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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИРЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАНГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ имени ШАКАРИМА г. СЕМЕЙ

Документ СМК 3 уровня УМКДУМК 042-18-22-1. 115/01 -20__УММ Программа дисциплины

«Профессионально ориеонтированный инностронный

язык» для преподавателя

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УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЙ КОМПЛЕКСДИСЦИПЛИНЫ

«Профессионально ориеонтированный инностронный язык»

для специальности 5В120200 - «Ветеринарная санитария»

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Семей2014

Содержание

УМКД 042- 03.01.20./ 03-2013 Редакция № 1 ____________2013 Страница2из43

ГлоссарийПрактические занятияСамостоятельная работа обучающегося Экзаменационные вопросы

1.ГЛОССАРИЙ

СРО – самостоятельная работа обучающегося


GLOSSARYenvironment [in´vaiərənment] n – окружающаясредаdiversity [dai´və:siti] n - разнообразиеbecome aware v – осознаватьrelationship [ri´lei∫n∫ip] n – взаимоотношения, связьsurround v – окружатьdepend on (upon) v – зависетьотpollution n – загрязнениеdetrimental [ֽdetri´mentl] a – вредныйaffluence [ ´æfluəns] n – изобилие, богатствоavailable [ə´veiləbl] a – имеющийсявраспоряженииamount [ə´maunt] n – количествоinclude v – включатьcut down v – рубитьdrain v – осушатьharmful a – вредныйsubstance [´sΛbstəns] n – веществоdischarge [dis´t∫a:dз ] n –сток, слив, выбросacid rain – кислотныйдождьrare a – редкийdisappear v – исчезатьclearancen – очистка леса под пашнюcausev – вызывать, служить причинойflood [flΛd] n – наводнениеdrought [draut] n – засухаissue n – проблемаgarbage [´ga:bidз] n – мусор, отбросыdump n – свалкаcarbon dioxide [daióksaid] – углекислыйгаз (двуокисьуглерода)preventv – препятствоватьescapev – улетучиватьсяmelt v – таятьpreserve v – охранятьdustbin n – мусорныйящиксommunityn – сообществоexplorev – исследоватьhowevercj – однако, тем не менееinteractionn – взаимодействиеconsiderv – рассматриватьdiscoverv – обнаружитьsurroundings [sə´raundiηz] n – среда, окружениеstream n – ручейcarbon n – углеродphosphorus n – фосфорnitrogen [ńaitridзən] n – азотalterv – изменять(ся)reshapev – придавать новую форму или видdig (into) v – зарывать, рыть


mattern – веществоbedn – руслоrandoma – случайныйmixturen – смешение породoverridinga – главный, доминирующийdeterminev – определятьrainbowtrout [´reinbou´traut] – радужнаяфорельmakeupn – структура, составinvertebrate [in´və:tibrit] n – беспозвоночноеживотноеfeedv – питать(ся), кормить(ся)be responsible for – бытьответственнымnocturnal [nok´tə:nl] a – ночнойavoid v – избегатьpredator [´predətə] n – хищникdiurnal [dai´ə:nl] a – дневнойkeena – острый, проницательныйtemporala – временныйspatial [´spe∫əl] a – пространственныйlayeringn – ярусностьuppera – верхнийeventually [i´ventjuəli] adv – в конечном счете, в конце концовreflectv – отражатьpromotev – способствоватьpredation n – истреблениеmoderate [´modərit] a – умеренныйdisturbance [dis´tə:bəns] n – нарушение, повреждениеvasta – обширный, широкийexpansen – пространствоmeadow [´medou] n – лугmammalsn – млекопитающиеreindeern – северный оленьpolarfoxn – песецmainlandn – материкskua [´skjuə] n – поморник большойsealn – тюленьwolverine [´wu:lvəri:n] n – росомахаchipmunkn – бурундукmartenn – куницаsablen – собольlynxn – рысьweasel [wi:zl] n – ласкаpolecatn – хорек чёрныйbadger [´bædзə] n - барсукmoosen – ам. лосьmolen – кротmusk-ratn – ондатраbeaver n – бобр, бобёрto settle v – заселять


mink n – норкаgrouse [graus] n –шотландскаякуропаткаwhite grouse – белаякуропаткаblack grouse – тетерев-косачwood grouse – тетерев-глухарьhazel grouse – рябчикnutcracker n – ореховкаosprey n – скопаowl [aul] n – соваmarsh n – болото, топьcrane n – журавльsnipe n – бекасjacksnipe – болотная курочкаgulln – чайкаstoatn – горностайquailn – перепелsturgeon [´stə:dзən] n – осётрsterlet [´stə:lit] n – стерлядьsalmon [´sæmən] n - лососьiden – язьdace n – елецroach n – плотваpike n – щукаperch n – окуньcrucian [´kru:∫ən] n - карасьrelevant [´relivənt] a – насущный, актуальныйweavev – включать

mammaln – млекопитающее distincta – особый, отличныйdistinguishv – отмечатьvertebrate [´və:tibrit] n – позвоночное (животное)flexiblea – гибкийbackbonen – позвоночник, спинной хребетvertebralcolumn – позвоночный столбspinalcord [´spainl] – спинной мозгinsulator [ínsjuleitə] n – изоляция, изоляционный материалretainv – удерживать, сохранятьwardoffv – отражатьcompletelyadv – совершенно, полностьюfurn – шерстьthough [ðou] cj – хотяsparse [spa:s] a – редкийpatch n – клочокwarm-blooded a – теплокровныйregulate v – регулироватьinternal a – внутреннийfour-chambered a – четырехкамерный


circulate [´sə:kjuleit] v – циркулироватьblood n – кровьendure [in´djuə] v - выноситьrangen – область распространенияprimarya – основнойbearv – носитьnourish [ńΛri∫] v – кормитьoffspringn – отпрыск, потомокmammarygland – молочная железаbrainn – мозгprominent a – выступающийbraincase n – черепlocomotion [ֽloukə´mou∫ən] n - передвижениеglidev – скользитьleapv – прыгатьclimb [klaim] v – лазитьburrow [´bə:rou] v - рыть нору, ходpreyn – добычаfeedonv - питать(ся)carnivore [´ka:nivo:] n – плотоядное животноеherbivore [´hə:bivo:] n – травоядное животноеomnivore [ómnivo:] n – всеядное животноеdwellern – житель, обитательwhereas [wεər´æz] cj – тогда какversatile [´və:sətail] a – подвижныйancestor [´ænsistə] n - предокrefinev – усовершенствоватьrelyv – полагатьсяbone n – костьleather [´leðə] n – кожаfertilizer [´fə:tilaizə] n – удобрениеhunting n – охота, охотничийtrapping n – пушнойпромыселgame n – дичьfurbearing a – шкурковыйrecreational a – развлекательныйopportunity n – возможностьrevenue [´revinju:] n – доходnocturnal [nok´tə:nl] a - ночнойsecretive [si´kri:tiv] a – скрытныйvariable [´vεəriəbl] a – изменчивый

wildlifemanagement –регулирование ресурсов диких животных; охрана природы; природопользованиеhabitatn – окружающая (естественная) среда; среда обитания, сфера распространения; место обитанияdepletionn – истощение (запасов, ресурсов); опустошение, хищническая эксплуатацияgamen – дичь


environmentalhealth –санитарное состояние окружающей средыextinction n – вымираниеwild land – целинаdramaticallyadv – резко, наглядноcrustacean [krΛ´stei∫(ə)n] n – ракообразныеresultfromv – происходить(получаться) в результате ч-либоonone´sown – самостоятельноmaintenancen – поддержание, сохранениеstablea – устойчивыйconcernoneselfv - заниматься, интересоватьсяdurable [´djuərəbl] a – прочныйneotropical [ֽni:ou´tropikəl] a – неотропическийrelyv – зависеть, полагатьсяnestv – гнездитьсяavian [éiviən] a – птичийlatitude [´lætitju:d] n – широтаelsewhereadv – где-нибудь в другом местеshrinkinga – усохшийplightn – состояние, положениеultimatelyadv - в конце концовdestinyn – судьбаsuggestv – означатьenvironmentalquality – качество средыmerchantablea – деловой, товарныйrachis [´reikis] n – главный черешок листа; ось, стерженьwhorl n – мутовкаimprove v – улучшатьattractv – привлекатьconceptn– понятиеbluebirdn – мелкая певчая птица с голубой окраской спиныpreferv – предпочитатьscattered [´skætəd] a – одиночныйcovern – укрытиеspacen – пространство, v - размещатьarrangement [ə´reindзmənt] n - расположение determine v – определятьavailable [ə´veiləbl] a – доступныйappropriate [ə´propriit] a – подходящий, соответствующийprosper v – преуспеватьsurvival n – выживаниеundernourish v – недокармливатьsusceptible a – восприимчивыйadverse [´ædvə:s] a – неблагоприятныйnutrition n – корм, питаниеaffectv - влиятьbreedv – размножатьсяbobwhiten – виргинская куропаткаconsumev – потреблять


seepn – источникpuddlen - лужаdewn – росаsheltern – укрытие, убежищеloafv – бездельничатьnestn – гнездо; v - гнездитьсяinclement [in´klemənt] a – суровый, холодныйburrow [´bə:rou] n – нораcavity n – трещинавпородеcave n – пещераrefuge n – убежище, заказникhomerange – индивидуальный участок (обитания)scarce [skεəs] a – скудный, редкийquenchv – утолять (жажду)territorialityn – территориальные отношения (у животных)pronounced [prəńaunst] a – определенныйlivingspace – жизненное пространствоpatchn – участокbreedingseason – периодразмноженияreforestationn – лесовозобновление, лесовосстановлениеrestorev – восстанавливатьtreecover – лесной покровsustainv - поддерживатьwoodlandn – лес; лесистая местность; лесной массивresilient [ri´ziliənt] a – упругий, эластичныйsprawlv – простираться, беспорядочно расти (о застройке и т.п.)arid a – засушливыйforest cover – лесонасажденияdry out v – высыхатьinhospitable a – унылыйovergrazing n – сбойтравостояdesertification n – опустыниваниеtopsoiln – верхний слой почвыduricrustn – плотная кор(к)аduripann – плотный горизонт (почвы), дурипэнsealoffv – плотно закрывать, блокироватьpenetrationn – просачиваниеtreeplantingn – лесонасаждение, облесение, посадка деревьевfencingn – ограждениеseedlot – партия семянsuppression [sə´pre∫ən] n – подавлениеforest stand – лесонасаждениеclearcut a – вырубаемыйсплошнойрубкойrecovery n – восстановлениеaccidentally [ֽæksi´dentəli] adv – случайноmanagementv - регулироватьarrangementn – систематизация, классификация, расположениеharvesting n – рубка


nation n – государствоinterchangeably[ֽintə´t∫eindзəbli] adv– взаимозаменяемо, равнозначноprecious [´pre∫əs] a – ценныйlumber n – пиломатериалыreap the benefits – пожинатьплодычего-л.

cedar n - кедрmajestic [mə´dзestic] a – величественныйspiritual [´spirit∫uəl] a – духовныйclosely [´klousli] adv – близко, тесноtsar [za:] n – царьpatriarch [´peitria:k] n – основатель, родоначальникmoreover [mo:´rouvə] adv – сверх того, кроме тогоvolatile [´volətail] a – летучий, быстро испаряющийсяcell n - клеткаpermissible [pə´misəbl] a – допустимыйgrove [grouv] n – роща, лесокancient [éin∫ənt] a – древнийbury [´beri] v – хоронитьsarcophagus [sa:´kofəgəs] n – саркофагPhoenician [fińi∫ən] n - финикиянинgalley n – галераAssyrian [ə´siriən] n – ассириецassert v – утверждатьcondenser [kən´densə] n – конденсаторcurative [´kjuərətiv] a – целительный, целебныйhealing a – целебныйappreciate [ə´pri:∫ieit] – оцениватьSovereign [´s vrin] n – монарх, повелительraise v – воздвигатьtemple n – храмfeedinghabits – особенностикормленияsuppliesn – запасыabilityn – способностьharvestablea – пригодный для заготовкиlogv – заготавливать лесdeforestationn – обезлесивание, вырубка лесовadjacent [ə´dзeisənt] a – прилегающийdamagen – повреждение, ущербclearcuttingn – сплошная рубкаremovaln – удалениеharvestingn – лесозаготовкиirreversible [ֽiri´və:səbl] a – необратимыйextinctionn – вымираниеdevastatinga – разрушительныйconsequence [´konsikwəns] n – последствиеfungi (fungus) n – грибокconduit [´kondit] n - канал


nutrientn – питательное веществоreforestationn –лесовозобновление, лесовосстановлениеvirtually [´və:t∫juəli] adv - фактическиvirginforest – девственный лесforestmanagement – лесоустройство, лесное хозяйствоtechniquen – технология, технический метод, способeven-ageda – одновозрастнойstandn – насаждениеregeneratev – восстанавливатьintermsofadv – с учетом, на основеspeciesn – видunderstoryn – нижний ярус, порослевое молодое насаждениеrobust [rə´bΛst] a – здоровыйcanopyn – (лесной) пологshade v – затенятьseedling n – сеянецlogging operation –лесозаготовительныеработыtree farm – лесопитомникdiversea – разнообразныйneverthelesscj – тем не менее, однакоestablishmentn – приживаемость, сохранность, закладкаresinousa – смолистыйvigorn – энергия, жизненностьwoodpulp – древесная массаharvestablea – пригодный для заготовкиfecundity [fi´kΛnditi] n– плодородиеintertwine [ֽintə´twain] v – переплетать(ся)ancestor [´ænsistə] n – предок, прародительinhabit [in´hæbit] v – жить, обитать, населятьremnantn – остаток, пережиток, следbeliefn – вера, мнение, верованиеunderlie [ֽΛndə´lai] v – лежать в основании (чего-л.)provokev – вызывать, побуждатьpassionatea – горячий, страстныйdiversity [dai´və:siti] n – разновидностьcausev – вызывать, причинятьdeclinev – уменьшатьсяnotablea – заметный, выдающийсяchallengev – оспаривать, подвергать сомнениюmergev – соединять(ся), сливатьсяsavannaforest – саванное редколесьеhardy a – выносливыйhemisphere n – полушариеband n - полосаNewfoundland [ֽnju:fənd´lænd] – о-вНьюфаундлендoffsetv – компенсировать, возмещатьceasev – прекращать(ся)relativelyadv – относительно, сравнительно


inpartadv – частичноsweepv – охватить, простиратьсяforestlitter – лесная подстилка, лесной опадclearv – вырубать, раскорчевыватьconcentrateda – сосредоточенныйindustrialized a – промышленноразвитыйforest plantation – лесныекультурыfuelwood – древесное топливоwoodn – лесоматериалы

1 PRACTICAL LESSONS2 TERMPractical lessons 1-4Unit 1 Environmental protection1.topic “Environmental protection ” Aims of the lesson:Speaking:- to introduce the theme of the unit: - to prepare students for the Listening task in the next sectionListening:- to provide a graded introduction to multiple-choice questions- to introduce new words and word combinations in the textReading:

- to give practice in key skills required to tackle reading tasks effectivelyWriting:- to help students to identify common errors in writing - to focus on accuracy of form and spellingMethodological recommendations: 1. Use methodical teaching aid to get information not only about meaning, but also about the connotation of a word, grammatical constraints and examples of possible contexts.2.A rich active and passive vocabulary is vital, that’s why disscuss new vocabulary in a class,be aware of not only meaning of words but also connotation and register. 3. While doing exercises revise and review grammar that you have studied before.Literature: Rogatcheva L.PH. Teaching aid in developing habits of oral speech.

Exercise (Pre-reading tasks)1. Practice the pronunciation of the words from the text. environment, plough, nuclear, chemical, discharge, acid, quality, amount, rare, species, disappear, clearance, cause, erosion, flood, drought, measure, biological, desert, industrial, user, create, issue, garbage, dumps, deficit, dioxide, amount, preserve, numerous, campaign, destruction, whale, wildlife, aware, alternative2. Give words of the same root in Russian. Compare the meanings:problem, radio, ecology, planet, flora, fauna, individual, form, factor, industry, atmosphere, substance, gas, erosion, international, biological, deficit, centre, global, effect, territory, organization, campaign, alternative, product, nature3. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the if-clauses.1. If people recycle glass, they will save energy and raw materials.


2. If you don’t think of the future, you will not have it.3. If each family throws out 4 glass bottles a week, the people in towns will create mountains of glass.4. If we continue to pollute rivers with industrial wastes, we will have no pure water.5. If we are not careful, we will lose our planet soon.6. If measures are not taken, the oceans will become biological deserts. 7. If the depletion of the ozone layer continues, it will damage all living organisms on the Earth. 8. If you love everything, you will perceive (постигать) the divine (божественный) mystery in things.9. f you perceive the divine mystery in things, you will begin to comprehend the world better.10. The polar bears would have nowhere to live if polar ice melted.11. If I were you, I would never leave fire in the forest.12. If we cared for habitats, we would save the planet’s wildlife.13. If people stopped destroying nature, they would be healthier.4. Read and translate the text.

Environmental protectionEnvironmental protection is one of the most important problems for everyone because we all live in this world. The problems of the environment are much spoken about on TV, radio, in the newspapers. Not only ecologists but also common people become aware of ecological problems. So, what is ecology?Ecology is a science that studies the relationship between all forms of life on our planet with its environment. Environment is everything that surrounds a person: air, flora, fauna, water, soil. A man is a part of environment. So he depends on it.Pollution is any detrimental change in an ecosystem. Most kinds of pollution are the results of human activities. When human populations are large, and affluence demands more and more goods and services, pollution problems are compounded. Pollution was not a serous problem as long as there was enough space available for each individual. With the establishment of permanent human settlements pollution became a problem. Six million people living in our planet need more food, land, goods. The production of these in large amounts includes cutting down forests, draining wetlands, ploughing up grasslands. There are many forms of pollution in our world today, for example, the pollution of air and the world ocean, nuclear waste, chemical waste. Air pollution is one of the most important examples and a result of many factors. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with dust and other harmful substances. The discharge of dust and gases into the atmosphere returns to the Earth in the form of “acid rains” and affects crops, the quality of forests, and the amount of fish. As the result of the environmental pollution some rare species of animals, birds, and fish disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up. Forests clearance causes long-term problems such as soil erosion, floods, and droughts.Water pollution is becoming an international problem nowadays. If measures are not taken, the oceans will soon become biological deserts. Pollution of water by both industrial and domestic users creates the problem of water deficit.Litter is another issue that people face in big cities. As a result of it bioindustrialcentres today look more like garbage dumps.Of all the environmental problems facing our planet today the most pressing is global warming, better known as the “greenhouse effect”. The “greenhouse effect” is caused by carbon dioxide which prevents heat from escaping. Global warming can cause melting of the polar ice caps, rising of the sea level, and flooding of the coastal areas. Vast territories will become too hot for farming. It won’t be possible to grow the same amount of food. Beginning with the 1960-s the pollution problems have received great publicity. Green Peace organization was created in 1987. The international organization Green Peace is doing much to preserve the environment. This organization carries out numerous campaigns against the global environmental pollution, draws the people’s attention to the destruction of wildlife (whales, seals, tigers) by hunters and the pollution of oceans by nuclear waste turning them into nuclear dustbins. Green Peace believes that


actions speak louder than words.It is important that everyone should be aware of the problem that we should continue to find alternatives to the products that harm the environment and that every individual should do what he can to protect nature not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.

Practical lessons 5Unit 2 “Community structure and diversity ”1.Topic “Community structure and diversity ”Aims of the lesson:Speaking:- to introduce the theme of the unit: community structure and diversity- to prepare students for the Reading task in the next sectionListening:- to introduce students to the exam task of sentence competion- to provide practice in paraphrasingReading:- to develop skills needed to deal with multiple-choice questions- to work on organization of texts at paragraph levelWriting:- to show students the main features of a proposalMethodological recommendations: 1. Use methodical teaching aid to get information not only about meaning, but also about the connotation of a word, grammatical constraints and examples of possible contexts.2.A rich active and passive vocabulary is vital, that’s why disscuss new vocabulary in a class, be aware of not only meaning of words but also connotation and register. 3. While doing exercises revise and review grammar that you have studied before.Literature: Rogatcheva L.PH. Teaching aid in developing habits of oral speech.

Exercises (Pre-reading tasks)1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:community; surroundings; supplies; phosphorus; nitrogen; contributing; unique; determining; invertebrate; cycles; nocturnal; predator; diurnal; spatial; photosynthesis; eventually; variety; diversity; energy; moderate; disturbance2. Read these words, define the parts of speech and give their Russian equivalents:explore – explorer; ecology – ecologist; differ – different; discover – discovery; surround – surroundings; depend – dependence; nitrogen – nitrogenous; energy – energic; contribute – contribution; mix – mixture; organize – organization; importance – important; establish – establishment; active – activity; predator – predation; season – seasonal; moist – moisture; structure – structural; occur – occurrence; reflect – reflection; diverse – diversity; nature – natural; human – humanity; productive – productivity; climate – climatic; disturb – disturbance; pollute – pollution3. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the modal verbs.1. Trees and shrubs should be planted at the same depth at which they were growing in the container or field nursery.2. Wood products made from trees can be reused and recycled.3. By controlling the density of trees through thinning, we can control the size of branches and thus, knot sizes.4. The base of the plant should not be covered with more than about one inch of soil.


5. Too many deer could seriously impact limited available habitat and prolong winter range rehabilitation efforts.6. Cleanliness is particularly important, because contaminated resting areas and poor water quality may lead to disease.7. Caution must be observed to prevent damage to the residual stand during the logging operation.8. A great deal of work need to be done in this area. 9. This view ought to be accepted.10. Overpopulation may result in disease and parasite outbreaks that reduce the herd and damage the habitat.11. Compared to livestock, deer can go for extended periods without water, as long as succulent plants are available.

4. Translate the sentences. Define the function of the Gerund.1. Culture has also played an important role in transmitting information about harmful plants.2. Burning tends to stimulate the production of many desirable forbs like native legumes that are very important to most wildlife species.3. Preparing the planting area properly before planting is very important.4. Planting too deep is a major cause of plant failure, especially in poorly drained clay soil.5. Ringtails act a great deal like cats, in their quiet movement and ambush method of attacking prey.6. Blue bush seed requires careful handling after harvesting.7. Many of the existing groves are in need of thinning to reduce competition.8. Moreover sika deer prefer staying on steep slopes and it makes them inaccessible for tigers.9. Clearcutting is generally our best alternative for efficient harvesting, replanting and quick growth.10. The idea of recycling waste materials is not new.11. We thought of starting another series of experiments.12. It is worth discussing this phenomenon.13. They could not help seeing the importance of the process. 14. They continued experimenting with the substance.15. The purpose of the method is determining system stability.16. We succeeded in building a flexible system.5. Read and translate the text.

Community structure and diversityAll populations living in an area make up a community. When we take off our shoes to explore the

animals living in streams we enter a foreign environment. However, we may have some ideas about what we will find because ecologists have found that community interactions, even in very different commu-nities, have common themes.

Communities cannot be considered apart from their physical environment. Communities and their physical environment are called ecosystems, and by studying ecosystems, ecologists discover how communities are influenced by their physical surroundings. A stream community, for example, depends on supplies of carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, water, and energy. At the same time, however, populations alter their physical environment. Stream animals reshape the stream by digging into its banks or by moving substrate. Even in the act of dying, a stream animal changes the characteristics of its environment by contributing organic matter to the stream bed.

Stream communities are not just random mixtures of species; instead, they have a unique organization. Most communities have certain members that are of overriding importance in determining community characteristics. For example, a stream may have a large population of rainbow trout that helps determine the makeup of certain invertebrate populations on which the trout feed. Species that are responsible for establishing community characteristics are called dominant species.

Communities are also characterized by cycles of activity. Stream invertebrates are most active


around sunset and sunrise. In other communities, some animals are nocturnal (night active). Nocturnal animals may avoid predators and the hot dry conditions of the daylight hours. Most birds (except owls), on the other hand, are diurnal (day active) and are dependent on keen vision for gathering food and avoiding predators. Other patterns of activity may follow the seasons, or conditions of temperature or moisture. Thus, communities are said to have a temporal structure.

Many communities also have a spatial structure, which is most obvious in the layering that occurs in a forest or a lake. Most photosynthesis occurs in the upper layers of forests and lakes. Animals feeding on this plant life must live in or visit these upper regions. Eventually, organic matter falls to the forest floor, or lake bottom, where it supports other organisms.

Community structure is also reflected in the variety of animals present in a community, called the community (species) diversity or richness. Forces of nature and human activities influence community diversity. Factors that promote high diversity include diverse resources, high productivity, climatic stability, moderate levels of predation, and moderate levels of disturbance from outside the community. Pollution often reduces the species diversity of ecosystems.

Practical lessons 6

Unit 3 “Siberia’s fauna”1. Topic “Siberia’s fauna ”Aims of the lesson:Speaking:- to introduce the theme of the unit: Siberia’s faunaListening:- to develop the skills needed to complete multiple-choice questions- to extend the topic of the unit to filmsReading:- to develop students’ understanding of what multiple-choice questions might test in a short textWriting:- to help students maintain consistency of style and register in their writing- to show students a possible structure for a reviewMethodological recommendations: 1. Use methodical teaching aid to get information not only about meaning, but also about the connotation of a word, grammatical constraints and examples of possible contexts.2.A rich active and passive vocabulary is vital, that’s why disscuss new vocabulary in a class, be aware of not only meaning of words but also connotation and register. 3. While doing exercises revise and review grammar that you have studied before.Literature: Rogatcheva L.PH. Teaching aid in developing habits of oral speech.

Exercises (Pre-reading tasks)1. Practice the pronunciation of the words from the text. tundra, meadows, reptiles, amphibian, reindeer, skua, wolverine, weasel, moose, energetically, grouse, osprey, nutcracker, jack snipe, polecat, quail, sturgeon, sterlet, salmon, crucian2.Read and guess the meaning of the following words:fauna, tundra, polar, taiga, territory, region, reptiles, amphibian, lemming, letyaga, colony, zone, steppe, commercial, sterlet, popular, gas, complex, anomalies, ecology, reproduction, nature, international, Russian Federation, economic3. Define to which part of speech these words belong:


numerous, coastal, richer, Siberian, Asiatic, survived, energetically, densely, populated, various, constant, development, unfortunately, serious, habitats, attention, reservation, practically, nature, relevant, conserving, further, local, temporary, particularly, utilization, scientific, educational4. Translate the sentences paying attention to “there + to be”.1. However, there is some evidence that a lack of management knowledge by woodland owners is one reason why small woodlands are poorly managed. 2. There are many places in the Coast Range where elk can take refuge and hear anything that approaches them, then slip away in the opposite direction.3. Over the last century, there have been some major changes in land use and vegetation cover in Oklahoma.4. There is no end to evolutionary process.5. There exists a number of general stimulation programs which deal with certain problems.6. There is some conflict here between sensitivity and repeatability.7. There is left an unexplored area as big as that explored.8. There followed a new series of experiments.9. There are, however, various doubts about the realization of these potentials and the continued quality of wood available.10. There remain many opportunities for partnerships and incentives to weave waterfowl conservation into private and public land management.11. There are 700 kinds of eucalyptus in Australia.

12. There have been attempts to make this process more systematic.5. Read and translate the text.

Siberia’s fauna is amazingly richThere are many species of fauna in the vast expanses of tundra, taiga and water-meadows, the numerous rivers and lakes. Scientists have registered 74 species of mammals on the territory of the region, more than 320 species of birds, and 4 species of reptiles, 5 species of amphibian and over 40 species of fish. In the tundra there are reindeer, polar fox, lemming and many species of birds. On the islands and mainland one finds the polar bear and skua, and in the coastal waters, the Bay of Ob and other bays the sea hare, the ringed seal and the white whale. Further south in the tundra the wolf and the wolverine are common.The animal world of the taiga is even richer: the squirrel, white hare, chipmunk and letyaga, as well as the brown bear, fox, marten, sable, lynx, weasel, Siberian polecat, badger, wolf and wolverine. The pride of the taiga is the moose. The mole and musk-rat are widespread and there are many colonies of the water rat and beaver. The zone is also being energetically settled with imported American mink.The taiga is full of birds. Here you will find the wood-grouse, hazel-grouse, black grouse, nutcracker, kuksha, osprey, great grey owl and in the marshes one can find the willow grouse, crane, great snipe and jack snipe. The old beds of rivers and lakes are densely populated with ducks, snipe and gulls.The forest-steppe is the home of the stoat and fox, the mountain hare and Siberian polecat, the steppe polecat, the badger, the musk-rat, the black grouse, the quail, the hazel-grouse and various species of waterfowl. The wild goat and moose are also found here, and also their constant companion – the wolf.Many of the animals in Tyumen Region are hunted for commercial purposes. There is also a great deal of commercial fishing here. There is worldwide demand for the Siberian sturgeon, sterlet, white salmon, Siberian white fish. Ide, dace, roach, pike, perch and crucian are popular on the local market.The development of the Western Siberian oil and gas complex has unfortunately led to some major anomalies in the ecology of the area. For this reason serious measures to protect wild animals and their habitats are being drawn up and implemented. Special attention is being paid to the reproduction of the animal world.With the help of temporary reservations the number of the sable and river beaver has been restored. Many


other animals such as the moose, the wild goat, the marten and the grey goose, are also being restored.Nature conservancy is becoming particularly relevant today. Preserves and reservations are particularly important for conserving and restoring rare and disappearing species of fauna which are included in the Red Book of the International Union for Nature Conservancy and the Russian Federation.The preservation of the fauna in Tyumen Region and the utilization of its resources for economic, scientific, cultural and educational purposes is a pressing task and it is our duty to fulfil it.

Practical lessons7Unit 4 “Mammals”1.Topic “Mammals” Aims of the lesson:Speaking:- to introduce the theme of the unit: mammalsListening:- to introduce studentsto three-option multiple-choice questions based on short texts- to develop the skills needed to answer this type of questionWriting:- to revise the words and word combinations concerning to the themeMethodological recommendations: 1. Use methodical teaching aid to get information not only about meaning, but also about the connotation of a word, grammatical constraints and examples of possible contexts.2.A rich active and passive vocabulary is vital, that’s why disscuss new vocabulary in a class, be aware of not only meaning of words but also connotation and register. 3. While doing exercises revise and review grammar that you have studied before.Literature: Rogatcheva L.PH. Teaching aid in developing habits of oral speech

Exercises (Pre-reading tasks)1. Translate the sentences.

Обратите внимание на перевод следующих слов:either – любойeither … or – или (либо …либо) Эти слова имеют и отрицательную форму:neither – 1) ни один (из) + не (к сказуемому) 2) а также + не (к сказуемому)neither … nor – ни …ни Например:Either technique could be used. – Можнобылоиспользоватьлюбойметод. The system can be considered either true or false. Эту систему можно считать или верной, или ошибочной.Neitherofthepossiblewaysissimple. – Ни один из возможных способов не является простым.Neithercouldwewriteagoodprogram. - А также мы не смогли написать хорошую программу.It was neither a study of the equilibrium nor of the kinetics of the reaction. – Этонебылоисследованиемниравновесия, никинетикиреакции.

1. He has neither the time nor the will to do it.2. These countries obtained foreign currencies either by means of exports or by means of national production.


3. My preliminary ideas, however, have not yet reached either a general solution, or a practical application.4. This list is neither exhaustive nor free from overlapping, nor do all the objectives have the same status.5. Neither was that economic policy temporary.6. These functions can be measured from either or both of two kinds of data.2. Read and translate the text.

MammalsMammals have several distinct characteristics that distinguish them from other animals. Like other

vertebrates, they have a flexible backbone or vertebral column, which supports their body and protects the extensive nerve system of the spinal cord. All mammals have hair, which serves as an insulator to retain body heat and ward off cold.

Most Oklahoma mammals are completely fur-covered, though others display only sparse patches of hair. Mammals are warmblooded (homeothermic - body regulates its internal temperature) and have a four-chambered heart that circulates but completely separates oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.

Since mammals can maintain a constant body temperature independent of surrounding temperatures, they can endure most environmental conditions and are found in a wide range of habitats.

Another primary characteristic is that mammals bear their young alive and nourish developing offspring with milk produced from mammary glands, from which the class Mammalia receives its name.

In proportion to body size, mammals have large brains surrounded by a prominent braincase.In contrast, mammals differ in many ways, too. They use a variety of forms of locomotion: they

can fly, glide, swim, run, leap, climb and burrow. They can either be predator or prey and may feed on meat (carnivores), plants (herbivores), or both (omnivores).

Mammals prefer different habitats, too. Some species are underground dwellers, whereas others choose to live on land, in water or trees. Some species are so versatile they can use any habitat from the arid, sparsely vegetated land in western Oklahoma to the more humid, forested regions of the southeast.

Mammals developed from reptilian ancestors 200 million years ago. The adaptations that made these animals successful have been refined by natural selection as vegetation and climate have changed in response to major geologic changes.

Mammals and humans share an important relationship - since we're mammals, too. Man relies on wild and domestic animals for food, fur, leather, bone, oil, perfume, fertilizers, chemicals and medicine. And hunting and trapping game and furbearing mammals provide many recreational opportunities and substantial revenue, particularly in rural areas. Watching and photographing mammals provides many hours of enjoyment for other outdoor enthusiasts.

Except for members of the squirrel family, most mammals tend to be nocturnal and secretive. The diversity of mammals, due to Oklahoma's variable climate, vegetation and habitat types, and geography, may surprise you.

Practical lessons 8Unit 5 “Wildlife management”1.Topic “wildlife management ”Aims of the lesson:Speaking:- to introduce the theme of the unit: wildlife managementListening:- to develop the skills needed for the exam task of three-way choice- to provide information for students to use in the Speaking activity in the next sectionWriting:- to introduce the style and features of a proposal


- to focus students on the organization of ideas in a proposal- to focus on appropriate vocabulary and registerMethodological recommendations: 1. Use methodical teaching aid to get information not only about meaning, but also about the connotation of a word, grammatical constraints and examples of possible contexts.2.A rich active and passive vocabulary is vital, that’s why disscuss new vocabulary in a class, be aware of not only meaning of words but also connotation and register. 3. While doing exercises revise and review grammar that you have studied before.Literature: Rogatcheva L.PH. Teaching aid in developing habits of oral speech

Exercises (Pre-reading tasks)1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words from the text:Concern, depletion, recognized, current, health, discovered, improved, Wyoming, reptile, amphibian, mollusk, crustacean, valued, survive, sustaining, diverse, durable, neotropical, accumulated, ultimately, insure2. Read and guess the meaning of the following words:decade, global, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks, ecosystem, evolution, intervention, population, elements, neotropical, migrant, cycle, temperature, indicator, condition, problem3. Define the parts of speech:management, depletion, recognized, responsible, global, extinction, dramatically, recreation, protection, healthy, maintenance, community, stable, harmful, southern, indicator, destiny, responsibility, living, condition, rarest, decision, merchantable4. Read and translate the sentences. Define functions of the Infinitive.1. Clear-cuts are used to remove all merchantable timber from a stand.2. After the trees to be cut are selected and identified, it is necessary to determine the volume that will be harvested.3. Trees that are too small or large to be efficiently processed into salable products will receive lower prices than trees of optimal processing size.4. To receive the highest possible prices, the forest landowner must do more than merely sell their timber.5. It is possible to determine how long ago a particular rachis was produced by counting whorls back to the location of the rachis.6. To get to know the birds of one’s home state well is a particularly attractive goal.7. Of all the brush species in Oklahoma, eastern redcedar is the easiest to control.8. A territorial animal uses agonistic behavior to defend a site or area against certain other individuals.9. Thinnings are used to open up the stand to allow optimal growth of remaining trees, or for enhancement of wildlife habitat.10. The trees to be removed should be marked individually at breast height (4,5 feet) and on the stump.11. It is critical to keep the roots of all plants damp or moist until the moment of planting.5. Translate the sentences paying attention to the word “result”.1. The change in velocity resulted from the force acting from outside.2. Their experiments resulted in the discovery of argon.3. The change in velocity resulted from the force acting from outside.4. Their experiments resulted in the discovery of argon.5. If we plot these parameters a straight line results.6. The application of the method results in the following formula.7. It results from higher income per head (capita).8. One should see what will result from one´ s actions.9. These have resulted in substantial increase in production rate.10. Explain what profit will result.


11. Oak tree removal resulted in a rapid and relatively large decrease in soil quality and fertility.6. Read and translate the text.

Wildlife managementOver six decades ago, wildlife management was borne out of a concern for animals and their

habitats, the depletion of game species, and a recognized need for responsible management of human activities. Many current concerns about global wildlife and environmental health were discovered because of efforts to save species from extinction. As our understanding of the relationships between the earth, wildlife, and humans has increased, the management of wildlife and wild lands has improved dramatically.

Wyoming has more than 600 species of birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks, and crustaceans. Much of the evolution in management and habitat protection resulted from experiences with rare, threatened, and endangered wildlife.

The Wyoming Game and Fish Department is assisting in the preservation of valued wildlife in the state and nation by protecting and managing habitats. When the environment of an animal is healthy, it allows that animal to survive on its own. Maintenance of habitats allows each community to exist as a self-sustaining system with little, if any, human intervention.

We should be concerned with healthy ecosystem because the decreases in some animal or plant populations indicate harmful elements in our environment, elements which also affect humans. The more stable and diverse an ecosystem is, the more durable its wildlife populations will be.

As an example, there has been a decline of many neotropical migrant birds that rely on nesting habitat across North America. Fifty-four percent or 133 of the 246 avian species that nest in Wyoming migrate south and rely on rain forests and other southern latitude habitats. Declines in some of these species have been caused, in part, by changes along migratory routes and breeding habitat here in Wyoming and elsewhere. Another cause of these declines has been the loss of winter habitat in the shrinking rain forests of Central and South America.

Tropical rain forests not only affect Wyoming bird life, but they are important because they provide oxygen, contribute to the water cycle, and maintain the most diverse systems on earth. Rain forests may also influence global temperatures. The loss of neotropical migrants is an indicator of the plight of the rain forest.

Our accumulated knowledge has taught us that all living things on earth are interconnected. Humans need food, shelter, and water as much as any other living thing. Man is the only species which can alter the habitat and ultimately affect the destiny of all life.

We have a great need to maintain a healthy, diverse world, not only for wildlife, but for ourselves. This means maintaining a wild home for all of our existing wildlife and improving or increasing habitat for our rarest wildlife populations. It means solving environmental problems that exist today and making responsible decisions for preserving future environmental quality.

Practical lessons 9Unit 6 “The relations between wildlife and habitat”1.Topic “the relations between wildlife and habitatAims of the lesson:Speaking:- to introduce the theme of the unit: the relations between wildlife and habitat- to help students identify key approaches to talking about pictures- to recycle some of the ideas and language already introduced in the unit- to provide practice in presenting ideas in a clear and ordered wayWriting:


- to show students the format of areport and how to prepare an outline- to focus on selecting ideas and organizing them into the planned outline, using headings- to focus on the style of reportsMethodological recommendations: 1. Use methodical teaching aid to get information not only about meaning, but also about the connotation of a word, grammatical constraints and examples of possible contexts.2.A rich active and passive vocabulary is vital, that’s why disscuss new vocabulary in a class, be aware of not only meaning of words but also connotation and register. 3. While doing exercises revise and review grammar that you have studied before.Literature: Rogatcheva L.PH. Teaching aid in developing habits of oral speech

Exercises (Pre-reading tasks)1. Practice the pronunciation of the words from the text:landowner, improve, knowledge, scattered, arrangement, quality, determine, throughout, sufficient, available, appropriate, undernourished, susceptible, parasites, adverse, nutrition, requirement, although, variety, burrow, refuge, herbivore, carnivore, behavioral2. Read and guess the meaning of the following words:plan, component, plus, parasite, reproduction, season, diet, physiological, adequate, biologist, manipulate, factor, distance, territory, type, population, control, block, mosaics, individual, selective3. Translate the sentences.Обратите внимание на различие значений двух слов: effect и affect:aneffect – 1) эффект; следствие 2) влияние наtoeffect – осуществлять, приводить к, вызыватьan effect – аффект (психол.)to affect – влиятьнаtobeaffected – изменяться (обычно стоит в конце предложения)Например:Thereisnoeffectwithoutacase. – Нет следствия без причины.Thiseffectscleavageoffibers. – Это приводит к расщеплению волокон.This is effected by heating. – Этоосуществляетсянагреванием.The change affects the whole process. – Этоизменениевлияетнавесьпроцесс.This is affected by heating. – Наэто (явление) влияетнагревание.The rate of the reaction was not affected. – Скоростьреакциинеизменилась.

1. The event would negatively affect consumption.2. The problems require effective planning.3. Government policies may affect economic growth, both favourably andunfavourably.4. The restrictive effects on trade should be kept in mind.5. The other factors are unaffected.6. This affects both the level of saving, and the attractiveness of agricultural investment.7. Chapter 5 considers the factors affecting prices.8. These effects are accounted for in a simple way.9. The reconstruction was effected immediately.4. Translate the sentences paying attention to the possessive case.1. Animal food may comprise up to sixty percent of a bear’s annual diet.2. Thirteen species of wild ungulates, including deer, elk, wild sheep, and bison, embody Americans’ love for the North American wilds.3. Today’s trees have regenerated from the lower quality trees of the past.


4. An animal’s habitat (environment) includes all living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) characteristics of the area in which the animal lives.5. The world’s oceans act as a reservoir with the capacity to absorb and retain carbon dioxide.6. Millions of visitors annually are attracted to Virginia’s historical sites.7. The park’s animal life includes mule deer, various squirrels, chipmunks, and black bears.8. With the development of civilization man’s interference in nature began to increase. 5. Read and translate the text.

The relations between wildlife and habitatMany landowners enjoy wildlife and wish to improve their land to attract more wildlife. But before

that can be done, the concept of habitat must be understood. Habitat is where wildlife lives. For example, bobwhites live on farmland; fox, squirrels occupy hardwood forests; and eastern bluebirds prefer open country with scattered trees and shrubs.

Habitat consists of five components: food, water, cover, space, and arrangement. The quality of food, water, and cover, plus their arrangement determine a habitat’s value throughout the year. When sufficient food, water, and cover are available at the appropriate time and in the appropriate place, wildlife will prosper.

All animals must eat for health and survival. Undernourished animals are weak and more susceptible to disease, parasites, predators, and adverse weather. Poor nutrition also adversely affects reproduction.

Water is a physiological requirement of all animals. Most wild animals consume some water daily, although some species may obtain all the water required from their food. Ponds, rivers, springs, seeps, and even morning dew provide adequate water during most of the year.

Cover provides living space and shelter – places to feed, loaf, play, nest, sleep, raise young, and escape predators and inclement weather. In wildlife management, biologists usually manipulate vegetation as a means of improving wildlife cover and providing food. Cover also includes burrows in the soil, rock piles, fallen logs, tree cavities, caves, and large rocks – any place an animal can find refuge.

In the course of a year, animals move about to satisfy their habitat requirements. The area an animal covers in a year is called its home range. Home ranges vary in size. Home range size depends on several factors. Predators have larger home ranges than similar-sized herbivores (plant eaters) because carnivores (meat eaters) must travel greater distances to obtain their food. Habitat quality also affects home range size. If water is scarce, for example, many animals will travel great distances to quench their thirst.

Within their home ranges, some animals also actively defend a territory for at least part of the year. Territoriality is usually most pronounced during the breeding season. Territoriality is a behavioral type of population control.

Habitat quality is influenced not only by the presence of the first four components of habitat, but also by their arrangement in space. Many small patches of food, water, and cover scattered over a large area (space) will support more wildlife than a few large blocks of these components.

Practical lessons 10Unit 7 “Reforestation”1. Topic “ReforestationAims of the lesson:Speaking:- to introduce the theme of the unit: reforestation- to provide key vocabulary and ideas for discussing the topicListening:


- to develop the skills needed to complete multiple-choice questions- to extend students’ knowledge of verb+noun collocationsReading:- to develop students’ understanding of what multiple-choice questions might test in a short textWriting:- to introduce students to the discursive essay, presenting a balanced argument- to show students how to plan and organize a clear and logical argumentMethodological recommendations: 1. Use methodical teaching aid to get information not only about meaning, but also about the connotation of a word, grammatical constraints and examples of possible contexts.2.A rich active and passive vocabulary is vital, that’s why disscuss new vocabulary in a class, be aware of not only meaning of words but also connotation and register. 3. While doing exercises revise and review grammar that you have studied before.Literature: Rogatcheva L.PH. Teaching aid in developing habits of oral speech

Exercises (Pre-reading tasks)1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:destructive; sustainable; quite; naturally; resilient; urban; sprawl; permanently; environmental; include; especially; desertification; debatable; biodiversity; multiple; suppression; prescribed; variety; accidentally; arrangement; wherever; circumstances; interchangeably 2. Read and guess the meaning of the following words:process, products, original, industry, zones natural, permanently, practices, tropical, factors, critical, resources, population, business, effectively, mechanical, special, debatable, monoculture, result, regeneration, pulp, systematically, nation, massive3. Read and translate the following derivatives paying attention to the suffixes and prefixes:nature – natural - naturally – naturalist; industry –industrial – industrialization ; practice – practical –impractically; similar–similarity - similarly – dissimilar; arrange – arrangement; manage - manager – management; exist – existence – existent; maintain – maintenance; occur – occurrence; establish – establishment – reestablish; require – requirement; reduce – reduction; quality – qualitative; assist – assistant – assistance; environment – environmental; hospitable – inhospitable; grow – growth; critic – critical – uncritical; include – exclude; remove – removal; possible – possibility – impossible; penetrate – penetration; care – careful – careless; protect – protection – protective; place- replace; prevent – prevention – preventive; agriculture – agricultural; involve – involvement; differ – different – difference – indifference; frequently – infrequently; multiple – multiplication; suppress – suppression; accident – accidental – accidence; product – production – productive – productivity – nonproductive; change – changeable – interchangeable4. Translate the sentences paying attention to the word “due”.

Некоторые способы перевода слова due:due– должный, нужный, подходящий, обязанныйdueto – 1) благодаря (благоприятное заявление, ситуация), из-за (неблагоприятное

явление, ситуация), вследствие (нейтральное явление, ситуация) 2) разработанный, составленный, представленный, предложенный, если

duetoиспользуется перед одушевленным существительным

Запомните словосочетание:tobedueto – происходить благодаря (из-за, вследствие), обуславливаться

Например:Theypaiddueattentiontotheproblem – Они уделили должное внимание данной


проблеме.The experiment was stopped due to the lack of reagents – Экспериментбылостановлениз-

занедостаткареагентов.TheschemeduetoPr. A. isofgreatinterest – Схема, разработанная профессором А.,

представляет огромный интерес.This was due to the raise of temperature –

Этопроизошловследствиеповышениятемпературы.

1. They paid due attention to the problem.2. Oaks create islands of enhanced fertility beneath their canopy due to nutrient cycling processes.3. Trees that are unmerchantable due to size, quality, or species remain.4. Distance to markets will affect offered price due to the expenses associated with hauling logs from the stump to the processing facility.5. This was due to the raise of temperature.6. This poor development was due to the very low rainfall and to several periods of winds.7. Animals and plants living in this zone must be able to retain moisture, tolerate salinity changes due to evaporation and rain, and survive extremes in temperature.8. Due to unfavourable environmental conditions the natural vegetation is open, ranging from woodlots to scattered isolated trees and bushes.9. They treated the problem with due attention.10. The disagreement was due to misunderstanding.5. Translate the following emphatic constructions. 1. It is in these countries that many thousands of acres of ex-cattle pasture are being planted with precious tropical lumber species.2. It was in the park where I met his sister.3. It was in April that the equipment was to be delivered.4. It is ship owners who are responsible for the damage to the goods.5. It is with the help of the radio that we receive most of the information from the satellites.6. It was last night that they discussed the plan of their work.6. Translate the sentences.1. He strongly objected to including these data into the report.2. One may ask whether these experiments exclude this possibility.3. We cannot conclude from this that consumption per head is their objective.4. We include a chapter which has little relation to the main theme of the book.5. We conclude this section by stating the task.6. This was precluded by changing the requirements.7. The precipitate occluded the flow of liquid.8. This life range normally includes a core area which changes little from year to year.9. Juniper produces chemicals which exclude other plants from the understory. 10. Riparian areas include wetlands, streamside and shoreline.7. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the if-clauses.1. If ice were heavier than water, it would fall to the bottom of ponds and of the sea.2. If tree seedlings are planted in areas that are to be grazed, it may be necessary to exclude livestock until the seedlings become established.3. It would be more convenient if a special machine were available. 4. If they need the equipment urgently, we shall transport it by plane.5. If the mechanic were there, he would repair the equipment.6. If better trees are selected for sale and the remaining trees are of inferior quality or undesirable species,


forest health and future productivity will decline.7. If animals are in good shape when they come to the winter range, they will likely survive all but the most severe winters.8. If the animals are unable to put on fat reserves during the late summer and fall, they won´t make it through the winter, even on good winter range.9. You will achieve better results if you apply this method. 8. Read and translate the text.

ReforestationReforestation is the process of restoring tree cover to areas where woodlands or forest once existed but was removed by logging for wood products; if this area never returns to its original state of a forest this destructive process is called deforestation. In order to maintain a sustainable forest industry reforestation is necessary. Reforestation occurs in many ways. In many temperate zones such as the eastern United States, reforestation occurs quite naturally as the native hardwood forests are so resilient that, given any opportunity, they quickly re-establish themselves. However urban sprawl and agriculture required permanently deforested lands which are leading to forest reduction in the area. From poor logging practices and/or if the soil quality is too poor and erosion prone for natural regeneration artificial reforestation is required. In various arid, tropical, or sensitive areas, forests cannot re-establish themselves without assistance due to a variety of environmental factors. One of these factors is that, once forest cover is destroyed in arid zones, the land quickly dries out and becomes inhospitable to new tree growth. Other critical factors include overgrazing by livestock, especially animals such as goats, and over-harvesting of forest resources by native populations or outside businesses. Together these may lead to desertification and the loss of topsoil; without soil, forests cannot grow until the very long process of soil creation has been completed - if erosion allows this. In some tropical areas, the removal of forest cover may result in duricrust or duripan that effectively seal off the soil to water penetration and root growth. In many areas, reforestation is impossible above all because the land is in use by people. In these areas, reforestation requires the planting of tree seedlings, treeplanting. In other areas, mechanical breaking up of duripans or duricrusts is necessary, careful and continued watering may be essential, and special protection, such as fencing, may be required. One debatable issue in artificial reforestation is whether or not the succeeding forest will have the same biodiversity as the original forest. If the forest is replaced with only one species of tree and all other vegetation is prevented from growing back, a monoculture forest similar to agricultural crops would be the result. However, most reforestation involves the planting of different seed lots of seedlings taken from the area. More frequently multiple species are planted as well. Another important factor is the natural regeneration of a wide variety of plant and animal species that can occur on a clear cut.

Reforestation need not be only used for recovery of accidentally destroyed forests. In some countries, such as Finland, the forests are managed by the wood product and pulp and paper industry. In such an arrangement, like other crops, trees are replanted wherever they are cut. In such circumstances, the cutting of trees can be carefully done to allow easier reforestation. In Canada, the wood product and pulp and paper industry systematically replaces many of the trees it cuts, employing large numbers of summer workers for treeplanting work. The sustainable management of forest resources is called forestry. Reforestation in a strict sense means re-creating natural forests, as opposed to tree farming, which is the practice of planting and managing trees for later harvesting and use. However, in tropical American nations such as Costa Rica and Panama, the terms "reforestation" and "tree farming" tend to be used interchangeably by many people. It is in these countries that many thousands of acres of ex-cattle pasture are being planted with precious tropical lumber species, often with the help of generous local government incentives. Unlike in the US and Canada, where trees are planted on a massive scale mainly for wood pulp and paper, in Costa Rica and Panama, among other nations in Central America, reforestation/tree farming


is mostly being done in order to one day reap the benefits of the use of the lumber.

Practical lessons 11Unit 8“Siberian cedar ”1.Topic “Siberian cedar Speaking:- to introduce the theme of the unit: Siberian cedar- to illustrate and provide practice in vivid use of language for describing actionsListening:- to develop the skills needed to complete multiple-choice questionsReading:- to develop the skills needed to complete a gapped text- to focus on the use of vivid descriptive vocabularyWriting:- to focus on the importance of range and appropriacy of vocabulary and structureMethodological recommendations: 1. Use methodical teaching aid to get information not only about meaning, but also about the connotation of a word, grammatical constraints and examples of possible contexts.2.A rich active and passive vocabulary is vital, that’s why disscuss new vocabulary in a class, be aware of not only meaning of words but also connotation and register. 3. While doing exercises revise and review grammar that you have studied before.Literature: Rogatcheva L.PH. Teaching aid in developing habits of oral speech

Exercises (Pre-reading tasks)1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:majestic, Siberian, planet, Ural, patriarch, giant, height, meter, although, pure, microclimate, moreover, oxygen, ion, phytoncids, microbe, sterile, rare, through, Egyptian, Phoenician, Assyrian, realize, accumulate, diseases, Jerusalem, frequently2. Read and guess the meaning of the following words:planet, material, culture, meter, taiga, microclimate, original, negative, ion, phytoncids, fraction, antimicrobe, medical, standard, sterile, civilization, Egyptian, Greek, energy, function, characteristics, role, history, rouble3. Define to which part of speech these words belong: majestic, spiritual, culture, closely, fraction, activity, permissible, remained, realize, curative, considerable, cities, ruling, connected, centuries, northern, grows slowly, particular, called, original, civilization, groves, buried, medical, frequently, daily4. Translate the sentences into Russian. Study the use of conjunctions.1. Burning is best used in conjunction with either mechanical or chemical control methods.2. In fact, some plants require fire in order to complete their life cycle.3. Both high quality and marginal areas should be mentioned.4. Although they are predominantly forest birds, some species occur in open woodlands and savannas.5. As cool gas enters the hot zone it begins to heat.6. The process has been widely used because it was relatively easy to implement. 7. In the humid tropics, timber harvesting is selective, but tens of millions of hectares have been cut in unnecessarily destructive ways.8. Vines are found in forests from the tropics to the boreal zones of both the northern and southern hemispheres, and in deserts as well as rain forests.9. Of course, there are instances of vines blanketing an area so thoroughly that succession is impeded for


several decades.10. Some, like elm, are stringy tough, and difficult to split while others, like cottonwood, split easily.5. Translate the sentences paying attention to Passive Voice.1. Water is used for growing soil–protecting grasses and forbs.2. Intertidal areas are very fragile; they can be easily damaged and take a long time to recover.3. The Earth is divided into ecosystem types according to characteristic plants, animals, and physical factors.4. Biodiversity is an important resource that is threatened by human activities.5. In cold temperate regions the rings can be counted to give an accurate idea of the age of a tree.6. Bird breaks and tongues are modified for a variety of feeding habits and food sources.7. Oklahoma’s rangeland and forestland are being invaded by eastern redcedar at an alarming rate.8. Fire prescriptions have been developed for various fuel levels, tree sizes, and tree densities. 9. Wood is much experimented upon and worked at in research institutes.10. The following parameters should be monitored and controlled.11. The problem was not dealt with.12. The importance of this phenomenon was underestimated.13. This requirement must be met.14. An important contribution was made to the study of this phenomenon.15. In their discussion no account was taken of the environmental conditions.16. Drying process is effected with pumps.17. The prestige of the forestry profession will be gained, not from what we do with trees, but from our association with and influence on the lives of people. 18. This region has long been noted for its variety of animal species and for its fish.19. In particular, the type, extent and intensity of the erosion present must be considered.20. Deer are ruminants, meaning that their food is processed in a four-chambered stomach on its way through the digestive system.6. Read and translate the text.

Siberian cedar is national pride of RussiaCedar is one of the most beautiful and majestic trees in our planet. The material and spiritual culture of Siberia and Ural has been closely connected to a cedar for many centuries. Cedar still remains a tsar of taiga, a miracle tree, the patriarch of northern woods. The Siberian giant can reach the height of 40 meters, although it grows quite slowly and can live for about 800 years only among pure nature.Cedar represents a particular taiga world which has its own microclimate both in summer and in winter. Moreover cedar can be called an original factory which produces oxygen rich in negative ions and phytoncids. Phytoncids are special volatile fractions which possess antimicrobial activity. The air in the cedar forest contains 200-300 microbe cells in comparison with operating-room where 500-1000 nonpathogenesis microbes are permissible by medical standards. So the air in the cedar forest can be called particularly sterile. The Siberian cedar is close to a cedar of Lebanon. This tree is very rare because only several cedar groves remained all over our planet. Cedar tree has been respected by many civilizations through over centuries. Ancient Egyptians buried Pharaohs in cedar sarcophagus; Phoenicians built galleys, cedar was also in demand by Assyrians, ancient Romans, Greeks and other peoples.Those who possess the knowledge of origins assert that cedar has been created by God as a store of space energy. Even a small piece of cedar, which has reached the certain age, “contains more energy than all power-plants created by humans”. Such trees as cedar realize very special function on Earth – they are like condensers which accumulate space energy on our planet.Cedar is a curative tree. Inhabitants of Siberia, Ural and European North knew about healing characteristics of cedar since the beginning of time and used it as a cure of many diseases. People


appreciated and preserved the tree, because everything in it from needles to the bark possesses highly effective medical properties.Cedar also played a very considerable role in the history of many countries. Thus, in the XVIII century Russian Sovereign Peter I used cedar tree in shipbuilding, while the price of one cedar tree was 1 ruble in comparison with the price of a pine tree 0,06 – 0,07 rubles. King Solomon had even constructed a fleet made of cedar and during his ruling a well-known Jerusalem temple was also raised. In order to deliver Lebanon cedar trees for this temple Solomon had given 20 cities of his empire to the tsar Heron. The temple was built in 9 years. Further tsar Solomon frequently used in his daily life many things made of cedar.

Practical lessons 12Unit 9 “Wood supplies in the future”1.Topic “Wood supplies in the future Aims of the lesson:Speaking:- to lead in to the reading text in the next section, which is about world’s forests- to allow students to discuss the topic of wood supplies in the futureListening:- to develop the skills needed to complete multiple-choice questionsReading:- to give practice in answering multiple-choice questions on a literary textWriting:- to help students identify and correct errors with organization and discourse- to show students how to write an article which also involves a narrative elementMethodological recommendations: 1. Use methodical teaching aid to get information not only about meaning, but also about the connotation of a word, grammatical constraints and examples of possible contexts.2.A rich active and passive vocabulary is vital, that’s why disscuss new vocabulary in a class, be aware of not only meaning of words but also connotation and register. 3. While doing exercises revise and review grammar that you have studied before.Literature: Rogatcheva L.PH. Teaching aid in developing habits of oral speech

Exercises (Pre- reading tasks)1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:gradually, century, adjacent, virtually, cycle, irreversible, erosion, microorganism, robust, advantage, aerial, disturbance, destruction, nutrient, biological, diverse, nevertheless, Eucalyptus2. Read and guess the meaning of the following words:product, proportion, tropical, method, type, cycle, erosion, population, microorganisms, resource, cubic, operations, natural, companies, dominant, alternatives, region, monocultures, plantations, intervals, potential3. Translate the following words. Guess the meaning of the prefixes:disappear, irreversible, reforestation, impossible, unnatural, unused, reseeding, unnecessary, recycle, disability, unexpected, predominant, undesirable, international, mislead, insignificant, independence, reconstruction4. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions.1. The need … wood and wood products is expected to rise gradually.2. Deforestation is not restricted … tropical forests.3. The most common method … logging was clearcutting.


4. Clearcutting sets … motion a cycle … irreversible soil erosion.5. The seedlings … the desirable species receive increased sunlight and begin to grow.6. The young trees … the same species can take advantage … the second new burst of sunlight. 7. Tree farms often consist …fast-growing trees.5. Translate the following sentences.1. In terms of the players the games can be 2-person or N-person.2. The model assumed is described in terms of a cylindrical coordinate system.3. In terms of those functions the equation can be written as follows.4. It is very well to consider the system in terms of its output.5. It is natural to think solely in terms of descriptive theories of the universe.6. Europe has changed greatly in terms of climate and environment in the past 20 million years.7. The measurement of costs of reproduction in plants is difficult and few field studies have measured these in terms of fitness or its demographic components.6.Translate the sentences.1. The truth does not come at once.2. Once the two players choose particular strategies, the play is completely determined.3. The text will be read once. 4. Once the main acorn crop starts to fall, however, seeds should be collected as soon as possible.5. Once safety and prescription guidelines are formalized, firebreak preparation can begin.6. Once the species, grade and product class information is developed, the value of the sale can be determined.7. Once common, giant pandas are now extremely rare, with perhaps as few as 1,000 surviving in the wild.8. Once a value has been placed on the timber to be sold, the appropriate sale method must be determined.9. Once these estimates had been established the median value might then be estimated.7.Translate the sentences paying attention to the degrees ofcomparison.1. Deer require less cover and have a larger home range than quail.2. The United States uses more paper and paper products than any other nation in the world.3. One of the most interesting characteristics of the ringtail is its ability to rotate its ankle 180 degrees.4. Some species of wood start easier than others and, when burned, give off more smoke or more sparks than others.5. In general, hardwoods burn longer and less vigorously when compared to softwoods.6. Bigger, stronger, tougher and better insulated, elk can stay health through much more severe conditions than deer.7. The forest ecosystem as a whole is more than its component parts and has aesthetic, emotional and recreational values.8. The deeper snow cover in mountains the less number of survey routes with tiger tracks are here. 9. In general, softwoods are easier to ignite because they are resinous.10. Tree vigor is the most important thing in healing if the cuts are made properly.11. These tests have no further impact on the behavior of a program.12. These are the worst conditions for evolution.13. The nearer the Earth, the denser the atmosphere.14. These operations are performed not as easily as the others.15. The stronger the winds, the harder the conditions of work.16. Cellulose is the most abundant of all naturally occurring organic substances.17. Tolerant species will likely have deeper more vigorous crowns than intolerant species in the same canopy position.8. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Complex Subject.


1. Inherent fecundity of individual trees seems to be the dominant factor in cone production.2. Over the next twenty years, global demand for wood is expected to increase over 50 per cent, and to double for some wood fibers.3. This process was not expected to be effective.4. This does not seem to be the normal case.5. Everything in nature appears to be interrelated.6. Plants grown at nitrogen concentrations that were optimum under normal moisture conditions proved to be the most drought resistant. 7. This problem is not considered to be a major one.8. These two methods turned out to be incompatible in effectiveness.9. No natural resources on our planet are likely to have so many uses as water.10. Although there is little evidence of poaching activity in the park over the past few months, poaching is known to be widespread. 11. Habituation is believed to be controlled through the central nervous system, and should be distinguished from sensory adaptation. 12. If there is not sufficient clearance, the tree is likely to lodge in a standing tree.13. The pines and cedars are considered to be tolerant or resistant.9. Read and translate the text.

Wood Supplies in the FutureThere is growing concern about the ability of the earth's forests to meet the projected demands for

wood and wood pulp that will come as populations increase. The need for wood and wood products is expected to rise gradually but steadily as countries such as China and India begin to use wood products in proportions similar to those of more developed countries. Half the original land covered by tropical forests has already disappeared, and it is expected that all the remaining harvestable forests will be logged to some extent by the end of the century. Deforestation is not restricted to tropical forests, however. In the Pacific Northwest of the United States and the adjacent areas of Canada forests are logged at the rate of 404 km2 per year. Large-scale deforestation has the potential for damage beyond the loss of natural forests. The most common method of logging used in the past was clearcutting, or the removal of virtually all the trees in a given area. Clearcutting sets in motion a cycle of irreversible soil erosion and local population extinctions of other plants and animals. One devastating consequence is the loss of the fungi associated with the roots of most woody plants. These fungi serve as a conduit for soil nutrients into the roots. Once an area has been clearcut and erosion begins, many of these microorganisms die, making reforestation difficult or even impossible.

Now many American companies are trying to practice various methods of forest management. Among these methods are a number of practices designed to lessen the effects of deforestation. One such technique is "even-aged" cutting, which tries to ensure that a stand will regenerate into a forest similar to that which was logged in terms of the dominant species. The first step is to cut the larger understory layer of trees shorter than the desirable canopy. If these large understory trees are cut, the seedlings of the desirable species receive increased sunlight and begin to grow. Once they reach a robust size, the canopy species can be cut. The young trees of the same species can then take advantage of the second new burst of sunlight and again become the dominant species. Another method is selective cutting of single large trees in an area. This is supposed to minimize the time and aerial extent of disturbance. Both kinds of logging, however, cause damage. The destruction of vegetation by the logging operations is itself significant.

Many scientists, economists, and conservationists are concerned that forests are not regenerating as fast as they are being destroyed and that current logging practices lead to soil and nutrient loss and often to an unnatural dominance of one or two species of trees. Alternatives to logging virgin forests include the planting of tree farms and the successive reuse of areas that were logged in the past and now consist of


secondary forest, a kind of forest that has regenerated in a region where the primary forest was cut. Tree farms are not a biological substitute for diverse natural forests since they are monocultures and often consist of species not native to the region in which they are planted. Nevertheless, their establishment is one way to lessen people's dependence on the few virgin temperate and tropical forests that remain. Tree farms or plantations often consist of fast-growing trees, such as pines or species of Eucalyptus which can be harvested in shorter intervals than natural forests.

A final measure to help decrease the logging of forests would be to reduce the demand. Such reductions could come from recycling efforts, increasing the efficiency of milling operations, and eliminating the wasteful use of wood in many industries, especially construction.

Practical lessons 13Unit 10 “World’s forests”1.Topic “World’s forestsAims of the lesson:Speaking:- to introduce the theme of the unit: world’s forestsListening:- to provide practice in the exam task of sentence completionReading:- to develop students’ understanding of what multiple-choice questions might test in a short textWriting:- to provide practice in sentence combiningMethodological recommendations: 1. Use methodical teaching aid to get information not only about meaning, but also about the connotation of a word, grammatical constraints and examples of possible contexts.2.A rich active and passive vocabulary is vital, that’s why disscuss new vocabulary in a class, be aware of not only meaning of words but also connotation and register. 3. While doing exercises revise and review grammar that you have studied before.Literature: Rogatcheva L.PH. Teaching aid in developing habits of oral speech

Exercises (Pre-reading tasks)1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:passionate, debate, civilization, surface, diversity, determined, varied, occupy, equator, commercially, boreal, Alaska, Newfoundland, Scandinavia, conifers, contributed, industrialized2. Read and guess the meaning of the following words:evolution, civilization, center, history, debates, billion, hectare, type, geography, climate, tropical, equator, distance, characteristic, economically, ecologically, savanna, region, season, zone, cultivation, temperature, factor, role, global, economy, pulp, commercial, boreal3. Read and translate the text.

World’s forestsThe evolution of civilization is intertwined with forests; at the center of our history lies the story of

their use. Our ancestors believed that gods inhabit the forests, living in the trees. Remnants of these beliefs underlie the strong feelings many people still have about forests and provoke intensely passionate debates over the way they are used.

Today, forests cover about one-third of the earth's surface. There is enormous diversity in the world's forests. There are broad types of forests, however, each type determined by the varied influences of geography and climate. Tropical forests occupy a broad area along the Equator, in Central and South


America, Africa and Southeast Asia. Variations in these forests are caused by the amount of rainfall, which declines as the distance from the Equator increases. Tropical rain forests run along the Equator. Their most notable characteristic is the widediversity of species they contain. The Amazon forest, for instance, hosts about 6,000 tree species. Relatively few of them are commercially valuable, and harvesting timber in these forests is both economically and ecologically challenging.

As the distance from the Equator increases, and rainfall declines, the tropical seasonal forests merge into dry savanna forests. Most forests of this type are found in Africa.

In the Northern Hemisphere, at the greatest distance from the Equator, lie the boreal coniferous forests. They occupy two areas: a broad band across North America, from Alaska to Newfoundland; and across northern Europe and Asia, from Scandinavia to the Siberian Pacific. In this region there is a short, intense growing season, offset by long cold winters during which tree growth ceases. There are relatively few tree species, almost all coniferous, and large areas of land are covered with a single species, in part due to the frequency of intense fires which sweep through these forests. Various types of pines and spruces dominate in the boreal forest; birch and aspen are the major deciduous species.

The broad, mid-latitudinal area lying between the tropical and boreal zones contains a variety of different forest types. Perhaps the most important are the northern temperate deciduous forests found in the northeastern United States, Western Europe, Korea and China. Compared to the tropics there are few species, the most prominent including the various oaks, maples, ash, beech, birch and elm. Through human history many of these species have been widely used, and their cultivation has, in many cases, become highly developed. Conifers also grow in these forests, but to a lesser degree.

Because of mild temperatures in the Temperate Zone, decomposition of forest litter is almost continuous, and a large portion of the nutrients is stored in the soil. Consequently, these soils are well suited to agriculture and extensive areas have been cleared for growing food crops. This factor has contributed to the concentrated growth of industrialized societies in temperate deciduous forest zones.

Today, there is a new type of forest foundin several parts of the world. Forest plantations are man-made forests which are beginning to play a significant role in global forest economy. At present, a little more than 100 million hectares of plantations exist worldwide. About forty percent of them produce fuelwood, with most of the remainder grown for pulp, wood and, to a lesser extent, lumber. With few exceptions, plantations are grown for commercial use and supply an increasing share of global timber production.

3 STUDENTS’ INDEPENDENT WORK5.1. Methodological recommendations: On doing exercises make an emphasis on structure, grammatical patterns and collocations2 termUnit 11. GiveEnglishequivalents:простые люди; осознавать экологическую опасность; пагубные (вредные) изменения; до тех пор; пока было достаточно места; нуждаются во все большем количестве пищи; вырубка лесов; отходы атомной промышленности; вредные вещества; кислотные дожди; загрязнение окружающей среды; редкий вид; очистка леса под пашню; эрозия почвы; наводнения; засуха; пустыня; проблема дефицита воды; мусор; свалка; глобальное потепление; парниковый эффект; вызван углекислым газом; препятствовать; таяние льда; подъем уровня моря; дикая природа; привлекать внимание людей; защищать окружающую среду2. Give Russian equivalents:the problems of the environment; a part of environment; enough space; available for each individual; in large amounts; cutting down forests; to plough up grasslands; nuclear waste; the discharge of dust and gases; to affect crops; to cause long-term problems; soil erosion; to take measures; problems facing our


planet; the most pressing problem; flooding of the coastal areas; to carry out campaigns; global environmental pollution; destruction of wildlife; nuclear dustbins; to harm the environment; to protect nature; for the sake of the present3. Supply the prepositions where necessary.1. Common people become aware … ecological problems.2. Ecology is a science that studies the relationship … all forms of life … its environment.3. Pollution affects … everyone every day.4. Pollution … air is a result … many factors.5. World industry pollutes the atmosphere … dust and other harmful substances.6. Acid rains affect … crops, the quality of forests.7. Many large cities are polluted … industrial wastes.8. Some factories and plants discharge harmful substances … the atmosphere.9. The “greenhouse effect” is caused … carbon dioxide.10. Green peace organization carries out numerous campaigns … the global environmental pollution.11. This organization draws the people’s attention … the destruction of wildlife.12. Today about 60000 different species of plants are … danger.13. We must protect our environment … the sake … the future generations.4. Translate the following sentences. State if the underlined words are nouns or verbs.1. Serious measures should be taken against waste of fresh water.2. Don’t waste the time!3. A great damage has been done to agriculture.4. Several houses were damaged by the hurricane.5. Plants are nature resources which man always used and uses now.6. We planted trees and bushes in our new garden.7. The disappearance of forest areas harms the environment.8. If we think of the harm that the Chernobyl nuclear power station explosion has done, it may be considered the greatest disaster of the 20th century.9. There are many forms of pollution in our world today.10. Information about the problems of pollution in many countries formed the basis of the report.5. Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the following list:animals, pollute, environment, waste, pollution, substances, ecological, danger1. We are doing enough to protect … from pollution.2. The huge amounts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides used on these farms … the water.3. People should be more concerned about the continuing … of the environment.4. The Japanese recycle more than half of their industrial ….5. Harmful … are found in many rivers.6. The destruction of the rainforests is an … disaster that threatens the future of life on the Earth.7. About 60000 different species of plants are in … today.8. Today the giant panda is one of the rarest … in the world.6. Match each word with its definition.1. wildlife a) cutting down the trees2. pollution b) trash3. flora c) the killing mixture of water in the air 4. fauna d) poisoning of land, water and air5. atmosphere e) all the plants of a particular place6. ecology f) pollutant gases trapping the heat like glass7. ozone layer g) wild animals, birds, insects, etc. 8. green house effect h) the mixture of gases surrounding the earth


9. clearance i) all the animals of an area 10. acid rain j) surroundings11. waste k) upper layer of the Earth7. Answer the questions on the text. 1. What does ecology study?2. What is environment?3. Why do we call a man a part of environment?4. When did the pollution of the Earth become a problem?5. Does forest clearance cause any problems?6. What forms of environmental pollution do you know?7. What is the most important problem? What do you think about it?8. What is acid rain?9. How does acid rain influence wildlife?10. What are the main reasons and results of air pollution?11. Why is the warming of the climate called “green house” effect? 12. When was Green Peace created and what are the aims of this organization?13. What should we do to protect nature?8. Agree or disagree with the following using the phrases:Iquiteagreewithyou – я вполне согласен с вами

I think so too – думаютакже Idoubtthat – я сомневаюсь, чтоIt’s unlikely that – маловероятно, что You are mistaken – вынеправы1. We are facing some global environmental problems today.2. The greenhouse effect is a dangerous phenomenon.3. I don’t think people should recycle things.4. Special ecological education should be introduced at schools.5. When you go shopping use metal baskets.6. Every civilized person should do without sprays and soap.7. People are getting ecologically wise.8. Green Peace organization hasn’t done anything useful for the life of common people.

Unit 21. Give Russian equivalents:make up a community; foreign environment; to have some ideas about; community interactions; common themes; physical surroundings; stream community; at the same time; alter physical environment; reshape the stream; stream bed; random mixture of species; a unique organization; to be of overriding importance; invertebrate populations; dominant species; nocturnal animals; avoid predators; to be dependent on; keen vision; a temporal; spatial structure; upper layers of forests; forest floor; variety of animals; productivity; levels of predation; community (species) diversity; diverse resources; climatic stability2. GiveEnglishequivalents:в тоже самое время; зависит от снабжения азота; исследовать животных; называются экосистемами; органическое вещество; русло; вместо (взамен); радужная форель; ночные животные; с другой стороны; следовательно; временный; пространственная структура; ярусность; в конце концов; силы природы; разновидность сообщества; климатическая устойчивость (стабильность); лесная подстилка (опад)3. Say whether you agree with the following. While answering use the following phrases:Right you are – Выправы


Just it – ИменнотакI’m of the same opinion – ЯтогожемненияIt’snotquiteso – Это не совсем такFarfromit – Это далеко не такIdon’tthinkso – Я так не думаю1. All populations living in an area make up a community.2. Ecologists have found that community interaction hasn’t common themes.3. By studying ecosystems ecologists discover how communities are influenced by their physical surroundings.4. A stream community is independent of supplies of carbon, nitrogen, water, etc.5. Populations alter their physical environment.6. Stream communities have a unique organization7. It is said that communities have a temporal structure.8. Species that are responsible for establishing community characteristics are called dominant species.9. Most photosynthesis occurs in the lower layers of forests and lakes.10. Forces of nature and human activity have an effect on community diversity.4. Match each word with its definition.a) community a) everything around and about a place; conditions that may affect a personb) environment b) in relation to, existing in, spacec) surroundings c) the people living in one place, district orcountry, considered as a wholed) spatial d) make less; make smaller in sizee) contamination e) varietyf) structure f) circumstances, influencesg) diversity g) framework or essential parts of a building, etc.h) reduce h) contaminating or being contaminated 5. Answer the questions.1. What makes up a community?2. What are ecosystems?3. What does a stream community depend on?4. How do stream animals reshape the stream?5. What are dominant species?6. What are communities characterized by?7. When are stream invertebrates the most active?8. What do “cycles of activity” mean?9. What influences community diversity?10. What are factors promoting high diversity?11. What role does pollution play in ecosystems?

Unit 3

1. Give Russian equivalents:species of mammals; reindeer; polar fox; chipmunk; marten; sable; lynx; weasel; badger; moose; musk-rat; hazel-grouse; osprey; crane; stoat; sturgeon; dace; roach; nature conservancy; mainland; coastal waters; as well as; colonies; nutcracker; marshes; beds of rivers; densely populated; on the local market; to draw up; temporary; nature conservancy


2. GiveEnglishequivalents:широкое пространство; луга; материк; белый медведь; поморник; морской заяц; тюлень; кит; росомаха; водяная крыса; бобр; русла рек; чайки; горностай; водяная дичь; для коммерческих целей; стерлядь; лосось; щука; карась; уделять внимание; заповедники; постоянный спутник; исчезающие виды; особенно; мировой спрос3. Say if the statements are true or false.1.In the tundra there are only some species of birds.2.The animal world of the taiga is not very rich.3.The pride of the taiga is the moose.4.The taiga is full of birds.5.In the forest-steppe we may find only goat and moose.6.Many of the animals in Tyumen Region are hunted for commercial purposes.7.Special attention is being paid to the reproduction of the animal world.8.Nature conservancy is of little importance today. 5.Answer the questions.1.How many species of fauna are there in the taiga, tundra, in rivers and lakes?2.What animals live in the tundra and taiga?3.Is taiga full of birds? Name them.4.What kind of animals live in the forest-steppe?5.Why is special attention being paid to the reproduction of the animal world?6.Nature conservancy is becoming relevant today, isn´t it?7.Why are preserves and reservations important?

Unit 41. Give Russian equivalents:distinct characteristics; like other vertebrates; a flexible backbone; to supply the body; extensive nerve system; spinal cord; ward off cold; fur covered; sparse patches of hair; warm-blooded; four-chambered heart; to separate oxygen-rich blood; herbivores; differ in many ways; surrounding temperatures; in a wide range of habitats; to nourish developing offspring; mammary glands; rely on wild animals; body size; prominent braincase; to feed on meat; underground dwellers; in response to; furbearing mammals; substantial revenue; except for; nocturnal; geologic changes; hunting game; recreational opportunities; squirrel family; due to variable climate2. GiveEnglishequivalents:спинной мозг; теплокровный; внутренняя температура; подобно другим позвоночным; четырехкамерное сердце; постоянная температура тела; условия окружающей среды; питаться растениями; всеядные животные; молочная железа; подвижный; предки; в ответ на; изменчивый климат; отличительные черты; гибкий позвоночник; изоляционный материал; плотоядное животное; травоядное животное; пушной промысел; обширная нервная система; защищать от холода3. Match the words with their definitions:mammal, distinct, vertebrate, backbone, ward off, constant, primary, off-spring, locomotion, secretive

1. (animal, bird, etc) having a backbone;2. column of bones down the middle of the back;3. any of the class of animals of which the females feed their young with milk from the breast;4. going on all the time, frequently recurring;5. moving, ability to move, from place to place;6. different in kind, separate;


7. keep away, avoid;8. leading in time, order or development;9. young of animals;

10. having the habit of hiding one’s feelings, intentions, etc.;4. Choose the antonyms to the following words from the right column:cold, alive, large, warm-blooded, diurnal, general, before, heat, cold-nocturnal, with, poor, particular, blooded, dead, small, without, different, since, independent, unlike, alike, rich, inconstant,constant, like dependent5. Insert the prepositions where necessary.1. Mammals differ … many ways.2. They use a variety … forms of locomotion.3. Man relies … wild and domestic animals … food, fur, leather, etc.4. The diversity … mammals may surprise you.5. Mammals can maintain a constant body temperature independent … surrounding temperatures.6. Mammals are found … a wide range … habitats.7. Mammals nourish developing offspring … milk produced … mammary glands.8. … proportion to body size, mammals have large brains.9. Mammals may feed … meat, plants, or both.6. Answer the following questions.1. What are distinct characteristics of mammals?2. Why can mammals endure most environmental conditions?3. What forms of locomotion do mammals use?4. What habitats do mammals prefer?5. What is an important relationship between mammals and humans?6. Are most mammals nocturnal?7. Respond to the following using expressions of agreement or disagreement. Itakeyourpoint – я разделяю твою точку зренияI’m with you – ясогласенI entirely agree with you on that – яполностьюсогласенстобойYes, Idaresayyou’reright – Осмелюсь сказать, что ты прав (полагаю, что ты прав)I think that would be a mistake – думаю, этобылобыошибкойNothing of the kind – ничегоподобногоJust the other way round – какразнаоборот1. Mammals have a flexible backbone.2. All Oklahoma mammals are fur-covered.3. Mammals are cold-blooded.4. Mammals can endure most environmental conditions.5. The class Mammalia receives its name from mammary glands.6. Mammary may feed on meat, plants or both.7. Mammals and humans don’t share relationship.8. Most mammals are diurnal.

Unit 51. Give Russian equivalents:wildlife management; a concern for animals; depletion of game species; human activities; environmental health; extinction; wild lands; Game and Fish department; decrease in animal populations; to survive in one’s own; maintenance of habitats; a self-sustaining system; harmful elements; in part; affect humans;


rely on nesting habitat; avian species; maintain systems; rain forests; loss of winter habitat; shelter; the only species; to improve habitat; to alter habitat; to make responsible decisions; environmental quality2. GiveEnglishequivalents:дичь; санитарное состояние окружающей среды; спасти вид; понимание взаимосвязи; млекопитающие; моллюски; ракообразные; выживать самостоятельно; вмешательство; вредные элементы; мигрировать на юг; частично; другая причина; обеспечивать кислородом; в конечном счёте; принимать решения; качество среды; проблемы окружающей среды; улучшить среду обитания; потеря зимнего местообитания; изменить окружающую среду; разновидность птиц3. Answer the questions.1. How many species of birds has Wyoming?2. In what way is the Wyoming Game and Fish Department assisting?3. What allows each community to exist as a self-sustaining system?4. Why should we be concerned with healthy ecosystems?5. What caused a decline of many neotropical migrant birds?6. Why are tropical rain forests important?7. Who can alter the habitat and affect the destiny of life?8. What must we do in order to maintain a healthy, diverse world?

Unit 61. Give Russian equivalents:to enjoy wildlife; to attract more wildlife; the concept of habitat; scattered trees; land management plan; undernourished animals; susceptible to disease; adverse weather; poor nutrition; to affect reproduction; a habitat’s value; fallen logs; tree cavities; to satisfy requirements; home range size; herbivores; habitat quality; carnivores; appropriate time; prosper; survival; wildlife management; to improve wildlife cover; vary with the age of the animal; a diet rich in protein; adequate water; in the course of a year; pronounced; the breeding season; land owners; territoriality2. GiveEnglishequivalents:лиственные леса; открытая местность; одиночные деревья; состоять из; доступный; недокормленные животные; восприимчивы к болезням; неблагоприятная погода; хищники; влиять на воспроизводство; насекомые; густая трава; регулирование ресурсов диких животных; удовлетворять потребности; индивидуальный участок; утолить жажду; территориальные отношения; качество среды обитания3. Complete the sentences:1. Landowners wish to improve their land … .2. Habitat is … .3. Eastern bluebirds prefer open country with … .4. Undernourished animals are weak and … .5. Specific diets vary with the age of … .6. Some species may obtain all the water … .7. The area an animal covers in a year is … .8. Home range size depends on … .9. Territoriality is usually most pronounced during … .10. Habitat quality is influenced by … .4. Answer the questions: 1. What is an essential part of any land management plan?2. What is habitat?3. What components does habitat consist of?4. What determines a habitat’s value?


5. When may we say that “wildlife will prosper”?6. What affects reproduction?7. What do specific diets vary with?8. What can you say about water for animals?9. What does cover provide?10. What does cover include?11. Why do animals move about in the course of a year?12. What is home range?13. What does home range size depend on?14. Habitat quality also affects home range size, doesn’t it?15. What is territoriality?

Unit 7

1. Give Russian equivalents:the process of restoring tree cover; where woodlands once existed; wood products; original state of a forest; sustainable forest industry; temperate zones; to give an opportunity; urban sprawl; native hardwood forests; deforested lands; logging practice; artificial reforestation; arid areas; overharvesting; the loss of topsoil; removal of forest cover; to result in duricrust; to seal off the soil; the planting of tree seedlings; mechanical breaking up of diripans; the original forest; more frequently; multiple species; pulp and paper industry; tree farming; ex-cattle pasture; lumber2. Give English equivalents:обезлесивание;разрушительный процесс; лиственные леса; искусственное лесовозобновление; факторы окружающей среды; сбой травостоя; лесонасаждение; спорный вопрос; девственный (первобытный) лес; растительность; монокультура; вырубаемый сплошной рубкой; тушение лесных пожаров; равнозначно; партия семян; пиломатериалы; целлюлозно-бумажная промышленность; лесопитомник; предоставлять возможность; процесс восстановления лесного покрова3. Complete the sentences consulting the text.

1. Reforestation is the process of … .2. In many temperate zones reforestation occurs … .3. In arid, tropical areas forests cannot reestablish themselves without … .4. In many areas reforestation is impossible above all … .5. In these areas reforestation requires … .6. Most reforestation involves the planting of … .7. Another important factor is the natural regeneration … .8. The logging of small clearcuts and/or prescribed burning … .9. Reforestation need not be only used for … .

10. Reforestation in a strict sense means … .5. Answer the questions.

1. What is reforestation?2. What is deforestation?3. What is reforestation necessary for?4. Why does reforestation occur naturally in temperate zones?5. What is leading to forest reduction?6. Why can´t forests reestablish themselves in arid, tropical areas?


7. What may the removal of forest cover result in?8. What may lead to desertification and the loss of topsoil?9. Is reforestation possible everywhere?10. What is one debatable issue in artificial reforestation?11. What can occur on a clearcut?12. What are the forests in Finland managed by?13. What does reforestation mean in a strict sense?14. For what is reforestation mostly done in tropical American nations?Unit 81. GiveEnglishequivalents:духовная культура; удивительное дерево; микроклимат; более того; противомикробная деятельность; по сравнению с; допустимый; особенно стерильный; рощи; века; древние египтяне; саркофаг; строили галеры; пользовался спросом; космическая энергия; достиг определенного возраста; содержит больше энергии; выполняют специальную функцию; накапливают космическую энергию; целебный; жители Сибири; целебные свойства кедра; болезни; лекарственные свойства; следовательно; кораблестроение; храм;часто использовал; предметы, изготовленные из кедра2. Give Russian equivalents:majestic trees; to be closely connected; for many centuries; a miracle tree; a tsar of taiga; reach theheight of; although;quite slowly;among pure nature; an original factory; which produces oxygen; in comparison with; special volatile fractions; microbe cells; a cedar of Lebanon; medical standards; through over centuries; assert; a store of space energy; created by humans; are like condensers; a cure of many diseases; appreciated and preserved the tree; from needles to the bark; in the history of many countries; during his ruling; a well-known Jerusalem temple; in order to deliver; in his daily life3. Answer the questions on the text.1. What is one of the most beautiful and majestic trees in our planet?2. What is the height of cedar?3. Why can cedar be called an original factory?4. Why can the air in the cedar forest be called particularly sterile?5. Has cedar tree been respected by many civilizations through over centuries? Prove it.6. What is the function of cedar trees on Earth?7. Is cedar a curative tree?8. Why did people appreciate this tree?9. What role did cedar play in the history of many countries?10. What did Solomon do in order to deliver Lebanon cedar trees for the temple?4. Say whether it is true or not. Begin with the phrases:I am with you – ЯсогласенDoyoureallythinkso? – Вы действительно так думаете?Just as I thought – ЯкакразтакдумалJust the other way out – Какразнаоборот1. Cedar can reach the height of 40 meters.2. The Siberian giant can´t be called an original factory.3. Phytoncids possess antimicrobial activity.4. Cedar tree isn´t of great value.5. Cedars are like condensers accumulating space energy on our planet.6. People used healing characteristics of cedar long ago.7. Such trees as cedar didn’t play a considerable role in history.8. Solomon built the temple in eleven years.


Unit 91. Give Russian equivalents:secondary forest; to meet the demands; to rise steadily; half the original land; to some extent; the adjacent areas; at the rate of; sets in motion; irreversible soil erosion; one devastating consequence; woody plants; soil nutrients; forest management; “even-aged” cutting; in terms of; understory layer of trees; canopy; to take advantage of; disturbance; tree farms; establishment; virgin forests; conservationists; current logging practices2. GiveEnglishequivalents:потребности в древесине; покрытый тропическими лесами; до некоторой степени; к концу века; обезлесивание; воспользоваться чем-л.; сплошная рубка; со скоростью; девственные леса; с учётом; полог; однако; как только; специалисты по охране природы и рациональному использованию природных ресурсов; лесозаготовка; вторичный лес; питомники; прилегающие районы; селекционная рубка3.Match each word with its definition:1. to meet demands 1. ordinary2. ability 2. take, get3. to some extent 3. not easy4. damage 4. to satisfy5. common 5. to profit6. difficult 6. choice between two things7. to ensure 7. important8. various 8. harm or injury. 9. to cut 9. capability10. to receive 10. partly11. to take advantage of 11. nursery12. significant 12. actually13. alternative 13. to comprise14. tree farm 14. different15. to consist of 15. to chop (down); to saw16. virtually 16. to guarantee, to make sure. 4. Complete the following sentences consulting the text. 1. The need for wood and wood products is expected to rise … . 2. Deforestation is not restricted to … . 3. The most common method of logging used in the past … . 4. Now many American companies are trying to … . 5. One such technique is … . 6. The first step is to cut … . 7. Another method is selective cutting of … . 8. Forests are not regenerating as fast as … . 9. The establishment of tree farms is one way to lessen … . 10. A final measure to help decrease the logging of forests would be… 5. Answer the following questions.1. Why does the need for wood and wood products rise steadily?2. Where does deforestation take place?3. What was the most common method of logging in the past?4. What does the clearcutting lead to?


5. Why do the microorganisms die?6. Are there any other methods of forest management? What are they?7. Do these kinds of logging cause damage?8. What are alternatives to logging virgin forests?9. What is the purpose for establishment of tree farms?10. What species do tree farms consist of?6. Define whether the following statements are true or false. Use thefollowing expressions:You are right. That´s true. It´s really so.You are not right. That´s false. You are mistaken.1. People don´t worry about the need for wood and wood products.2. Clearcutting sets in motion only a cycle of irreversible soil erosion.3. The fungi serve as a conduit for soil nutrients into the roots. 4. Many American companies are trying to practice various methods of forest management.5. The first step is to cut the larger understory layer of trees shorter than the desirable canopy.6. If these large understory trees are cut, the seedlings of the desirable species stop growing.7. Another method is selective cutting of single small trees.8. The destruction of vegetation by the logging operations isn´t significant.9. The establishment of tree farms is a biological substitute for diverse natural forests.10. Tree farms or plantations often consist of fast-growing trees.

Unit 101. Translate into Russian:to be intertwined with; remnants of these beliefs; enormous diversity; varied influences; passionate debate; enormous diversity; to occupy a broad area; the amount of rainfall; harvesting timber; to merge into; the boreal coniferous forests; tree growth ceases; in part; to a lesser degree; because of; to sweep through; the mid-latitudinal area; decomposition of forest litter; consequently; to be well suited to; to be cleared; man-made forests; timber production; to play a significant role2. TranslateintoEnglish:в центре нашей истории; наши предки; поверхность земли; широкое разнообразие видов; ценный; саванное редколесье; бореальные хвойные леса; частично; береза; осина; лиственные породы; дуб; клен; ясень; бук; ильм; разложение; лесная подстилка; питательные вещества; искусственные леса; в настоящее время; насаждения; древесное топливо; играть важную роль; лесозаготовки; следовательно; занимать обширную территорию3. Fill in the blanks with prepositions.1. There are broad types … forests.2. Tropical rain forests run … the Equator.3. The tropical seasonal forests merge … dry savanna forests.4. Most forests … this type is found … Africa.5. …the Northern Hemisphere … the greatest distance … the Equator lie the boreal coniferous forests.6. Compared … the tropics there are few species there.7. … human history many … these species have been widely used.8. …mild temperatures … the Temperate zone, decomposition … forest litter is almost continuous.9. These soils are well suited … agriculture.10. … present, a little more than 100 million hectares …plantations exist worldwide.5. Match each word with its definition.

1.species a. soft mass of other material, esp. of wood fibre as used for making paper


2.diversity b. preparation of land for crops by ploughing up3.rainfall c. variety4.harvest d. wood prepared for use in building, etc5.timber e. having green leaves throughout the year6.deciduous f. the upper layer of earth in which plants, trees, etc. grow7.evergreen g. certain evergreen trees bearing cones8.cultivation h. live in, occupy9.coniferous i. a distinct kind of plant or animal10.soil j. roughly prepared wood, wood that has been sawn into planks,

boards, etc.11.fuelwood k. amount of rain falling within a given area in a given time12.pulp l. material for producing heat13.inhabit m. (of trees) losing their leaves annually

14.lumber n. cutting trees6. Answer the following questions.1. What types of forests are there in the world?2. What are the most important characteristics of a tropical forest?3. What regions do coniferous forests occupy?4. What tree species grow in deciduous forests?5. Why are the soils of temperate forests zone well suited for agriculture?6. What are the forest plantations used for?

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