U {dH«o$Vm _mb {dH«$s H$amamV g_m{dîQ> H$arV ZmhrV d Á`m AQ>r _mb {dH«$s H$ama Pmë`m~amo~a {dH«o$Vm d IaoXrXma `m§À`mda ~§YZH$maH$ hmoVmV Ë`m§Zm J¥{hV à_wI AQ>r Am{U J¥{hV AmídmgZo Ago åhUVmV. Aem AQ>rMr nyV©Vm hmoUo ho XoIrb Amdí`H$ AgVo. _mb {dH«$s H$m`ÚmVrb H$b_ 14 Vo 17 _Üò Imbrb J¥{hV à_wI AQ>r Am{U J¥{hV Xþæ`_ AQ>tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1. J¥{hV à_wI AQ>r - Implied Conditions

`mV Imbrb J¥{hV à_wI AQ>r òVmV Ë`m§Mo nmbZ H$aUo H$m`ÚmZo gŠVrMo AgVo.

1. _mbH$s hŠH$m~m~VMr AQ> :

_mb {dH«$sÀ`m H$amamV {dH«o$Vm hm dñVy§Mm H$m`Xoera _mbH$ Amho Ago J¥{hV Yabo OmVo. åhUOoM _mb {dH«$s _Üò {dH«o$Ë`mg _mb {dH«$s H$aÊ`mMm H$m`Xoera A{YH$ma Agbm nm{hOo Am{U _mb {dH«$sÀ`m R>amdm_Üò dñVy_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ IaoXrXmamH$So> OmÊ`mÀ`mdoir Ë`mg dñVy {dH«$sMm H$m`Xoera hŠH$ Agbm nm{hOo. Oa {dH«o$Ë`mg _mb {dH«$sMm H$m`Xoera hŠH$ Zgob Va `m AQ>rMm ^§J g_OÊ`mV òB©b, IaoXrXmamZo {dH$V KoVbobr dñVy {VÀ`m Iè`m _mbH$mg naV H$amdr bmJob.

2. dU©ZmZwgma {dH«$sMr AQ> :

Ooìhm _mbmMr {dH«$s dU©ZmZwgma H$aÊ`mV òVo V|ìhm {dH«$s H$aÊ`mV òUmam gd© _mb hm {dH«$s H$amamV gm§{JVboë`m dU©Zmà_mUo Agbm nm{hOo. `m AQ>rZwgma {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamH$So> nmR>{dbobm _mb hm H$amamÀ`m doir Ho$boë`m dU©Zmà_mUo Agbm nm{hOo.

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3. Z_wÝ`mZwgma {dH«$sMr AQ> :

O|ìhm dñVy§Mr {dH«$s hr dñVyMo Z_wZo XmIdyZ Ho$cocr AgVo V|ìhm {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamH$So> nmR>{dbobm _mb hm Imbrb AQ>r nyU© H$aUmam Agbm nm{hOo -

1. ~hþVoH$ _mb hm Xe©{dboë`m Z_yÝ`mVrb dñVy§À`m XOm©à_mUo Agbm nm{hOo.

2. IaoXrXmamg nmR>{dboë`m _mbmn¡H$s ~hÿVm§er _mb dñVw§À`m XmI{dboë`m ZVÝ`mà_mUo Amho qH$dm Zmhr ho VnmgyZ nmhÊ`mMr g§Yr {Xbr nm{hOo.

3. _mbmMr ghO VnmgUr H$aVmZm Ë`m _mbm_Üò dada AmT>iyZ Z òUmam H$moUVmhr AÝVJ©V Xmof Zgbm nm{hOo.

4. dU©ZmZwgma Am{U Z_wÝ`mZwgma {dH«$sMr AQ> :

O|ìhm _mbmMr {dH«$s hr dñVy§À`m dU©ZmZo Am{U Z_wÝ`mà_mUo H$aÊ`mV òVo. Voìhm {dH«$sMm ~hþVoH$ _mb dñVy§À`m dU©Zmà_mUo Agbm nm{hOo d gd©dñVy `m H$amamÀ`mdoir Xe©{dboë`m Z_yÝ`mà_mUo Agë`m nm{hOoV. 5. JwUdVm d Cn`wŠVVog§~§YrMr AQ> :

dñVyMr JwUdVm d Cn`wŠVVo~m~V H$moUVrhr J¥{hV AQ> _mb {dH«$s H$amamV ZgVo. dñVyMo JwU, àV, XOm© `m~m~V _mb {dH«$s H$amam_Üò H$moUVmhr à{V~§Y ZgVmo H$maU IaoXrXmamZo _mbmMr IaoXr H$aVmZm `m ~m~r {df`r ñdV:Mo g_mYmZ Pmë`mZ§VaM dñVy§Mr IaoXr H$amd`mMr AgVo Agm {Z`_ Amho. na§Vw IaoXrXmamZo _mb IaoXr H$aVmZm Vr dñVy H$emgmR>r nm{hOoAmho Amnbm CX²Xoe ñnîQ> Ho$bm Agob Am{U dñVyÀ`m {ZdS>rgmR>r {dH«o$Ë`mda Adb§~yZ Agob Va {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamg nwa{dbobr dñVy `mo½` JwUdVoMr d Cn`wŠVVo§Mr Agbr nm{hOo Ago J¥{hV Yabo OmVo. Oa Vr dñVw Cn`wŠV R>abr Zmhr Va _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm ^§J g_OÊ`mV òVmo. 6. _mbmÀ`m ì`mnma `mo½`Vo ~m~VMr AQ> :

Á`mdoir IaoXrXma {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z dñVy§À`m dU©ZmZwgma dñVy§Mr IaoXr H$aVmo Voìhm Ë`m dñVy ì`mnma `mo½`VoÀ`m Agë`m nm{hOoV. ì`mnma `mo½` åhUOo Vr dñVw Xþgar ì`ŠVr pñdH$mê$ eHo$b Aem `mo½`VoMr Agbr nm{hOo H$maU IaoXrXma ~è`mM doim dñVy `m nwZ{d©H«$s H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZ IaoXr H$aVmo Ë`m_yi Aem dñVy nwZ{d©H«$s H$aÊ`mg `mo½` Agbm nm{hOo. Oa Ë`m A`mo½` R>aë`m Va `m AQ>rMm §J g_OÊ`mV òB©b. 7. ê$T>r-na§nao~m~VMr AQ> :

O|ìhm {dH«o$Vm {bbmdmZo _mbmMr {dH«$s H$aVmo V|ìhm ì`mnmar àWoZwgma dñVy§Mm XOm© Am{U JwUdVo~amo~a Ë`m dñVw_Üò AgUmao Xmof `m§Mr hr _m{hVr IaoXrXmamg {Xbr nm{hOo. Oa dñVy§Mr {dH«$s Aem _m{hVr {edm` H$aÊ`mV Ambr Va `m AQ>rMm ^§J g_OÊ`mV òB©b.

8. dñVy Cn^mo½`Vo~m~VMr AQ> :

O|ìhm _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama hm ImÊ`m{dÊ`mÀ`m dñVy ~m~VMm AgVmo V|ìhm Ago J¥{hV Yabo OmVo H$s {dH«o$Ë`mZo {dH$boë`m gd© dñVy `m Cn^moJmg `mo½` AmhoV Ë`m Amnm`H$maH$ ZmhrV.

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2. J¥{hV Xþæ`_ AQ>r Implied warranties : `m_Üò nwT>rb J¥{hV Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1. IaoXrXmamÀ`m Vm~o hŠH$m~m~VMr Xþæ`_ AQ> :

{dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z IaoXr Ho$boë`m _mbmMm IaoXrXmamg g§nyU© Vm~m {_imbm nm{hOo. Oa `m Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm ^§J Pmbm Va IaoXrXmamg {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJUr H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ AgVmo.

2. dñVw§À`m hñVjonm~m~VMr Xþæ`_ AQ> :

{dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z IaoXrXmamZo IaoXr Ho$boë`m dñVy IaoXrXmamÀ`m Vmã`mVAmë`mZ§Va H$moUË`mhr {VèhmB©V ì`ŠVrMm Ë`m dñVyda hñVjon AgVm H$m_m Zò Oa Aem dñVyda H$moUrhr {VèhmB©VmZo hñVjon Ho$bm Va {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamg Vmo hñVjon Xÿa H$ê$Z {Xbr nm{hOo.

3. dñVy§À`m VmaU hŠH$m~m~VMr Xþæ`_ AQ> :

{dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamg {dH«$s Ho$boë`m dñVyda H$moUmMmhr VmaU hŠH$ AgVm H$m_m Zò. Oa Vmo Agob Va {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamg H$amamÀ`mdoir ñnîQ> Ho$bm nm{hOo. VgoM Oa IaoXrXmamZo Agm VmaU hŠH$ gm§JUmè`m ì`ŠVrg H$m§hr aŠH$_ {Xbr Agob Va {dH«o$Ë`mZo {VVH$s aŠH$_ IaoXrXmamg naV Ho$br nm{hOo.

4. dñVy_Yrb YmoŠ`mg§~YrMr Xþæ`_ AQ> :

Oa {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamg {dH«$s Ho$bobm _mb ñ\$moQ>H$ dñVy AgVrb Va {dH«o$Ë`mZo Aem ñ\$moQ>H$ dñVyMr {dH«$s H$aVmZm Ë`mVrb YmoŠ`m§Mr g§nyU© _m{hVr IaoXrXmamg AJmoXa {Xbr nm{hOo Ago J¥{hV Yabo OmVo. Oa {dH«o$Ë`mZo dñVy_Yrb YmoŠ`m~m~VMr nyd©gyMZm Z XoVm IaoXrXmamg dñVy {dH$ë`m Va `m Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm ^§J Pmbm Ago _mZÊ`mV òVo.

WmoS>Š`mV J¥{hV à_wI Am{U J¥{hV Xþæ`_AQ>r

J¥{hV à_wI AQ>r J¥{hV Xþæ`_ AQ>r

1. _mbH$s hŠH$m~m~VMr AQ> 1. Vm~o hŠH$~m~VMr Xþæ`_ AQ

2. dU©ZmZwgma {dH«$s~m~VMr AQ 2. dñVy§À`m hñVjonm~m~VMr Xþæ`_ AQ

3. Z_wÝ`mZwgma {dH«$s ~m~VMr AQ 3. dñVww§À`m VmaU hŠH$m~m~VMr Xþæ`_ AQ

4. dU©ZmZwgma Am{U Z_wÝ`mZwgma {dH«$sMr AQ

4. dñVy_Yrb YmoŠ`mg§~YrMr Xþæ`_ AQ>

5. JwUdVm d Cn wŠVog§~§YrMr AQ>

6. dñVy§À`m ì`mnma `mo½`Vo~m~VMr AQ>

7. ê$T>r n§anao~m~VMr AQ>

8. dñVyÀ`m Cn^mo½`Vo~m~VMr AQ

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3.2.4 _mb {dH«$sH$amamMr nyV©Vm : Performance of Contract of sale

1. AW© :

_mb {dH«$s H$amamÀ`m nyV©VogmR>r {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamH$So> {dH«$s Ho$bobm _mb nmR>{dbm nm{hOo Am{U IaoXrXmamZo _mbmg pñdH¥$Vr XodyZ, H$amamà_mUo Ë`m_mbmMr qH$_V {dH«o$Ë`mg AXm Ho$br nm{hOo. gmYmaUnUo _mb {dH«$s H$amamÀ`m nyV©Vo_Üò Imbrb XmoZ AdñWm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo -

1. {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z {dH$boë`m _mbmMr nmR>dUr H$aUo. Delivery of Goods by seller

2. IaoXrXmamZo _mbmg pñdH¥$Vr XodyZ qH$_V AXm H$aUo. Acceptance of delivery by buyer

_mb {dH«$s H$amamÀ`m nyV©VogmR>r {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamH$So> _mb Ho$ìhm, H$gm nmR>dmdm Am{U IaoXrXmamZo _mbmMr qH$_V H|$ìhm d H$er Úmdr ho IaoXrXma Am{U {dH«o$Vm `m§À`m g§_VrZo R>a{dbo OmVo d Ë`mZwgma H$amamMr nyV©Vm hmoVo. Oa `m~m~V H$amamV C„oI Zgob Va XmoÝhr {H«$`m EH$mMdoir nyU© Pmë`m nm{hOoV. åhUOoM {dH«o$Vm hm IaoXrXmamH$So> _mb nmR>{dÊ`mg V`ma Agbm nm{hOo d IaoXrXmamZo Ë`m _mbmMr pñdH¥$Vr H$ê$Z Ë`mMr qH$_V XoÊ`mg V`ma Agbm nm{hOo. _mb {dH«$s H$amamÀ`m nyV©VoVrb `m darb XmoZ AdñWm§Mr g{dñVa _m{hVr nwT>rb à_mUo XoVm òB©b.

2. _mbmMr nmR>dUr Delivery of Goods

_mb {dH«$sMm H$m`Xm H$b_ 2 (2) AZwgma ""EH$m ì`ŠVrZo ñdoÀN>oZo Amnë`m _mbmMm Vm~m Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg XoUo `mbm _mb nmR>dUr Ago åhUVmV.'' Á`m H¥$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamÀ`m Vmã`mV _mb OmB©b Ago H$moUVohr H¥$Ë` H$ê$Z {dH«o$Ë`mg _mb nmR>{dVm òB©b. _mb nmR>dUrÀ`m gmYmaUnUo VrZ nÕVr AmhoV.

1. àË`j _mb nmR>dUr : Actual Delivery

{dH«o$Vm O|ìhm {dH«$s Ho$boë`m _mbmMm ^m¡{VH$ Vm~m IaoXrXmamg qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m A{YH¥$V à{V{ZYrg XoVmo, Ë`mbm àË`j _mb nmR>dUr Ago åhUVmV.

2. gm§Ho${VH$ _mb nmR>dUr : Symbolic Delivery

O|ìhm {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamg {dH«$s Ho$bobm _mb AdOS>, AmH$ma_mZmZo _moR>m AgVmo Am{U ^m¡{VH$ ñdê$nmV Aem _mbmMr dmhVyH$ H$aUo H$R>rU AgVo V|ìhm gm§Ho${VH$ nÕVrZo _mbmMr nmR>dUr Ho$br OmVo. åhUOoM àm{V{ZYrH$ ñdê$nmV _mbmMm Vm~m Am{U _mbmdarb {Z`§ÌU IaoXrXmamg {Xbo OmVo. CXm. JwXm_mV _mb R>odyZ Ë`m JwXm_mMr Mmdr IaoXrXmamÀ`m ñdmYrZ Ho$br Va Vr gm§Ho${VH$ _mb nmR>dUr hmoVo.

3. aMZmË_H$ _mb nmR>dUr : Constructive Delivery

O|ìhm {dH«o$Vm IaoXrXmamÀ`m dVrZo {dH«$s Ho$boë`m _mbmMm Vm~m {dH«$sZ§Va AmnUmH$So> R>odVmo Voìhm IaoXrXmamg aMZmË_H$ nÕVrZo _mbmMr nmR>dUr Pmbr Ago åhUVmV. `m àH$mamV {dH«$sZ§Va XoIrb {dH«o$Vm IaoXrXmamÀ`m g§_VrZo {dH«$s Ho$bobm _mb AmnUmH$So> R>odVmo. Imbrb nÜXVrZo IaoXrXmamg _mbmMm aMZmË_H$ nÕVrZo Vm~m {Xbm OmVmo.

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1. O|ìhm _mb {dH«$sZ§Va {dH«o$Ë`mÀ`m Vmã`mVM AgVmo na§Vw IaoXrXmamV\}$ Vmo _mb AmnUmH$So> R>odVmo.

2. O|ìhm IaoXrXmamÀ`m Vmã`mV gwadmVrnmgyZM _mb AgVmo Am{U IaoXrXma Vmo _mb {dH$V KoVmo Am{U {dH«o$Vm IaoXrXmamÀ`m _mbmMm Vm~m _mbH$ `m ZmË`mZo _mÝ` H$aVmo.

3. Á`m ì`ŠVrH$So> _mbmMm Vm~m Amho Aer {VèhmB©V ì`ŠVr IaoXrXmamV\}$ _mb Amnë`m Vmã`mV R>odbm Amho Ago IaoXrXmamg H$i{dVo.

3. _mb nmR>dUrMo {Z`_ : Rules for Delivery of Goods

1. IaoXrXmamÀ`m Vmã`mV _mb OmB©b Aem nÕVrZo àË`j qH$dm gm§Ho${VH$ qH$dm aMZmË_H$ `mn¡H$s EH$m nÕVrZo _mb nmR>dUr Ho$br nm{hOo.

2. _mb nmR>dUr Am{U _mbmMr qH$_V XoUo `m XmoÝhr {H«$`m H$amamVrb AQ>r à_mUo nyU© Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV. Oa H$amamV `m~m~V AQ>r ZgVrb Va _mb nmR>dUr Am{U _mbmMr qH$_V XoVo `m XmoÝhr {H«$`m EH$mM doir nyU© Pmë`m nm{hOoV.

3. g§nyU© _mb nmR>dÊ`mÀ`m CX²XoemZo IaoXrXmamH$So> _mbmÀ`m H$m§hr ^mJmMr nmR>dUr Ho$br Va IaoXrXmamH$So> g§nyU© _mbmMr _mbH$s OmVo.

4. _mbmMr _mJUr IaoXrXmamZo Ho$ë`m{edm` {dH«o$Vm _mb nmR>{dÊ`mg O~m~Xma ZgVmo. ^{dî`mH$mimV _mb ApñVËdmV òUma Agob Va _mb ApñVËdmV Amë`mZ§Va {dH«o$Ë`mZo Ë`m~X²XbMr ZmoQ>rg {Xbr nmhrOo Am{U ZmoQ>rg {_imë`mZ§Va IaoXrXmamZo {dH«o$Ë`mH$So> _mbmMr _mJUr Ho$br nm{hOo.

5. _mb {dH«$sÀ`m H$amamV _mb nmR>{dÊ`mMr _wXV Z_yX Ho$br Zgob Va {dH«o$Ë`mZo `mo½` _wXVrV _mb IaoXrXmamH$So> nmR>{dbm nm{hOo.

6. _mb {dH«$s H$amamV _mb nmR>{dÊ`mMo {R>H$mU Z_wX Ho$bo nm{hOo Am{U {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamÀ`m H$m_H$mOmÀ`m {Xder H$m_mÀ`m doioV Ë`mM {R>H$mUr _mb nmR>{dbm nm{hOo.

7. {dH«$s Ho$bobm _mb {VèhmB©V ì`ŠVrÀ`m Vmã`mV Agob Va {VèhmB©V ì`ŠVrZo IaoXrXmamÀ`mdVrZo _mb Amnë`m Vmã`mV R>odbm Amho Ago IaoXrXmamg H$i{dbo nm{hOo.

8. _mb nmR>dUrMm IM© {dH«o$Ë`mZo Ho$bm nm{hOo Am{U _mbmÀ`m pñdH¥$VrMm IM© IaoXrXmamZo Ho$bm nm{hOo.

9. _mbmMr nmR>dUr H$aVmZm H$amamVrb AQ>rà_mUoM Ho$br nm{hOo. H$amamV Z_yX Ho$boë`m g§»ònojm H$_r AWdm OmñV _mb nmR>{dbm qH$dm R>aboë`m XOm©nojm H$_r àVrMm Am{U XOm©Mm _mb nmR>{dbm Va Vr A`mo½` _mb nmR>dUr hmoB©b. Aemdoir IaoXrXmamg Vmo _mb ZmH$maÊ`mMm hŠH$ amhrb.

10. _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama g§nyU©nUo nyU© Ho$bm nm{hOo åhUOoM {dH«o$Ë`mZo g§nyU© _mb IaoXrXmamH$So> EH$mM doir nmR>{dbm nm{hOo. Oa {dH«o$Vm A§eV: hßË`m hßË`mZo IaoXrXmamH$So> _mb nmR>{dbm

56

Va IaoXrXma Ë`m _mbmÀ`m pñdH¥$Vrg ZH$ma Xody eH$Vmo.

11. O|ìhm IaoXrXmamH$So> _mb nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r {dH«o$Vm _mb dmhVyH$ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr qH$dm g§ñWoH$So> _mb nmR>{dVmo. V|ìhm àdmgmVrb _mbmMr gwa{jV dmhVyH$ Ho$br Omdr Agm H$ama {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamV\}$ Ho$bm nm{hOo. H$maU _mbmMr gwa{jV dmhVyH$ Z Pmë`mg qH$dm àdmgmV _mbmMr ZmgYyg Pmë`mg IaoXrXma _mb ZmH$mê$ eH$Vmo. Oa gmJar _mJm©Zo _mb nmR>dmd`mMm Agob Va {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamg _mbmMm gmJar {d_m CVa{dÊ`m~m~V H$i{dbo nm{hOo AÝ`Wm àdmgmVrb _mb {dH«o$Ë`mÀ`m O~m~Xmamrda Amho Ago g_OÊ`mV oB©b.

bjmV R>odm -_mb nmR>{dÊ`mMo àH$ma

1. àË`j _mbm nmR>dUr -

2. gm§Ho${VH$ _mb nmR>dUr -

3. aMZmË_H$ _mb nmR>dUr

4. _mbmMr pñdH¥$Vr Acceptance of Delivery

{dH«o$Ë`mZo nmR>{dboë`m _mb pñdH$maUo `mg _mbmMr pñdH¥$Vr åhUV ZmhrV Va _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r IaoXrXmamZo _mb Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVë`mMo {dH«o$Ë`mg H$i{dUo qH$dm _mb Vmã`mV KoÊ`mgmR>r g§_VrXe©H$ EImXo H¥$Ë` H$aUo `mbm _mbmMr pñdH¥$Vr Ago åhUVmV. O|ìhm IaoXrXma {dH«o$Ë`mZo nmR>{dboë`m _mbmg pñdH¥$Vr XoVmo Am{U _mbmMr qH$_V {dH«o$Ë`mg AXm H$aVmo. V|ìhm _mb {dH«$s H$amamMr nyV©Vm Pmbr Ago åhUVmV. Imbrb n[apñWVrV IaoXrXmamZo_mb pñdH$mabm Ago g_OÊ`mV oVo.

1. O|ìhm IaoXrXma {dH«o$Ë`mZo nmR>{dbobm _mb pñdH$mabm Amho Ago {dH«o$Ë`mg H$i{dVmo.

2. IaoXrXmamZo {dH«o$Ë`mÀ`m _mbH$s hŠH$mer {dg§JV Ago H¥$Ë` Ho$bo Va AXm. IaoXrXmamZo Vmo _mb Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg {dH$bm qH$dm _mbm_Üò ~Xb Ho$bm.

3. O|ìhm _mb naV H$aÊ`mMr `mo½` _wXV g§në`mZ§Va XoIrb _mb ZmH$mabm Amho Ago {dH«o$Ë`mg Z H$i{dVmM _mbAmnë`mH$So> R>odyZ KoVmo. Oa IaoXrXmamZo `mo½` H$maUmgmR>r _mb ZmH$mabm Agob Va IaoXrXmamZo {dH«o$Ë`mg _mb ZmH$maë`mMo H$i{dbo nm{hOo.

5. AXV {dH«o$Ë`m Am{U Ë`mMo hŠH$ Unpaid Seller and his Rights

1. AXV {dH«o$Vm Unpaid Seller

ì`m»`m : _mb {dH«$sMm H$m`Xm 1930 _Yrb H$b_ 45 _Üò AXV {dH«o$Ë`mMr ì`m»`m Imbrbà_mUo {Xbr Amho.

""O|ìhm _mbmMr {dH«$s amoIrZo Ho$br Agob Am{U IaoXrXamZo _mbmMr g§nyU© qH$_V {dH«o$Ë`mg {Xbr Zmhr qH$dm XoÊ`mMo ZmH$mabo Va {dH«o$Ë`mg AXV {dH«o$Vm g_OÊ`mV oVo.''

57

EImÚm {dH«o$Ë`mg AXV {dH«o$Vm H|$ìhm g_Obo OmVo -

1. O|ìhm {dH«o$Ë`mbm IaoXrXmamZo _mbmMr g§nyU© qH$_V {Xbr Zmhr qH$dm Xody Ho$br Zmhr qH$dm

2. Á`m {dH«o$Ë`mZo _mb {dH«$sÀ`mdoir hþ§S>r AWdm AÝ` MbZj_ nÌH$ _mÝ` hmoB©c `m AQ>rda pñdH$maco Am{U Vo MbZj_ nÌH$ A_mÝ` (AZmXa) Pmë`m_wio Vr AQ> nyU© Pmbr Zmhr Va {dH«o$Vm AXV {dH«o$Vm ~ZVmo.

ñnîQ>rH$aU : darb ì`m»òMo ñnîQ>rH$aUmË_H$ _wX²Xo Imbrb à_mUo XoVm òVrb.

1. O|ìhm _mb CYmarda {dH$Ê`mV òVmo V|ìhm CYmarMr _wXV g§non`©§V {dH«o$Vm AXV {dH«o$Vm hmoV Zmhr. na§Vw CYmarMr _wXV g§në`mZ§Va IaoXrXmamZo _mbmMr qH$_V {Xbr Zmhr Va {dH«o$Vm AXV {dH«o$Vm ~ZVmo.

2. Oa IaoXrXmamZo _mbmÀ`m g§nyU© {H$_Vr n¡H$s A§eV: qH$_V {dH«o$Ë`mg {Xbr Va Caboë`m qH$_VrgmR>r {dH«o$Vm AXV {dH«o$Vm hmoB©b.

3. O|ìhm _mb CYmarda {dH$Ê`mV òVmo Am{U CYmarMr _wXV g§nÊ`mnwdr© IaoXrXma {XdmiImoa hmoVmo V|ìhm {dH«o$Vm AXV {dH«o$Vm ~ZVmo.

4. O|ìhm IaoXrXmamZo _mbmMr qH$_V {Xbr Zmhr Va {dH«o$Vm AXV {dH«o$Vm hmoVmo na§Vw Oa _mbmgmR>r {dH«o$Ë`mZo Ho$bobm IM© IaoXrXmamZo {Xbm ZmhrVa {dH«o$Vm AXV {dH«o$Vm hmoV Zmhr.

2. AXV {dH«o$Ë`mMo hŠH$ qH$dm A{YH$ma Rights of Unpaid Seller

AXV {dH«o$Ë`mg {dH«$s Ho$boë`m _mbmg§~§Yr Am{U IaoXrXmam{dÕ hŠH$ àmá hmoVmV.

1. {dH«$s Ho$boë`m _mbmg§~§Yr AgUmao AXV {dH«o$Ë`mMo hŠH$ Rights against the goods sold

AXV {dH«o$Ë`mg {dH«$s Ho$boë`m _mbm~m~V Oo hŠH$ àmá hmoVmV Ë`m§Mo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV -

A) O|ìhm {dH«$s Ho$boë`m dñVy _Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ IaoXrXmamH$So> hñVm§VarV Pmbobm AgVmo -

O|ìhm {dH«$s Ho$boë`m dñVy_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ IaoXrXmamH$So> hñVm§VarV Pmbobm AgVmo V|ìhm AXV {dH«o$Ë`mg nwT>rb VrZ hŠH$ àmá hmoVmV.

1. _mbmdarb Vm~o hŠH$ Right of Lien

_mbmdarb Vm~o hŠH$ åhUOo IaoXrXmamZo {dH$V KoVboë`m _mbmMr g§nyU© qH$_V {_ion ©§V {dH«o$Ë`mZo Vmo _mb Amnë`m Vmã`mV R>odUo hmo`. Omon ©§V IaoXrXmamg {dH«$s Ho$bobm _mb {dH«o$Ë`mÀ`m Vmã`mV AgVmo, V|ìhm AXV {dH«o$Vm Vmo _mb Amnë`m Vmã`mV R>odÊ`mMm _mbmdarb Vm~o hŠH$ A_bmV AmUy eH$Vmo. AXV {dH«o$Ë`mg Imbrb n[apñWVrV _mbmdarb Vm~o hŠH$ dmnaVm òdy eH$Vmo.

1. O|ìhm _mbmMr CYmarda {dH«$s H$aÊ`mV Ambobr ZgVo.

58

2. Ooìhm _mbmMr CYmarda {dH«$s H$aÊ`mV Ambobr AgVo na§Vw CYmarMr _wXV g§nbobr AgVo.

3. CYmarMr _wXV g§nbobr ZgVo na§Vw IaoXrXma {XdmiImoa hmoVmo.

4. {dH«o$Vm, à{V{ZYr `m ZmË`mZo qH$dm IaoXrXmamMm {ZjonJ¥{hVm åhUyZ dñVy Amnë`m Vmã`mV R>odë`m AgVrb Va.

5. O|ìhm AXV {dH«o$Vm {dH«$s Ho$boë`m _mbmn¡H$s H$m§hr A§eV: _mb IaoXrXmamH$So> nmR>{dbm Agob Va Caboë`m _mbmda Vm~o hŠH$ A_bmV AmUVm òVmo.

6. AXV {dH«o$Ë`mZo H$moQ>m©H$Sy>Z _mbmMr qH$_V dgyb H$aÊ`mMm AmXoe {_i{dbm Agbm Var Vmo Amnë`m Vmã`mVrb _mbmda Vm~o hŠH$ A_bmV AmUy eH$Vmo.

Imbrb n[apñWVrV AXV {dH«o$Ë`mMm _mbmdarb Vm~o hŠH$ ZîQ> hmoVmo.

1. O|ìhm IaoXrXmamH$So> _mb nmR>{dÊ`mÀ`m CX²XoemZo {dH«o$Vm Vmo _mb dmhVyH$ H§$nZrÀ`m Vmã`mV dmhVyH$sgmR>r XoVmo d Ë`m _mbmg§~§Yr H$moUË`mhr A{YH$ma amIyZ R>odrV Zmhr.

2. O|ìhm IaoXrXma qH$dm Ë`mMm A{YH¥$V à{V{ZYr IaoXr Ho$boë`m _mbmMm Vm~m KoVmo.

3. O|ìhm {dH«o$Vm ñdoÀN>oZo _mbmdarb Vm~ohŠH$ Z dmnaVm IaoXrXmamg n¡go XoÊ`mMr _wXV dmT>dyZ XoVmo qH$dm {H$_V dgybrgmR>r nwT>rb VmaIoMr hþ§S>r pñdH$maVmo.

4. O|ìhm IaoXrXma {dH«o$Ë`mÀ`m g§_VrZo Ë`m _mbmMr doJi`m _mJm©Zo {ZJ©V H$aVmo.

2. àdmgmV _mb AS>{dÊ`mMm hŠH$ Stoppage of Goods in Transit

bm°S©> H¡$aZ `m§Zr AXV {dH«o$Ë`mMm àdmgmV _mb AS>{dÊ`mÀ`m hŠH$mMr ì`m»`m Ë`m§À`mnwT>o gwZmdUrgmR>r Amb|ë`m Ho$gÀ`m nmhUrdê$Z nwT>rbà_mUo {Xbr Amho -

""àdmgmV _mb AS>{dUo åhUOo {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamg {dH$boë`m _mbmMm àdmg Mmby AgVmZm Vmo _mb AS>{dUo Am{U Ë`m _mbmMr g§nyU© qH$_V {Xbr OmB©n`©§V Vmo _mb Amnë`m Vmã`mV R>odUo hmo`.'' òWo _mbmMm àdmg åhUOo IaoXrXmamH$So> _mb OmÊ`mgmR>r Vmo _mc O|ìhm dmhVyH$Xma H§$nZrÀ`m Vmã`mV XoÊ`mV òVmo Ë`mdoionmgyZ _mbmMm àdmg gwê$ hmoVmo Am{U IaoXrXmamZo qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m à{V{ZYrZo _mb dmhVwH$ H$aUmè`m H§$nZrH$Sy>Z _mbmMm Vm~m KoVcm V|ìhm _mbmMm àdmg g§nVmo. Omon ©§V _mb àdmgmV Amho Vmon`©§V Vmo _mb àdmgmV AS>{dVm òVmo. _mÌ àdmgmV _mb AS>{dÊ`mMm hŠH$ A§_bmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb AQ>tMr nyV©Vm hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

1. AXV {dH«o$Ë`mZo IaoXrXmamH$So> _mb nmR>{dbobm Agbm nm{hOo åhUOo dñVy {dHo$Ë`mÀ`m Vmã`mV Zgë`m nm{hOoV.

2. _mb àdmgmV AgVmo.

3. _mbmMm àdmg nyU© hmoÊ`mnydr©M IaoXrXma {XdmiImoa R>aVmo.

darb AQ>tMr nwV©Vm Pmë`mg AXV {dH«o$Vm àdmgmV _mb AS>{dÊ`mMm hŠH$ Imbrbn¡H$s

59

H$moUË`mhr EH$m nÕVrZo A§_bmV AmUy eH$Vmo.

1. àdmgmV Agboë`m _mbmMm àË`j Vm~m KodyZ qH$dm

2. àdmgmV _mb Wm§~{dÊ`mMr ZmoQ>rg _mb dmhVyH$ H$aUmè`m H§$nZrg qH$dm _mb Á`mÀ`m Vmã`mV Amho Ë`mg XodyZ, gXaMr ZmoQ>rg hr g§~YrV dmhVyH$Xma H§$nZrg, IaoXrXmamcm _mbmMm Vm~m XoÊ`mnydr© {_imbr nm{hOo. Oa IaoXrXmamg, dmhVyH$ H§$nZrZo _mbmMm Vm~m {Xbm Agob Am{U ZmoQ>rg Ë`mZ§Va {_imbr Va àdmgmV _mb AS>{dÊ`mMm AXV {dH«o$Ë`mMm hŠH$ A_bmV AmUVm òV Zmhr. VgoM _mbmMm àdmg g§në`mZ§Va AXV {dH«o$Ë`mg hm hŠH$ ~OmdVm òV Zmhr.

3. _mbmÀ`m nwZ{d©H«$sMm hŠH$ Right of Resale

AXV {dH«o$Ë`mZo àdmgmV _mb AS>{dÊ`mÀ`m hŠH$mMr A_§b~OmdUr H$ê$Z _mbmMm nwZ©Vm~m {_i{dë`mZ§Va Ë`mg _mbmÀ`m nwZ©{dH«$sMm A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmo. AXV {dH«o$Ë`mg Imbrb n[apñWVrV _mbmÀ`m nwZ{d©H«$sMm hŠH$ A_bmV AmUVm òVmo.

1. O|ìhm AXV {dH«o$Ë`mZo {dH«$s Ho$boë`m dñVy `m Zmíd§V AgVmV.

2. O|ìhm AXV {dH«o$Vm Amnbm _mbmÀ`m nwZ{d©H«$sMm hŠH$ IaoXrXmamZo _mbmMr qH$_V {Xbr Zmhr åhUyZ amIyZ R>odbobm AgVmo.

3. O|ìhm AXV {dH«o$Vm _mbmdarb Vm~ohŠH$mMm dmna H$ê$Z _mb Amnë`m Vmã`mV R>odVmo qH$dm àdmgmVrb _mb AS>dyZ _mbmMm Vm~m {_i{dVmo Am{U IaoXrXmamZo _mbmMr qH$_V `mo½` doioV {Xbr Zmhr åhUyZ _mbmÀ`m nwZ{d©H«$sMr ZmoQ>rg XoVmo. IaoXrXma _mbmMr qH$_V XoV Zmhr qH$dm XoÊ`mMo ZmH$maVmo V|ìhm _mbmÀ`m nwZ{d©H«$sMm hŠH$ A_bmV AmUÊ`mnydr©, AXV {dH«o$Ë`mZo nm{hë`m IaoXrXmamg _mbmÀ`m nwZ{d©H«$sMr ZmoQ>rg {Xbr nm{hOo. `m ZmoQ>rer_Ü o _mbmMr qH$_V {d{eîQ> _wXVrV {Xbr ZmhrVa AXV {dH«o$Vm Ë`m _mbmMr Xþgè`m IaoXrXmamg {dH«$s H$aob Agm ñnîQ> C„oI Agbm nm{hOo _mbmÀ`m nwZ{d©H«$sV Ë`mbm VmoQ>m Pmbm Va n{hë`m IaoXrXmamH$Sy>Z ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJÊ`mMm hŠH$ amhrb. Oa ZmoQ>rg Z XoVm _mbmMr nwZ{d©H«$s Ho$br Va Pmbobm VmoQ>m n{hbm IaoXrXmamH$Sy>Z _mJUr H$aVm òUma Zmhr CbQ> Z\$m Pmbm Va Vmo n{hë`m IaoXrXmamg Úmdm bmJVmo. Zmíd§V dñVy§À`m ~m~VrV nwZ{d©H«$snydr© n{hë`m IaoXrXmamg ZmoQ>rg XoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo. _mÌ BVa dñVy§À`m ~m~VrV nwZ{d©H«$s nydr© nwZ{d©H«$sMr ZmoQ>rg XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

~) O|ìhm dñVy_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ IaoXrXmamH$So> hñVm§VarV Pmbobm ZgVmo -

O|ìhm IaoXrXmamg {dH«$s Ho$boë`m dñVy_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ IaoXrXmamH$So> hñVm§V[aV Pmbocm ZgVmo, V|ìhm AXV {dH«o$Vm _mbmdarb Vm~o hŠH$ àdmgmV, _mb AS>{dÊ`mMm hŠH$, _mbmÀ`m nwZ{d©H«$sMm hŠH$ `m gd© hŠH$m~amo~a Vmo {dH«$s Ho$boë`m _mbmMr nmR>dUyH$ ñW{JV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma A_bmV AmUy eH$Vmo.

2. AXV {dH«o$Ë`mMo IaoXrXmam{dê$Õ AgUmao d¡`pŠVH$ hŠH$ Rights of Unpaid Seller

60

against buyer personally

AXV {dH«o$Ë`mg {dH«$s Ho$boë`m dñVy~m~V AgUmè`m hŠH$m{edm` IaoXrXmam{déÕ d¡`pŠVH$ ñdê$nmV Á`mXmMo A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmV. `m_Üò nwT>rb hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1. _mbmÀ`m qH$_VrgmR>r Xmdm bmdÊ`mMm hŠH$ Suit for Price

O|ìhm _mb {dH«$s H$amamZwgma dñVw_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ IaoXrXmamH$So> hñVm§V[aV Pmbobm AgVmo Am{U IaoXrXma _mbmMr qH$_V XoV Zmhr AWdm XoÊ`mMo ZmH$maVmo V|ìhm AXV {dH«o$Ë`mg IaoXrXmam{dê$ÜX _mbmMr qH$_V dgyb H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xmdm bmdÊ`mMm hŠH$ AgVmo. VgoM _mb {dH«$s H$amamà_mUo {d{eîQ> {Xder IaoXrXmamZo _mbmMr qH$_V Úmd`mMr AgVo d _mbmMr _mbH$s IaoXrXmamH$So> AÚmn hñVm§V[aV Pmbobr ZgVo Aemdoir gwÕm AXV {dH«o$Vm _mbmÀ`m qH$_V dgwbrgmR>r Xmdm bmdy eH$Vmo.

2. ZwH$gmZ ânmB©gmR>r Xmdm bmdÊ`mMm hŠH$ Suit for compensation

{dH«o$Ë`mZo nmR>{dboë`m _mbmÀ`m pñdH¥$Vrg IaoXrXmamZo ZH$ma XodyZ _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm ^§J Ho$bm Va AXV {dH«o$Vm H$ama ^§JmÀ`m ZwH$gmZ ânmB©gmR>r IaoXrXmam{dê$Õ ZwH$gmZ ânmB©Mm Xmdm cmdy eH$Vmo. VgoM IaoXrXmamZo _wXVnyd© _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm ^§J Ho$bm Var XoIrb AXV {dH«o$Ë`mg _wXVnyd© H$ama ^§J, àË`j H$ama ^§J _mUyZ Vm~S>Vmo~ ZwH$gmZânmB©gmR>r IaoXrXmam{dê$ÜX Xmdm XmIb H$aVm òVmo.

3. ì`mOmgmR>r Xmdm bmdÊ`mMm hŠH$ Suit for Interest

_mb {dH«$sÀ`m H$amamV R>aë`mà_mUo IaoXrXmamZo Á`m {Xder _mbmMr qH$_V Xo` AgVo. Ë`m {Xder Z {Xë`mg AXV {dH«o$Vm qH$_V Xo` AgÊ`mMm VmaIonmgyZ _mbmÀ`m {H$_Vrda ì`mOmMr _mJUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xmdm bmdy eH$Vmo. Oa _mb {dH«$s H$amamV _mbmÀ`m qH$_Vrda ì`mO XoÊ`mMr VaVyX Zgob Va AXV {dH«o$Ë`mZo Á`m {Xder ì`mO AmH$maUrMr ZmoQ>rg IaoXrXmamg nmR>{dbr Agob Ë`m {XdgmnmgyZ ì`mOmÀ`m _mJUrgmR>r Xmdm XmIb H$aVm òVmo. VgoM IaoXrXmamZo _mbmMr qH$_V {d{eîQ> _wXVrV {Xbr Zmhr Va ñdV: Ý`m`mb` AXV {dH«o$Ë`mg _mbmÀ`m {H$_Vr da {d{eîQ> XamZo ì`mO XoÊ`m~m~V IaoXrXmamg AmXoe XoVo. -

BH$So> bj Úm - AXV {dH«o$Ë`mMo hŠH$

AXV {dH«o$Ë`mMo {dH«$s Ho$boë`m _mb~m~V àmá hmoUmao hŠH$

AXV {dH«o$Ë`mMo IaoXrXmam{déÕ d¡`pŠVH$ ñdê$nmV àmá hmoUmao hŠH$

1. _mbmdarb Vm~o hŠH$ 1. qH$_V dgybrgmR>r Xmdm bmdÊ`mMm hŠH$ 2. àdmgmV _mb AS>{dÊ`mMm hŠH$ 2. ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xmdm

bmdÊ`mMm hŠH$ 3. _mbmÀ`m nwZ{d©H«$sMm hŠH$ 3. ì`mOmgmR>r Xmdm bmdÊ`mMm hŠH 4. _mcmMr dmT>dUyH$ ñW{JV H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$

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3.3 gmam§e :

_mb {dH«$sMm H$m`Xm 1930 hm 1 Owb¡ 1930 amoOr Oå_y Am{U H$mí_ra dJiyZ g§nyU© ^maVâ bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. hm H$m`Xm MbdñVy§À`m IaoXr {dH«$sgmR>r bmJy hmoVmo. Vmo AMb _mb_VoÀ`m IaoXr-{dH«$sgmR>r bmJy hmoV Zmhr. _mb {dH«$s hm XoIrb EH$ H$ama AgVmo `m H$amam_Üò {dH«o$Vm hm IaoXrXmamg qH$_VrÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV dñVy_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ hñVm§Va H$aVmo qH$dm H$aÊ`mMo dMZ XoVmo åhUyZ _mb {dH«$sÀ`m H$amamV _mb {dH«$s qH$dm _mb {dH«$sMm R>amd AgVmo. _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm _yi CÔoe hm dñVy_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$mMo hñVm§Va hmoUo ho AgVo. _mb {dH«$sÀ`m H$amamZo XoIrb H$ama H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 10 _Yrb H$m`Xoera H$amamÀ`m gd© AQ>tMr nyV©Vm H$amdr bmJVo. _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama hm Vm|S>r qH$dm boIr Agbm Var MmbVmo Vmo boIrM Agbm nm{hOo Ago ~§YZ Zmhr.

_mb {dH«$sÀ`m H$amam_Üò IaoXrXma Am{U {dH«o$Vm `m§À`mH$Sy>Z AQ>r KmVë`m OmVmV. _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm hoVy nyU© hmoÊ`mÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo `m AQ>r _hËdmÀ`m AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m _hËdmà_mUo à_wI AQ> Am{U Xþæ`_ AQ> Ago {d^mOZ Ho$bo OmVo. dñVy§Mm XOm©, ~m§YUr, a§J, JwUdVm `m à_wI AQ> _mZVmV. Aem à_wI AQ>rMm ^§J Pmbm H$s H$ama aÔ hmoVmo. `mCbQ> Xþæ`_ AQ>r `m _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm CÔoe g\$b hmoÊ`mgmR>r nyaH$ AgVmV. Agm AQ>tMm ^§J Pmbm H$s H$ama aÔ hmoV Zmhr Va \$ŠV ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJUr H$aVm òVo. _mb {dH«$sMm H$ama Pmë`m~amo~a Á`m AQ>r AmnmoAmn {dH«o$Vm Am{U IaoXrXma `m§À`mda ~§YZH$maH$ hmoVmV Ë`m§Zm J¥{hV à_wI Am{U J¥{hV Xþæ`_ AQ>r åhUVmV. H$m§hr doim à_wI AQ>rMm ^§J Pmbm H$s IaoXrXma Vmo à_wI AQ>rMm ^§J Z _mZVm Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm ^§J _mZVmo Ë`m_wio Ë`mg H$ama aÔ H$aVm òV Zmhr Va \$ŠV ZwH$gmZ ânmB© _mJUr H$aVm òVo. åhUyZ à_wI AQ>rÀ`m ^§JmMo Xþæ`_ AQ>rÀ`m ^§JmV ê$nm§Va H$aVm oVo.

_mb {dH«$s H$amamÀ`m nyV©Vo_Üò XmoZ AdñWm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo Ë`mà_mUo {dH«o$Ë`mZo {dH«$s Ho$boë`m _mbmMr nmR>dUyH$ Ho$br nm{hOo Am{U IaoXrXmamZo _mbmMr pñdH¥$Vr H$ê$Z dñVy§Mr {H$_V AXm Ho$br nm{hOo. Oa IaoXrXmamZo _mbmMr pñdH¥$Vr H$ê$Z _mbmMr {H$_V XoÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xbm. Va Vmo _mb {dH«$sÀ`m H$amamMm ^§J g_OÊ`mV oVmo d {dH«o$Vm hm AXV {dH«o$Vm åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. AXV {dH«o$Ë`mg H$m§hr A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmV. `m_Üò {dH«$s Ho$boë`m _mbm~m~V _mbmdarb Vm~o hŠH$, _mb àdmgmV AS>{dÊ`mMm hŠH$, _mbmÀ`m nwZ{d©H«$sMm hŠH$ `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `mCbQ> IaoXrXmam{dê$ÜX dñVy§À`m qH$_V dgybrgmR>r Xmdm bmdUo, ZwH$gmZ ânmB©gmR>r Xmdm bmdUo, ì`mOmgmR>r Xmdm bmdUo `m gmaIo d¡`ŠVrH$ A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmV. ho A{YH$ma _mb {dH«$s H$ama ^§JmMo n[aUm_ AgVmV.

3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ g§km :

1. A Contract of sale of Goods _mb {dH«$s H$ama : Á`m H$amamZo {dH«o$Vm {H$_VrÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV dñVy_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ IaoXrXmamg hñVm§V[aV H$aVmo qH$dm hñVm§Va H$aÊ`mMo dMZ XoVmo Ë`mg _mb{dH«$sMm H$ama åhUVmV.

2. A Sale _mb {dH«$s : _mb {dH«$s H$amamZwgma O|ìhm dñVy_Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z

62

IaoXrXmamg Vm~S>Vmo~ hñVm§Va Pmbobm AgVmo Ë`mg _mb {dH«$s åhUVmV.

3. An agreement to sell _mb {dH«$sMm R>amd : _mb {dH«$sÀ`m H$amamZwgma dñVy _Yrb _mbH$s hŠH$ hm IaoXrXmamH$So> ^{dî`mV hñVm§Va ìhmd`mMm AgVmo qH$dm IaoXrXmamZo AQ> nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va hmoUma AgVmo Ë`mg _mb {dH«$sMm R>amd åhUVmV.

4. Movable Goods MbdñVy : MbdñVy åhUOo amoI n¡go qH$dm n¡go dgyb H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ gmoSy>Z BVa gd© dñVy Á`m§Mo EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xþgè`m {R>H$mUr ñWbm§Va H$aVm òVo `m_Ü o gmd©O{ZH$ H§$nÝ`mMo ^mJ, ^mJgmR>m, O_rZrda CJdbobo JdV, AÝZYmÝ`, O§JbmV AmnmoAmn dmT>bobr PmSo>, XJS>mÀ`m ImUr, VobmÀ`m {dhrar BË`m{XMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. _mÌ Aem dñVy {dH«$snydr© O_rZrnmgyZ doJù`m H$aVm Amë`m nm{hOoV.

5. Condition à_wI AQ> : _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm CÔoe nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r Or AQ> AË`mdeH$ AgVo {Vbm à_wI AQ> åhUVmV.

6. Warranty Xþæ`_ AQ> : _mb {dH«$s H$amamMm CÔoe nyU© hmoÊ`mg Or AQ> nyaH$ qH$dm ghmæ`H$mar AgVo {Vbm Xþæ`_ AQ> åhUVmV.

7. Rule of Careat Emptor IaoXrXma gmdYmZVoMo VËd : IaoXrXmamZo IaoXr Ho$boë`m dñVy `m Ë`mMr JaO nyU© H$aUmè`m AmhoV H$s ZmhrV `mMm {ZU©` ñdV: IaoXrXmamZo ¿`md`mMm AgVmo. IaoXrXmamZo {dH$V KoVbobm _mb Ë`mMr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`mg `mo½` R>ab Zmhr Va Ë`mMr O~m~Xmar IaoXrXmamda AgVo åhUyZ IaoXrXmamZo _mb IaoXr H$aVmZm gmdYmZ Agbo nm{hOo `mg IaoXrXma gmdYmZVoMo VËd åhUVmV. `m_Üò ñdV:À`m MyH$s~m~V {dH«o$Ë`mg O~m~Xma YaVm òUma Zmhr.

8. Delivery of Goods _mb nmR>dUr : EH$m ì`ŠVrZo ({dH«o$Ë`mZo) Amnë`m _mbmMm Vm~m Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg (IaoXrXmamg) XoUo `mbm _mb nmR>dUr åhUVmV.

9. Acceptance of Delivery _mbmMr pñdH¥$Vr : _mb {dH«$s H$amamMr nyV©Vm hmoÊ`mgmR>r IaoXrXmamZo _mb Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVë`mMo {dH«o$Ë`mg H$i{dUo qH$dm Vmã`mV KoÊ`mgmR>r g§_Vr Xe©H$ EImXo H¥$Ë` H$aUo hmo .

10. Unpaid Seller AXV {dH«o$Vm : Á`m {dH«o$Ë`mg IaoXrXmamZo {dH$V KoVboë`m _mbmMr g§nyU© {H$_V {Xbobr Zmhr qH$dm XoÊ`mMo ZmH$mabo Agob Ë`m {dH«o$Ë`mg AXV {dH«o$Vm åhUVmV.

3.5 ñdmÜ`m`

A) WmoS>Š`mV CËVao Úm.

1. _mb {dH«$s Am{U _mb {dH«$sMm R>amd åhUOo H$m` ?

2. _mb {dH«$s H$amamÀ`m Amdí`H$ AQ>r H$moUË`m ?

3. à_wI AQ>tMm Pmbobm §J hm Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm ^§J H|$ìhm _mZÊ`mV òVmo.

63

4. AXV {dH«o$Ë`mMm _mbmdarb Vm~o hŠH$ H|$ìhm ZîQ> hmoVmo ?

5. AXV {dH«o$Vm àdmgmV _mb AS>{dÊ`mÀ`m hŠH$m§Mr A_b~OmdUr H$er H$aVmo ?

6. à_wI AQ> Am{U Xþæ`_ AQ> åhUOo H$m` ?

7. J¥{hV à_wI AQ>r H$moUË`m ?

8. _mb {dH«$s H$amamMr g_már åhUOo H$m` ?

~) {XKm}Var àíZ

1. _mb {dH«$s H$amamMr ì`m»`m XodyZ _mb {dH«$s H$amamÀ`m Amdí`H$ AQ>r ñnîQ> H$am.

2. _mb {dH«$s Am{U _mb {dH«$sMm R>amd `m§À`m ì`m»`m XoD$Z `mVrb \$aH$ ñnîQ> H$am.

3. à_wI AQ> Am{U Xþæ`_ AQ> `m§Mm AW© d \$aH$ gm§JyZ H$moUË`m àg§Jr à_wI AQ>tMm Pmbobm ^§J hm Xþæ`_ AQ>rMm ^§J _mZÊ`mV òVmo.

4. _mb {dH«$s H$amamVrb J¥{hV à_wI AQ>r ñnîQ> H$am.

5. AXV {dH«o$Ë`mMr ì`m»`m XoD$Z AXV {dH«o$Ë`mMo hŠH$ gm§Jm.

H$) Q>rnm {bhm.

1. _mb {dH«$s H$amamÀ`m Amdí`H$ AQ>r

2. _mb {dH«$s Am{U _mb {dH«$sMm R>amd

3. J¥{hV à_wI AQ>r

4. _mb nmR>{dÊ`mMo àH$ma

5. AXV {dH«o$Ë`mMm àdmgmV _mb AS>{dÊ`mMm hŠH$

6. AXV {dH«o$Ë`mMm _mbmÀ`m nwZ{d©H«$sMm hŠH$

7. IaoXrXma gmdYmZVoMo VËd

��

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gÌ 5 : K Q>H$ 4

_ `m©{XV O~m~Xmar ^mJrXmar H$m`Xm 200 8

A Z w H«$ _{U H$m

4. 0 C{ÔîQ>o

4. 1 à ñ VmdZm

4. 2 {df ` {ddo MZ

4. 2. 1 _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMr d¡ {eîQ>ço

4. 2. 1 _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMo ñ dê $n

4. 2. 3 _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMr Zm| XU r

4. 2. 4 _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r d ^ mJrXma `m§ À`mda rc _`m© Xm

4. 3 g ma m§ e

4. 4 n m[a ^ m{f H$ eãX

4. 5 ñ d§ `- A Ü``Z n« íZm§ Mr CÎma o

4. 6 g a mdmg mR>r ñ dmÜ`m`

4. 7 A {Y H$ dmMZmg mR >r g § X^ © J«§W

4.0 C{Ô îQ> o

à ñ Vw V K Q>H$mMm A ä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§ Va {dÚ mÏ`mª g . . . .. .

• _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma rMr g § H$ë nZm ñ n ï> hmoB © b

• _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMr d¡ {eîQ>ço$d {VMo ñ dê $n `m§ Mo A mH$b Z hmoB © b.

• _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rÀ`m Zm| XU rMr H$m`©nÜXVr g _O o b .

• _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rÀ`m _`m© Xm H$mo UË `m A g VmV Vo ñ n ï> hmoB ©b .

6 5

4.1 à mñV m{dH$

1932 À`m ^ mJrXma r H$m` Ú mZw g ma ñ W mnZ Pmb oë `m ^mJrXma rg § ñW m `m g§ K QZ à H$ma m_Ü o ^ mJrXma m§ Mr H$_mc _`m© Xm 2 0 B VH$s A g Vo Vg o M ^ mJrX ma m§ Mr O ~m~Xma r A _`m© XrV A g Vo A m{U 1956 À`m H§$n Zr H $m`Ú mZw g ma ñ W mn Z Pmb o ë `m H§$nZr `m g § K Q>Z à H$ma m_Üò ì`dg m`mÀ`m A § VJ© V H$ma ^ ma m~m~V ^ mJrXma r g § ñW o B VH$s b d{MH$Vm Zg Vo. Ë `m_wi o ZdrZ CÚ moO H$m§ Zm {deo f V: dH$sb r d MmQ>© S>© A H$m¢ Q>§ Q g ma Im ñ dV§ Ì ì`dg m` H$a U mè`m n o emdma ì`Š Vr, g § JU H$s` / A m§ Va O mi r` ì`dg m` H$ê $ B pÀN>U mè`m ì`Š Vr Vg o M O moIr_ ^ m§ S>db mMm dmn a H$ê $ B pÀN>U mè`m ì`Š Vr A m{U b K w d _Ü`_ ñ dê $n mMm CÚ mo J H$ê $ B pÀ N>U mè`m ì`Š Vr B . Zm CÚ mo J ì`dg m` H$a Ê`mV A S>MU r {Z© _m© U hmoV hmo Ë `m. åhU y Z {deof V: A em ì`Š VtZm CÚ mo J ì`dg m` H$a Ê`mg à o a rV H$a Ê`mg mR >r d A Ú `mdV kmZmda A mY ma rV ì`dg m`mg Mmb Zm Xo Ê`mg mR >r EH$m A em g §K Q>Z à H$ma mMr Ja O hmo Vr H$s, Á`m_Üò H§$n Zr g ma Ir g ^ mg Xm§ Mr O ~m~Xma r _`m© {XV A g o b n a § Vw A § VJ© V H$ma ^ ma m~m~V ^ mJrXma r g §ñ W og ma Ir b d{MH$Vm A g o b. Ë `m_Y w Z _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r `m ZdrZ g § K Q>Z àH$ma mMm O Ý_ Pmb m A mho. bK w d _Ü`_ CÚ mo O H$, dH$s b r d MmQ>© S>© A H$m¢ Q>§ Qg ma Im n o em H$a U mè`m ì`Š Vr Vg o M ~hþ {dÚ memIr` kmZmMm d à JV V§ ÌkmZmMm dmn a H$ê $Z ì`dg m` H$ê $ B pÀN>U m a o CÚ mo O H$ B . Zm _`m© XrV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rÀ`m ê $n mZo EH$ g mo B © ñ H$a g § K QZ à H$ma Cnb ãY Pmb m A mho.

{X. 13 {S>g | ~a 2008 a mo O r b mo H$g ^ o Zo _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r {dY o `H$ _§ O ya Ho$ë `mZ§ Va {X. 07 O mZo dma r 2009 a mo O r ^ ma VmÀ`m a mï— >n VtZr Ë `mg g § _Îmr {Xb r d 1 E{à b 2 009 n mg w Z _` m ©{ XV

O ~m ~Xm ar ^ m Jr Xm ar H$ m ` Xm 2008 A § _b mV A mb m.

4.2 {df ` {ddoMZ

4 . 2 . 1 _`m© {XV O~ m~X ma r ^mJ rX ma r H$m `Ú mM r R>iH$ d ¡ {e îQ> o

[Salient Features of Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008]

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r H$m`Xm 2008 Mr R >i H$ d¡ {eîQ>ço n w T>rb à _mU o A mho V.

1. ñ d V § Ì H$ m` Xo er a Ap ñ V Ëd (Separate Legal Entity)

à _§ S>i mà _mU o _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rg ñ dV§ Ì H$m`Xo era A pñ VË d b m^ b ob o A g Vo. H$m`Ú mÀ`m Ñ ï>rZo _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g§ ñ W m hr "{ZJ_ {ZH$m`' (Body Corporate) g _O b r O mVo d {VMo A pñ VËd {VÀ`m ^ mJrXma mn mg y Z ñ dV§Ì A g Vo. _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMr Zm| XU r H$m`Ú mZw g ma Ho$b r O mVo d ^ mJrXma m§ n mgy Z ñ dV§ Ì a mhy Z Vr H$m`©a V a mhVo.

6 6

2. { Ma§ V a A p ñV Ëd (Perpetual Succesion) :

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMr {Z{_© Vr H$m`Ú mZo Pmb r A g ë `m_wi o {Vb m {Ma§ Va Apñ VË d à má hmo Vo, åhU O o ^ mJrXma m§ Mm _¥ Ë `y Pmb m AW dm ^ mJrXma g § ñW m g moSy>Z Jo b o Va r, Ë `mMm ^ mJrXma r g § ñ Wo À`m A pñ VË dmda n [a U m_ hmo V Zmhr. {VMo H$m`© gw ê$M a mhVo. Á`m H$m`Ú mZo ^ mJrXma r g §ñ Wm A pñ VË dmV o Vo Ë `mM H$m`Ú mZw g ma {VMo {dgO © Z H$a mdo b mJVo.

3. nm añ n[ aH$ H$ am a (Mutual Agreement) :

à Ë ò H$ ^ mJrXma mg H$mo U Vo A{Y H$ma d h¸$ à má hmo Vrb Vg o M Ë `m§ Zm ^ mJrXma åhU yZ H$mo U Vr H$V© ìò n ma n mS>mdr b mJVrb ho ^ mJrXma m§ À`m n ma ñ n a rH$ H$a ma mZw g ma R >a Vo. H$m`Ú mZw g ma ^ mJrXma m§ Zm A g m ñ dV§ Ì H$a ma H$a Ê`mMr _w^ m A g Vo. n a§ Vw O a Ag m H$a ma Ho$b m Zgo b Va ^ mJrXma d ^ mJrXma r g § ñ W m `m§ À`m_Y rb g § ~§Y (h¸$ d H$V© ìò B . ) 2008 À`m H$m`Ú mVrb Va Vw XrZw g ma A Zw em{g V Ho$b o O mVmV.

4. O ~m ~Xm ar Mo ñ d ê $ n (Nature of Liability) :

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rg § ñ Wo g ñ dV§ Ì H$m`Xo era A pñ VË d à má Pmb ob o A g bo Zo g § ñ Wo H$S>o {O VH$s _mb _Îmm A g o b . {VÀ`m qH$_ Vr EdT>rM {V M r O ~m~Xma r _`m© {XV A g Vo. g § ñ Wo À`m ^ mJrXma m§ Zr H$a ma mZwg ma Oo dT>çm a ¸$_o Mr O ~m~Xma r pñ dH$ma b r A g ob (Agreed Contribution) Vo dT>rM Ë `m ^ mJrXma m§ Mr O~m~Xma r _`m© {XV A g Vo. W moS>Š `mV g § ñW o _Üò ^ mJrXma mZo a mo I A W dm dñ Vw À`m ñ dê $n mV O o dT>o ^ m§ S>dc A mU bo A g ob Vo dT>rM Ë`mMr O ~m~Xma r g _Ob r O mVo.

Vg o M EImÚ m ^ mJrXma mZo n a ñ na ñ dV§ Ìn Uo Ho$b o ë `m H¥$Ë `mg A W dm J¡ a ì`dhma mg B Va ^ mJrXma ~m§Y rb A W dm O ~m~Xma Zg VmV. VW m{n Oa EImÚ m ^ m{JXma mZo {Zìdi \$g dU y H$sÀ`m CÔo emZo EImXo H¥$Ë ` AW dm ì`dhma Ho$b o Ag o b Va A em ~m~VrV g § ~§ {Y V ^ m{JXma mMr ì`Š Vre: O ~m~Xma r A _`m© {XV g _O b r O mVo.

5) gº $ s Mr Z m| XU r (Compulsory Registration) :

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXmarMr Zm| XU r g Š VrMr A g Vo. A em ^ mJrXma r g § ñW o Mr Zm| XU r _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r H$m`Xm, 2008 Imb r ~§YZH$ma H$ A mho. ^ ma Vr` ^ mJrXma r H$m`Xm 1932 Mm H$m`Xm A em g §ñW mZm b mJy hmo V Zmhr.

6) _m b_Îm m Iao Xr (Purchase of Assets) :

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g § ñ Wo g H§$n Zrà _mU o ñ dV:À`m Zmdmda Mb d A Mb ñ dê $n mÀ`m _mb _Îmo Mr Ia o Xr H$a Vm ò Vo d Vr _mb _Îmm Y ma U H$aVm ò Vo. Vgo M Xo U r ^ J{dÊ`mg mR >r Ë `m _mb _Îmo Mm dmn a H$a Vm ò Vmo.

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7) ^ m Jr Xm am § Mr g§ »`m (Number of Partners)

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rÀ`m ñ W mn Zog mR >r {H$_mZ XmoZ n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma (Designated Partners) A g mdo b mJVmV. ^ mJrXma m§ Mr H$_mb g§ »`m {H$Vr A g mdr `m~m~V _mÌ H$moU Vo hr ~§Y Z Zmhr. Xmo Z n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma m§ n ¡ H$s {H$_mZ EH$ ^ ma Vm Mm a {hdmer A g b m n m{hO o. H$mo U Ë `mhr ì`Š Vrg Vg o M H$mo U Ë `mhr g§ñ W o g _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g §ñ Wo Mo ^ mJrXma hmo Vm oVo.

8) { d br { ZH$ aU (Conversion)

1932 À`m H $m`Ú mZw g ma H$m`© a V A g U ma r H$mo U Vrhr ^ mJrXma r g § ñW m, ImO Jr H§$n Zr Vg o M ^ mJ~mO ma mV Zm| XU r Z Pmb o b r g md© O {ZH$ H§$n Zr `m§Zm _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g § ñWo V én m§ Va rV/{db rZ hmo Ê`mMr gw {dY m àñ Vw V H$m`Ú mZw g ma Cnb ãY H$ê $Z {Xb o b r A mho.

9) O _m IM© (Maintenance of Accounts)

^ m{JXma r g §ñ W o À`m g d© A m{W©H$ ì`dhma m§ Mr Mmo I Zm| X d {hemo ~ R >o dUo hr àñ Vw V H$m`ÚmZw g ma A {Zdm`© A mho. A m{W © H$ dfm©A Io a rg {Z~§Y H$mH$S>o ^ mJrXma r g § ñ Wo Zo dm{f© H$ O _mIM© n ÌHo$ O _m H$a U o ~§Y ZH$ma H$ A mho. Ë `mMà _mU o {hemo ~Vn mg U r H$ê $Z K o D$Z CË n Zn ÌH$ (Return) ^ a U o Xo Irb A Ë `mdí`H$ A mho. g§ ñW o Mo 25 b mImn ojm O mñ V ^ m§ S>db A g o b AW dm g § ñW o Mr dm{f©H$ Cb mT>mb 80 b mIm§ da Ag o b Va {hemo~ Vn mg U r ~§Y ZH$ma H$ A g Vo.

10) { d gO © Z (Winding up)

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMo {dg O© Z H$m`Ú mV Z_y X Ho$b o ë `m H$m`© nÜXVrMm A db§ ~ H$ê $Z H$a Vm ò Vo. g §ñ Wo Mo {dgO © Z Eo pÀN>H$ A g y eH$Vo qH$dm à M{c V H§$n Zr H$m`Ú mImb r ñW mnZ Pmb o ë `m Ý`m`m{Y H$a U mÛ mao (Tribunal) Ho$b o O mD$ eH$Vo. A em Ý`m`mg ZmMr {Z w ŠVr hmo B ©n `ª V Cƒ Ý`m`mb `mg _`m© {XV O~m~Xma r g §ñ Wo À`m {dg O© ZmMo A {Y H$ma à má hmo Vo.

11) H |$ Ð gaH$ m aMo A { YH$m a (Rights of Central Government)

{deo f gy MZm O ma r H$éZ àM{c V H§$n Zr H$m`Ú mVrb Va Vy XtMm A db§ ~ _`m© {XV O~m~Xma r ^ m{JXma rÀ`m ~m~VrV H$a Ê` mMo A {Y H$ma H$m`Ú mZo H|$Ðg a H$ma b m ~hmb H$a Ê`mV A mb o A mho. VW mn r A er {deof gy MZm g § g Xo À`m à ñ Vw V g ^ mJ¥ hmV (b mo H$g ^ m d a mÁ`g ^ m) _m§ S>U o A mdí`H$ A mho.

Vg o M _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ m{JXma rÀ`m H$ma ^ ma mMr Mm¡ H$er H$a Ê`mMo A {Y H$ma Xo Irb H|$Ð g a H$ma b m à má Pmb o bo A mho V. Ë `m H$[a Vm H|$Ð g a H$ma gj_ {Za rjH$mMr {Z`w º $s H$ê $ eH$Vo.

4 . 2 . 2 _`m© {XV O~ m~X ma r ^mJ rX ma rM o ñd ê$n (Nature of Limited Partnership)

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r H$m`Xm 2008 _Üò EHy$U 4 n [a {eï>, 81 H$b _o d 29 Xñ VmEo dO m§ Mo Z_w Zo B . g _mdoe A mho. _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r H$m`Xm 2008 h m 1 E{à b

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2009 n mg y Z A § _b mV A mb m A g y Z g Xa H$m`Ú mZwg ma dH$sb , g r. E. g ma »`m noem H$a U mè`m ì`Š VtZm Vg o M b Kw d _Ü`_ ñ dê $n mMm ì`dg m` H$a U mè`m ì` º $s¨ Zm _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMr ñ W mn Zm H$ê $Z Ë `mÛ mao CÚ mo J ì`dg m` H$a Vm ò Vmo. ^ ma VmVrb _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r H$m`Xm 20 08 hm `w Zm`Q>o S> qH$JS>_ {b {_Q>o S> n mQ>© Za {en A °Š Q 2000 d qg J mn y a {b {_Q>o S> b mB © ~rb rQ>r n mQ>© Za ern A °Š Q> 2005 `mda A mY ma rV A mho.

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r hm ImO Jr H§$n Zr d n a§n a mJV ^ mJrXma rg§ ñW m `m§ Zm n `m© ` A g U ma m g §K QZ à H$ma A g yZ Ë `m_Üò ImO Jr H$§ n Zr d n a § n a mJV ^ mJrXma r `m Xmo Ýhr g § K Q>Z à H$ma mMr d¡ {eîQ>ço$A mT>iy Z ò VmV. Ë `m_w io _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rg§ ñ Wo g H§$n ZrMr "_`m© XrV O ~m~Xma r' d n a §n a mJV ^ mJrXma rg § ñW o Mr "b d{MH$Vm' B .d¡ {eîQ>çm§ Mm \$m`Xm {_i Vmo.

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ m{JXma r hm g § K Q>Z à H$ma dH$sb , g r. E. , H§$n Zr g o H«o$Q>a r, O mo Ir_ ^ m§ S>db mMr (Venture Capital) Ja O A g U ma o CÚ mo J, Vg o M bK w d _Ü`_ A mH$ma mMo ì`dg m` H$a U ma o CÚ mo O H$ `m§ À`m H$a rVm {deo f Cn `w º $ A mho.

1) Z d r Z g§K Q >Z àH$ m a (New form of organisation)

EH$b ì`mn ma r, ^ mJrXma r ( 1932 À`m H$m`Ú mZw g ma ) , ghH$ma r g § ñW m d à _§ S>i ( H§$nZr) `m g § K Q>Z à H$ma mÛ ma o CÚ mo J Cn H«$_m§ Mo g §K Q>Z Ho$bo O mVo. na §Vw _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rÀ`m én mZo A mU Ir EH$m Zì`m g § K Q>Z à H$ma mMm CX` Pmb m A mho. Ë `m_Üò H§$n Zrg ma Ir _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma rMr g § H$ë n Zm d na § na mJV ^ mJrXma r g ma Ir b d{MH$ A § VJ© V H$m`© nÜXVr B . d¡ {eîQ>çm§ Mo {_l U A mT>iy Z ò Vo. H§$n Zr `m g §K Q>Z à H$ma m_Üò A § VJ© V H$ma ^ ma mMo {Z`_Z H§$n Zr H$m`Ú mVrb Va Vw XtZw g ma hmo Vo. Ë `m_w io Ë `m_Üò b d{MH$Vo Mm A ^ md Ag Vmo. n a § Vw _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r_Üò _mÌ ^ mJrXma m§ Zm Ë `m§ Zr A mn g mV Ho$b o ë `m H$a ma mV R>a {dë `mà _mU o ^ mJrXma r g §ñ Wo Mm H$ma ^ ma H$a Ê`mMr _w^ m A g Vo. Vgo M 1932 À`m H$m`Ú mZw g ma ñ W mn Z Pmb o ë`m n a§ n a mJV ^ mJrXma rg § ñW o À`m ^ mJrXma m§ Mr O ~m~Xma r A _`m© XrV A g Vo. åhUO o g§ ñW o Mr Xo U r ^ mJ{dÊ`mg mR >r ^ mJrXmam§ Mr ImO Jr _mb _Îmm Xo Irb dmn a mdr b mJVo. n a§ Vw `m ZdrZ g §K Q>Z à H$ma m_Üò ho Xmof A mT>iy Z ò V ZmhrV. _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rÀ`m ^ mJrXma m§ Mr O ~m~Xma r Ë`m§ Zr ì`dg m`mV A mU bo ë `m ^ m§ S>db mÀ`m Xe© Zr_w ë `mB VH$sM _`m© {XV a mhVo. g §ñ W o Mr Xo U r ^ mJ{dÊ`mg mR >r ^ mJrXma m§ Mr d¡ `Š VrH$ _mb _Îmm dmn a c r O mV Zmhr.

2) ^ m Jr Xm am § À` m g§ » o d a _` m © Xm Z m hr (No limit on maximum number of partners)

à ñ Vw V H$m`Ú mZw g ma ^ mJrXmarg § ñ Wo À`m ñ W mn Zo H$a rVm {H$_mZ 2 ì`Š VtMr Ja O A gVo n a § Vw ^ mJrXma m§ Mr H$_mb g § »`m {H$Vr A g mdr `m~m~V _mÌ H$mo U Vo hr ~§Y Z Zmhr. 1932 À`m H$m`Ú mZw g ma _mÌ ^ mJrXma rg mR >r {H$_mZ 2 d H$_mb 20 A g o ~§Y Z hmo Vo. `mV H$_mc ^ m{JXma m§ À`m g § »ò da rc ~§Y Z H$mT y>Z Q>mH$c o A mho.

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H$mo U Ë `mhr Z¡ g {J© H$ AW dm H¥${Ì_/{dY rH$ ì`º $s¨ Zm (Juristic Person) _`m© {XV O~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r ñ W mn Z H$a Vm ò Vo. n a § Vw O a A em ^ mJrXma r g §ñ W o V ^ mJrXma åhU y Z g d© M H¥${Ì_ ì`Š Vr ( åhU O o H§$n Zr, g§ ñW m B. ) A g Vrb Va Ë `mn ¡ H$s {H$_mZ EH$m H¥${Ì_ ì`Š VrMr à {V{ZY r åhUy Z H$m_ n mhÊ`mg mR >r EH$m Z¡ g {J©H$ ì`Š VrMr (Natural Person) Ja O A g Vo.

3) ^ m Jr Xm am § Mr nm Ì Vm (Qualification of Partners)

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rg § ñ Wo _Üò ^ mJrXma hmo Ê`mg n mÌ R >a Ê`mg mR >r Imb rb A Q>tMr n w V© Vm ìhmdr b mJVo.

A ) g w k ~wÕ r_Vo Mr (Sound Mind) ì`Š Vr A gb r n m{hOo.

~) A em ì`Š Vrg {Xdmi Imo a åhU y Z K mo {f V Ho$b ob o Zg mdo.

H$) H$mo U Ë `mhr H$m`Ú mZo A em ì`Š Vrg H$a ma H$a Ê`mg An mÌ R >a {db ob o Zg mdo.

Imb rb n [a pñ W VrV ^ mJrXma åhU y Z A pñ VË d g § nw îQ>mV A më `mMo g _O co O mVo.

( A ) mJrXma r g §ñ Wo Mo {dg O ©Z Pmë `mg

( ~) ^ mJrXma mMm _¥ Ë`y Pmë `mg

( H$) g j_ A {Y H$mè`mH$Sy>Z/Ý`m`mb `mH$Sy>Z Ë `mg {Xdmi Imo a AW dm g w k~w Õ r Zg c o c r ì`Š Vr åhU y Z O mhra Ho$bo bo A g ë `mg .

4) nXZ m { _V ^m Jr Xm a A gUo A{Z d m © (Designated Partner) :

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r_Üò {H$_mZ 2 n XZm{_V ^ m JrXma A g Zo A {Zdm`© A mho. Vg o M A em Xmo Z n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma m§ n ¡ H$s {H$_mZ EH$ ^ ma VmMm a {hdmer A g b m n m{hOo. åhU O o _mJrb df ©^ a mV A em ^ mJrXma mMo {H$_mZ 182 { Xdg ^ ma VmV dmñ Vì` A g b o n m{hO o. n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma m§ À`m g§ X^ m© V à ñ Vw V H$m`Ú m_Üò n w T>rb Va Vw Xr A mT>i y Z ò VmV.

• n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma åhU y Z H$m_ H$a md`mg V`ma Ag ë `m~m~VMo g § _Îmrn Ì A em ^ mJrXma mZo g § ñ Wo H$S>o {Xb o n m{hOo.

• O a EImXr H§$n Zr ( H¥${Ì_ / {dY rH$ ì`Š Vr) g § ñW o Mr ^ mJrXma A g o b Va A em H§$n ZrZo {Z`w º $ Ho$bo b r ì`Š Vr n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma åhU yZ H$m_ H$ê $ eHo$b .

• n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma åhU y Z H$ m_ H$a Ê`mg V`ma A g b o ë `m ^ mJrXma mZo H§$n Zr {Z~§Y H$mH$Sy>Z (Registrar of Companies) n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma A mo iI H«$_m§ H$ (Designated Partner Identification Number - DPIN) {_i {dU o A mdí`H$ A mho.

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• {H$_mZ EH$m n XZm{_V ^ mJrX ma mZo A § H$s` ñ dmja r à _mUnÌ (Digital Signature Certificate – DSC) K o Uo A mdí`H$ A mho. Ë `mIo a rO Ë `mb m g §ñW o À`mdVrZo H$mo U Vo hr ì`dhma H$a Vm ò U ma ZmhrV.

• O a H$mo U Ë `mhr H$ma U mñ Vd n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma mMo n X [a Š V Pmë `mg 30 {Xdg m§ À`m A mV A go n X ^ a U o ~§Y ZH$ma H$ A mho. Vg o Z Ho$ë `mg à ñ Vw V H$m`Ú mZw g ma àË ò H$ ^ mJrXma mg nXZm{_V ^ mJrXma åhU y Z O ~m~Xma Y ab o O mB ©b .

• n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma m§ _Üò H$m§ hr ~Xb H$a md`mMm Pmë `mg Ë`m~m~VMr g w MZm H§$n Zr {Z~§Y H$m§ Zm {Xb r n m{hO o.

5) nXZ m { _V ^m Jr Xm am À` m O ~m ~Xm è` m (Responsibilities of Designated Partners)

n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma mg ^ mJrXmar H$a ma mVrb Va Vw XrZw g ma g §ñW o Mm H$ma ^ ma Mmb dmdm b mJVmo. O a A g m H$a ma Zg o b Va _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r H$m`Ú mVrb Va Vw XrZw g ma H$ma ^ ma Mmb dÊ`mMr O ~m~Xma r n XZm{_V ^ mJrXmamda A g Vo. H$m`Ú mVrb Va VwXtMm ^ §µ J hmo B ©b Ag o H¥$Ë ` Ho$b o Joë `mg Ë `m~Ôb {Z`_mZw g ma n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma mg X§ S ^ a mdm b mJVmo.

6) _` m © { XV O ~m ~Xm ar (Limited Liability)

à ñ Vw V H$m`Ú mZw g ma ^ mJrXma mZo a mo I A W dm dñ Vy À`m ñ dê $n mV ì`dg m`mV A mU b o ë `m ^ m§ S>db mB VH$s Ë `m ^ mJrXma mMr O ~m~Xma r _`m© {XV A gVo. åhU O o g§ ñW o Mr Xo U r ^ mJ{dÊ`mg mR >r ^ mJrXma m§ Mr ImO Jr/d¡ `Š VrH$ _mb _Îmm dmn a b r O mV Zmhr. Xo U r ^ mJ{dÊ`mMr à _w I O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rg § ñW o Mr Ag Vo, ^ mJrXma m§ Mr Zìho. n a § Vw Oa EImÚ m ^ mJrXma mZo \$g dU w H$sÀ`m CÔo emZo EImXm ì`dhma Ho$b m Ag ë`mg Ë `mVy Z {Z_m©U hmoU ma r g d© O ~m~Xma r A em ^ mJrXma mc m ñ dV: pñ dH$ma mdr b mJVo. A em n [a ñ W rVrV Ë `m g § ~§Y rV ^mJrXma mMr O ~m~Xma r A _`m©XrV a mhVo. Ë `mH$[a Vm B Va ^ mJrXma m§ Zm O ~m~Xma Ya co O mV Zmhr. H$ma U à ñ Vw V H$m`Ú mZw g a ^ mJrXma ho ^ mJrXma r g § ñW o Mo à {V{Z{Y Ëd H$a VmV, Vo EH$ Xw g è`mMo à {V{Z{Y Ë d H$a rV ZmhrV. 1932 À`m ^ mJrXma r H$m`Ú mZw g ma _mÌ à Ë ò H$ ^ mJrXma Xwg è`m ^ mJrXma m§ Zr Ho$bo ë `m àË ò H$ H$m`Xo era A Ja ~o H$m`Xo era H¥$Ë `mg O ~m~Xma Y ab o O mVmV. Vg o `m ZdrZ H$m`Ú mZw g ma K S>V Zmhr.

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g § ñ Wo Mr O ~m~Xma r Xo Irb g § ñ Wo À`m Zmdmda Y maU Ho$b o ë `m _mb _Îmo À`m Xe© Zr_w ë `mB VH$s _`m© {XV A g Vo. Ë `m _mb _Îmo _Y y ZM g§ ñ Wo Mr Xo U r ^ mJ{db r O mVmV. Ë `m H$[a Vm ^ mJrXma m§ À`m d¡ `Š VrH$ _mb _Îmo g Q>mM b mJV Zmhr.

7) Z â ` m _Ü o g_m Z { hñ gm (Equal Profit Sharing)

à ñ Vw V H$m`Ú mZwg ma ^ mJrXmar g § ñW o À`m Zâ `m_Üò g d© ^ mJrXma m§ Mm g _mZ {hñ g m A g Vmo. {deo f V: ^ m§ S>db {hñ g m d Z\$m Vmo Q>m dmQ>U rMo à _mU `m§ Mm C„ o I ^ mJrXma r H$a ma mV Zg o b Va n [a {eï> 1 Zw g ma Vo à _mU g_g _mZ A mho A go g _O bo OmVo.

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8) H$ m _H$m O mV gh^ m Jm Mm A { YH$ m a (Right of Participation)

g d© ^ mJrXma m§ Zm g§ ñW o À`m H$m_H$mO mV g h^ mJr hmo Ê`mMm g _mZ A {Y H$ma A g Vmo. na § Vw Oa ^ mJrXma m§ _Üò Pmbo ë `m H$a mamV ñ n ï> C„ o I A go b Va M A em ^ mJrXma m§ Zm Ë `m~Ôb _mo ~Xb m K o Vm ò Vmo.

9) ^ m Jr Xm am § Mo h¸$ d H$ V ©ì` o : (Rights and Duties of Partners)

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rÀ`m ^ mJrXma m§ Zm H$mo U Vo h¸$ à má A g Vrb d Ë `m§ Zm H$mo U Vr H$V© ìò n ma n mS>mdr b mJVrb `m~m~V ^ mJrXma m§ _Üò Pmb oë `m H$a ma mV ñ n ï> C„ o I Ho$b o b m A g Vmo. O a H$a ma m_Üò A g m H$mo U Vmhr C„ o I Zg o b Va à ñ Vw V H$m`Ú m_Y rb n [a {eï> 1 _Y rb Va Vw XrZw g ma Ë `m§ Mo h¸$ d H$V© ìò {ZY m© a rV Ho$b o O mVmV.

10) ^ m Jr Xm ar g§ ñWo Mo ñ d V§ Ì A p ñV Ëd (Separate Entity)

H§$n Zr à _mU o _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rg § ñW o g ñ dV§Ì H$m`Xo era A pñ VË d à má Pmb o b o A g Vo. åhU Oo ^ mJrXma r g § ñW m hr ^ mJrXma m§ n mg yZ do Jir g _O b r O mVo. ^ mJrXma ~Xb b o Va r Ë `mMm n [a U m_ ^ mJrXma r g§ ñW o da hmo V Zmhr. g §ñ W og ñ dV§ Ì A pñ VË d à má Pmë `m_wi o ñ dV:À`m Zmdmda _mb _Îmm Ia o Xr d Yma U H$a Vm ò Vo, ñ dV:À`m Zmdmda ì`dhma /H$a ma H$a Vm ò VmV Vg o M Ì`ñ Vm§ {dê $ÜX Ý`m`mb `mV Xmdm XmIb H$a Vm ò Vmo d Ì`ñ Vm§ ZmXo Irb g § ñW o {dê $Õ Ý`m`mb `mV O mVm ò Vo. _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMr {Z{_© Vr H$m`Ú mZo Pmë `mMo _mZb o O mVo, H$a ma mZo Zìho.

11) Z m | XU r d { d gO © Z (Registration and Winding Up)

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMr Zm| XU r àñ Vw V H$m`Ú mZw g ma g Š VrMr A mho. n a § Vw {VMo {dg O © Z _mÌ Eo pÀN>H$ dm g Š VrMo ( åhU O o Ý`m`m{Y H$a U mÀ`m AmXo emZw g ma ) hmo dy eH$Vo. A em ^ mJrXma r g § ñ Wo Mr Zm| XU r d {dg O© Z `m_Y rb pŠ b ï>Vm `m ZdrZ H$m`Ú mZw g ma ~a rMer H$_r Pmb r A mho. Zm| XU r H$a rV A g VmZm ^ mJrXma rg § ñW o Mo A mnë `m ZmdmnwT>o _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r (LLP) A g m ñ n ï> C„ o I H$a U o ~§Y ZH$ma H$ A mho. H|$Ð g a H$ma À`m n a dmZJr{edm` g § ñ W o À`m ZmdmV ~Xb H$a Vm ò V Zmhr. Vg o M Á`m a mÁ`m_Üò ^ mJrXma rg §ñ Wo Mr ñ W mn Zm H$a md`mMr A mho Ë `m a mÁ`mVrb Zm| XU r A {Y H$mè`mH$S>o g §ñ WoMr Zm| XU r H$a mdr b mJVo.

12) ^ m Jr Xm ar _Ü` o énm § V arV hmo Ê `mMr gw { dYm (Conversion)

à ñ Vw V H$m`Ú mVrb Va Vw XrZwgma Imb rb g § ñW m§ Zm _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r_Üò Ë`m§ À`m ì`dg m`mMo én m§ Va U H$a Vm òVo.

A ) 1932 À`m H$m`Ú mZw g ma ñW mn rV Pmb ob r ^ mJrXma r g § ñ W m (Traditional Partnership Firm)

~) ImO Jr H§$n Zr (Private Company)

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H$) {d{eï> n o em H$a U mè`m ì`Š VtMr g § K Q>Zm qH$dm g§ ñ W m (Professional Organisations)

S>) {O Mr ^ mJ~mO ma mV Zm| XU r Pmb o b r Zmhr A er A Zm| XrV gmd© O {ZH$ H§$n Zr (Unlisted Public Limited Company)

4 . 2 . 3 _`m© {XV O~m ~Xma r ^mJ rX ma rM r Zm| X Ur (Incorporation of LLP)

à ñ Vw V H$m`Ú mZw g ma à Ëò H$ _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rg § ñW o g H§$nZr H$m`Ú mZo {Z`w ŠV Ho$b o ë `m H§$n Zr {Z~§Y H$mH$S>o (Registrar of Companies) Zmo § XU r H$a Uo gŠ VrMo A mho. à ñ VmdrV ^ mJrXma r g §ñ Wo À`m H$m`m© b `mMm n Îmm, ^ mJrXma m§ _Y rb H$a ma n Ì d B Va Zm| XU r {df `H$ H$mJXn Ìo B . {Z~§Y H$mH$S>o Ú mdr b mJVmV. _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXmarÀ`m Zm| XU rÀ`m à {H«$ò V nw T>rb 10 Q>ßn o A mT>i yZ o VmV.

1) _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMr ñ W mnZm H$a Ê`mÀ`m ho Vy Zo 2 qH$dm A {Y H$ ì`Š Vr EH$Ì ò U o.

2) {H$_mZ 2 ^ mJrXma m§ Mr {ZdS> n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma åhUy Z H$aU o.

3) à _§ S>i r` H$ma ^ ma _§ Ìmb `mH$Sy>Z n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma A moiI H«$_m§ H$ (DPIN) {_i {dU o.

4) Xmo Zn ¡ H$s EH$m n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma mH$a rVm A § H$s` ñ dmja r à_mU n Ì (DSC) {_i {dUo.

5) www.llp.gov.in `m do ~g mB © Q da DPIN d DSC Mr Zm| X H$a U o

6) à ñ Vm{dV ^ mJrXma r g §ñ Wo H$a rVm {ZY m©a rV Ho$bo b o Zmd Cn bãY A mho H$m `mMr MmMn U r H$a U o.

7) \$m° _© Z§. 1 A m° Zb mB © Z ^ ê $Z à ñ Vm{dV ^ mJrXma r g §ñ Wo g mR >rMo Zm§ d A ma {jV H$a Uo.

8) Zm| XU rMr H$mJXn Ìo V`ma H$aU o.

9) A m° Zb mB© Z nÜXVrZo Zm| XU rMr H$mJXn Ìo d n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma m§ Mr g § _Îmrn Ìo B Ë `mXr {Z~§Y H$mH$S>o n mR >{dU o.

10) H$mJXn Ìm§ Mr N>mZZr H$ê $Z {Z~§Y H$mZo Zm| XU rMo à _mU n Ì XoU o.

da rb _w Ú m§ Mr W mo S>`mV _m{hVr n mhy.

1) ^ m Jr Xm am §Z r EH$ Ì o U o :

Á`m§ Zm ì`dg m` Cn H«$_ H$a md`mMm A mho g _mO mVrb Aem 2 {H$§ dm A {Y H$ Z¡ g {J© H$ ì`Š Vr A W dm H¥${Ì_ ì`Š Vr A Wdm Z¡ g {J© H$ ì`Š Vr d H¥${Ì_ ì`Š Vr ho ^ mJrXma r g §ñW o Mr ñW mn Zm H$a Ê`mÀ`m B a mÚ mZo EH${ÌV ò VmV. Vo A mn mn g mV ^ mJrXma rMm H$a ma H$a VmV Ë `m H$a ma m_Ü o {deo f V: ^ m§ S>db mMo à _mU (Agreed Contribution), ^ m§ S>db H$mo U Ë `m ñ dê $n mV ( a mo I A W dm dñ Vy) (Tangible or Intangible form) A mU md`mMo A mho. Ë `mMr _m{hVr g § ñW o Mm H$ma ^ ma H$em

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nÜXVrMo Mmb dmd`mMm A mho. n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma åhU y Z H$mo U r O ~m~Xma r pñ dH$ma md`mMr A mho, Z\$m Vmo Q>m dmQ>U rMo à _mU B . ~m~VrV _m{hVr Ag Vo.

2) nXZ m { _V ^m Jr Xm am§ Mr { Z d S> H$ aU o :

EHy$U ^ mJrXma m§ n ¡ H$s {H$_mZ Xmo K m§ Mr n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma (Designated Partner) åhU y Z {ZdS> Ho$b r O mVo. Ë `mn ¡ H$s {H$_mZ EH$ n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma ^ maVmMm a {hdmer A g mdm b mJVmo. g §ñ Wo Mm g d© H$ma ^ ma d àñ Vw V H$m`Ú mMr A § _b ~O mdU r n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma mZo H$a md`mMo AgVo. n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma åhU y Z H$m_ H$a Ê `mg V`ma A g ë `m~m~VMo g § _Îmrn Ì (Consent Letter) A em ^ mJrXma m§ H$Sy>Z K o Vb o O mVo.

3) A m o iI H «$ _m § H$ { _i{ dU o :

n X_m{ZV ^ mJrH$ma m§ H$[a Vm nXZm{_V "^ mJrXma A mo i I H«$_m§ H$' åhU O o M "S>o {P¾o Q>o S> n mQ>© Za B ÝS>o Šg Z§ ~a ' (DPIN) {_i {db m O mVmo. hm EH$ A mR > A § H$s H«$_m§ H$ A g y Z Vmo H|$Ð g a H$ma H$Sy>Z {Xb m O mVmo. g§ ñW o À`m à Ë o H$ ì`dhma m_Üò hm H«$_m§ H$ g § X^ © åhU yZ dmna b m O mVmo.

4) A § { H$ ` ñd m jar à_m UnÌ { _i{ d U o :

{H$_mZ EH$m n XZm{_V ^ mJr Xma mg mR >r A § {H$` ñ dmja r à_mU n Ì åhU O o M "{S>O rQ>b {g ¾o Ma g {Q>© {\$Ho$Q' (DSC) { _i {db o O mVo. A g o à _mUn Ì XoÊ`mMo A {Y H$ma A g bo ë `m b m`g Ýg S> g {Q>©\$mB ª J A°W m° [a Q>rH$Sy>Z Vo {_i {dc o O mVo.

5) d o ~gm B © Q >d a Z m| XU r H$ aUo :

à ñ Vm{dV ^ mJrXma rg §ñ Wo H$[a Vm n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma åhU y Z H$m_ H$ê $ B pÀN>U mè`m ^ mJr Xma m§ Mo DPIN d DSC `m§ Mr Zm| XU r www.llp.gov.in `m gHo$Vñ W i mda Ho$b r O mVo.

6) Z m d C nbãY A gë ` m Mr ImÌ r H$ aUo:

à ñ Vm{dV ^ mJrXma rg §ñ Wo b m Oo Zm§ d Ú md`mMo R >a {db o A mho Vo A Ý` H$mo U Ë `m g§ ñ Wo Zo `mn y duM dmn a b o A mho H$m? Vg o M àñ Vm{dV Zm§ d ho g Ü`m H$m`©a V A g U mè`m H$mo U Ë `m g § ñW o er g mY å © Xe© {dU ma o A mho H$m? `mMr ImÌr H$a U o A mdí`H$ A g Vo. Ë `mH$a rVm à ñ Vm{dV Zmd Cn b ãY A mho qH$dm Zmhr `mMr _m{hVr { _i {dÊ`mg mR >r A m° Zb mB ©Z nS>Vmi U r Ho$b r O mVo. Oa àñ Vm{dV Zm§ d Cn b ãY Zgo b Va A Ý` ZmdmMm {dMma H$a mdm b mJVmo.

7) g§ ñWo Mo Z m§ d Am a{ jV H$ aU o :

à ñ Vm{dV Zmd Cn b ãY A gob Va Ag o Zm§ d A ma {jV H$a Ê`mg mR >r {Z~§Y H$mH$S>o \$m° _© Z§. 1 ^ a b m O mVmo. A O© à má Pmë`mn mg y Z 7 {Xdg m§ V {Z~§Y H$mH$Sy>Z g Xa Mo Zm§ d A ma {jV Pmb o A mho qH$dm Zmhr `m ~m~VrV b o Ir H$i {db o O mVo.

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8) Z m | XUr H$m JXnÌ o V `m a H$ aU o :

da rc à {H«$`m n yU © Pmë `mZ§ Va Zm| XU rMr H$mJXn Ìo V`ma Ho$b r O mVmV, Ë `m_Üò {deof V: n w T>rb _m{hVr A g Vo.

• _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rg § ñ Wo _m\©$V Mmb {db m O mU ma m à ñ Vm{dV ì`dg m`.

• n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma m§ Mr g § ny U © _m{hVr.

• à ñ Vw V H$m`Ú mZw g ma n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma mZo H$m`Ú mVrb Va Vw XtÀ`m A § O b ~O mdU rg mR >r H$mo U H$mo U Vr H¥$Vr d ì`dhma H$a md`mMo A mho V, Ë `m~Ôb Mr _m{hVr.

• B Va g d© ^ mJrXma m§ À`m g § _ÎmrZo n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma mg H$mo U Ë `m H¥$Vr d H$mo U Vo ì`dhma H$a Ê`mMo A {Y H$ma à má A mhoV, Ë `m~Ôb Mr _m{hVr.

• ^ mJrXma m§ Zr {H$Vr ^ m§ S>db A mU md`mMo A mho d Vo H$moU Ë `m ñ dê $n mV (a mo I AW dm dñ Vy) A mU md`mMo A mho Ë `mMr _m{hVr.

• ^ mJrXma m§ Mo A {Y H$ma , H$V© ìò d n mañ n [a H$ hŠ H$.

• ^ mJrXma rg § ñW o À`m à emg Z d ì`dñ W mn Zm~Ôb Mr _m{hVr.

• H§$n Zrà _mU o Oa ^ mJrXma r g §ñW o g mR >r ñ dV:Mm {e¸$m (Common Seal) ¿ `md`mMm A g o b Va Ë `m~Ôb Mr _m{hVr.

• jVrn w Vu åhU O o M Zw H$g mZ ^ an mB © ~m~VMo H$b _, Oa Ag ob Va .

• ZdrZ ^ mJrXma mg à do e Xo Uo, ^ mJrXma mMr {Zd¥ ÎVr, ^ mJrXma mMo g _mn Z, ^ mJrXma mMr hH$mb n Å>r d ^ mJrXma mMm a mO rZm_m B . ~m~VMr H$b _o.

• ^ mJrXma mMm à do e, {Zd¥ Îmr, g _mn Z, hH$mb n Å>r d a mO rZm_m B . _w i o B Va ^ mJrXma m§ À`m h¸$ d O ~m~Xmè`m `m_Üò H$mo U Vo ~Xb hmo Vrb , Ë`m~Ôb Mr _m{hVr.

• ^ mJrXma m§ _Y rb Vgo M ^ mJrXma r g § ñ W m d ^ mJrXma `m§ À`m_Y rb dmX/H$b h H$em nÜXVrZo {_Q>{db m O mB© b , Ë `m~m~VMr H$b _o.

• _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMr _w XV, Oa {ZY m©a rV Ho$b r A g o b Va

• ^ mJrXma r g §ñ Wo À`m {dgO © Zm~m~VMr H$b _o.

9) Z m | XUr Mr H$m JXnÌ o gw ny X© H$ aU o :

Zm| XU rMr H$mJXn Ìo d n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma m§ Mr g§ _Îmrn Ìo BË`mXr H§$n Zr {Z~§Y H$mH$S>o A m°Zb mB© Z nÜXVrZo O _m Ho$b r O mVmV. A em H$mJ Xn Ìm§ ~a mo ~a Zm| XU r \$s ^ a b r O mVo. à ñ Vm{dV ^ mJrXma r

7 5

g § ñ Wo À`m EHy$U ^ m§ S>db mÀ`m à _mU mV Zm| XU r \$s A mH$ma b r O mVo. A er Zm| XU r \$s {H$_mZ é. 500/- Vo H$_mb é. 50 0 0/- n `ª V A g y eH$Vo. {Z~§Y H$mg H$mJXn Ìo à mßV Pmë `mn mg y Z 14 {Xdg m§ À`m A mV Zm| XU r~m~V {ZU © ` ¿`mdm b mJVmo.

10) Z m | XUr à_m UnÌ :

g d© Xñ VEo dO m§ Mr N>mZZr {Z~§Y H$mH$Sy>Z Ho$b r O mVo. g d© H$mJXn Ìo ~a mo ~a d `mo ½ ` A gë `mMr ImÌr Pmë `mZ§ Va {Z~§Y H$ Zm| XU rMo à _mUn Ì Xo Vmo. Aem à _mU n Ìm_Üò Á`m ZmdmZo _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMr ñW mnZm Ho$b r Jo b r A mho, Ë `m ZmdmMm C„ o I Ho$bo b m A g Vmo.

4 . 2 . 4 _`m© {XV O~m ~Xma rM r ^mJ r Xma r d ^ mJ rXma m§ d a rb _`m© Xm (Limitations of LLP

and Partners)

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rda n wT>rb _`m© Xm A mho V.

1. Jw Ýhm / à_m X d { ejm

^ mJrXma mZo H$mo U Vo ~o H$m`Xo era H¥$Ë ` Ho$ë `mg Ë `mg H$mo U Vr {ejm hmo B © b `m g § X^ m© Vrb Va Vw Xr à ñ Vw V H$m`Ú m_Üò A mho V. H$m`Ú m_Üò Z_y X Ho$b o b r H$m`© nÜXVr A Zw g a Ê`m_Üò My H$ Pmb r Va Ë `m~Ôb X§ S> A W dm Vw é§ Jdmg A W dm Xmo Ýhr A em {ejm A mho V. CXm. H$m`Ú mZo {ZY m© a rV Ho$b o ë `m do i o V O a B ©- \$m° åg © ^ a bo ZmhrV Va Ë `mg mR >r X§ S> ^ a mdm b mJVmo. A g m X§ S> {db § ~ H$mb mdY rÀ`m à Ë ò H$ {Xdg mg mR >r A mH$ma b m O mVmo. Vmo 300 {Xdg m§ n © V A mH$ma b m O mD$ eH$Vmo.

2) Wo Q > naH$ s ` Jw § Vd U wH$ sd ar b _` m © Xm :

g a H$ma À`m n y d© n a dmZJr{edm` n a H$s` ì`Š Vr A W dm g § ñ W m `m§Zm _`m© {XV O~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r_Üò W o Q> Jw § VdU w H$ H$a Vm ò V Zmhr. Ho$di ^ ma V g a H$ma À`m _mÜ`_mVy ZM ^ ma VmVrb _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g § ñ Wo _Üò Jw § VdU y H$ H$a Vm ò Vo, Ë `m H$[a Vm A Ý` _mJ© Cn bãY ZmhrV.

3) ~m ø _m Jm ©Z o ì`m nm ar H$ O© C ^ maÊ ` m d ar b _` m © Xm :

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rg § ñW o g ~{hñW ì`mn ma r H$O } (External Commercial

Borrowings) K o Vm ò V ZmhrV. Ë `m§ Zm ^ ma Vm~mhoa rb ~± H$m, {dÎmr` g § ñ W m A W dm n a H$s` Jw § VdU y H$ g §ñ W m (Foreign Institutional Investors) `m§À`mH$Sy>Z ì`mn ma r H$O } K o Vm ò V ZmhrV.

4) nXZ m { _V ^m Jr Xm a ^ m aVr ` a{hd m er A gÊ `m Mr AQ > :

à ñ Vw V H$m`Ú mZw g ma _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rÀ`m ñW mn Zo H$a rVm {H$_mZ EH$ n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma ^ ma Vr` a {hdmer A g Ê`mMr A Q> K mb Ê`mV A mb o b r A mho. Ë`m_w io na H$s` CÚ mo O H$m§ Zm ^ mJrXma rg § ñW o Mr ñ W mn Zm H$a md`mMr A g o b Va Ë `m§ Zm ^ ma Vr` a {hdmer A g U ma m {H$_mZ EH $

7 6

^ mJrXma ¿ `mdmM b mJVmo. Ë`m_w i o A {Zdmg r ^ ma Vr` (NRI) {H$§ dm n a H$s` CÚ mo OH$m§ Zm _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMr ñW mnZm H$a Vm ò V Zmhr.

5) _m bH$ s h¸$ hñ Vm §V aU mV r b A S>MU r :

O a H$m§ hr H$ma U mñ Vd EImÚ m ^ mJrXma mb m Ë `mMm {hñg m ( _mb H$s h¸$) Xw g è`m ì`Š Vrg hñ Vm§ V[a V H$a md`mMm A gob Va Ë `mH$a rVm Ë`mZo Cd© [a V g d© ^ mJrXma m§ Mr g § _Îmr {_i {dU o ~§Y ZH$ma H$ A mho. A em hñ Vm§Va U m_w i o B Va ^ mJrXma m§ À`m {híí`mÀ`m à _mU mV H$m` ~Xb hmo Vrb , n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma m§ À`m g§ »òV d g {H«$` ^ mJrXma m§ À`m g § »ò V {H$Vr à _mU mV dmT> A W dm K Q> hmo B ©b BË `mXr ~m~tMm {dMma H$ê $ZM Ë `m~m~V {ZU © ` K o Vb m O mVmo. Ë `m_wi o Ag o hñ Vm§ VaU {H$MH$Q> ~ZVo.

6) Z { d Z ^m Jr Xm am Mm àdo e :

ZdrZ ^ mJrXma mg g §ñ Wo V à doe {Xë `mZ§ Va B Va ^ mJrXma m§ À`m {híí`mÀ`m à _mU mV ~Xb H$a mdm b mJVmo d Vmo ~Xb ^ mJrXmar g § ñW m Á`m {Z~§Y H$mÀ`m A IË `ma rV ò Vo Ë `m {Z~§Y H$mg H$i dmdm b mJVmo.

7) ì` d hm am § Mr O ~m ~Xm ar :

à Ë ò H$ ^ mJrXma hm _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ JrXma rg § ñW oMm à {V{ZY r A g Vmo n U Vmo B Va ^ mJrXma m§ Mo à {V{Z{YË d H$a rV Zmhr. Ë`m_w io Á`m ^ mJrXma mg ñn ï>n U o A {Y H$ma {Xb o b o A g Vrb A m{U A em ^ mJrXma mZo Ì`ñW m§ er ì`dhma Ho$bo b m A go b Va M Ë `mMr O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g § ñW o da ò dy eH$Vo. Á`m ^ mJrXma mg A g o A {Y H$ma ~hmb Ho$b o b o Zg VmV Ë `mZo Ì`ñ W m§er Ho$b o ë `m ì`dhma mMr O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g §ñ Wo da Zg Vo.

8) O ~m ~Xm am § Mr _` m © Xm :

^ mJrXma r g §ñ W o Mr O ~m~Xma r H$mo U Ë `m _`m© Xo n `©§ V A g ob ho ^ mJrXma m§ _Y rb H$a ma mZo A W dm à ñ Vw V H$m`mÚ mVrb Va Vw XrZwg ma {ZpíMV hmo Vo. g §ñ Wo Mr Xo U r g §ñ W o À`m Zmdo Y maU A g b oë `m _mb _Îmo _Y y ZM A Xm Ho$b r O mVmV. g § ñW o Mr Xo U r ^ mJ{dÊ`mg mR >r ^ mJrXma m§ Mr d¡ `{Š VH$ _mb _Îmm dmn a b r O mV ZmhrV. H$m§ hr H$ma U mñ Vd O a _`m© {XV O~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rÀ`m ^ mJrXma m§ Mr g § »`m Ho$di EH$mda A mb r A m{U A em EH$mM ^ mJrXma mZo 6 _{hÝ`m§ n ojm A {Y H$ H$mi mg mR >r EH$Q>çmZo M g d© ì`dg m` Mmb {db m A g ob Va _mÌ ^ mJrXma r g § ñ Wo Mr g d© Xo U r A Xm H$a U o Mr O ~m~Xma r Ë `m EH$Q>çm ^ mJrXma mda M ò Vo. åhU O o A em ^ mJrXma mMr O ~m~Xma r A _`m© XrV R >a Vo.

9) ~o H$ m ` Xo er a H ¥$ Ë`m Mr O ~m ~Xm ar :

EImÚ m ^ mJrXma mZo J¡ a H¥$Ë ` A W dm ~o H$m`Xo era H¥$Ë ` Ho$b o A g ob qH$dm H$m`Ú mZo O o H$a Uo ~§Y ZH$ma H$ A mho A g o H¥$Ë ` H$a Ê`mMo Q>mi b o A g ob (Ommission) A m{U Ë `m_wi o Zw H$g mZ Pmb o

7 7

A g o b Va A g o Zw H$g mZ ^ ê $Z Xo Ê`mMr O ~m~Xma r ì`Š Vre: \$Š V Ë `m g § ~§Y rV ^ mJrXma mda A g Vo B Va ^ mJrXma m§ da Zg Vo.

n a § Vw Oa EImÚ m ^ mJrXma mZo Ho$di Xo U o H$a r A W dm Ì`ñW `m§ Mr \$g dU y H$ H$a Ê`m À`m CÔo emZo EImXo H¥$Ë ` Ho$b o A g ë `mMo {Zîn Þ Pmë `mg _mÌ A em ^ mJrXma mg h ^ mJrXma r g § ñW oMr O ~m~Xma r Xo Irb A _`m© {XV a hmVo.

10) { hem o ~nÌ H o$ OV Z H$ aU o :

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rg § ñW o Zo g d© A {W © H$ ì`dhma m§ Mr {heo ~n ÌHo$ O VZ H$a U o ~§Y ZH$ma H$ A mho. Vgo M {ZYm© a rV do io V Vr {Z~§Y H$mH$S>o g mXa H$a U o d Ë `m§ Mr Vn mgUr H$ê $Z K o U o ~§Y ZH$ma H$ A mho.

� ñ d ` § A Ü` `Z m gm R>r àí Z

` m o ½` n`m © ` { Z d S>m .

1) _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r H$m`Xm . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . n mgy Z A § _c mV A mc m A mho.

A ) 1 E{à c 2008 ~) 1 E{àc 2009

H$) 1 O mZo dma r 2008 S>) 1 O mZo dma r 2009

2) {H$_mZ . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma hm ^ ma VmMm a {hdmer A g mdm c mJVmo.

A ) EH$ ~) Xmo Z H$) VrZ S>) Mma

3) _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g § ñ Wo Mo dm{f© H$ Cc mT>mc .. . . . . .. . . c mIm§ da A go c Va {hemo ~m§ Mr Vn mg U r H$ê $Z K oU o ~§Y ZH$ma H$ A g Vo.

A ) 25 ~) 70 H$) 80 S>) 90

4) _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXmar H$m`Xm, 20 08 Zw g ma . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . Mo ^ mJrXmar g § ñ Wo Mo én m§ Va U hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.

A ) ImO Jr H§$n Zr ~) n a§ n a mJV ^ mJrXma r g §ñ W m

H$) g r. E. Mr. g §K Q>Zm S>) ^ mJ~mO ma mV Zm| XU r Pmc oc r g md©O {ZH$ H§$n Zr

5) _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMr Zm| XU r . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. A g Vo.

A ) gŠ VrMr ~) Eo pÀN>H$ H$) Eo pÀN>H$ dm g Š VrMr

6) _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g §ñ W o V ^ mJrXma . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . ñ dê $n mV ^ m§ S>dc A mU VmV.

7 8

A ) a mo I ~) dñ Vy H$) a mo I dm dñ Vy

7) n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma A mo i I H«$_m§ H$ (DPIN) . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . H$Sy>Z {Xc m O mVmo.

A ) a mÁ`ga H$ma ~) H|$Ð ga H$ma

H$) H|$Ð A W dm a mÁ`g a H$ma S>) ^ mJrXma r g §ñ W m

8) à ñ Vm{dV _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g§ ñW o g mR >r Zm§ d A ma {jV H$a Ê`mH$[a Vm . . . . . .. . . .. . ^ ê $Z {Z~§Y H$mH$S>o {Xc m O mVmo.

A ) \$m° _© Z§. 1 ~) \$m° _© Z§. 2 H$) \$m° _© Z§. A S>) \$m° _© Z§. ~

~) My H$ H$s ~am o ~a V o gm § Jm.

1) _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g § ñ Wo Mo A pñ VË d ^ mJrXma m§ n mg y Z ñ dV§ Ì A g Vo.

2) d{H$c m§ À`m g § K Q>Zm/g §ñ W m§Zm _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXmar g §ñ W o Mr ñ W mn Zm H$a Vm òV Zmhr.

3) _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r hm EH$ ZdrZ g§ K Q>Zà H$ma Amho.

4) _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g § ñW o Mm ^ mJrXma hmo D$ B pÀN>U ma r ì`Š Vr g w ~wÕ A gc r n m{hO o _J Vr {Xdmi Imo a Ag c r Va r Mmc Vo.

5) Xmo Ýhr n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma m§Zr A § H$s` ñ dmja r à _mU n Ì (Digital Signature Certificate) K o U o A {Zdm`© A g Vo.

6) H¥${Ì_/{d{Y H$ ì`Š VtZm _`m©{XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rg §ñ WoMm ^ mJrXma hmo Vm o Vo.

7) n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma mMo [a Š V Pmc o c o n X g mR > {Xdg m§ À`m A mV ^ a U o ~§Y ZH$ma H$ A g Vo.

8) _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g § ñW o g H§$n Zrà _mU o ñ dV…Mm {eŠ H$m (Common Seal) K o Vm o V Zmhr.

4.3 gmam§e

_`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r `m g § K Q>Z à H$ma m_w io Zì`m {n T>rVrb CÚ moO H$m§ Zm CÚ mo J ì`dg m` H$a Ê`mg Mmb Zm {_i mb r A mho. _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r, A _`m© {XV ^ mJrXma m§ Mr g § »`m d A § VJ© V H$ma ^ ma m~m~VMr b d{MH$Vm `m d¡ {eîQ>çm§ _w i o g _mO mVrc A Zo H$O U _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r `m g §K Q>Z à H$ma mMm A db § ~ H$a V A mho V. àñ Vw V H$m`Úm_Üò n a§ n a mJV ^ mJrXma r g§ ñW m, ImO Jr H§$n Zr, ñ dV§ Ì ì`dg m`rH$m§À`m g § ñ W m ( dH$sb , g r. E. dJ¡ a o) d A Zm| XrV g md©O {ZH$ H§$n Zr `m§ ZmXo Irb A mn ë `m à M{b V ì`dg m`mMo én m§ Va _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g§ ñ Wo _Üò H$a Ê`mMr g w {dY m A g ë `m_w i o CÚ mo J ì`dg m` dmT>rg Mmb Zm {_i mb r A mho. Vg o M Zm| XU r d {dg O© Z

7 9

`m_Y rc pŠb ï>Vm H$_r Pmë`m_w i o _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r `m g§ K Q>Zà H$ma mMm g _mO mVrb VéU CÚ mo O H$ A {Y H$m{Y H$ pñ dH$ma H$a rV A mho V.

4.4 nm[a^ m{f H$ eã X

� { Z J_ { Z H$ m ` : H§$n Zr, à _§ S>i , body corporate

� nXZ m { _V ^m Jr Xm a : Á`m ^ mJrXma mb m _`m© {XV O~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r g§ ñW o À`mdVrZo A {Y H¥$Vn U o ì`dhma H$a Ê`mMo A {Y H$ma à má Pmb o A mho V d à ñ Vw V H$m`Ú mVrb Va Vw XtMr A § _b ~O mdU r H$a Ê`mMr à _wI O ~m~Xma r Á`m ^ mJrXma mda A mho Ag m ^ mJrXma.

� _` m © { XV O ~m ~Xm ar : ì`dgm` g §ñ W o Mr Xo U r ^ mJ{dÊ`mg mR >r ì`dg m`mV Jw § VdUy H$ Ho$b o ë `m ^ m§ S>db mì`{V[aŠ V A Ý` d¡ `Š VrH$/ImO Jr _mb _Îmo Mm dmn a Ho$b m O mV Zmhr A em ñ dê $n mMr O ~m~Xma r.

� A § { H$ ` ñ dm jar / hñV m ja : g § JU H$s` `w JmV A m° Zb mB © Z ì` dhma H$a Ê`mg mR >r A § H$m§ da A mY m[a V g§ {já H$mo S> H$s Á`m A mY mao Bb oŠ Q— >m° {ZH$ (A m° Zb mB © Z) nÜXVrZo hñ Vm§ Va rV Ho$b o ë `m H$mJXn Ìm§ Mr g Ë `Vm d ào f H$mMr A mo i I `m§ Mr n S>Vmi U r Ho$b r O mVo.

� nXZ m { _V ^ m Jr Xm a A m o iI H «$ _m §H$ : H|$Ð g a H$ma H$Sy>Z n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma mg ì`dhma mÀ`m g § X^ m© g mR >r {Xb m O mU ma m 8 A § H$s H«$_m§ H$.

4.5 ñd §AÜ ``Z àí Z m§M r CÎmao

A ) `mo ½ ` n `m© ` {ZdS>m.

1) ~ 2) A 3) H$ 4) S> 5) A 6) H$ 7) ~ 8) A

~) My H$ H$s ~a mo ~a g m§ Jm.

1) ~a mo ~a 2) My H$ 3) ~a mo ~a 4) My H$

5) My H$ 6) ~a mo ~a 7) My H$ 8) My H$

4.6 gamdmgmR > r ñdmÜ `m`

A ) { XK m } Îm ar àí Z

1) _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r åhU O o H$m` Vo g m§ Jw Z {VMr R >i H$ d¡ {eîQ>ço$ñ n ï> H$a m.

2) _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rMo ñ dê $n {deX H$a m.

3) _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma rÀ`m Zm| XU rMr H$m`©nÜXVr ñn ï> H$a m.

8 0

~) { Q >nm { bhm .

1) _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r d ^ mJrXma `m§ À`mda rb _`m© Xm

2) _`m© {XV O ~m~Xma r ^ mJrXma r H$a ma mVrb A§ V^ y © V~m~r.

3) n XZm{_V ^ mJrXma

4.7 A {Y H$ dmMZ mgmR > r g§X^ ©J «§W

1) Limited Liability Partnership : Law and Practice – Dr. Sanjiv Agarwal and

Rohini Agarwal – Lexis Nexis India Law Book Store, Ed. January, 2009.

2) Practical Guide to Limited Liability Partnership (Law, Practice and

Procedures) – PL Subramanian – Snowwhite India Publications – 10th,

Edition, May, 2015.

3) Law and Procedure of Limited Liability Partnership – Dr. D. K. Jain,

Bharat Law House Pvt. Ltd., 3rd Edition, 2015.

4) Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 – Bave Act.

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