“e{e k nzd 'b B” d/ wjkB ;[s zs osk ;zr okwh BkwXkoh Ùjhdsubasurinderkaur.com/pdf/Kuka Lehar de sutanter sangrami.pdf · seV/ j'J/ sK fjzd{ u[Ze fdZs/, pJh nkg; ... [j ;wK ;h

““ee{{eekk nnzzdd''bbBB”” dd// wwjjkkBB ;;[[sszzssoosskk ;;zzrrookkwwhh--BBkkwwXXkkoohh ÙÙjjhhdd $$ 1

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bb//ffyyeekk ddkk ;;kkffjjssee ;;¯̄oo

SSgghhnnKK gg[[;;sseeKK ddkk tt//oottkk

1) fsqÙBk (ejkDhnK) 1987

2) o{j gzikp dh (ihtBh wjkokDh f˜zd e"o) 1990

3) wjKpbh oDihs f;zx (ihtBh wjkokik oDihs f;zx) 1991

4) tv-gqskgh ;fsr[o{ (ihtBh ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih) 1991

5) ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zzx ih dh pkˆpkBh gqsh d/D (y'i-gZso) 1995

6) powk dh :ksok, n¯ohek dh :ksok 1996

7) pıfÙÙ (eftsktK) 1996

8) gqekÙ-g[zi Gkr gfjbk (ihtBh ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih) 1997

9) sz{ jh s{z (eftsktK) 2000

10) pz;ktbh-;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih 2006

11) “e{ek nzd'bB” d/ wjkB ;[szsosk ;zrokwh BkwXkoh Ùjhd 2008

12) gqekÙ-g[zi Gkr d{ik (Sg ojh)

13) e{ek nzd'bB ns/ ;oekoh d;skt/˜ (Sg ojh)



BBkkwwXXkkoohh ÙÙjjhhdd

-- ;;{{ppkk ;;[[ffoozzddoo ee""oo yyoobb


Great Freedom Fighters of ‘Kuka Andolan’Namdhari Shaheed

bySuba Surinder Kaur Kharal

Namdhari Engg. Works, Kurali RoadRoop-Nagar-140 001 (Punjab)

Mobile : 98157-03588,94631-01345, 94173-76345,94172-73345, 99144-20345

© 2008 ;{pk ;[fozdo e"o yob


BBkkwwXXkkoohh ÙÙjjhhddbb//ffyyeekk LL-- ;;{{ppkk ;;[[ffoozzddoo ee""oo yyoobb

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94631-01345, 94173-76345,94172-73345, 99144-20345

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gZEoK Bkb pzB/, ;w[zdoK ftu v[p'J/ rJ//, ekb/ gkDhnK dhnK i/bQK ”u s;hj/ MZbfdnK,d/Ù dh n˜kdh bJh bVfdnK, ÙjkdsK fdzd/ oj/.

T[j ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh gq/oBk Bkb, T[BQK dh pıÙh Ùesh Bkb, nkg fwN, nwo j' nkgDk we;d gk rJ/d/Ù ˘ n˜kd eok rJ/fJfsjk; pDk rJ/. - ;{pk ;[fozdo e"o yob


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5a ee{{eekk nnzzdd''bbBB ((;;zzyy//gg ffttuu)) 24

6a pp[[ZZXXhhiihhtthhnnKK nnss// BB//sskkttKK ddhh BB˜̃oo ffttuu ““ee{{eekk--nnzzdd''bbBB”” 27

Ùjhd Grs f;zx dh j;s fbys 37-38

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8a ee{{eekk nnzzdd''bbBB dd// ppkkBBhh,, ;;[[sszzssoosskk ;;zzrrookkwwhh

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20a wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhddKK dd// tt//oott//

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f˜bQk poBkbk 112-113

f˜bQk pfmzvk 114-116

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f˜bQk ¯fsjrVQ ;kfjp 121

f˜bQk wkB;k, f¯o'˜g[o, soBskoB 122

f˜bQk f;o;k, nzpkbk 123

wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhddhh iiZZEE// ffttuu ÙÙkkwwbb pphhpphhnnKK 124

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21a ;;qqhh ;;ffssrr[[oo{{ ookkww ff;;zzxx iihh BBkkbb ee??dd eeZZNNDD ttkkbb// ffBBiihh ;;//ttee GGkkJJhh BBkk˘̆ 126-136

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(gzikp d/ Bt/A pD/ f˜fbQnK nB[;ko) 137-145

23a wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkeekk nnss// ;;ooeekkoohh dd;;sskktt//˜̃ 146-147

wb/oe'Nb/ ;ke/ s'A pknd BkwXkoh f;ZyK dh pDkJh ;ehw d/ d;skt/˜ 147-149

ÙjhdK dh e[oe ehsh ikfJdksK d/ e[M t/ot/ 150-154

24a wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkeekk jj''DD dd// ppkknndd

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y{B Bkb bZE gZE eZgfVnK dh fb;N 156

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25a ;;jjkkffJJee gg[[;;sseeKK 158

25a nnzzffsseekk

ee{{eekk nnzzdd''bbBB ppkkoo// ww{{bb dd;;sskktt//˜̃ (T[od{, noph ns/ ¯ko;h ftu) 159-166

wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhddKK ddhh ;;{{uuhh dd// ww{{bb dd;;sskktt//˜̃

(T[od{, noph ns/ ¯ko;h ftu) 167-176


ggqqtt//ffÙÙeekk

;;qqhh ;;ffssrr[[oo{{ ggqqsskkgg ff;;zzxx iihh dd// ggqqttuuBBKK ffttuu''AA

““f;zxK B/ fJÙBkB ehsk-nzfwqs;o ftu ik e/. okw pkˆ d/ dotk˜/ d/ nZr/ p'jV d/ Bkb

cK;h o/Ùw d/ oZ;/ dh pZXh rJh. Ùpd gVQd/ j'J/ f;Zy rJ/. uko ;oho ;B, Y'be fJe d/ rb

ftu W, d{;o/ S?D/ tikT[Ad/ iKd/ jB. T[E/ ik e/ fJZeb/-fJZeb/ yb' e/ nkgD/ rb ftu cK;h

gk e/-Bj] e'Jh N'g fdZsk, Bj] e'Jh w{zj Yfenk, Bj] pkjtK pZXhnK, U;/ soK y[Ùh Bkb cK;h

uVQ/.””

““wb/oe'Nbk fJjBK ˘ pr?o pzBQD s'A-s'gK d/ nZr/ yV/QQ eo eo e/ ;Zs-;Zs ;oho T[vkJ/

n"o s'gK fejdhnK ;B- BkGk, gfNnkbk s/ ;zro{o dhnK- f;ZyK wjkokfinK dhnK -f;ZyK ˘

T[vkT[D tk;s/, feT[Afe nzro/˜ B/ fJj' uh˜ f;Zyh ;h- fi; soQK T[j ;z;feqs dk fJe bc˜ W

“T[;N b;fNek”, fe T{m d/ gbkD/ ftu'A vzvk eZY e/ T{m ˘ wkoBk- T[jBK fJj' e[M f;Zfynk

;h, i/ fjzd{ seV/ j'J/ sK w[;bwkB u[Ze fdZs/, i/ w[;bwkB seV/ j'J/ f;Zy u[Ze fdZs/, i/ f;Zy

seV/ j'J/ sK fjzd{ u[Ze fdZs/, pJh nkg; ftu cN/ ofjD, ;kvk ezw ubdk otQ/ -gkV' s/ oki

eo'.””

““f;zx id'A s'gK d/ nZr/ yV/Q j'J/ sK nzro/˜ efjD br/, ““fgZm eoe/ yb't'””. T[j efjzd/ B/A,

““pJh f;zx fgZm eoe/ Bj] yb' ;edk””. ;kjwD/ wZE/, f;o d/ T[Zs/ sebhc MZbh. fJBQK ˘ gsk

Bj] bZrk n"o s'g ubdh ;h- i?ekok p[bkT[Ad/ ;B.””

““T[E/ j[ew T[bNkT[D dh rZb Bj], Ùjhd j'J/ jZ;d/ jZ;d/. nZi n;] T[jBK dk BkTA[ b?

e/ T[Zu/ j[zd/ jK.””

““T[j' jh f;Zy w[V Grs f;zx j[o] nkJ/, fijV/ r'bhnK d/ fBÙkB/ pD/, cK;hnK s/ uVQ/- T[j'

jh T[j pD rJ/ fijV/ pi-pi xkN ”s/ Ùjhd j'J/, eosko f;zx ;okGk tor/, fijBK b'eK T[j

ezw ehsk. feT[Afe efj e/ i[ rJ/ ;B-fe fe;/ wkJh dh e[Zy s'A iBw b? e/ c/o nktKr/, s[jk˘

eZY e/ iktKr/. n;hA BjhA fJBQK ˘ d{;o/ wzBd/. fi; soQK “nkfd nzfs J/e? ntskok” fJj th

T[BQK (BkwXkoh ÙjhdK) dhnK o{jK jB fiBQK dk ezw fJj j? fe d[BhnK ftu p[o/ ezw ˘ pzd eoBk.

Gkt/A T[j fe;/ o{g ftu j' e/ nkT[D.””


;;qqhh ;;ffssrr[[oo{{ iirriihhss ff;;zzxx iihh dd// ggqqttuuBBKK ffttuu''AA

““nkg ;G ikDd/ j' B]j dh fJZN fdZ;dh Bj], go i/ B]j dh fJZN eZY d/JhJ/, wekB ofjzdk

Bj]. fJfsjk; ftu e{e/ f;Zy B]j dh fJZN jB. nzrq/˜ B/ e{e/ f;ZyK dh ;koh e"w ˘ pkˆh eoko

fdZsk, j'o fe;/ tk;s/ T[;B/ fJ; soQK Bj] fbfynk. phi phiD s'A pknd p'jV dk doys pj[s

;kbK ftu, j"bh j"bh tZvk j[zdk W. fJzi jh BkwXkoh f;ZyK B/ e[opkBh dk phi phfink. fiT[A

fiTA[ ;wK phs/rk, fJ; dk fJfsjk; p'jV tKrz{ tX/ c[b/rk.””

““;Zu fijVk W, Bk sK T[j ysw j' ;ed? s/ g[okDk th Bj] j[zdk. T[j jw/Ùk BtK ofjzdk

W. s[;] fgSbk fJfsjk; d/y' BkwXkoh f;ZyK dk. fJe T[j ;wK ;h fi; t/b/ Y'b tik tik e/

nzrq/˜K d/ pzfdnK tZb'A fgzvK ftu nkfynk iKdk ;h - e'Jh e{ek sK Bj] J/E/ j?rk. i/ W, sK

eZY' J/E'A. fJj T[j ;wK ;h fi; t/b/ r[o{ joh f;zx ;Zu/ gksÙkj t/b/, (;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih s'A

pkd) gzi f;ZyK s'A tZX ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp r[od[nko/ nzdo ikD dk j[ew Bj] ;h. rbs gquko ehsk

iKdk ;h BkwXkoh f;ZyK pko/ s/ nzrq/˜ dh i? i? eko ehsh iKdh ;h. eJh gA?cb?N nzrq/˜K B/ “f;Zy

bkfJbNh” tor/ SgtkJ/. T[jBK ftu nzrq/˜K dh T[;ss ehsh rJh. id'A ;koh d[BhnK jB/o/

ftu XZe/ yk ojh ;h, ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh feogk Bkb ;fsr[o{ ih d/ f;ZyK B/ n?;k ukBD

ehsk fe d/Ù dh n˜kdh bJh ukBD j' frnk.””

““n?;k ezw fgSb/ fJfsjk; ftu Bj] fwbdk. d[BhnK d/ fJfsjk; ftu'A Bj] fwbdk fe id'A

T[j cK;h b?D tkb/ nkgD/ rb oZ;/ gkT[Ad/ B/. go T[jBK B/ nkgD/ jZE] rb oZ;/ gkJ/. ekjd/

tk;s/ ;oho fdZs/< T[ZE/ p[ZuVykBk bZrk ;h, jowzdo ;kfjp e'b nzfwqs;o ftu s/ T[jdhnK

jZvhnK, wk; u[Ze u[Ze e/ ;o'to ftu gk e/ p/ndph eod/ ;B eK s/ fJZbQK.””

““s[;] dZ;' gJh T[j ;o'to fi;˘ n;] ;ko/ wzBd/ jK BkwXkoh s/ r?o BkwXkoh f;Zy, fjzd{

th, i' pj[s gZe/ f;Zy B/- T[; ;o'to ftu fJZbK eK jZvhnK fbnk e/ ;[ZNd/ ;B. fJe d/tk f;zx

BK dk f;Zy ;h T[jB/ jZvh fbnk e/, ;qh nkfd rqzE ;kfjp dk fiZE/ gqekÙ j'fJnk ;h T[E/ nZr/

fbnk e/ oZy fdZsh. wjzsK nkfynk, fJj eh rZb < T[; nkfynk fJj jZvhnK ;o'to ftu

fvrdhnK B/. fco BkwXkoh f;zxK B/ fe;/ Bkb ;bkj Bj] ehsh, ;fsr[oK e'b th Bj] nkJ/.

rT{ xkshnK ˘ wko fdZsk. T[jBK B/ nkgD/ i[zw/ b? e/ fJj ;kok ezw ehsk fijVk s[jkv/ ;kjwD/

W. ;?ÙB iZi ˘ :ehB Bj] ;h nkT[Adk. id'A p/r[BkjK ˘ cV e/ wkoB bZr/ T[jBK ˘ cK;h d/D

bZr/ sK BkwXkoh f;Zy nk e/ jkõ j' rJ/. iZi nky/, Bj] fJj ;kX{ nkdwh jB. T[jBK f;ZyK

B/ nkfynk ;kvhnK sbtkoK cbkD/ EK gJhnK B/, ;kok e[M dZf;nk s/ ;p{s fdZsk. fco T[jBK

˘ cK;h dh ;˜k j'Jh.””

““nzzfwqs;o d/ ÙjhdK B/ nkgD/ nkg rbK ftu cK;hnK gkJhnK ;B. T[jBK ˘ g[ZfSnk ;h,


““eh ykjÙ W s[jkvh <”” T[jBK B/ nkfynk, ““n;K ;o'to ftu fJÙBkB eoBk W fi; ;o'to dh

gftZsosk bJh n;K ;kok e[M ehsk W.”” ;o'to ftu fJÙBkB eoe/ Y'be rb gk, S?D/ cV

ehosB eod/ j'J/ fJj Ùpd T[jBK B/ gfVQnk --

s/oh ;ofD w/o/ dhB dfJnkbk..

;[y ;kro w/o/ r[o r'gkbk..

efo feogk BkBe r[D rkt?..

okyj[ ;ow n;kVh ihT[..

fJj Ùpd T[; t/b/ 15 ;szpo 1871 ˘ gVQ e/ T[E/ T[jBK B/ nkgD/ ;oho dkB ehs/. fco

T[jBK B/ Ùjhdh s'A gfjbK fJj nkfynk fe ;k˘ iZbkd jZE Bk bkt/, fijVk oZ;k W T[j uwV/

dk Bj] ukjhdk. oZ;/ o/Ùw d/ fbnKd/ rJ/. T[jBK B/ ;kfonK d/ ;kjwD/ Ùo/nkw nkg rbK ftu

oZ;/ gk e/ cK;hnK bJhnK.””

““f;Zy wb/oe'Nbk ftu Ùjhd j'J/. nzr/q˜K B/ pV/ Yzr sohfenK Bkb ;kvk fJfsjk; yokp

eoB dh e'fÙÙ ehsh W, fe f;zxK ˘ s'gK Bkb pzBQ e/ T[vkfJnk frnk. fJj fpbe[b M{m J/.

frnkBh frnkB f;zx j'o] uÙwdhd rtkj B/. T[jBK B/ fbfyn? fe w?A nkgD/ ;kjwD/ t/fyn?

fe T[j fJT[A iKd/ ;B fi; soQK gszr/ iKd/ B/ dht/ dh bkN T[Zs/. gszfrnK ˘ dht/ dh bkN

T[Zs/ pzBQ e/ Bj] fbikfJnk ik ;edk.””

““fi; t/b/ T[jBK ˘ nkfynk, “fgZm eoe/ yb't' s'g tZb” sK T[jBK nkfynk, “;{ow/ dk ezw

Bj] fgZm eoe/ yb'Dk, ;kjwD/ yb'Dk W.” fco fJe f;Zy tfonkw f;zx ;h fijVk eZd ftu

S'Nk ;h, T[j˘ gZi bkfJnk frnk fe s/ok eZd S'Nk J/. T[j gfNnkb/ tkb/ oki/ d/ foÙs/dkoK

ftu'A ;h T[jdh f;ckoÙ nkJh ;h SZvD dh, T[jB/ tkjD ftu'A YhwK fbnk e/ g?oK EZb/ oZy e/

nkfynk, “j[D s/ Bj] w/ok eZd S'Nk, w/ok ;kE Bk ftS'V' s/ s'g ubkU.” fJj fw;kb, J/Bh tZvh

e[opkBh, J/Bh frDsh ftu ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx d/ f;ZyK B/ Ùjhdh fdZsh. i/ s'gK Bkb pzBQD dh

rZb j[zdh sK tfonkw f;zx d/ YhwK i'VB dh rZb feE'A nkT[Adh< tfonkw f;zx d/ gfotko ftu'A

th f;zx j?r/.””

““pZuk fpÙB f;zx okwrVQhnK gotko ftu'A, oVQ fgzv, fi;˘ o{VrVQ th nkfynk iKdk W

T[E'A dk ;h. T[jBK d/ gotko ni/ th j?B fpÙB f;zx d/ Gshi/ tr?ok, feT[Afe T[j s/ pkoK ;kb

dk jh uVQkJh eo frnk ;h. fJj pkoK ;kb dk pZuk fpÙB f;zx th T[jBK (Ùjhdh iZE/) d/ Bkb

frnk ;h. T[j fijVk fvgNh efwÙBo ;h-ektB, T[jdh dkVQh pVh bzwh ;h. T[jdh w/w B/ fJj

rZb nkyh, “t/y fJj pZuk W S'Nk fijk, fJjB/ ni/ d[BhnK dk eh t/fynk W < sz{ fJjd/ s'A eh

b?Dk W, fJjBz{ SZv d/.” T[j (ektB) pVk yuok ;h. T[jB/ nkfynk fJj nky/ fe w?A ;fsr[o{ okw

f;zx dk f;Zy Bj], w?A j[D/ SZv fdnKrk fJj˘. fpÙB f;zx ˘ fi; t/b/ fJj rZb nkyh rJh.

pkoK ;kb dk pZuk eh j[zdk W < T[j nkyD bZrk, w?A ;kjp d/ ezB ftu rZb eoBh W. T[j˘ w?A


dZ; fdnKrk fijVh w?A rZb eoBh W. T[j˘ ;kjp j[oK d/ e'b fi; t/b/ b? e/ rJ/ s/ T[jB/ j/mK

M[e e/ fi; t/b/ pZu/ nr/ ezB ehsk sK fpÙB f;zx B/ n?B/ ˜'o Bkb dkVQh cV e/ MzM'fVnk T[j˘

fe T[jd/ B/V/ yVQ/ sbtkoK tkfbnK B/ fpÙB f;zx ˘ sbtko Bkb eZN e/ N'N/ N'N/ eo fdZsk.

sK ektB dh dkVQh S[ZNh. i/ fJj (Ùjhd) pzBQ/ j[zd/ sK fJ; soQK fet/A j[zdk <””

““i' f;Zy s'g ;kjwD/ iKdk ;h, T[; ˘ ftykJh fdzdk ;h fe ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dk

dopko T[Zgo bZfrnk W. i' fJE/ Ùjhd jz[dk W, T[j f;ZXk dopko ftu iKdk W.””

““fJj fiBQK ˘ s'gK Bkb T[vkfJnk frnk, iK sbtko Bkb Ùjhd ehsk frnk, T[jBK T[s/

w[eZdwk ubk e/ ;˜k Bj] ;h fdZsh rJh, ;r'A n?t/A jh Ùjhd ehsk frnk ;h.””

““fJj Bj] fe j'o Ùjhd Bj] j'J/. ifbQnK tkb/ pkr dk ;wkoe pV/ fuo dk pfDn?. go

UE/ woB tk;s/ s/ b'e Bj] ;B rJ/-b?euo ;[BD tk;s/ rJ/ ;B. go fJj ;ko/ Ùjhd, woB

tk;s/ nkJ/ ;B. fJj nkgD/ f;oK s/ yZcD pzBQ e/ nkJ/ ;B fe n;K woB?. fszB t/oK s'g Bj]

uZbh, fco fi; t/b/ jhok f;zx B/ nkfynk, “ikj w/o/ ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx dk j[ew nk frn?, j[D

s'g uZb/rh, s/ok ek˘B M{mk eoBk ;h.” fco s'g uZbh.””

““fJj ;kok e[M j'D s'A pknd ;fsr[o{ joh f;zx ih t/b/ J/BhnK szrhnK nkJhnK. brGr

51 ;kb (;zB 1872 s'A 1923 sZe) ;kvk xo (;qh G?Dh ;kfjp) i/bQ pfDnk fojk. UE/ fwbD

bJh nzdo nkT[D tk;s/ gzi gzi nkdwh ik ;ed/ ;B. U;/ i/bQ ftu ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih

dk gqekÙ j'fJnk, w/ok iBw th T[jd/ ftu jh j'fJnk. fiE/ th ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ;Zu/ gksÙkj

ih B/ ikDk j[zdk ;h, ;ha nkJha vha T[jBK d/ Bkb j[zdh ;h. ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp jo t/b/ ;ha nkJha

vha tkb/ fXnkB oZyd/ ;B. eJh t/oK todh tkbh g[fb; th ftu nk iKdh ;h. ;' fJj ;kohnK

sebhcK MZbhnK, Xow tk;s/, d/Ù tk;s/.””

““;fsr[o{ ;Zu/ gksÙkj B/ feogk ehsh ÙjhdK B/ d[BhnK dk w'j SZfvnk, b'G SZfvnk,

d[BhnKdkoh SZvh, f;oc fJe fBÙkBk ;fsr[oK dk oZfynk.””

““ÙjhdK dh s[;] eEk gVQd/ U. wb/oe'Nb/, nzfwqs;o ftu Ùjhd j'J/, ekjd/ tk;s/ j'J/<

T[jBK B/ nkgDh ikfJdkd Bj] ;h pDkJh. nzrq/˜ pVk ubke ;h, T[j Xow ˘ ;wMdk ;h. fJe

BkwXkoh i/ fJesko/ Bkb th ehosB eodk ;h sK ;s ;kb T[j˘ ;˜k fwb iKdh ;h, eh

fJesko/ Bkb ehosB eoBk i[ow ;h< fijVh 307 s/ 302 br iKdh ;h T[j eh i[ow ;h< b/feB

T[j ;wMdk ;h fe fJjBK ˘ fJjd/ ftu'A e[M bGd?. ;s ;s ;kb dhnK ;ys ;˜ktK fdZshnK.

fijV/ nkdwh ;kv/ e?dK d/ ftu wo rJ/, ekjd/ s'A! fejV/ i[ow s'A< ehosB eoB s'A! eZfbnK

pfje/ th e[zGk g[ZN e/ ehosB eoBk T[jd/ s'A, nyzv gkm eoB s'A, fJjBK rZbK eo e/ ;˜ktK

fwbhnK T[jBK ˘. T[j f;Zy ed/ gZ[SD Bj] ;B nkT[Ad/ iK ;bkj eoB Bj] ;B nkT[Ad/. gszr/

d/ tk;s/ fw;kb n? fe gszr/ ˘ fi; t/b/ gsk bZr/ dht/ ir/ B/ sK T[j ed/ d{i/ gszfrnK ˘

dZ;D tk;s/ Bj] iKdk fe dht/ ir gJ/ B/.””


““;fsr[oK B/ n?;h Nhw pDkJh fijB/ Gkos ftu'A nzrq/˜h oki ˘-fijd/ oki ftu ;{oi Bj]

;h v[Zpdk-eZYD bJh bZe pzBQ fbnk. gfjb'A ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/, T[; Nhw dk fJe-fJe

fyvkoh n˜kd eokfJnk. T[jBK d/ nzdo ekw, eo'X, b'G, w'j, jzeko fijV/ ;B, fJjBK d/ T[Zs/

T[jBK fiZs gqkgs eo bJh. fJBQK s'A ckor eo fdZsk T[BQK ˘.””

““Gkt/A n;] BkwXkoh, fjzd{, f;Zy, w[;bwkB, Jh;kJh e[M th jK go ;G s'A gfjbK n;]

fjzd[;skBh jK. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx B/ n?;/ f;Zy pDkJ/ fiBQK B/ nkgD/ jZE] nkg cK;h d/ czd/

rbK ftu gkJ/, s'gK nZr/ BZ; BZ; e/ nkT[D tkb/ e/tb BkwXkoh jh ;B. ifbQnK tkb/ pkˆ

ftu Ùjhd j'D tkb/ xo'A woB bJh Bj] nkJ/ ;B, T[j b?euo ;[DB rJ/ ;h. go BkwXkoh Ùjhd

xo'A fsnko j' e/ Ùjhd j'D bJh rJ/ ;B. n?; t/b/ ;k˘ nkg' nkgD/ tyo/t/A SZv e/ d/Ù tk;s/

fJeZm/ j' e/ w'Y/ Bkb w'Yk bk e/ ubDk ukjhdk W. ””

““ÙjhdK d/ fJj w/b/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ;Zu/ gksÙkj ih B/ Ù[o{ eotkJ/ B/. eqhp 55-

56 s'A ;fsr[oK dh feogk Bkb fJj w/b/ j'Jh iKd/ B/ s/ nrKj fJ;/ soQK j'Jh ikD/A B/.aaaa bZG-

bZG e/ ;ko/ ÙjhdK d/ fgzvK ˘, ;{pk ;[fozdo e"o ih ns/ Grtzs f;zx j'oK B/ pVk T[Zdw ehsk

W, ;ko/ fgzvK ”u'A bZG-bZG e/ fJj ÙjhdK d/ gfotko ns/ fJBQK ÙjhdK d/ w/b/ eotkJ/ B/, ;k˘

fJ; rZb dh pVh y[Ùh W.””

““;{pk ;[fozdo e"o B/ fJe n"os j[zfdnK ÙjhdK d/ fgzvK ˘ bZfGnk W, T[BQK d/ gfotkoK ˘

bZfGnk W, ÙjhdK d/ w/b/ eotkJ/ jB, Grtzs f;zx fJ; dk ;kE fdzdk W, ;Zu/ gksÙkj feogk

eoB fJj w/b/ fJ;/ soQK j[zd/ ofjD.””


““““sskkoohh¯̄ eeooKK eehh ss//oohh””””

BkwXkoh ÙjhdK pko/ fJj feskp e'Jh gfjbh fbys Bj] go g[Zi e/ fBt/ebh W. fJj

feskp sK fJe gha n?ua vha d/ T[Zu e'Nh d/ y'i-fBpzX d/ pokpo W. fJZeb/-fJZeb/ Ùjhd dk

t/otk, fgzv-gs/ ;w/s, nkg fgzvK ftu fcoe/, b'eK ˘ g[ZS-frZS eoe/ ns/ nkoekJht d/

foekov ˘ ¯o'b e/, fJZemk eoBk e'Jh ;"yk ezw Bj]. go fJ; b/ye, ;{pk ;[fozdo e"o yob B/

fJj wknoe/ dk ezw eo fdykfJnk W.

pj[s tko n;] nkgD/ ÙjhdK ˘, nk˜kdh d/ gotkfBnK ˘ G[Zb iKd/ jK ns/ ni'e/ d"o d/

fgS'eV ˘ nZy'A go'y/ eo fdzd/ jK. fJj Bj] fe ;k˘ T[BQK dh edo Bj] j[zdh, go ghVQhnK bzxD

d/ Bkb Bkb ;kv/ nfj;k; T[zB/ shpo Bj] ofjzd/ ns/ f;o¯ Ùjhdh fdt;K T[s/ jh ;kv/ u/s/

gosd/ jB, id'A fe fe;/ th ;wki iK d/Ù ˘ fJj wkor doÙe edh th G[ZbD/ Bj] ukjhd/ sK

jh ;wki iK d/Ù ;jh fdÙk ”s/ ;w[Zuh nkofEe, ;wkfie, ;fGnkukoe ns/ f;nk;h T[ZBsh eo

;edk W. fJBQK ÙjhdK ns/ gotkfBnK dh f˜zdrh ;k˘ ;jh okj fdykT[Adh W ns/ ;k˘ okj'A

GNeD'A ;[u/s eodh W.

e{e/ ÙjhdK pko/ fe;/ BkwXkoh f;zx iK fjzd[;skBh B/ Bj] ;r'A fJe nzrq/˜ B/ fbfynk W,

““:{og tkb/ fJe Jh;k ”s/ wkD eod/ jB, w?A nB/e Jh;K BZ; BZ; e/ s'gK ;kjwD/ nkT[Ad/ s/ w"s

˘ rbteVh gkT[Ad/ t/y/ jB.”” pzdk ;'u th Bj] ;edk fe Ùjhd f;ZyK dhnK ikfJdkdK sK fJe

gk;/, T[BQK d/ xoK s'A row s/ mzv/ d[ZX d/ GKv/, fJZE'A sZe rokwK ftu s'fbnk fwou w;kbk th

nzro/˜h ;oeko B/ ˜ps eo fbnk. fiZE/ fJj ˜[bw-ipo dh jZd W, T[E/ fJj ewhBrh dh jk;'-

jhDh ejkDh th W. ““fi; sB bZr/ ;' sB ikD/, e"D ikD/ ghV gokJh.”” go fJBQK wkD-wZs/

ÙjhdK ˘ sK ghV j[zdh jh Bj] ;h feT[Afe fJj sK nkgD/ r[o{ d/ bV bZr e/ r[o{ ftu bhB j'D

˘ sVg oj/ ;B. fJj ;h ÙoXk ns/ e[opkBh dk f;ıo.

id'A n;] fJj t/yd/ jK fe fJj e[opkBhnK ns/ ikBK d/Ù dh n˜kdh ns/ fjzd[;skBh ;t?-

wkD bJh tkohnK rJhnK, sK n;] fJBQK ÙjhdK-gotkfBnK ˘ S'Nk eoe/ feT[A d/yd/ jK < fJj

Ùjhd d/Ù s'A e[opkB j'J/ ns/ d/Ù d/ Ùjhd jB, fBo/ e{fenK d/ Bj].

id gzvs itkjo bkb Bfjo{ dk ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx pko/ eEB W fe, ““eKro; B/ nkg d/

ftykJ/ j'J/ o;s/ ˘ ngBk e/ jh ekw:kph jk;b ehsh W”” ns/ vka ofizdo gqÙkd efjzd/ jB,


““jwko/ d/Ù w/A wjkswk rKXh B/ i' n;fj:'r fJsB/ i'o ;/ ubkfJnk, T[; ek r[o{ okw f;zx B/

guk; po; g{ot jh BkwXkohUA w/A gouko ehnk Ek”” ns/ B'pb bkohJ/N okftzzdo BkE N?r'o

tor/ g{iBhe fjzd[;skBh th wzBd/ jB fe ““tZyhnK dhnK g;bhnK pkbe/ e{fenK B/ T[j ÙwQK

ibkJh oZyh fi; d/ f;ZN/ ti'A nwB, n˜kdh, iwj{ohns s/ ;KMhtkbsk ˘ B{oh b'n s/ o[ÙBkJh

gqkgs j'Jh,”” sK nfjz;e Bk-fwbtosB dk fBowksk ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ns/ e{e/ f;ZyK ˘ feT[A

Bj] T[; fÙZds Bkb ep{fbnk iKdk, fizB] fÙZds Bkb wjkswk rKXh ˘ ep{fbnk iKdk W.

pd/Ùh t;s{nK dk pkJhekN, nzr/q˜ ;oeko dh B"eoh, ;e{b, ndkbsK, o/b, sko ns/ vke

nkfd dk pkJhekN ns/ T[[; dh EKUA nkgDk jh ;kok skDk-pkDk ;Ekgs eoBk, fJj ;qh

;fsr[o{ okw f;zx dh ubkJh bfjo jh sK gzikj ;kb wro'A wjkswk rKXh dh wkor doÙe pDh.

fco feT[A Bk ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ˘ d/Ù dk dkdk wzfBnk ikJ/ ns/ e{e/ f;zx ÙjhdK ns/ n˜kdh

d/ gotkfBnK ˘ d/Ù gZXo dh wkBsk feT[A Bk fdZsh ikJ/ < fJBQK ;tkbK dk itkp sK ni'e/

f;nk;h nkr{ jh d/ ;ed/ jB. go wB ˘ m/; tZidh W id'A fJBQK gotkfBnK d/ Ùjhdh fdt;

f;oc e{e/ f;zx jh wBKd/ B/ s/ pkeh d/ d/Ù tk;hnK, yk; eoe/ f;nk;h nkr{nK d/ ezBk ”s/ iz{

Bj] ;oedh.

;{pk ;[fozdo e"o dh eh skoh¯ eoK. fJj sK BkwXkoh gzE dh fJe nBw'b osB W, fi; B/

fJe Bj] eJh y'i Gog{o ns/ r[o{ ÙoXk ftu v[Zp e/ fbysK g{ohnK ehshnK jB. fJj feskp

n?t/A fenk;K, fynkbK ns/ ;[DhnK-;[DkJhnK ejkDhnK dh feskp Bj] ;r'A fJe y'i nkXkos

ezw W, i' jkoh ;koh d/ tZ; dh rZb Bj] ;h. fJj feskp y[ZG e/ gVQB:'r W s/ jw/Ùk tk;s/ wB

ftu t;kT[D tkbh dk;skB ˘ T[ikro eodh W. w?A fiZE/ ;{[pk ;[fozdo e"o ˘ fJ; ekw:kp

fbys dh tXkJh fdzdk jK T[E/ Bkb jh nodk; eodk jK fe ;fsr[o{ fJBQK ˘ j'o ÙoXk, nkgD/

uoBK dk fgnko ns/ ;woZEk pıÙ/ sK fe fJBQK dh ;k¯ ;[Eoh ebw fJ;/ soQK ubdh oj/.

ffwwsshh LL-- 15 ;szpo 2007 ;;ooddkkookk ff;;zzxx ii""jjbb

bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk..


““““ffJJTT[[AA ooZZyy ttyykkJJhh ee{{ffeennKK””””

““;h; dhJ/ no[ ;h B eoh fiB

f;yB skfj e' w?A pfbjkoh.

r' fjs r'fJ sBh ;fj eo

fiB p[ZuV wko e/ X/B T[Gkoh.

s/ f;y tk r[o e/jo okw ;"l

fXnkB wofrzd eo' s i[jkoh.

r'fJ rohpB gkbB e/ fjs

okw wofrzd nk:' sB[ Xkoh.””

fpqi GkÙk ekft ftu ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ns/ T[jBK d[nkok ;ki/ BkwXkoh iK e{ek

gzE dk GkJh fXnkB f;zx ekdokpkdh B/ pVk ;iht fusoD ehsk W. T[go'es ;tZJhJ/ ftu

T[j BkwXkoh ÙjhdK ˘ nkgD/ fdb dhnK rfjokJhnK ftu'A ekfte nB[G{sh d[nkok ÙoXk g[Ùg

G/N eod/ jB. Bt/A :[Zr d/ gkmeK bJh n;] fJ; ;tZJhJ/ dk ;ob gzikph ftu fJT[A nB[tkd

th eo ;ed/ jK - ““nkgD/ f;o d/D bZfrnK fijBK B/ w[Zy'A ;h th Bj] fBebD fdZsh n?;/ f;ZyK

d/ w?A tkoB/ iKdk jK. rT{nK tk;s/ tZvh fpgsk nkgD/ ;ohoK ”s/ podkÙs eoe/ T[jBK B/

p[ZuVK ˘ wkfonk ns/ rkJhnK ˘ eksbK d/ gzfinK ftu'A S[vkfJnk. n?;/ f;ZyK ns/ T[jBK d/

r[o{ ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ˘ (eth) fXnkB f;zx pko-pko f;o M[ekT[Adk W. (eth d/ w[skfpe)

;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih wB[Zyh ikw/ ftu nkJ/ jh rT{-rohp dh oZfynk eoB tk;s/ ;B.””

;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih th nkgD/ ohekov j'J/ T[gd/ÙK ftu ¯owkT[Ad/ jB fe r[o{ ˘

;dk ““ôhp fBtk˜”” jh nkfynk iKdk W. rT{ ns/ ôhp ;kv/ d/Ù dh pj[ frDsh ghVs

b[ekJh d/ gqshfBX gkso jB i' ;dhnK s'A nkgDh pzd ybk;h tk;s/ fe;/ w[esh dks/ dh T[vhe

ftu ofjzd/ jB. nfij/ jh fJe w[esh-dks/ :[Zr BkfJe ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih jB, fijBK

B/ Gkos G{wh dh ghfVs Ù'fÙs tZ;'A dhnK e[obkjN GohnK g[ekoK ˘ j[zrkok Go e/, ;qh r[o{

BkBe d/t ih ns/ ;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dhnK, f;Zy ns/ ıkb;/ dhnK nb'g j' ojhnK oj[


ohsK, wkBsktK ns/ f;XksK ˘ w[V gqufbs eoe/ BkwXkoh ;zs ıkb;k dh g[Bo f;oiBk dk

Mzvk M[bk fdZsk fi; ”s/ poskBth p;shtkdh jkew ns/ T[jBK d/ jZE m'e/ f;Zy sısK d/

g[ikoh, oki/ oitkV/, ns/ j'o T[Go fojk Bt XBh tor nkg d/ fybk¯ j' frnk ns/ nzrq/˜K

˘ nzdoyks/ ;[u/s eoB bZr gJ/ fe e{fenK dh tXdh Ùesh, s[jkv/ oki dh ;bkwsh bJh Gkoh

ısok W. T[; t/b/ d/ ;kv/ b'e rhsK B/ th, e{ek bfjo d/ nzfsw fBÙkB/, gzikp ftu nkgDk

;[szso oki ekfJw eoB ˘ fJT[A u/fsnK ftu ;w'fJnk W -

““wZs rJh okfinK dh wkoh,

oki b? e/ wkbt/ dk.

y'j b?D Bk oki fJj ;kvk

vo rJ/ e{fenK s'A.””

t?;kyh 1857 Jha s'A Ù[o{ j'fJnk fJj nzd'bB, ;wki ;[Xko, Bkoh w[esh nkfd eJh gVkn

bzxdk j'fJnk, poskBth t;sK ns/ ;z;EktK d/ pkJhekN s'A n;fj:'r nzd'bB ns/ ;EkBe

;`? ÙkÙB ”s/ i'o fdzdk j'fJnk, r[nKYh d/ÙK B/gkb, o{;, ncrkfB;skB nkfd Bkb fwZsosk

g{oB ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eodk j'fJnk, TZ[so ns/ wZX Gkos dhnK eJh fonk;sK izw{-eÙwho,

ntX nkfd Bkb e{NBhfse ;zpzX ekfJw eofdnK id'A 1871 Jha ftu g[Zidk W sK fit/A fe

dtzdskwe G"fsetkd dk fJe ek˘B W, bZyK dh frDsh ftu bfjo d/ c?b ikD Bkb fwed-

koh spdhbh, f;¯sh spdhbh ftu pdb rJh. BkwXkoh f;zxK B/ rT{ GyÙe nzro/˜ jkewK

dh Ùfj s'A y'jb/ p[ZuVykfBnK ”s/ skpV s'V jwb/ p'b fdZs/. fJj xNBktK nzfwqs;o, okfJe'N,

w'fozvk ftu fJ;/ ;kb tkgohnK. fÙwb/ sZe d/ p[ZuVykfBnK dk ;¯kfJnk BkwXkoh f;zxK d/

J/izv/ ”s/ ;h. ns/ fco nrb/ ;kb 1872 Jha d/ uVQfdnK jh gfjbk wb"d jfEnkoK bJh jwbk

ns/ fco wb/oe'Nb/ d/ w[jZfbnK ftu p[ZuVK ns/ T[jBK dh wdd ”s/ nkJh fonk;sh g[fb; c"i

s/ j'o iBsk Bkb rfjrZu bVkJh. fco 17-18 iBtoh dk e'Nb/ d/ oZeV ftu f;zxK dk s'gK

Bkb s{zpk s{zpk eo e/ T[vkfJnk ikDk. ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ns/ T[jBQK d/ gqw[Zy ;{fpnK dk d/Ù

fBekbk, fJ; rT{ ôhp dh oZfynk dh Bhsh Bkb jh i[fVnk W.

e[M ftdtkB p[ZuV pZX dhnK xNBktK ekoB e{ek bfjo d/ yk;/ ˘ ;wMD ftu Ngbk ykiKd/ jB ns/ fJ; nzd'bB ˘ i' p;shtkd fto'Xh, irhodkoh fto'Xh, w˜d{oK fe;kBK, ;kpek;?fBeK ns/ d;sekoK dh ;zfwbs Ùesh ”s/ T[;Zoh fJe ftÙkb b'e bfjo ;h, fJ;˘;zgqdkfJesk d/ x/o/ ftu oZy e/ fBoyD goyD bZr g?Ad/ jB. rT{ gzikp dh nkofEesk dk X[ok;h ns/ fJ; Xosh dk g[oksB iht ;h. wZM sK wZX-J/Ùhnk s'A nkohnB b? e/ nkJ/ ;B. y/shbJh p?bK dh pj[s wjZssk ;h. f;nkbe'N, r[odk;g[o, Ù/y{g[ok, r[iZoKtkbk nkfd fijBKf˜fbQnK d/ fe;kB M'N/ tkj[zd/ ;B, T[j p?bK dh tkjh tkb/ f˜fbQnK d/ fe;kBK s'A pj[s gSV


rJ/ ;B. seohpB 65 toQ/ gzikp ftu wjkokik oDihs f;zx iK f;Zy fw;bK dk oki ofjDekoB, gzikph w[;bwkB d/ G'iB ftu'A th rT{ wk; wB¯h j' u[Zek ;h. wjkokik oDihs f;zxdk nzrq/˜K Bkb nfjd ;h fe i/ ed/ r'ok-c"i ekpb tr?ok tZb ikD bJh gzikp ftu'A bzx/rhsK gzi dfonktK dh Xosh ”s/ T[j rT{ xks Bj] eoBr/. Bkpkfbr wjkoki/ dbhg f;zx d/oki ;w/A, i' t?;/ ezgBh dh ;Zsk j/m nk u[Zek ;h, nzrq/˜ o?ihv?AN B/ sKp/ d/ gZsfonK ”s/ fJjj[ew T[eotk e/ ;zB 1845 iK 46 ftu ;qh dopko ;kfjp fty/ brtkfJnk ;h fe nzfwqs;o fturT{ pZX Bj] j't/rk. go wkou 1849 Jha ftu id'A bkj"o d/ Ùkjh febQ/ s'A ;KM/ gzikph oki dkfuzBQ ıkb;Jh fBÙkB T[sko e/ :{BhnB i?e M[bk fdZsk frnk, sK e[M ;w/A pknd jh nzfwqs;o;w/s gzikp d/ eJh ÙfjoK ftu rT{ pZX j'D bZr fgnk. id'A j[D jkewK ˘ g[okDh fbys u/s/eotkJh sK T[jBK dk i[nkp ;h, T[; ;w/A gzikp ”s/ s[jkvk oki ;h, j[D nzrq/˜K dk oki W.nzrq/˜ pj[s fBnK g;zd e"w W ns/ T[j fJe r[nKYh ˘ d{i/ r[nKYh d/ Xkofwe nfXekoK ftudyb d/D dh y[ZbQ Bj] d/ ;edh. fJ; dk Gkt fJj ;h fe w[;bwkB GkJhukok j[D rT{ wk;tos ;edk W. fJ; ˘ tosD bJh rT{xks eo ;edk W. ÙfjoK ftu s[o fco e/ rT{ wk; t/uth ;ed/ jB. pjkBK w[;bwkBK d/ nfXekoK dk ;h, b'V nzrq/˜ f;tbhnB ns/ c"ih tZ;'A bJhrT{ wk; ykD bJh nkgDh ;h. d{;ok we;d fJj ;h fe rT{ d/ ;[nkb ”s/ fjzd{, f;Zy-w[;fbwt;'A ftu sDkT[ g?dk eoe/, fcoekgq;sh T[GkoBh, e"wh J/esk fSzB fGzB eoBh ns/ nkgD/ okidh T[wo bzwh eoBh. e"wh nzd'bB nrtkj W, id'A id'A th iBsk ftd/ÙhnK fto[ZX fJe i[ZNjz[dh fcoe{ behoK wZXw g? iKdhnK ns/ id'A id'A th e"wh T[Gko wZmk g?Adk fojk fijk fe1922-23 Jha ftu u"oh u"ok d/ pjkB/ rKXh ih tZb'A nzd'bB tkg; b?D ;w/A fcoe{ Bkr czBu[e b?Adk ns/ ;ko/ d/Ù ftu Xkofwe fcofenK ftukb/ dzr/ Ù[o{ j[zd/. nzrq/˜ jkewK dh fJ; ukb˘ e{e/ phoK B/ BzfrnK eoB tk;s/ jh p[ZuVykfBnK ”s/ jZb/ p'bD dk ftnkge ekoi eowT[bhe fbnk. fJj nkw w[;bwkBK fto[ZX BK j' e/ nzrq/˜ ;oeko dh “gkV' s/ oki eo'” dh Bhshd/ fto[ZX jfEnkopzd e{ek ftdo'j ;h. d/Ù d/ w[esh ;zrokw dk fJe nfjw pkp ;h. fJjBKxNBktK ˘ fJ;/ gfog/y ftu oZy e/ ftukoB dh n;] fJfsjk;ekoK ns/ nkw gkmeK ˘ p/Bsheod/ jK.

j[D Ù[o{ j[zdk W e{e/ pjkdoK dk w"s Bkb w˜kyK eoB dk, gzikp dh pho gozgok ftu fBZrotkXk eoB tkbk, ÙkBdko nfXnkfJ. gqf;ZX fJfsjk;eko vka c"ik f;zx pkitk d/ ÙpdK ftu““T[j ;{ofwnK tKr jwbkto j'J/, ;{ofwnK tKr i{M/, ;{ofwnK tKr jh fgSKj gos/ ns/;{ofwnK tKr jh T[jBK B/ w"s bkVh dk toD ehsk.”” fJj ;ko/ jh Ùjhd fi; fdqVsk, db/ohns/ nksw ftÙtkÙ Bkb cK;h d/ czX/ iK s'gK d/ r'b/ iK d/Ù fBekb/ tkbh ;[nkoh tZb tX/,T[; B/ t/b/ d/ jkewK ns/ T[jBK d/ eZNV d[ÙwDK ˘ th w{zj ftu T[ArbK gkT[D bJh w˜p{o eofdZsk. tkoeko jo;k f;zx ukso d/ ÙpdK dh nrtkjh e[EK Bj] j'J/rh -

““fJT[A oZy ftykJh e{fenK, e[Zb nkbw ikD/.

;G s'gK fjZe] MZbhnK, ;fsr[o d/ GkD/.


i' ;h; sbh s/ oZy e/ f;o Gko bzxkD/.

fJj ukso ;ke/ T[jBK d/ BK j'D g[okD/.

y[Ùh dh rZb W fe fJ; nzd'bB dh 150 t] toQ/ rzY ;w/A gzikp ;oeko B/, ;qh ;fsr[o{

irihs f;zx ih d/ nÙhotkd ;dek, ;w{j e{ek ÙjhdK, ibktsB ;{fpnK ns/ j'oBK BkfJeK

dhnK T[jBK d/ fgzvK$e;fpnK ftu :kdrkoK T[;koB dk phVk u[Zfenk W.

go fJj ;ko/ b'e BkfJe i' ;wK gk e/ u/fsnK ftu'A nb'g j[zd/ ik oj/ ;B, T[jBK d/ nr/so

gS/so BktK EktK dh y'i eoe/ gkmeK ns/ gzikp ;oeko se gj[zukT[D dk tZvk Ghyw ekok

;{pk ;[fozdo e"o ih yob d/ ;[Gkr ftu doi j'fJnk W. ;{pk ih ihtBheko, fJfsjk;eko,

fBpzXeko, ejkDheko, eth, y'ieko ns/ ;kfjs gVu'bhJ/ th jB fijBK d/ Gog{o ouBk ;z;ko

dk t/otk d/ e/ w?A nkgDh rZb bzwh Bj] eoKrk. T[jBK d/ g?oK ftu jw/ÙK ;¯o, B?DK ftu e[M

BtK eo r[õB d/ ;[gB/ bNed/ jB. fJfsjk; y'i ekoiK ftu BkwXkoh ÙjhdK dhnK g?VK

bZGD bJh fiZE/ T[jBK B/ ;kok gzikp ftÙ/Ù eoe/ wkbtk SkD wkfonk W, T[ZE/ god/;h gqhsw

;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh uoB S[j gqkgs Xosh dk f;idk eoB dh bbe T[jBK ˘ nkgD/ gsh

;qa Grtzs f;zx s/ j'o ;fj:'rhnK d/ Bkb gfjbk fpqfNÙ poQwk ns/ j[D fwnKwko d/ ÙfjoK

izrbK, Nkg{nK ftu th bJh fcodh ojh W. T[j pj[s ;ko/ fJBkwK ;BwkBK ns/ ;z;EktK d[nkok

fBtki/ ik u[Ze/ jB. T[jBK dk ;G s'A tZvk ;BwkB T[jBK dk fJj m'; ezw jh W i' T[jBK dh

ehosh ˘ fuo ;EkJh o{g ftu ihts oZy/rk. n;] T[jBK d/ fJ;/ fBozso ;¯o ftu j'o tX/o/

p[bzdhnK dh ekwBk eod/ jK. fJe n"os ˘ ni/j/ ezwK ftu i' d[ÙtkohnK nk ;edhnK jB

T[jBK s'A th ikDz{ jK go T[jBK dk gzE, T[jBK dk gfotko fJ; fpyw ekoi ftu jw/Ùk ;jkJh

j[zdk W s/ j[zdk oj/rk.

“BkwXkoh fJfsjk;” fbyfdnK 1957 Jha ftu ;qa Bkjo f;zx j'oK B/ “B{o ijK dh epo” d/

jtkb/, e'Nb/ d/ oZeV dh T[ikV dÙk ˘ fusfonk ;h -

““;kvh wVQh ôhpK dh W

Bk cZ[b uVQB Bk dht/ pbd/

p[bp[b wko{ okr Bj] rkT[Adh

czx gotkB/ d/ Bj] ibd/””

go ni wb/oe'Nbk fty/ e{fenK dk T[j oZeV fSnkm w'ohnK tkb/ yzv/ ;w/s irwrk fojk

W. S/sh jh ÙjhdK dhnK j'o :kdrkoK fJt/A irwrk T[mZDrhnK.

eohtkbk (f;o;k) ;[toB f;zx ftoe

31-7-2007


IU

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ;jkfJ

ÙÙ[[eeoorr[[˜̃kkoohh !! XXzzBBttkkdd !!

nki :kd nks/ WA ÙjhdkB/ tsB

ngB/ y{B ;/ fuokr'A e' ibkB/ tkb/

w?˘ nfsnzs y[Ùh W ns/ Bkb jh nkgDh y[ÙB;hph ”s/ ¯yo W fe w?˘ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx

ih, BkwXkoh ÙjhdK ns/ ;[szsosk ;zrokwhnK d/ fJfsjk; dh y'i eo e/ T[BQK pko/ fbyD ns/

fJj jZEbh g[;se Sgtk ;eD dk wkD gqkgs j'fJnk W.

w/o/ e'b Ùpd Bj] jB fiBQK Bkb w? ;qh ;fsr[o{ ;Zu/ gksÙkj ih gqsh Ù[eor[˜koh ftnes

eo ;eK. ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih B/ w/o/ e'b'A fJ; g[;se b/yD dk nsh T[Zsw ekoi eotk

e/ w?˘ wkD pıfÙnk W.

s/ok jh s' B{o W i' fJ; fujo/ go gV ojk W

toBk fJ; nzX/o/ w/A w[M/ e"B gfjukBsk

;fsr[o{ fi; s'A i' ukj/ ezw eotk ;ed/ jB. j˜{o B/ w/o/ wB ftu ftuko g?dk ehsk

fe BkwXkoh ÙjhdK, ibktsB ;{fpnK ns/ j'o BkfJeK ns/ ;[szsosk ;zrokwhnK dk fJfsjk;

bZGk, Bkb jh fjzws pıÙh fe fJ; nsh n"y/ ekoi ˘ B/gV/ ukVQ ;eK.

““;fsr[o{ d/ o;s/ “s/ s[oB dh b'V W, ;fsr[o{ nr'A o;sk pDk e/ ;k¯ eo d//Ad?””

- ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx

;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d/ fJj puB jw/ÙK w/o/ okjK dk ukBD-w[Bkok oj/ jB.

16 wJh ;zB 1993 s'A w?A ÙjhdK dk fJfsjk; ns/ T[BQK d/ gfotkoK ˘ fgzv' fgzv] ik e/

bZGD dk ekoi ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih dh feogk ns/ nÙhotkd Bkb nkozfGnk W. T[d'A

s'A j[D she dk ;kok foekov w/o/ e'b w"i{d W fe feZE/ feZE/ s/ ed'A ed'A rJ/.

24 i{B 1993 ˘ wb/oe'Nbk d/ oZeV ftu (fiE/ 66 e{e/ f;Zy s'gK Bkb T[vk e/ Ùjhd ehs/

rJ/ ;B) ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih dh j˜{oh ns/ ;ogq;sh j/m fJe pj[s ftÙkb gZXo dk


Ùjhd :kdrkoh ;wkrw j'fJnk. T[; t/b/ d/ gzikp d/ w[Zy wzsoh ;ta ;a p/nzs f;zx B/ fJ;

;wkrw dh gqXkBrh ehsh. ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx B/ T[; fdB wb/oe'Nbk d/ BkwXkoh Ùjhdh

;wkoe dk B]j gZEo oZfynk ;h. (fJ; ;wkoe dh T[;koh 5 d;zpo 1993 s'A ;zs ;[fozdo f;zx

BkwXkoh whs gqXkB BkwXkoh dopko dh d/y o/y j/m Ù[o{ j'Jh ;h)

fJ; ;wkrw ;w/A ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih s'A gqtkBrh ns/ nkÙhotkd gqkgs eo, w?A gfjbh tko

ÙjhdK d/ gfotko T[u/funk p[bkJ/ ;B. ;wkrw Ù[o{ j'D s'A gfjb'A ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ ı[d ;N/i

s'A T[so e/ gzvkb ftu p?mh ;zrs e'b ik e/ j[ew ehsk fe E'V/Q E'VQ/ fgZS/ j' ikU, fJE/ nZr/

ÙjhdK d/ gfotko fpmkJ/ ikD/ jB. ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih dh fJ; jA";bk n¯ikJh B/ w/oh brB s/

T[sÙkj ftu tkXk ehsk.

ÙjhdK d/ gfotkoK d/ w?poK ˘ ;wkrw ;w/A yVQk eo e/ fJBQK dk gfou: wZ[y wzsoh ;a p/nzs

f;zx ns/ T[BQK Bkb nkJ/ wzsohnK ns/ TZ[E/ jkõ fJeZsosk Bkb eotkfJnk frnk. ;ta ;a

p/nzs f;zx fJBQK gfotkoK ˘ t/y e/ gq;zB j'J/ ns/ nkfynk fe w/ok ihn eodk W fe ÙjhdK d/

gfotkoK dk ;oekoh s"o ”s/ ;BwkB ehsk ikt/.

nzrq/˜K d/ ;w/A ÙjhdK d/ gfotkoK ˘ fJsBk szr ehsk frnk ;h fe eJh gfotko e[M ;w/A

bJh nkg' nkgD/ fgzv SZv rJ/ ;B. fJ;/ ekoD pj[s/ gfotko BkwXkoh th Bj] ;B oj/. w?A fJBQK

;ko/ gfotkoK ˘ bZG e/, ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d/ uoBK Bkb i'VB dh fJe fBwkDh fijh e'fÙÙ ehsh

W.

fJj jZEbh g[;se f;o¯ BkwXkoh ÙjhdK ns/ ;[szsosk ;zrqkwhnK d/ fJfsjk; ns/ BKtK,

EKtK, fgzvK pko/ fbyh rJh W. ;ko/ ;kfenK d/ ÙjhdK d/ t/ot/ ns/ gfou: W. t?;/ ;ko/ ÙjhdK

ns/ ;[szsosk ;zrqkwhnK d/ pko/ fbfynk sK Bj] ik ;edk feT[Afe fJj nDfrDs jB. pj[s

;ko/ sK S[g/ jh ofj rJ/ j'Dr/ fijV/ fe;/ foekov ftu Bj] nk ;e/ j'Dr/. nzrq/˜ ;oeko B/

pj[s ;ko/ BkwXkoh f;Zy ;w[zdo ”u v'p v'p e/ ns/ j'o eJh sohfenK Bkb s;hj/ d/ e/ Ùjhd

ehs/.

fJj g[;se ;oekoh d;skt/˜K ns/ fgzvK ftu ik ik e/ ÙjhdK d/ fJfsjk; ns/ gfotkoK

dh y'i eoe/ ehsh rJh gZ[SfrS ”s/ nXkfos W.

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih pko/ ftdtkBK s/ gqf;ZX Ùı;hnsK d/ ftukoK dhnK N{eK ;fsi[r

d/ ;zB 1935 d/ Sg/ p;zs nze ftu'A ns/ e[M wkf;e tfonkw d/ nzeK ftu Sg/ b/yK ftu'A bJhnK

rJhnK jB.

;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih d/ tes ;G s'A gfjbk T[x/ b/ye ;a Bkjo f;zx B/ fdZbh

nkoekJht s'A ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d/ j[ew nB[;ko BkwXkoh fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzXs foekov

eYtkfJnk ns/ g[;seK SgtkJhnK. T[BQK ns/ T[BQK d/ ;fj:'rh gq'a wbftzdoihs f;zx tV?u

i' fe gzikp ns/ jfonkDk jkJhe'oN uzvhrVQ ftu ;hBhno tehb jB, B/ w?˘ gq/oBk fdZsh fe


w?A gfNnkbk nkoekJht ftu'A BkwXkoh fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzXs foekov eYtktK, ;' w?A fJBQK d'jK

dh pj[s XzBtkdh jK. w?A fJj foekov eqhp 2200 gzB/ - T[od{, noph ns/ ¯ko;h ftu fby/ j'J/

eYtkJ/. ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d/ j[ew nB[;ko fJBQK dk nB[tkd eotkfJnK pj[s

;kohnK BthnK ikDekohnK T[ZGo e/ ;kjwD/ nkJhnK jB. fJBQK d;skt/˜K dk nB[tkd vka

nwotzs f;zx yzBk, i' r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh nzfwqs;o ns/ gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh gfNnkbk

fty/ cko;h d/ b?euoko oj/ jB s'A eotkfJnk frnk W. w?A vka nowtzs f;zx ih dh th XzBtkdh

jK. fJBQK d;skt/˜K d/ gzikph nB[tkd ˘ w?A S/sh jh g[;se o{g ftu gkmeK d/ ;kjwD/ g/Ù

eoKrh.

w?A nsh XzBtkdh jK, T[BQK ;ZiDK dh, fiBQK B/ w/o/ fJ; ezw ftu w?˘ ;fj:'r fdZsk. nkgD/

gfotko dh th XzBtkdh jK, w/o/ gsh ;zs Grtzs f;zx s/ w/o/ pZfunK B/ w?˘ jo gZy'A y'i-ekoi

ns/ b/yD-ekoi ;w/A ;kE s/ ;fj:'r gqdkB ehsk. ;zs Grtzs f;zx jo EK w/o/ Bkb iKd/ jB

fi; ekoB w?˘ e'Jh w[Ùfeb Bj] nkT[Adh. w/ok g[Zso :kdftzdo f;zx okik, B{zj jodhg e"o

fpzew ns/ p/Nh o[fgzdo e"o o{gk, g'sk :Ùtzs f;zx w?˘ g{oh soQK ;fj:'r fdzd/ jB. w/oh GkDih

wBdhg e"o w'Bh ns/ p/Nh o{gk B/ ezfg:{No ”s/ fJ; g[;se dk yoVk pVh fwjBs Bkb fsnko

eo e/ w?˘ g{ok ;fj:'r fdZsk W, w?A fJBQK dh th nsh XzBtkdh jK.

j˜{oh ;/te jogkb f;zx ns/ j˜{oh ;/te oSgkb f;zx d[nkok fJ; g[;se d/ b/yD-ekoi

gqsh do;kJh rJh fdbu;gh B/ w?˘ T[sÙkfjs ehsk fe w?A fJ; ekoi ˘ ;zgzB eo ;eK. fJBQK

d'jK GoktK B/ w?˘ jo gZy'A Gog{o ;fj:'r fdZsk W.

w?A jkofde XzBtkdh jK, vka ;odkok f;zx i"jb (;kpek tkfJ; uK;bo gzikph

:{Bhtof;Nh gfNnkbk) dh fiBQK B/ w/oh g[;se dk yoVk gVQ e/ w?˘ fJ; g[;se pko/ nkgD/

ehwsh ftuko fby e/ fdZs/. vk i"jb, ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d/ gow ÙoXkb{ f;Zy jB.

nkg ih d/ nj[fdnK dh fb;N J/Bh bzwh W fe i/ t/otk d/D bZrhJ/ sK eJh gzB/ Go ikDr/.

w?A nsh XzBtkdh jK, ;a ;[toB f;zx ftoe dh fiBQK B/ w/oh p/Bsh gotkB eofdnK w/oh

fJ; fbys ˘ gVQB T[gqzs nkgD/ ehwsh ftuko fby e/ w?˘ fBtkfink W. ftoe ih pj[s

tXhnk p[bko/ ns/ b/ye jB.

w?A nsh XzBtkdh jK, ;a nwoihs f;zx b[fXnkDk dh fiBQK dh g[;se “gzikp d/ fgzv Ùfjo

ns/ e;p/” ftu'A w?˘ ÙjhdK d/ fgzvK ns/ T[BQK d/ pbke, sfj;hbK s/ f˜fbQnK pko/ ;jh ;jh

ikDekoh fwbh.

w?A nsh XzBtkdh jK, ;zs irsko f;zx gfBjkoh (;zs fiT[D f;zx, whjK f;zx ;ojkbh,

;[szsosk ;zrqkwhnK d/ gfotko ftu'A) dh fiBQK B/ ;w/A ;w/A ”s/ w?˘ w/oh fJ; g[;se pko/ ;[MkU

fdZs/. fJBQK B/ jh w?˘ ;a nwoihs f;zx ih dh T[go'es g[;se pko/ dZf;nk.

w?A nsh XzBtkdh jK, ;zs ;[fozdo f;zx BkwXkoh b[fXnkDk whs gqXkB BkwXkoh dopko ns/


NoZ;Nh e{ek Ùjhd :kdrkoh NoZ;N dh, fiBQK B/ w?˘ jZbk Ù/oh d/ e/ fJ; g[;se dk w?No fsnko

eotkfJnk.

w?A nsh XzBtkdh jK, vka joikg f;zx ns/ gfotko Ùkje'N dh fiBQK B/ fJ; g[;se dh

SgkJh bJh wkfJe ;jkfJsk d/ e/ T[sÙkfjs ehsk.

w?A nsh XzBtkdh jK, ;a w[yfsnko f;zx nwohek (Ùjhd phjbk f;zx Bkobh d/ gfotko

ftu'A) dh fiBQK B/ w?˘ fJ; g[;se dh SgkJh bJh :'rdkB d/ e/ w/oh j"A;bk n¯ikJh ehsh.

w?A nsh XzBtkdh jK Ùqh johÙ i?B ih ns/ Ùqh o'fjs i?B ih dh fiBQK B/ pV/ fXnkB,

fdbu;gh ns/ ohM Bkb fJ; g[;se ˘ Skg e/ w/o/ ;[¯B/ ˘ g{ok ehsk j?.

y'i dk ezw ed/ w[Zedk Bj]. y'i ni/ ikoh W, fbyfdnk e[M T[DskJhnK th ofj rJhnK

j'DrhnK, T[BQK bJh fywK dh ikue jK. ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih feogk eoB, w?A j'o tXhnk fby ;eK.

fwsh- 1 iBtoh 2008 ;{pk ;[fozdo e"o yob

o{gBro.


ee{{eekk nnzzdd''bbBB ((;;zzyy//gg ffttuu))

“e{ek nzd'bB”, ;[szzsosk ;zrokw d/ w'Yh ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d[nkok ;zB 1857 ftu

ubkJh rJh d/Ù Grsh dh fJe wjkB bfjo ;h.

Gkos dh n˜kdh dh bVkJh dk w[ZY, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/, nzrq/˜ ;oeko fto[ZX

BkfwbtosD bfjo ubk e/ pzfBQnk. nzrq/˜ ;oeko dh B"eoh, T[BQK d/ ubkJ/ ;e{b, ndkbsK,

;kohnK ftd/Ùh t;sK d/ pkJhekN d/ Bkb-Bkb, o/b, sko s/ vke dk th pkJhekN ehsk frnk.

nzrq/˜h t;sK dh EK Gkosh xo/b{ t;s{nK d/ gq:'r eoB d/ nkd/Ù Bkb ;td/Ùh dk gquko

j'fJnk. fJ; ;ko/ gqpzX ˘ ;[uko{ o{g ftu ubkT[D bJh fJbkenK ftu ;{p/ fB:[es eoB/,

nkgDk “e{ek vke gqpzX” ekfJw eoBk, d/;h fonk;sK Bkb rZm i'V, ¯"ih f;Zfynk bJh eÙwho

oki ftu ““e{ek gbNB”” dh ;EkgBk ns/ ftd/ÙK ftu r[nKYh d/ÙK B/gkb, o{; ns/

n¯rkfB;skB Bkb okiBhfse ;zpzX pDkT[D/, fJ; rZb dk gqsZy ;p{s jB fe ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw

f;zx ih dh ofjB[wkJh j/m BkwXkoh f;ZyK B/ nkgDh ;oeko pDk e/ ;t?oki ;Ekfgs eo fbnk

;h.

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw ih B/ nzrq/˜K dh “gkV' s/ oki eo'” (Divide & Rule) dh e[fNb Bhsh d/

fto[ZX “i[V' s/ bV'” (Unite & Fight) dh Bhsh dk n?bkB ehsk. ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ 12 ngq?b

1857 ˘ ft;kyh tkb/ fdB ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ yzv/ pkN/ dk nzfwqs Sek e/ “;zs ykb;k” dh

f;oiDk eo e/ w[oMk u[Zeh f;Zyh ˘ ;[oihs ehsk, nkg ih B/ pkDh gVQB ns/ Bkw f;woB eoB

bJh b'eK ˘ gq/o e/ r[ows tZb bkfJnk. ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d/ s/i-gqskg Bkb fiZXo iKd/ j˜koK

d/ frDsh ftu f;Zy ;i iKd/. fgzvK d/ fgzv f;Zy ;i rJ/. d; ;kbK ftu ;Zs bZy dh frDsh

ftu f;Zy ;i rJ/.

fJ;soh iksh dh dÙk d/ ;[Xko bJh ;koEe edw u[Ze e/, ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ pj[s tZvk

T[geko ehsk. izwdhnK e[VhnK ˘ wkoB, t/uD, tZNk eoB s/ pkb ftnkj eoB s'A b'eK ˘

o'fenk. ;sh gqEk ˘ pzd eoB ns/ ftXtk dk w[V ftnkj eoB bJh gq/fonk. i{B ;zB 1863

(;zws 1920) ftu ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fJ;sohnK ˘ nzfwqs SekfJnk. fJ;/ ;kb S/ nzsoiksh

i'fVnK d/ ftnkj eo e/, ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ r[ows nkBzd-ekoi eoB dh wfo:kdk nkozGh.


Gkostk;hnK dhnK Xkofwe GktBktK ˘ m/; gj[zuk e/, T[BQK ˘ r[bkwh dk nfj;k;

d[nkT[D bJh ns/ fjzd{, f;Zy$w[;bwkBK ftu dokV gk e/ T[BQK ˘ fJe d{i/ Bkb bVkT[D d/

wB'oEK fjs, nzrq/˜ ;oeko B/ nzfwqs;o, wb/oe'Nbk ns/ okJ/e'N fty/ r[o{-XkwK B/V/ p[ZuVykB/

y[bQtk fdZs/. rT{ Gkos d/ fjzd{ s/ f;Zy ;wki bJh wK dk doik oZydh ;h ns/ j[D th oZydh

W. nzro/˜ jkewK B/ wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ oki ;w/A rT{ jZfsnk s'A brh gkpzdh ˘ s'V e/

rT{ jZfsnk dh nkfrnk d/ e/ fJe e'Mh ukb ubh ;h. rT{-pX eoe/, rT{ wk; t/funk jh Bj]

ikD bZrk ;r'A f;ZyK ns/ fjzd{nK d/ g{iBhe Xkofwe n;EkBK ˘ wk; s/ jZvhnK ;[ZN e/

ngftZso ehsk ikD bZrk. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ f;ZyK s'A fJj ;fjD Bj] j'fJnk.

p[ZuVykfBnK ”s/ jwbk eo e/ BkwXkohnK B/ nzrq/˜K Bkb f;ZXh NZeo bJh.

rT{nK ˘ p[ZuVykfBnK ftu'A S[vkT[D d/ i[ow ftu, nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A ;zB 1871 ˘

nzfwqs;o fty/ uko, okJ/e'N fty/ fszB ns/ b[fXnkDk fty/ d' BkwXkoh f;ZyK ˘, f;o¯ Gkosh

b'eK d/ wBK ftu dfjÙs g?dk eoB bJh, Ùo/nkw cK;h d/ e/ Ùjhd ehsk frnk. fJjBK f;ZyK

B/ cK;h d/ czd/ nkg nkgD/ rbK ftu gkJ/.

wb/oe'Nbk fty/ 17-18 iBtoh ;zB 1872 (6-7 wkx ;zws 1928) ˘ fJ;/ d'Ù nXhB

fpBK w[eZdwk ubkJ/ 66 BkwXkoh f;ZyK ˘ Ùjhd ehsk frnk. 17 iBtoh ;zB 1872 ˘,

wb/oe'Nbk d/ oZeV ftu ;Zs s'gK ;Zs tko ubhnK ns/ 49 f;Zy BZ;-BZ; e/ nkg s'gK nZr/

nk e/ Ùjhd j' rJ/. 50tK Ùjhd j'fJnk f;Zy fJe 12 ;kb dk pkbe fpÙB f;zx ;h. fJ; ˘

sbtkoK Bkb eZN e/ Ùjhd ehsk frnk ;h feT[Afe fJ; B/ r[Z;/ ftu nzrq/˜ n¯;o ektB dh

dkVQh ˘ ik jZE gkfJnk ;h. pkeh d/ 16 f;ZyK ˘ 18 iBtoh 1872 ˘ s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehsk

frnk.

fJe nzrq/˜ i' Gkos ftu T[; t/b/ ;?o eoB nkfJnk j'fJnk ;h, B/ nkgD/ ;¯oBkw/ ftu

fbfynk W, ““:{og tkb/ fJe Jh;k ”s/ wkD eod/ jB, w?A nB/e Jh;k BZ; BZ; e/ s'gK ;kjwD/

nkT[Ad/ s/ w"s ˘ rbtZeVh gkT[Ad/ t/y/ jB.”

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh pıfÙÙ Bkb BkwXkoh Ùjhd w"s d/ vo s'A w[es j' rJ/ ;B.

T[j jZ;-jZ; e/ s'gK nZr/ nkT[Ad/ ;B ns/ cK;h d/ czd/ nkg nkgD/ rbK ftu gkTA[d/ ;B.

nzrq/˜K B/, BkwXkoh f;ZyK ˘ nB/e gqeko d/ s;hj/ d/ e/, ;w[zdo ”u v'p e/, ekb/ gkDh e?d eoe/

ns/ j'o eJh gqeko Bkb Ùjhd ehsk.

Ùjhd f;ZyK dhnK iwhB ikfJdksK ips eo e/ T[BQK d/ gfotkoK ˘ szr ehsk frnk. T[BQK

d/ xoK ftu'A ;kok ;wkB fJE'A she fe row s/ mzv/ d[ZX d/ GKv/ sZe nzrq/˜ ;oeko tZb'A ips

eo bJ/ rJ/. T[jBQK d/ xoK ftu e[M Bj] SZfvnk.

wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ c"oB wro'A 18 iBtoh 1872 s'A, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ˘, ;zB 1818

d/ o?r{b/ÙB III n?eN sfjs T[BQK d/ fBih ;/te GkJh BkBz{ f;zx ns/ gqw[Zy ;{p/ ;kfjpkB ;w/s


nbkjkpkd feb/ ftu Bõpzd ofynk frnk. T[E'A, 16 wkou 1872 ˘, ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih ˘ T[BQK

d/ fBih ;/te ;w/s, ebeZs/ s'A ozr{B (powk) fty/ e?d ftu G/i fdZsk. T[E'A th eqhp ;kY/ 8

;kb pknd ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih ˘, d/Ù Bkb'A j[ewBkfwnK okj] Bksk s'VB bJh, wor'Jh Nkg{ (powk)

fty/ G/i fdZsk frnk. ;{fpnK Bz{ tZy' tZy EktK ”s/ G/i e/ e?d ofynk frnk .

;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d/ gqd/; rtB fgS'A, ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp dh fvT[Vh nZr/ g[fb; u"eh fpmk fdZsh

rJh, fijVh eohp 50 ;kb (;zB 1872 s'A 1923 she) ojh. ;qh ;fsr[o{ joh f;zx ih s/ ;qh

;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih t/b/ fit/A nzrq/˜ ;oeko B/ BkwXkoh gzE ”s/ ;ıshnK ns/ ˜[bw ehs/,

fJj fJe o"ArN/ yV/Q eoB tkbk r"otwJh fJfsjk; W. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh ubkJh Bk-

fwbtosD bfjo ˘ eqhp 50 ;kb pknd eKro;hnK B/ ngDkfJnk ns/ d/Ù dh ;[szsosk

gqkgsh tZb edw u[Ze/. eqhp ;kohnK d/Ù Grs gkoNhnK B/ e{ek nzd'bB s'A gq/oBk bJh.


pp[[ZZXXhhiihhtthhnnKK nnss// BB//sskkttKK ddhh BB˜̃oo ffttuu ““ee{{eekk--nnzzdd''bbBB””

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx B/ fiE/ b'eK Bz{ nksfwe s"o ”s/ T[Zuk T[ZmD bJh nfXnkswe

nrtkJh L- Bkw-pkDh s/ ;[Zu ;'X d/ o{g ftu gqdkB ehsh ns/ ;wkfie e[ohshnK s'A puD

bJh gq/fonk, T[E/ ;t?-fBoGo j' e/ d/Ù Grsh dh GktBk Bz{ th irk fdZsk ns/ nzro/˜ ;kwoki

fto[ZX fJe tZv/ b'e nzd'bB dh BhAj oZyh. fJ; “e{ek nzd'bB” Bz{ ubk e/ T[BQK B/ tsBgq;sh

dk fJe nfijk dhtk irkfJnk, fi; T[s/ nB/e n˜kdh d/ gotkfBnK B/ nkgD/ gqkDK dh

nkj{sh fdZsh. T[jBK B/ B"itkBK ftu d/Ù Grsh d/ nfij/ i˜p/ dk ;zuko ehsk, fi; Bkb

T[j jZ;d/ jZ;d/ cK;h d/ sıs/ ”s/ M{b rJ/, s'gK nr/ TZ[v/ ns/ y[Ùh y[Ùh Ùjkds dk ikw gh

rJ/.

T[; ;w/A id'A nzro/˜ ;kwoki d/ fybk¯ e'Jh fJe bc˜ th w{zj'A eZYdk, w"s dh BhAdo/ ;[nk

fdZsk iKdk ;h, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx d/ f;ZyK B/ fJBQK ftd/Ùh ÙkÙeK Bkb f;ZXh NZeo bJh. ;qh

;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ nzrq/˜K dh “gkV' s/ oki eo'” (Divide & Rule) dh e[fNb Bhsh d/ fto[ZX

“i[V' s/ bV'” (Unite & Fight) dh Bhsh dk n?bkB ehsk ns/ Gkosh e"w dh ;[Zsh j'Jh nDy ˘

irkT[D tk;s/ “fpZfbU, Gkos SZv ikU, fJj ;kvk W”, bbeko fdZsh. fJ; soQK ;qh ;fsr[o{

ih B/ Gkos ˘ nzrq/˜K dh r[bkwh s'A n˜kd eotkT[D bJh b'eK ˘ i'fVnK ns/ nkgD/ sohe/

Bkb bVB bJh fsnko ehsk. d/Ù dh n˜kdh bJh Bk-fwbtosD bfjo fJe nB'yh rZb ;h,

i' ftÙt ftu gfjbh tko ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ Ù[o{ ehsh.

n;b ftu ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ i' fJfsjk;e Bk-fwbtosB ns/ ;td/Ùh bfjo

Ù[o{ ehsh ;h, T[;B/ Gkos ftu'A nzrq/˜h ;kwoki dhnK iVQK fjbk fdZshnK ;B.

ı[d nzrq/˜ ;oeko dh, ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih pko/ fog'oN nB[;ko,

“He is a very dangerous man, the most dangerous man perhaps now in India.”

fJj fog'oN ;zB 1878 dh W, id'A ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih ˘ ibktsB ehfsnK 6 ;kb j' u[Ze/ ;B.

fJj fog'oN fJe ;Bd pD iKdh W, nzrq/˜h oki bJh e{ek w{tw?AN dh xkse ;woZEk dh.

d/Ù ftu j'o th eJh d/Ù Grsh dhnK bfjoK ;B go f;o¯ e{ek w{tw?AN pko/ nzrq/˜K B/

fbfynk, ““e{ek ed/ nzrq/˜ dk tckdko Bj] j' ;edk.””


““(r[o{) okw f;zx f;Zy f¯bk;¯o s/ ;[Xkoe W ns/ nzro/˜h tgko Bkb ns/ B"eohnK gqshBk-fwbtosD s/ pkJhekN ˘ okiBhse Ùesh dk jfEnko pDk e/ tosD tkbk gfjbk GkoshW.””

- ((ffJJBB;;kkJJhheebb''gghhvvhhnnkk ppqqNN//ffBBeekk tt''bb::{{ww 88 ggzzBBkk 114422))

““fJjd/ fJokd/ Ù[o{ ftu Gkt/A e[M th j'D, go j[D fJ; dk fBÙkBk okiBhse W. T[j fJenfij/ gzE dk nkr{ ns/ ndZ[sh B/sk W i' nkgD/ ;[GkT[ nB[;ko ykb;k oki ˘ w[V ;[oihseoB dh j?;hns ftu poskBth ;bsBs dk t?oh W. gfjb'A okw f;zx ˘ ;zs ;o{g r[o{ BkBedk o{g ;wfMnk iKdk ;h. go j[D T[j r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx dk ntsko wzfBnK iKdk W.

r[o{ okw f;zx ;kXkoD cehoK dh j?;hns Bj] oZydk. T[j s[jk˘ nZXh doiB ;tkoK Bkbfwbdk W. id fe ph;hUA nkdwh T[; d/ nZr/ fgZS/ j[zd/ jB.

T[j nkgD/ ;{fpnK d/ x/o/ ftu fiBQK B/ ;'jD/ fuZN/ p;so gfjB/ j[zd/ jB, s[jkv/ e?Ag ftufJe pkdÙkj dh ÙkB ftu dkfyb j[zdk W.

(r[o{) okw f;zx ukbke nkdwhnK d/ jZEK dh emg[sbh Bj] W. fi; B/ T[;dk doÙB ehskns/ T[; Bkb rZbK ehshnK jB, T[; B/ T[; dh pZ[Xh dh ;fEosk ns/ nkuoD dh nv'bskt/yD ftu T[ekJh Bj] ehsh j't/rh. nkgD/ T[s/ ekp{ gkT[D tkb/ fJj tZv/ r[D fe;/ ;kXkoBnkr{ ftu Bj] j' ;ed/.””

((44 BBttzzppoo 11887711 ddhh ffoogg''ooNN))

((;;wweekkbbhh nnffXXeekkoohh ffww;;NNoo ii//aa vvppbbTT{{ ww??eeBBpp,, ;;kkppeekk eeffwwÙÙBBoo nnzzppkkbbkk eeffwwÙÙBBoohh))

““T[; B/ j"bh-j"bh nkgD/ f;ZyK nzdo, B/eh ns/ gqj/˜rkoh d/ ekoB gqf;ZXh gqkgs eo bJhW. T[; d/ u/fbnK dh frDsh pj[s tX rJh W. (r[o{) okw f;zx s/ T[; d/ u/b/ e/tb Xkofwe jhBj] jB ;r'A Xkofwe ;[Xkoe, ;dkukoh T[gd/Ùe ns/ r[o{ j'D d/ fbpk; ftu T[BQK B/ okiBhshd/ v{zx/ wB;{fpnK ˘ nk;ok fdZsk.””

((;;wweekkbbhh nnffXXeekkoohh ;;::ZZdd ww[[jjzzwwdd bbsshh¯̄ nn??ee;;NNookk nnff;;;;NN??AANN eeffwwÙÙBBoo))

““f˜bQ/ d/ fvgNh efwÙBo B/ nkgDhnk fuZmhnK okj] ;?ANo ;oeko ˘ fbfynk fe e{fenKB/ fpBK s'g sbtko s'A jh n˜kdh dh izr Ù[o{ eo fdZsh W.””

((ggqq''aa nnppdd[[bb ww˜̃hhdd))

fJ; ftu e'Jh ;zd/j BjhA fe ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ;Zu/ noEK ftu nfXnkswe gow-g[oy ns/ nd[Zsh jowB fgnko/ b'e BkfJe oj/ jB.

nzro/˜ ;oeko B/ Gkt/A ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih Bz{ ;zB 1872 ftu powk fty/ ibktsBeo fdZsk ;h go ;[szsosk ;zrokw d/ gKXhnK B/ T[BQK Bz{ ;dk u/s/ oZfynk ns/ tZy tZy ;w/AnkgD/ GkÙDK s/ b/yK okjhA T[BQK dh gq;z;k eod/ oj/ ns/ T[BQK d/ g{ofBnK ”s/ uZbD dk :sBeod/ oj/.


rdo gkoNh d/ nkr{ ;qa ;'jB f;zx GeBk BkwXkoh gfotko ftu'A ;B. pZpo nekbh bfjo

Bkb th BkwXkoh bfjo dh ;KM ojh. Ùjhd/-nk˜w ;odko Grs f;zx ns/ T[BQK d/ ukuk ;odko

nihs f;zx B/ th ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh Bk-fwbtosD bfjo s'A gq/oBk bJh. Ùjhd Grs

f;zx, ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih dh Ùı;hns ns/ n;{bK s'A pj[s gqGkfts ;B ns/ T[BQK B/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih

pko/ eJh b/y fby e/ SgtkJ/ ;B.

p[ZXhihthnK ns/ B/sktK dhnK fbysK “e{ek bfjo” dh d/Ù Grsh do;kT[AdhnK jB. fJBQK

fbysK ftu'A e[M e[ ;zy/g fNZgDhnK g/Ù jB fiBQK s'A BkwXkoh bfjo dh wjkBsk ns/ fJ; Bz{

d{;ohnK Xkofwe, ;wkfie ns/ okiBhse bfjoK Bz{ gq/oBk d/D ns/ gqGkt gkT[D d/ :'rdkB

pko/ gsk bZrdk W.

ÙfjBÙkj e[Nhnk ;{so wzvh bkj"o s'A “wjKoEh” nypko d/ ;zgkde ˘ nkgDh 27 cotoh

;zB 1928 dh fuZmh ftu Ùjhd Grs f;zx fbyd/ jB L -

““s[;h ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih pko/ w/ok b/y sK Skg fdZsk W go c'N' Bj] Skgh. s;tho

fpBK b/y dh ;[zdosk xN iKdh W, j[D w?A fJe j'o b/y ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih pko/ G/iKrk,

s[;] fJ; ˘ s;thoK ;w/s SkgDK.””

-- ÙÙjjhhdd GGrrss ff;;zzxx

Ùjhd Grs f;zx d/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih pko/ ftuko ;B, ““T[jBK (;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih) T[;

t/b/ Bk-fwbtosD bfjo dk gquko Ù[o{ ehsk i' ;zB 1920 ftu wjkswk rKXh ih B/ ehsk ;h.

T[jBK dh Bk-fwbtosD bfjo, wjkswk rKXh dh Bk-fwbtosD Bkb'A eJh rZbK ftu tX e/

;h. ndkbsK dk pkJhekN, nkgDhnK gzukfJsK dh ekfJwh, ;oekoh skbhw dk pkJhekN,

ftd/Ùh ;oeko d/ pkJhekN d/ Bkb Bkb, o/b sko s/ vke d/ pkJhekN dk th g{ok gquko ehsk.

T[; t/b/ d/Ù fJzBK ;kj ;sjhD j' frnk ;h fe T[BQK d/ pkJhekN dh rZb ;'uh jh Bj] ik ;edh

;h.””

““n;] e{fenK ˘ G[ZbV ns/ w{oy efj e/ nkgD/ co˜ s'A bKG/ j' iKd/ jK. ;tkoE iK b'G

bJh T[BQK nkgDhnK ikBK fdZshnK j[zdhnK sK n;] nDrfjbh fdyk ;ed/ ;h go T[BQK dh

w{oysk ftu th d/Ù gq/w e[ZN-eZ[N e/ Gfonk j'fJnk ;h. T[j sK s'gK ;kjwD/ th jZ; fdzd/ ;B.

T[j nkBzd Bkb, ;fs ;qh nekb d/ nekÙ r[zikT[ i?ekfonK Bkb nkekÙ gkskb fJe eo fdzd/

;B. n;] ;wMd/ jK fe d/Ù tk;s/ fBÙekw Gkt Bkb wo fwND tkb/ b'eK ˘ G[bk d/Dk pj[s

tZvh nfj;kB cokw'Ùh j't/rh. n;] T[BQK dh :kd ftu e'Jh pj[s tZvk Ezw Bj] yVQk eo ;ed/

sK nkgD/ fdb ftu E'VQh ijh EKj d/D'A feT[A fMiehJ/.””

-- ÙÙjjhhdd GGrrss ff;;zzxx ((gg[[;;ssee ““wwjjkkBB ee{{eekk bbffjjoo”” ffttuu''AA))


““Gkt/A fJfsjk; fbykohnK B/, e[M ;kwokih ekoBK eo e/ e{fenK ˘ nZy'A go'y/ eoB dk

o;sk ngDkfJnk go ;kwokih j[ewokBK B/ e{ek bfjo d/ ısfonK dh nfjwhns ˘ xNkT[D

dk :sB Bj] ehsk. fJBQK B/ e{fenK ˘ ed/ th nwB u?B Bkb Bj] pfjD fdZsk. ;zB 1872

dh e{ek prkts s'A, e{e/ nzrq/˜ j[ewokBK dhnK BõK ftu wÙe{e ;B s/ fJBQK T[s/ ;ıshnK

ehshnK iKdhnK ;B. 19t] ;d] d/ ;st/A djke/ d/ d"okB wfjewk ;ha nkJha vha (y[¯hnk

g[fb;) dhnK fog'oNK ftu e{fenK dhnK ;orowhnK dk ekch toDB fwbdk W.””

((;;qqhh bbkkbbkk cchhoo''˜̃ uuzzdd iihh))

“ckdo nk¯ dh B/ÙB” L- ““Gkos dh n˜kdh d// ;zrokw dh ;ko/ ;z;ko ftu ;oekoh gZXo

”s/ i' gpbhf;Nh th ehsh ikt/, T[; ftu fJj m'e tik e/ dZf;nk ikt/ fe d/Ù dh n˜kdh dh

p[fBnkd oZyD tkb/ pkpk okw f;zx ih ;B, fiBQK eKro; d/ iBw s'A th gfjbK ˜kpo nzro/˜

;oeko Bkb b'jk fbnk. ÙKswJh dh ÙkBdko izr bVh. nzro/˜ fto[ZX Bk-fwbtosD dh

bfjo ubkJh, ;oekoh vkeykfBnK dk, o/bK dk ns/ j'o ;oekoh dcsoK dk pkJhekN ehsk.

;{d/Ùh bfjo d/ pkBh pkpk okw f;zx ih jh ;B, i' ibktsB ehs/ rJ/ gfjb/ f;nk;h nkr{ ;B.

i/ ;ko/ d/Ù ftu szr Bõhnk Bk j[zdk sK nZi nkg “ckdo nk¯ dh B/ÙB” eoe/ g{i/ iKd/.””

((rr[[ooddttkkookk rr˜̃NN ii{{BB,, 11997722))

““;kv/ e[M ftdtkB b/ye ni/ se e{ek bfjo ;pzXh, f;zx ;Gk tZb'A gkJ/ rJ/ Gow s'A w[es

Bj] j' ;e/. e{ek bfjo ˘ T[; dhnK T[gbpXhnK d/ nkXko ”s/ i' wjZst fwbDk ukjhdk ;h,

T[j Bj] d/ oj/. T[j f;o¯ e{ek bfjo Bkb jh Bj], ;r'A f;Zy fJfsjk; Bkb th nfBnK eo oj/

jB. fJfsjk;e y'i d/ fjs ftu fJ; ;tkb dk c?;bk ftfrnkBe Yzr Bkb ehsk ikDk

ukjhdk W ns/ fdbK ftu fpmkJ/ Gow d{o ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB.””

““gzikp ftu poskBth ;kwoki d/ ftoZ[X ;G s'A gfjbK nktk˜ T[mkT[D tkb/ BkwXkoh

;B. fJBQK B/ nkgD/ ofjpo r[o{ okw f;zx ih dh nrtkJh j/m fiZE/ ;wki ftu'A Xkofwe s/

;wkfie p[okJhnK eZYD bJh :sB ehs/ T[E/ pd/Ùh Ùk;B dh eoVh nb'uBk th ehsh ns/

iBsk ftu fJ; dh fto'Xsk dk ;kj; Gfonk.””

((vvkkaa cc""iikk ff;;zzxx ggqqff;;ZZXX ff;;ZZyy ffttddttkkBB))

““1857 dh ¯"ih prkts Bj], pbfe e{ek-bfjo d/Ù dh n˜kdh dk gfjbk ;zxoÙ ;h.””

““w?A e{ek bfjo ˘ iwksh gZXo ”s/ bfVnk frnk d/Ù dh n˜kdh dk gfjbk fJBebkph

;zxoÙ wzBdk jK. fJ; dh g[ÙNh fJfsjk; d/ sZE s/ sZEK dh ;koEesk eodh W. nzrq/˜h jkewK

dhnK y[¯hnK fog'oNK ftu'A fJj ;gÙN j' iKdk W fe e{ek-bfjo dk w[Zy-wzst fBo'b Xkofwe

Bj] ;r'A okiBhse ;h. e{e/ “wb/S” oki d/ B˜kw ˘ pdbD bJh ;zxoÙ eo oj/ ;B. i/ e{ek-

bfjo fBo'b Xkofwe j[zdh sK fJ; bfjo d/ pkBh (;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih) ˘ ekb/ gkDh (powk

fty/ ibktsB) dh ;˜k nzrq/˜ je{ws Bk fdzdh.””


““;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dhnK p/-i'V, bk;kBh, n;kXkoB s/ wjkB oZph Ùy;hns dhnK;orowhnK ˘ ikDe/ f;o f;de Bkb M[e iKdk W. T[BQK d/ g?o'ekoK e'b e'Jh r'bk pko{d Bj];h, bVB bJh e'Jh ¯"ih f;ybkJh Bj] ;h. j'o sK j'o feogkB u[ZeD dh th wBkjh ;h. c/o thT[BQK B/ Bk-e/tb nzro/˜h je{ws d/ ;wKBso nkgDh je{ws ubkJh ;r'A B/gkb s/ eÙwhodhnK e{ek oiw?ANK ˘ j'Ad ftu fbnKdk o{; se gj[zu ehsh sK i' o{;h wdd Bkb “wb/Sh oki”dk ıkswk ehsk ikt/.””

““nkgK BkwXkoh bfjo dh fJfsjk;e wjkBsk Bkb j[zdh nk ojh p/-fJB;k¯h dk fsnkreohJ/. ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ ;w[Zu/ d/Ù, ;w[Zuh e"w s/ ;w[Zuh wB[Zysk bJh J/Bk tZvkfJBebkph ;zxoÙ ehsk. i/ T[j d/Ù ftu'A “wb/Sh oki” d/ ıksw/ bJh s/ d/Ù dh nk˜kdh bJh;{ofwnK s/ :'fXnK tKr i[Mko{ id'-ifjd eod/ oj/ sK ;kvk eh jZe pDdk W fe T[BQK dhnKf;yoK ˘ S{zjdhnK p/-i'V gqkgshnK ˘ f;o¯ tor ftÙ/Ù s/ f;o¯ BkwXkoh ;wki Bkb jh i'VhoZyhJ/ <””

““;z;ko dhnK d{ihnK eJh wjkB s/ oZph Ùı;hnsK tKr pkpk okw f;zx ih ;w[Zuh e"w s/;w[Zu/ d/Ù dk pj[-w[Zbk ;owkfJnk jB. fJ; ;'u s/ gj[zu ˘ ngDk e/ jh n;] BkwXkoh bfjodh fJfsjk;e wjkBsk Bkb j[zdh nk ojh s/ j[D th j' ojh p/fJB;k¯h s'A w[es j' ;ed/ jK.””

““e{ek-bfjo d/Ù dh nk˜kdh dk gfjbk fJBebkph ;zxoÙ ;h go fJ; dh d/Ù Go ftuUBh uouk Bj] j'Jh fizBh j'Dh ukjhdh ;h. n;b ”u e{ek-bfjo d/ fJ; fJBebkph ;zxoÙ dkfJfsjk; d/Ù dh jo p'bh ftu SgDk ukjhdk W. BkwXkoh ;wki ˘ Bj] ;r'A d/Ù d/ ;[-iZrfJfsjk;ekoK ˘ fJ; pko/ ftÙ/Ù fXnkB d/D dh b'V W.””

((vvkkaa nniihhss ff;;zzxx))

((ttffoonnkkww ;;sszzppoo 22000077 nnzzee ffttuu''AA SSgg// bb//yy ffttuu''AA))

““fJj wÙj{o nzro/˜h ejkts W - d[BhnK nkgD/ tZv/ s'A tZv/ nkdwhnK ˘ fpbe[b Bj]ikDdh. fit/A ;?AeV/ ns/ j˜koK ;[zdo s'A ;[zdo c[Zb f;o¯ izrb dhnK fuVhnK ˘ nkgDk ;[jZgDftyk e/ jtk ftu nkgDh y[Ùp{ fybkoe/ ısw j' iKd/ jB, fit/A ;?AeV/ nBw'b itkjo ;dk bJh;w[zdo dh sfj ftu gJ/ ofjzd/ jB, mhe T[;/ soQK d[BhnK dhnK nB/e tZvhnK tZvhnKnkswktK ;dk bJh b'eK dhnK nZyK s'A Ujb/ ofjzdhnK jB. fJ;/ soQK, fJfsjk; d/ nB/ewknoe/ d/ gzB/ ;dk bJh d[BhnK dhnK nZyK s'A Ujb/ ofjzd/ jB. Gkos d/ fJfsjk; d/ fJ; soQKd/ e[M gzB/ jB wjkB BkwXkoh bfjo d/, fiBQK ˘ fJfsjk;ekoK B/ nDr"fbnk ehsh oZfynk.””

““gzfvs ;[zdo bkb ih, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih Bz{ Gkos d/ fgskwk wzBd/ ;B. nkg ne;ofejk eod/ ;B fe ““r[o{ okw f;zx sK w/o/ dkdk r[o{ ;B”” fJj g[ZSD ”s/ fe fet/A < T[j nkyd/;B, ““rKXh ih w/o/ r[o{ jB ns/ rKXh ih d/ r[o{, r[o{ okw f;zx ;B s/ fJzM j'J/ Bk T[j w/o/ dkdkr[o{.””

((ggzzffvvss ;;[[zzddoo bbkkbb,, ggqqff;;ZZXX ;;[[sszzssoosskk ;;??bbkkBBhh))


““fJ; t/b/ ;ko/ fjzd';skB s/ d[BhnK ftu wjkswk rKXh ih dk ;G s'''A tX/o/ doik W s/T[BQK dh j;sh tkeJh ;fseko:'r W, go id w?A ;qh 108 wjkoki pkpk okw f;zx ;kfjp d/gftZso ihtB ;zpzXh e'Jh b/y fbyD bJh e'Jh fynkb d[VkfJnk sK fJT[A ikfgnk fe wjkswkrKXh ih d/ oki;h n;{b, j˜{o d/ oki;h n;{bK Bkb J/B/ fwbd/ jB fe i/ fJj fejk ikt/ fewjkswk rKXh ih oki;h n;{bK tZb'A fJe BkwXkoh f;Zy ;B sK e'Jh w[pkbr/ tkbh rZb Bj].””

((;;qqaa nn??;;aa nn??;;aa uuooBB ff;;zzxx,, nn??vvhhNNoo ww""iihh))

““pkp/ e/;o j'oK B/ w?˘ n:kÙ f˜zdrh ftu'A eZfYnk ;h s/ nwohek B/ ew˜'o f˜zdrh ftu'AeZfYnk. feos d/ wjZst ˘ w?A T[E/ ik e/ ;wfMnkaaaaaa. n;] gokXhB ;K. okj ubd/ pZu/ th“j?b' fjzd{ ;b/t” efj e/ fuVkT[Ad/. sknB/ fwbd/ -s[;] 30 eo'V G/vK j'' iK nkdwh, fijV/ d'bZy nzro/˜K s'A fgZSk Bj] S[vk ;ed/. BÙso uG'J/ iKd/ fe s[;] fjzdh fJB;kB Bj] ˆ[bkwhdh gb/r c?bkT[D tkb/ u{j/ j'.””

““;ZN bZr/ wB B/ e'Jh nk;ok GkbDk Ù[o{ ehsk. ;kv/ r[nKY fgzv w[jkt/ fJe wjKg[oÙ ““p-kpk e/;o”” BK d/ ofjzd/ ;B. W ;B sK fJj BkwXkoh r[o{ wjkoki okw f;zx ih d/ ÙoXkb{ gopV/ y[ZbQ/ fınkb f¯oe/pzdh s/ nzBQh Xow Grsh s'A T[Zu/, S{s-Sks s'A ofjs wB[Zy wkso ˘fgnko eoB tkb/ r[ow[Zy ;B. nkg wkfJnkXkohnK ˘ w{zj Bj] ;B bkT[Ad/. n?go ôhpK s/fBskfDnK dk pVk wkD s/ ;/tk efonk eod/ ;B, fJBQK s'A w?˘ b'e ;/te pDB dh u/Ne bZrhi' nrfbnK ;kbK ftu fJÙe dh jZd sZe g[Zi rJh. BkwXkohnK tZb'A nzro/˜K dhnKeufjohnK, B"eohnK s/ vkeykfBnK fJE'A sZe fe o/bK dk, fizBk w[ezwb pkJhekN w?A fvZmk WT[;dh Beb wkso th eKro; dh Bk-fwbtosD bfjo Bj]. w?A 1896 s'A 1908 she pkpk ihdh ;zrs ftu fojk. ;Zuh rZb sK fJj W fe j[D w? i' ihtB ih fojk jK fJj ;G T[BQK dh ;zrsdk jh goskg W. i/ T[j w?˘ jkDhnK d/ T[; Boeh ikb ftu'A Bk eZYd/, sK w?A r'j/ dh ;[zYh tKred/ dk wo yg frnk j[zdk.””

((ppkkppkk ;;''jjDD ff;;zzxx GGeeBBkk,, ggqqXXkkBB ˆ̂ddoo ggkkooNNhh))

““w?A pVh ukj Bkb fszB uko ;[xZV ;ZiDK e'b' wjkoki okw f;zx ih dk jkb g[ZfSnk W.;[D e/ n;uoi j' frnk jK. e/vk d{o nzd/Ù, e/vk d/Ù-Grs, e/vk Go';/tkbk, e/vk eoBhtkbk,e/vk gftZso, e/vk ;[szso ns/ ;[szsosk dhnK izrkbhnK skoK y[ou e/ r[bkw ;[ozrhnK ftu'AoZph sokB/ eZYD tkbk wjKg[oy okw f;zx j'fJnk W. w?A g[ZSdk jK fJBQK dk ihtB, w?˘ ;e{bftu feT[A Bj] gVQkfJnk frnk.””

((;;aa rr[[ooppyyÙÙ ff;;zzxx ggqqhhssbbVVhh))

““;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ nkgDh wks G{wh ˘ ;[szsosk fdtkT[D d/ bJh nZi s'A g"Dh ;dhgfjb'A fijVk wjkB r"otÙkbh T[Zdw ehsk, T[; dh wjsZsk s'A e'Jh th fjzd[;skBh fJBekoBj] eo ;edk. eKro; B/ nkg d/ ftykJ/ j'J/ o;s/ ˘ ngBk e/ jh ekw:kph jk;b ehsh W.””

((ggzzvvss iittkkjjoo bbkkbb BBffjjoo{{))


““jwko/ d/Ù w/A wjkswk rKXh B/ i' n;fj:'r fJsB/ ˜'o ;/ ubkfJnk T[; ek r[o{ okw f;zxB/ gqk: guk; po; g{ot jh BkwXkohU w/A gouko ehnk Ek.””

((vvkkaa ooffiizzddoo ggqqÙÙkkdd iihh GGkkooss dd// ggffjjbb// ookkÙÙNNooggsshh))

““r[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ M[bkJ/ j'J/ n˜kdh d/ Mzv/ j/m BkwXkohnK B/ i' e[opkBhnK ehshnKjB T[BQK dk d/Ù ˘ ;dk wkB oj/rk.””

((BB//sskk iihh ;;[[GGkkÙÙ uuzzddoo pp'';;))

““tZyhnK dhnK g;bhnK pkb e/ e{fenK B/ T[j ÙwQk ibkJh oZyh fi; d/ f;ZN/ d/ s"o ”s/nwB, n˜kdh, iwj{ohns s/ ;KMhtkbsK ˘ B{oh b'n s/ o[ÙBkJh gqkgs j'Jh.””

((ooffttzzddoo BBkkEE NN??rr''oo))

““;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ ;[Zs/ j'J/ gzikp ˘ Bkw dhnK fwZmhnK b'ohnK Bkb ;ktXkBeoe/ fJe Bt/A nkswe izr tk;s/ fsnko ehsk.””

((;;qqhh bbkkbbkk XXBBhh ookkww uukkffssqqee))

““f;Zy wjkswk gouko eod/ ;B go T[j f;Zyh ˘ ;[oihs Bj] eo ;ed/ jB. pkpk okw f;zxftu T[j f;Zyh g{oh ;h, fi;B/ ;ko/ gzE ftu w[V T[sÙkj g?dk eo fdZsk. pkpk ih d/ gouko dkBshik fJj fBefbnk fe ;ko/ gzikp ftu f;Zyh nDy dh bfjo d"V rJh, jo gk;/ Bkw d/ Ùpddh r{zi T[ZmD bZr gJh. fJ; rZb s'A fJBeko Bj] ehsk ik ;edk fe T[BQK B/ f;ZyK ftur[owfs ˘ goftos ehsk. pd/Ùh ;oeko d/ fto[ZX Bk-fwbtosD dh bfjo ubk e/, f;ZyK ˘d/Ù Grsh dh ;zEk gVQkJh. nkgD/ fgnko/ d/Ù ˘ n˜kd oZyD d/ ngokX ftu nkgD/ eJh wÙj{o;{fpnK ;w/s ibktsB eoe/ Bõpzd ehs/ rJ/ ns/ f;Zy fiBQK dh nkB-ÙkB ekfJw eoB bJhT[BQK B/ fJj Gkoh e[opkBh ehsh, ;tkoE tZ; j' e/ nkg ˘ T[Zek jh ft;ko p?m/.””

((;;qqhh wwkkBB ggzzEE oossBB wwkk;;NNoo sskkookk ff;;zzxx))

““;qh pkpk ih fe;/ Ugo/ wijp d/ pkBh Bj] j'J/. T[j r[o{ ;kfjpkB d/ ubkJ/ j'J/ wkor d/dkfJo/ d/ jB. T[j r[owfs ntbzph r[o{ ;kfjpK d/ ubkJ/ wkor d/ uwed/ f;sko/ jB. goukopkpk ih d/ tes fJ; ;zgqdk dk fJzBQK j'fJnk, fe bZyK dh frDsh nkg d/ g?o'ekoK dh ;[D]dhW.””

((;;qqhh wwkkBB GGkkJJhh ;;kkffjjpp GGkkJJhh tthhoo ff;;zzxx iihh))

““bZyK b'e E'VQ/ ;kbK ftu jh e{ek gzE ftu Ùkfwb j' rJ/ ;B. T[BQK dk r[o{ rohp Ùq/Dhftu g?dk j'fJnk ;h. rohp s/ dfbs Ù/qDhnK dh o{jkBh s/ oki;h nk˜kdh dk g?rkw b? e/nkfJnk ;h. T[; d/ nzro/˜ oki Bkb Bk-fwbtosB d/ gq'rokw B/ nkw gzikphnK d/ fdbK ftugzikp dh n˜kdh ˘ w[V pjkb eoB d/ i˜p/ T[Gko/ ;B. gzikph r?os s/ nDy ˘ w[V g?oK ”s/yb'D bJh N[zfpnk ;h ns/ gzikp d/ b'eK nzdo fJe Bt] nDyhbh wodkBrh dh o{j Go fdZshfi;d/ ekoB BkwXkoh Ù/o, jE/bhnK ”s/ f;o oZy e/ nzrq/˜ oki d/ fybk¯ i{MD bJh ;hBk skDe/ yb' rJ/ ;B.”” ((eekkwwoo//vv ;;''jjDD ff;;zzxx ii''ÙÙ))


““;zB 1857 iK ;zws 1914 dh nk˜kdh jk;b eoB ıkso Bkekw:kp bVkJh fgS'A

BkwXkoh f;Zy, nzro/˜K dh ftd/Ùh je{ws d/ pdsohB d[ÙwDK dhnK eskoK ftu ;G s'A nrbh

esko ftu yb's/ ;B. yZ[bQ/ s"o ”s/, y'fNnK d/ w/b/ ;zB 1863 s'A b? e/ 14 nr;s 1947 iK

Gkos ˘ oki;h ;[szsosk fwbD se, BkwXkoh f;ZyK B/ eqhp 83 ;kb nkgDh fJ; EK ˘ s;hj/

MZbe/, e[opkBhnK d/ e/ ekfJw oZfynk. nzro/˜h je{ws d/ eowukohnK B/, nzro/˜ jkewK d/

M{m/ N[efVnK s/ gbD tkb/ f;Zy, fjzd{, w[;bwkB, Jh;kJh N'vhnK ns/ p{N uN{nK B/, f;Zy

fonk;sK d/ okfinK wjkokfinK B/ nzro/˜h jkewK dh jwkfJs Bkb ns/ T[jBK dh Ùfj s/ r[ZM/

sohe/ Bkb fdZsh rJh wkbh wdd Bkb pDhnK j'JhnK f;zx ;GktK s/ dhtkBK B/, f;Zyh Xow

d/ dknt/dko f;Zy sysK ns/ fJfsjk;e r[od[nkfonK d/ ;oekoh irhodkoK, wjzsK ns/

g[ikohnK B/ e{fenK ˘ w{b'A jh spkj ns/ popkd eoB bJh jo gqeko d/ jhb/, t;hb/, jZEezv/,

pjkB/, j'ShnK T{iK, e{VhnK pdBkwhnK, ;fGnsk ns/ fJybke s'A fro/ j'J/ rzdh fe;w d/

gqkg/rzv/ d/ jfEnko tos'A ftu fbnKd/. go e{fenK B/ 83 ;kb d/ bzw/ no;/ ftu Xow ns/

nk˜kdh dhnK e{ek wko e/ ;[zBhnK G?DhnK nzdo r[bkwh dhnK B]dK ftu x{e ;Z[sh gJh p/j'Ù

Gkosh iBsk ˘ j[fÙnko, ypodko ofjD dhnK ntk˜K ezBh gk gk e/ ı[dkJh gfjo/dko d/ eoV/

co˜ ˘ fBGkfJnk.””

((;;aa BBkkjjoo ff;;zzxx nn??wwaa JJ//aa ffJJffssjjkk;;))

““;/tk s/ f;woB okj] T[BQK (;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih) B/ f;Zy ;wki ˘ ;tZS ehsk. fco

nzro/˜h ;kwoki Bkb c?;bk e[B NZeo b?D bJh jo ftT[As ;'uh s/ jo T[gokbk ehsk.

toswkB ;dh d/ fJfsjk; dh BthB y'i d;dh W fe pkpk okw f;zx ih d/ gqshfBX B/ o{; Bkb

skbw/b g?dk eoB bJh jo ;zGt :sB ehsk go fJj :sB ;cb sK Bk j' ;fenk feT[Afe

e[dos ˘ ni/ e[M j'o wBi{o ;h. n;] tZv/ r"ot Bkb nkyd/ jK fe Grsh, sgZf;nk s/ pzdrh

eoB tkb/ Gkos dh B[eo B[eo ftu fwb ikDr/ gozs{ nfij/ Grs s/ ;zs i' b'V g?D ”s/ BZud/

BZud/ s'gK ;kjwD/ s{zpK s{zpK j' ikD, e/tb e{ek gzE ftu'A jh fwbDr/.””

((;;qqaa nnwwoo ff;;zzxx dd[[;;KKMM,, nn??vvhhNNoo nneekkbbhh ggssqqeekk))

““e{ek bfjo, i' n˜kd f;Zy oki d/ ;w/A s'A jh nozG j' u[eh ;h, jkewK d/ ftoZ[X y[bQ/ ftdo'j

dk o{g XkoB eo u[Zeh ;h. o{;h ftdtkBK d/ ws nB[;ko e{ek bfjo Gkos d/ okÙNoh nzd'bB

dh fJe wjZstg{oB ns/ ÙkBdko xNBk W. nkgD/ Xkofwe vf;gfbB ns/ b'esKsfoe f;XKsK

ekoB, e{ek bfjo B/ fgzvK ns/ Ùfjoh fBoXB tor d/ ftÙkb GkrK ˘ ;zxD/ x/o/ ftu b? fbnk

;h. fJ; dk gquko ykb;k c"i d/ f;gkjhnK ftu pj[s b'e fgq: j' frnk feT[Afe T[j T[gobh

c"ih ;kwzsh iz[vbh d/ fGqÙNkuko ns/ T[jBK ftu c?bhnK p[okJhnK s'A uzrh soQK ikDz{ ;B.””

((pp''rr'' ;;bb''tt;;eehh,, oo{{;; dd// ggqqff;;ZZXX ffttddttkkBB))


““;fsr[o{ okw f;zx pV/ T[Zu/ nB[Gth s/ e'wb fjod/ d/ wkbe ;B. T[BQK B/ f;Zy gzE dh

id fJj d[odÙk d/yh sK T[BQK e'b'A fojk Bk frnk. T[jBK B/ f;zxK ftu w[V f;Zyh ;fgoN g?dk

eoB bJh jzGbk wkfonk ns/ nkgD/ ;/teK ˘ nzfwqs Sek e/ BkwXkoh f;obZE :'fXnK dh fJe

ni/jh iwks g?dk ehsh i' nkgD/ fsnkr, pbhdkB, Xow GktBk s/ d/Ù Grsh ftu ;dk

w[jobhnK gkbK ftu ojh.””

((;;qqhh ww''jjBB ff;;zzxx wwssttkkbbkk,, nn??vvhhNNoo ““ee""wwhh ;;zzdd//ÙÙ””))

““wjkoki (;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih) fJ; ˘ nfBnK ;wMd/ ;B fe fJe e"w d{;oh e"w T[s/

je{ws eo/. fJ; tk;s/ T[BQK fdBK ftu id GkostoÙ dk szd s"Dk ftrfVnk j'fJnk ;h,

ftd/Ùh je{ws ˘ d/Ù ftu'A eZYDk sK fes/ fojk, T[; d/ fto[ZX nktk˜ T[mkT[D dh fe;/ ˘

fjzws Bj] ;h, T[BQK (;fsr[o{ ih) fJ; d/ fto[ZX nktk˜ T[mkJh s/ goik ˘ nktk˜ gqkgs eoB

bJh nwbh s"o ”s/ fsnko ehsk. fJjh ekoB W fe nzro/˜h ;oeko B/ T[BQK ˘ ibktsB eo e/

powk ftu Bõpzd eo fdZsk. aaaaaaa wjkoki B/ nkgD/ f;ZyK ftu i' o{j c{eh W, T[j T[; t/b/

s'A nkgDk ezw eo ojh W.””

((;;qqhh wwjjkkÙÙkk ffeeqqÙÙBB iihh oo''˜̃kkBBkk ““ggqqsskkgg”” bbkkjj""oo))

““;fsr[o{ okw f;zx B/ ;td/Ùh s/ BkfwbtosD bfjoK d/ o{g ftu ;k˘ nfis s/ nwo

Ù;so pyfÙÙ ehs/ sK i' n;] fJBQK okjh nk˜kdh gqkgs eohJ/. ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih nzro/˜K

d/ w[ekpb/ ”s/ nkgDh r"ofwzN ekfJw eoB iK ;toki dh B]j oyD bJh nZr/ tX/. nkg B/

;kohnK ;wkfie p[okJhnK s/ e[ofjsK s'A pukT[D bJh ns/ nkgD/ g?o'ekoK ˘ ftd/Ùh gqGktK

s'A w[es eoB bJh e"w ˘ fJe jb{Dk fdZsk.””

((vvkkaa nn??wwaa nn??wwaa nnkkjjbb{{ttkkbbhhnnkk))

““BkwXkoh f;ZyK dh Gkos d/ ;t?szsosk ;zxoÙ d/ fJfsjk; ftu ÙkBdko EK W. fJj Bk-

fwbtosD s/ ;td/Ùh gouko ˘ okiB?seh Ù;so tosD d/ w'Yh jB. fJBQK B/ ;zB 1860 s'A

gfjbk pd/Ùh wkb, ;oekoh ;e{b, eufjohnK s/ vke dk pkJhekN ehsk. fJBQK B/ wjkswk

rKXh ih d/ ykdh d/ gouko s'A 60 ;kb gfjbk jZEK d/ pD/ yZdo ˘ gkT[D ”s/ ˜'o fdZsk.””

((;;aa yy[[ÙÙttzzss ff;;zzxx nn??wwaa gghhaa))

““pd/Ùh uh˜K dk pkJhekN, ;[d/Ùh uh˜K dh tos'A, poskBth je{ws Bkb BkfwbtosD,

T[BQK dh tko tko fJj e'fÙÙ W fe nk˜kdh ÙKswJh YzrK s'A tZy Bk j' ikt/. fJj fJe nfijk

gq'rokw ;h fi; ˘ fgSfbnK B/sktK B/ tfoQnK fgS'A ;wfMnk ns/ ngBkfJnk. e{ek nzd'bB

dk fJfsjk; izr-J/-n˜kdh dk fJe nfijk fjZ;k W, fi; ˘ fJj d/Ù ed/ GZ[b Bj] ;edk. pVk

e[M fbfynk frnk W ns/ j'o pj[s e[M fbyDk ukjhdk W.””

((;;qqhh ooDDpphhoo iihh,, nn??vvhhNNoo oo''˜̃kkBBkk ffwwbbkkgg))


““BkwXkoh bfjo fJe Xkofwe, ;[Xkoe s/ ;dkukoe bfjo j[zfdnK j'fJnk th fJe wjkB

fJBebkph bfjo dk doik oZydh W. fJj gzikphnK ns/ GkoshnK bJh Bj] pbfe d[BhnK Go

d/ nk˜kdh x[bkNhnK tk;s/ gq/oBk dk ;'wk ns/ T[sÙkj dk ;kro W. ;[d/Ùh, BkfwbtosB s/

Bk¯[owkBh d/ okj, fijV/ BkwXkoh bfjo B/ ftykJ/, nZXh ;dh wro'A T[BQK ”s/ jh uZb e/ e"wh

bfjo B/ ekw:kphnK jk;b ehshnK. aaaaaa fJBQK dk iZE/pzde sohek, nkgDh vke s/ w[ezwb

;oekoh pkJhekN sK nZi se e'Jh j'o Bj] eo ;fenk.””

((;;qqaa ookkww ff;;zzxx wwiihhmmkk))

““gzikp dh ;[zdo G{wh B/ B f;o¯ eJh :'X/, ;{opho s/ ;zs jh g?dk ehs/ jB, ;r'A fJ; gktB

Xosh B/ eJh nfij/ ftneshnK ˘ th iBw fdZsk i' ;{opho th ;B. nkg (;fsr[o{ okw f;zx

ih) B/ fiE/ ;kv/ ftu Grsh GktBk irkJh T[E/ ;k˘ ˜[bw dk Nkeok eoBk th f;ykfJnk ns/

ftd/Ùh i{b/ j/m dph j'Jh iBsk ˘ T[Zuk T[mkT[D dk pb, j";bk s/ T[sÙkj pıfÙnk.””

((;;qqhh ookkww ffeeÙÙBB iihh,, ;;kkppeekk ww[[ZZyy wwzzssoohh ggzziikkpp))

““nk˜kdh dk ;{oi ;?A s{z, ukBD foÙwK e"D fybko/.

e[opkBh dk ;pe gVQk e/, ;G e[M d/Ù bJh jh tko/.

n?;k e'Jh s/˜ Bkjok, j?;h nk˜kdh dk bkfJnk.

x{e B]do/ ;{Zsk j'nk ;h, s?A ;kok d/Ù fjbkfJnk.

uhBh ”s/ uVQ e/ ;h gqhsw, ;`szsosk dk fprb tikfJnk.

y[b/Q w?dkBK nzdo s?A, nk˜kdh dk Mzvk bfjokfJnk.

;dhnK s'A eJh GZ[b/ j'J/, nk˜kdh d/ ıkp irkJ/.

d/Ù fgnko d/ i˜p/ ;kvh, or or nzdo ;h sVckJ/.””

((;;qqaa ffggnnkkookk ff;;zzxx ;;ffjjookkJJhh))

““ w?A y[d G?Dh frnk n"o d/yk, e{feU B/ i' sohek nyfsnko ehnk W t'j n"o e[S Bj] W.

t'j n;b w˜jp f;Zy'A ek jh W n"o T[;/ T[Bj'A B/ d'pkok o"De dh W. w?bkB/ T[B eh sphns ek

n;bh o{g w˜Qp eh ikBp W. v/Y bky nkdwhUA ;/ Gh fñkdk ro'j e/ fJscke ;/ :/ Gh fJ:K

W fe f:j b'r r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx e/ sohe/ go ubs/ W. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx e' ngDk d/tsk wkBs/

W. i' e'Jh e{ek j'sk W n"o f:j w˜jp nyfsnko eosk W T[; e/ T[go nBkfJs r[o{ eh n"o

gkpzdh nekfJd eh n"o ickeÙh n"o iKc;kBh ipoB bk˜w eoks/ W/. pVk we{bk T[B ek f:j

W, ““woBk ep{b eo', ihB/ eh ykfjÙ S'V', nkgD/ e' yke ;wM' sp e{ek pB'”” rkUA e/ rkUA n"o

w"fñK e/ w"fñK e{ek j' rJ/.””

((ww""bbtthh rr[[bbkkww GGhhyy iikkbbzzXXoohh))




dd;;sskktt//˜̃KK nnBB[[;;kkoo ee{{eekk nnzzdd''bbBB

d/Ù dh izr-J/-n˜kdh d/ w'Yh ns/ Bk fwbtosD bfjo d/ pkBh ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih

tZb'A ubkJ/ rJ/ e{ek nEtk BkwXkoh nzd'bB tZb'A ;[szsosk ;zrqkw ftu gkJ/ :'rdkB s'A ;kok

GkostoÙ pkı{ph ikDz{ W.

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ d/Ù ˘ Xkofwe, ;wkfie ns/ okiBhse ;/X gqdkB ehsh.

wjkokik oDihs f;zx s'A pknd, f;ZyK ftu Xow gquko T[Zek jh ısw j' u[ek ;h. ;qh ;fsr[o{

okw f;zx ih B/ w[oMk u[eh f;Zyh ˘ ;[oihs eoB bJh, ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ 12 ngq?b 1857

(;zws 1914) ˘ nZi s'A 150 ;kb gfjbK ft;kyh tkb/ fdB, yzv/-pkN/ dk nzfwqs Sek e/ “;zs

ykb;k” dh f;oiDk ehsh. fJ; iE/pzdh dk w[Zy T[d/Ù Xkofwe s/ ;wkfie y/so ftu ;[Xko eoB

d/ Bkb Bkb d/Ù dh n˜kdh gqkgs eoBk ;h.

gfNnkbk fonk;s d/ ;oekoh foekov ftu'A w? e{ek-nzd'bB pko/ vke{w?AN; dhnK ckfJbK

eYtkJhnK jB. fJj d;skt/˜ T[od{, cko;h s/ noph GkÙk ftu fby/ j'J/ jB. fJBQK d;skt/˜K

d/ gzikph nB[tkd ftu'A e{ek nzd'bB pko/ e[M nzÙ Bw{B/ ti'A g/Ù jB L-

1199 ccoottoohh 11887722 ffddBB ;;''wwttkkoo ˘̆ SSgg// ““““ggffNNnnkkbbkk nnııppkkoo@@ BBzzLL 88 ffttuu''AA BBeebb eehhsshh rrJJhh

ffJJppkkddss..

ffttÙÙkk LL-- e{fenK d/ jkbks s/ fınkbks.

““fJe ;w/A nfijk fınkb ehsk iKdk ;h ns/ j[D th ehsk iKdk W fe (r[o{) okw f;zx s/

T[; d/ gzE d/ nkdwhnK dk wBÙk e/tb Xkofwe Bj] W ns/ w˜jp s/ nybke d/ w;fbnK d/

;[Xkoe d/ fbpk; ftu T[; dh Bhns je{ws d/ ezwK Bkb ;zpzX oZydh W. fJj n¯tkj ojh W

fe T[; d/ gzE d/ nkdwh nZXh oks ˘ izrh etkfJd eod/ oj/ jB s/ G?Dh (;kfjp) fty/ izrh

;kwkB S[g/ s"o ”s/ fJZemk ehsk j'fJnk W. fJ; gzE d/ nkdwh nfijhnK rZbK eod/ jB fe

fijVhnK nzzro/˜h ;oeko d/ fto[ZX j'D. nfijhnK n¯tkjK d/ ekoB jh (r[o{) okw f;zx ˘ T[;


d/ fgzv G?Dh (;kfjp) fty/ eJh ;kbK s'A Bõpzd oZfynk j'fJnk W.””

““(r[o{) okw f;zzx d/ fJ; f¯oe/ d/ eJh Ùı;K tZb'A fonk;s gfNnkbk d/ fJbke/ ftu fJe

nfijh joes ehsh rJh ;h fi; s'A fJj ;wfMnk frnk ;h fe T[BQK d/ fdbK ftu nfijk

fınkb fpmk fdZsk W fe fJj b'e e/tb nkg ˘ jh w[be dk wkfbe s/ w[be dh je{ws dk

jZedko ;wMd/ jB.””

““fJBQK e[M ;kbK ftu (r[o{) okw f;zx B/ pj[s ;ko/ nkdwhnK ˘ t˜ho, ;{pk s/ BkfJp

;{pk d/ fıskp pıÙe/ EK go EK w[eZoo ehsk. j˜koK nkdwh T[; d/ f¯oe/ ”u Ùkfwb j' rJ/.

T[; d/ ;{fpnK B/ d{o d{o sZe T[; dh tfvnkJh dk gquko ehsk. fJZE'A sZe fe T[; d/ fJe ;{p/

B/ fgSb/ ;kb ”u fBgkb sZe ;¯o ehsk fijVk gzikp s'A pj[s ¯kf;b/ ”s/ ;fEZs W. T[; B/

T[ZE'A e[M s[jf¯nK ;w/s tkg; nk e/ fJj rZb X[wk fdZsh fe fBgkb ftu th e{ek w˜jp gqt/Ù

eo u[Zek W.””

““T[; d/ ;{fpnK s/ BkfJp Bkf˜w ;{fpnK ˘ fJj w"ek fwb frnk ;h fe T[j pkn˜/ pkn˜/

(cbkD/ cbkD/) Xkofwe, r?o Xkofwe iK nkgD/ s"o ”s/ ukb{ ehs/ ;wkrwK d/ gZi Bkb w[be

ftu EK go EK nkgD/ f¯oe/ d/ b'eK ˘ fJZem/ eoB bZr/ ;B ns/ fJ; soQK nkgD/ f¯oe/ dk

nkw w/b i'b tXkT[Ad/ ;B.””

““fgSb/ toQ/ ftu fJBQK ;{fpnK s/ e{fenK dk vze/ dh u'N Bkb fJj fpnkB ;h fe ;kv/

w˜jp d/ ;Zs bZy nkdwh j' rJ/ jB Gkt/A fJ; fpnkB ftu e?;h jh rZb tXk uVQk e/ ehsh

rJh j't/ go jo jkbs ftu T[BQK d/ fJj fpnkB fXnkB d/D :'r jB.””

““j"bh j"bh T[BQK ftu fJ; edo Gkoh fJZem Ùkfwb j' frnk fe fJj b'e f˜fbQnK d/

dofwnkB nkgD/ f¯oe/ d/ b'eK e'b Xkofwe iK d{i/ wkwb/ fJe fgzv s'A d{i/ fgzv vke d/ s"o

”s/ y[¯hnK ;zd/Ù G/id/ ;B.””

““Go';/:'r t;hfbnK s'A gsk bZfrnk W fe id'A nzfwqs;o ftu e;kJhnK d/ esb dh

xNBk tkgoh s/ jkb/ w[˜fowK dk e[M gsk Bj] bZfrnk ;h s/ okJ/e'N d/ e;kJhnK dh xNBk

tkgoh Bj] ;h sK T[gq'es frnkBh f;zx B/ nzfwqs;o dh tkodks s/ fJ; tkodks d/ ;p{s Bk

fwbD pko/ rZbpks eod/ j'J/ fJe Go';/:'r ftnesh d/ ;kjwD/ nkgDh p'bh ftu fJj fpnkB

ehsk ;h fe ““ fJZE/ jh eh pZ; W, r[o{ d/ GkD/ pj[s ;kohnK EktK ”s/ fJ;/ soQK tosDr/.@ Gkt

fJ; gqeko dhnK pj[s ;kohnK tkodksK j'DrhnK. T[;/ w"e/ ”s/ fJj th fejk ;h fe ““ni/ ;k˘

wkbk cVB dk j[ew W, E'VQ/ ;w/A ”u sbtko cVB dk j[ew j't/rk.@ fi; s'A ;k¯ ˜kfjo W fe

T[j fe;/ ık; ;w/A iK ık; T[gkT[ d/ T[vhetkB ;B. ;' T[; s'A wro'A okJ/e'N d/ e;kJhnK dh

tkodks j'Jh. i/ ;qh wjkokik ;kfjp pjkd[o tkbh-J/-gfNnkbk dh nkbQk doi/ dh e'fÙÙ Bkb

nzfwqs;o s/ okJ/e'N dhnK tkodksK eoB tkb/ frq¯sko Bk j[zd/ sK fBo;zd/j frnkBh f;zx dh

T[j ow˜ jo irQk ;k¯ ;k¯ gqrN j' iKdh Gkt EK g[o EK T[j' fijhnK tkodksK j[zdhnK s/ ı[dk


B ık;sk (oZp B/ Bk ukfjnk) w[be ftu fJe ˆdo s/ pd fJzs˜kwh ¯?b iKdh. T[; ;w/A gzikp

d/ jkfewK ”s/ fJj vo Gko{ ;h fe f;o;k fty/ th fJe nfijh jh tkodks j'D tkbh W go

e{fenK dh frq¯skoh s/ T[BQK s'A pdbk b?D dh ıpo bZrD Bkb fJj tkodks Bjh tkgoh.””

““(r[o{) okw f;zzx ˘ nkgDh Ù/qDh dh n;bhns dk gZek :ehB j' frnk ;h. ;' rT{e[Ùh dk

wkwbk, fijVk nkw s"o ”s/ fjzd';skBhnK nB[;ko Xkofwe gZy' fxoDk:'r W, nkgD/ eZNV gzEh

g?o'ekoK d/ r[Z;/ dh GVekjN s/ fjzd';skBh e"wK dh nkw sfjohe (Movement) dk ekoB ;wMe/

nkgDh nk˜kdh ˘ B/go/ ukVQB dk jhbk eoko fdZsk. nkgD/ g?o'ekoK ˘ nfij/ wjkB ezw eoB

bJh T[Gkfonk noEks frnkBh f;zx d/ eEB nB[;ko id'A tZvh frDsh ”u iwks, fi; dh T[j

T[vhe eodk ;h, uzrh soQK nkgD/ j[ew nXhB j'Jh d/y bJh sK T[BQK ˘ sbtko cVB dk j[ew

fdZsk.””

““fJ; tkodks s'A wro'A nzfwqs;o dh tkodks tkgoh. ;' fJj y[ZbQh j'Jh rZb W fe (r[o{)

okw f;zzx dk wB'oE fJj ;h fe fJe Xkofwe jhb/ Bkb w[be ftu Ù'o Ùokpk g?dk j't/ s/ fJ;

T[gkT[ Bkb ;ko/ fjzd';skB dhnK fjzd{ e"wK s/ T[BQK d/ nkr{ T[; Bkb nk fwbD s/ T[j ;kfonK

dk ofjB[wk pD e/ w[be ”s/ ep˜k eo bt/. i/ (r[o{) okw f;zzx s/ T[; d/ ık; ık; ;{fpnK dh

Bhns w[beh wB'oE Bkb ;zpzXs Bk j[zdh, s/ T[BQK ˘ iwks dh Gkoh frDsh dk fJzs˜ko Bk

j[zdk ns/ dhBh B/eh d/ ¯b dh gqkgsh jh wB'oE j[zdk sK nfijhnK tkodksK fJ; f¯oe/ s'A Ù[o{

ftu jh j'JhnK j[zdhnK feT[Afe w˜jph s/ dhBh B/eh gqkgs eoB tk;s/ pj[s tZvh iwks dk

j'Dk õ{oh Bj] ;h. id'A fe fJj rZb gqrN W fe fJj b'e e'Jh ezw nkgD/ ;fsr[o{ dh wo˜h s/

j[ew d/ fto[ZX Bj] eod/ ;B sK nfijh jkbs ftu n;zGt W fe nfij/ ¯;kd T[; dh wo˜h

d/ T[bN j'D iK T[; d/ T[GkoB s'A fpBK j'D id'A fe r[o{ okw f;zx nkgD/ nkg ˘ nfsnzs do˜/

dk dhBdko s/ B/e feodko tkbk gqrN eodk ;h. ””

““(r[o{) okw f;zzx s/ T[; d/ ;ko/ f¯oe/ d/ fdwkr ftu w[be ˘ epi/ ”u eoB dh X[zB ;h.

T[; d/ fJj p/te{¯ g?o'eko :ehB Bkb ;wM/ j'J/ ;h fe B/V GftZy ftu fJ; w[be ”s/ ;kvk jh

oki j'D tkbk W.””

““fi; t/b/ fw;No ektB ;kfjp pjkd[o frq¯sko ehs/ j'J/ pkˆhnK s'A T[BQK dk jkb g[ZS

oj/ ;B sK fJe e{ek (12 ;kb dk ˜ywh pkbe fpÙB f;zx) jwbk eoe/ ektB ;kfjp fvgNh

efwÙBo ˘ fuzpV frnk. i/ T[Zsw f;zx EkD/dko gfNnkbk s/ Ù?ı poes nbh sfj;hbdko

Ù/og[o fJbkek gfNnkbk T[; ˘ Bk cVd/ sK T[j nkgDk jwbk g{ok eo u[Zfenk ;h. T[; s'A

;kfps W fe fJj b'e nzro/˜K d/ fezB/ d[ÙwD s/ fezB/ fdqV fJokd/ tkb/ ;B ns/ Bshik th

fBebdk W fe i/ fJj b'e s'gK Bkb s[ozs Bk T[vkJ/ iKd/ sK gsk Bjh fezBk e[ ¯;kd gkT[Ad/.””

““i/ ;oeko gfNnkbk tZb'A J/Bh S/sh e'fÙÙ Bk ehsh iKdh sK nkw iBsk d/ ;ko/ fınkbks

xNBktK ”s/ e/Adfos j' iKd/.””


““fco'˜g[o ftu fiZE/ gzikp dk ;G Bkb'A tZvk n;bk ıkBk W, jkfewK B/ fJj gqpzX ehsk

;h fe ugVk;hnK sZe ˘ jfEnko fdZs/ ;B. ””

““fijVhnK fJjfsnksK s/ fj¯k˜sK nfij/ jB/o rodh d/ ;w/A tk;s/ eoBhnK tkfip ;B,

T[j nzro/˜h jkfewK tZb'A nfsnzs u"e;h Bkb ehshnK rJhnK. fiBQK ;g?Ùb No/BK ftu brk-

sko fdZbh s'A ¯"iK nkT[AdhnK ;B, T[BQK ˘ ;kfjp ewKvo-fJB-uh¯ d/ j[ew nB[;ko fJ; fe;w

dk fJziD bkfJnk frnk ;h fij' fijk izr d/ w"e/ bkfJnk iKdk W.””

““(r[o{) okw f;zzx nkgDh irQk ”s/ nk˜kd s"o ”s/ ofjzdk j[zdk sK fJ; ftu e'Jh ÙZe Bj]

;h fe e{fenK dk f¯oek fJ; soQK seVk ofjzdk fi; soQK e'Jh ¯"i nkgD/ ewKvo Bkb seVh

ofjzdh W.””

““ni/ sZe ;k˘ dfonk¯s Bj] j'fJnk W fe T[; pko/ nZr'A ˘ nzro/˜h r"ofwzN dh eh

sith˜ W go ;kvh okJ/ fJj W fe (r[o{) okw f;zzx dk jw/Ùk tk;s/ Bõpzd ofjDk w[Bkf;p

W.””

BB''NN LL-- TT[[oodd{{ ,,nnoopphh ss// cckkoo;;hh dd// ww{{bb dd;;sskktt//˜̃KK dd// ffJJjj nnzzÙÙ ffJJ;; gg[[;;ssee dd// nnzzffsseekk nnffXXnnkkJJ//

ffttuu ggzzBBkk BBzzaa 115599 ssØØ∫∫ 116666 ””ss// SSkkgg// rrJJ// jjBB..


ee{{eekk nnzzdd''bbBB dd// ppkkBBhh,, ;;[[sszzssoosskk ;;zzrrookkwwhh;;qqhh ;;ffssrr[[oo{{ ookkww ff;;zzxx iihh

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dk gqekÙ ;zB 1816 (;zws 1872) ˘ p;zs gzuwh tkb/ fdB fgzvokJhnK f˜bQk b[fXnkDk fty/ fgsk ;a iZ;k f;zx ns/ wksk ;Zdk e"o d/ rqfj fty/ j'fJnk.

;qh ;fsr[o{ ih dh fposh pugB s'A jh GiB-pkDh tZb ;h.

;zB 1837 (;zws 1894) ˘ brGr pkJh ;kb dh T[wo d/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ˘ T[BQKd/ GDtJhJ/ ekpb f;zx B/ nkgD/ Bkb fbik e/, wjkokik oDihs f;zx ih dh f;Zy c"i dhgbNB ftu Gosh eotk fdZsk. ¯"i dh B"eoh eod/ ;w/A th nkg ih dk pj[sk fXnkB GiB-pzdrh tZb ofjzdk. nkg nkgDk bzro-gkDh nkg pDkTA[d/ ns/ ;[Zu-;'X ns/ gftZsosk oyd/.ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh gbNB dh fi; o˜w?AN ftu nkg ih Gosh ;B, T[; dk BK nkg iheoe/ “GrsK tkbh o˜w?AN” wÙj{o j' frnk. ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ c"i ftu nZm ;kb B"eoh ehsh.B"eoh dofwnkB jh ;zB 1841 (nZ;{ dh ;zroKd, ;zws 1898) ˘ ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ jio'A ;kfjpfty/ nkgDh gbNB d/ c"ihnK ;w/s ;qh r[o{ pkbe f;zx ih d/ doÙB ehs/. ;qh r[o{ pkbe f;zxih B/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ˘ r[o{sk nogD ehsh.

¯"ih ihtB ;w/A T[; t/b/ d/ ;w[Zu/ jkbks ˘ x'y e/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ GftZypkDhehsh, “bkj"o ftu th fe;/ ;w/A nzrq/˜h tki/ tZiDr/.” nzr/q˜ ;oeko wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/;tortk; j'D s'A eqhp 10 ;kb pknd gzikp ”s/ th ekpi j' rJh.

;zB 1845 (;zws 1902) ˘ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B"eoh SZv e/, ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp nk rJ/.nkg ih B/ e[M ;wK y/sh ehsh, fco d[ekBdkoh th ehsh. fgsk pkpk iZ;k f;zx Bkb, ftjkoe;jkfJsk eofdnK nkg ih dk pj[sk ;wK GiB-pkDh ftu pshs j[zdk. d[ekB s'A nkJ/ B¯/ Bkbnkg ;zrs dh ;/tk eod/. nkg ih dk iZ; ;[D e/ d{o'A-B/fVUA ;zrs, doÙB eoB nkT[D brh.

12 ngq?b ;zB 1857 (;zws 1914) ˘ ft;kyh tkb/ fdB, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ w[oMku[Zeh f;Zyh ˘ ;[oihs eoB bJh, ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/, yzv/-pkN/ dk nzfwqs fsnko eok e/ “;zsykb;/” dh f;oiDk ehsh ns/ fJe p/dkˆ s/ n;b'A d[ZX fuZN/ BkwXkoh gzE ˘ j'Ad ftu fbnKdk.T[; t/b/ Xow-gquko sK T[Zek jh ısw j' u[Zek ;h, r[owZs dh EK wBwZs B/ b? bJh ;h. nkfd;qh rqzE ;kfjp dhnK phVK ˘ nbwkohnK ftu gJhnK ˘ jh f;T[Ae bZr u[Zeh ;h. ;qh ;fsr[o{{ih B/ EK EK ik e/ nkfd ;qh rqzE ;kfjp dhnK phVK sbkÙ eoe/, T[BQK ˘ nbwkohnK ftu'A eYtke/, fwZNh xZNk MkV, ;k¯ eo e/ gqekÙ eotk e/ f;ZyK ˘ gkm eoB bkfJnk.

;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ b'eK ˘ r[owZs tZb bkT[D bJh gzikp ftu EK EK d"o/ ehs/. pkDh gVQB


ns/ Bkw f;woB eoB bJh b'eK ˘ gq/o e/, ;qh dÙw/Ù ih dh nb'g j' ojh f;Zyh wfo:kdk ˘g[Bo-;[oihs ehsk. ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d/ doÙB, puBK ns/ gquko s'A nDfrDs b'e gqGkts j'J/.nkg ih d/ s/i-gqskg Bkb, fiZXo iKd/ j˜koK dh frDsh ftu f;Zy ;i iKd/. fgzvK d/ fgzvf;Zy ;i rJ/.

;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ d/Ù ˘ Xkofwe, ;wkfie s/ okiBhse ;/X T[d'A gqdkB ehsh id'A d/;ftu g{oh soQK n;fEosk ;h ns/ b'e nkuoBjhB j[zd/ ik oj/ ;B.

;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ b'eK ˘ wk;, Ùokp, u'oh ikoh, M{m, ftnki b?D ns/ j'o eJh ;wkfiee[ohshnK s'A puD dk T[gd/Ù fdZsk. gokJ/ jZe s'A gqj/i eoB ns/ ftjko Ù[ZX oZyD bJhnkfynk. f;zxK s/ phphnK ˘ r[ow[yh gVQB bJh gq/fonk.

;wkfie y/so ftu fJ;soh iksh dh dÙk d/ ;[Xko bJh ;koEe edw u[Ze e/, ;qh ;fsr[o{okw f;zx ih B/ pj[s tZvk T[geko ehsk. izwdhnK e[VhnK ˘ wkoB, t/uD, tZNk eoB s/ pkb-ftnkj eoB s'A b'eK ˘ o'fenk. ;sh gqEk ˘ pzd eoB ns/ ftXtk dk g[Bo ftnkj eoB bJhgq/fonk. fJ;sohnK ˘ x[zv eZYD ns/ T[; ;w/A d/ gqubs j'o c˜{b ohs-fotk˜ eoB s'Atofink. fJj jh Bj], ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ ;zB 1863 (;zws 1920) ˘ fgzv f;nkVQ (f˜bQkb[fXnkDk) fty/ wkJhnK ˘ eSfjo/ gtk e/, nzfwqs SekfJnk. fJ;/ ;kb i{B ;zB 1863 ˘ fgzvy'N/ (f˜bQk fco'˜g[o) fty/, jtB eoe/, t/dh rZv e/, bktK gVQ e/ S/ nzsoiksh i'fVnK d/ftnkj eoe/, ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ r[ows nkBzd-ekoi eoB dh wfo:kdk nkozGh.

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d[nkok i{B ;zB 1863 ftu y'N/ fty/ nkBzd-ekoi dh wfo:kdkÙ[o{ ehs/ ikD s'A pknd gzvsK d/ o"bk gkT[D ns/ ;oekoh J/izNk tZb'A wBsxVs ns/ M{mhnKfog'oNK d/ nXko ”s/ gzikp ;oeko B/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ˘ ;zB 1863 s'A 1867 sZe, ;qhG?Dh ;kfjp fty/ Bõpzd ofynk s/ EK EK BkwXkohnK d/ gquko ”s/ gkpzdh brk fdZsh. ;qh;fsr[o{ ih B/ gquko dh b'V nB[Gt eofdnK gfjbK gzi ;{p/ fB:[es ehs/. fJBQPK ;{fpnK ˘ th;oeko B/ Bõpzd eo fdZsk. ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ ;skoK ;{{p/ j'o Ekg fdZs/. gkpzdhnK d/ pkti{d;ko/ ;{fpnK B/ pj[s f;nkDg Bkb ezw ehsk, EK EK ik e/ gquko ehsk. b'e tZvh frDsh ftuBkwXkoh ;i rJ/. ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ d; ;kb ftu ;Zs bZy BkwXkoh pDkJ/. b'eK ftu u/sBktXdh rJh ns/ gzikp Go ftu nzrq/˜h oki fto[ZX wkj"b pD frnk.

okiBhse gZy'A, Gkos dh n˜kdh dh bVkJh dk w[ZY, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/, nzrq/˜;oeko fto[ZX BkfwbtosD bfjo ubk e/ pzfBQnk. fJ; bfjo nB[;ko nzrq/˜ ;oeko ˘ wkBskBj] fdZsh rJh. nzrq/˜ ;oeko dh B"eoh, T[BQK d/ ubkJ/ ;e{b, ndkbsK, ;kohnK ftd/Ùh t;sKd/ pkJhekN d/ Bkb-Bkb, o/b, sko s/ vke dk th pkJhekN ehsk frnk. BkwXkoh f;ZyK B/fuZmhnK fJe EK s'A d{i/ EK gj[zukD dk nkgDk jh gqpzX ehsk j'fJnk ;h, fi; ˘ nzrq/˜K B/nkgD/ foekov ftu “e{ek g';Nb ;oft;˜” dk BK fdZsk.

nzrq/˜h t;sK dh EK Gkosh xo/b{ t;s{nK d/ gq:'r eoB d/ nkd/Ù Bkb ;td/Ùh dk gqukoj'fJnk. pZfunK dh gVQkJh dk gqpzX XowÙkbk, wzdoK, r[od[nkfonK ftu ehsk frnk sK i' pZu/d/Ù dh ;z;feqsh s'A ikD{z j' ;eD. nzrq/˜h ndkbsK dk s'V ;h nkgDhnk gzukfJsK dh ;EkgBk.fJ; ;ko/ gqpzX ˘ ;[uko{ o{g ftu ubkT[D bJh fJbkenK ftu ;{p/ fB:[es eoB/, nkgDk “e{ek


vke gqpzX” ekfJw eoBk, d/;h fonk;sK Bkb rZm i'V, ¯"ih f;Zfynk bJh eÙwho oki ftu““e{ek gbNB”” dh ;EkgBk ns/ ftd/ÙK ftu r[nKYh d/ÙK B/gkb, o{; ns/ n¯rkfB;skB BkbokiBhfse ;zpzX pDkT[D/, fJ; rZb dk gqsZy ;p{s jB fe ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ofjB[wkJh j/mBkwXkoh f;ZyK B/ nkgDh ;oeko pDk e/ ;t?oki ;Ekfgs eo fbnk ;h. e{fenK dk y[¯hnk vkegqpzX fJBQK tXhnk ;h fe ;fsr[o{ ih d/ j[ew ns/ fuZmhnK, d{o-d[okv/ fJbkfenK ftu pj[ss/˜h Bkb gj[zu iKd/ ;B.

T[; ;w/A id'A nzro/˜ ;kwoki d/ fybk¯ e'Jh fJe bc˜ th w{zj'A eZYdk, w"s dh BhAdo/ ;[nkfdZsk iKdk ;h, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx d/ f;ZyK B/ fJBQK ftd/Ùh ÙkÙeK Bkb f;ZXh NZeo bJh.

d/Ù-ftd/ÙK ftu fJ; gqeko tXd/ e{ek-nzd'bB dk gqGkt nzrq/˜ ;oeko ˘ fet/A gotkBj' ;edk ;h < ;' fJ; bfjo ˘ e[ubB bJh nzrq/˜K B/ e{fenK ”s/ nZfsnkuko eoB/ Ù[o{ eo fdZs/.;zB 1871-72 d/ ˜[bw fJsB/ ;ıs ;B fe eJh nzr/q˜K d/ fdb th ezp rJ/. fJe nzrq/˜ j?BohekNB B/ nkgDh ihtB-eEk ftu fbfynk W, ““w?A nkgDh ;koh T[wo ftu ed/ e'Jh fJj' fijk˜[bw Bj] sZfenk.”” gozs{ fJj ;G e[M j[zfdnK th e{ek-bfjo Bk e[ubh rJh ;r'A e[M tfoQnKwro'A fJj fco mkmK wkoB br gJh.

nzrq/˜K dh Bhsh ;h “gkV' s/ oki eo'”. Gkostk;hnK dhnK Xkofwe GktBktK ˘ m/; gj[zuke/, T[BQK ˘ r[bkwh dk nfj;k; d[nkT[D bJh ns/ fjzd{, f;Zy$w[;bwkBK ftu dokV gk e/ T[BQK˘ fJe d{i/ Bkb bVkT[D d/ wB'oEK fjs, nzrq/˜ ;oeko B/ nzfwqs;o, wb/oe'Nbk ns/ okJ/e'Nfty/ r[o{-XkwK B/V/ p[ZuVykB/ y[bQtk fdZs/. rT{ Gkos d/ fjzd{ s/ f;Zy ;wki bJh wK dk doikoZydh ;h ns/ j[D th oydh W. wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ oki ;w/A s'A rT{ jZfsnk s/ brh gkpzdh˘ s'V e/, nzro/˜ jkewK B/ rT{ jZfsnk dh nkfrnk d/ e/ fJe e'Mh ukb ubh ;h. fJ; ukbdk we;d fjzd{$f;Zy-w[;fbw t;'A ftu sBkU g?dk eoe/ fcoekgq;sh T[GkoBh, e"wh J/eskfSzB fGzB eoBh ns/ nkgDh je{ws dh T[wo bzwh eoBk ;h. rT{-pX eoe/, rT{ wk; t/funkjh Bj] ikD bZrk ;r'A f;ZyK ns/ fjzd{nK d/ g{iBhe Xkofwe n;EkBK ˘ wk; s/ jZvhnK ;[ZNe/ ngftZso ehsk ikD bZrk. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ f;ZyK s'A fJj ;fjD Bj] j'fJnk.p[ZuVykfBnK ”s/ jwbk eo e/ BkwXkohnK B/ nzrq/˜K Bkb f;ZXh NZeo bJh.

rT{nK ˘ p[ZuVykfBnK ftu'A S[vkT[D d/ i[ow ftu, nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A ;zB 1871 ˘nzfwqs;o fty/ uko, okJ/e'N fty/ fszB ns/ b[fXnkDk fty/ d' BkwXkoh f;ZyK ˘, f;o¯ Gkoshb'eK d/ wBK ftu dfjÙs g?dk eoB bJh, Ùo/nkw cK;h d/ e/ Ùjhd ehsk frnk. fJjBK f;ZyKB/ cK;h d/ czd/ nkg nkgD/ rbK ftu gkJ/.

wb/oe'Nbk fty/ 17-18 iBtoh ;zB 1872 (6-7 wkx ;zws 1928) ˘ fJ;/ d'Ù nXhBfpBK w[eZdwk ubkJ/ 66 BkwXkoh f;ZyK ˘ Ùjhd ehsk frnk. fJj ;kek ftÙt d/ fJfsjk; ftunkgDh fw;kb nkg W. 17 iBtoh ;zB 1872 ˘, wb/oe'Nbk d/ oZeV ftu ;Zs s'gK ;Zs tkoubhnK ns/ 49 f;Zy BZ;-BZ; e/ nkg s'gK nZr/ nk e/, d/Ù dh n˜kdh bJh nkgD/ ;oho dks{zpk-s{zpk T[Zvtk e/ Ùjhd j' rJ/. 50tK Ùjhd j'fJnk f;Zy fJe 12 ;kb dk pkbe fpÙB f;zx;h. fJ; ˘ sbtkoK Bkb eZN e/ Ùjhd ehsk frnk ;h feT[Afe fJ; B/ r[Z;/ ftu nzrq/˜ n¯;o


ektB dh dkVQh ˘ ik jZE gkfJnk ;h. pkeh d/ 16 f;ZyK ˘ 18 iBtoh 1872 ˘ s'gK BkbÙjhd ehsk frnk.

wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ ;w/A s'gK gfNnkbk, BkGk s/ i]d d/ oki/ wjkokfinK B/ G/ihnK ;B.nzrq/˜K dh Bhsh jh nfijh ;h fe T[j GoktK jZE'A jh GoktK ˘ wotk oj/ ;B. id'A d/Ù d/ b'eKftu fJ; ˜[bw fto[ZX jkjkeko wuh j'Jh ;h sK ektB s/ c"o;kfJE d' ˜kbw nzrq/˜ n¯;oK d/jZe ftu okfinK, wjkokfinK, irhodkoK ns/ oJh;K nkfd B/ fJzrb?Av fuZmhnK fby e/nzrq/˜K dh jh fjwkfJs ehsh ;h.

fJe nzrq/˜ i' Gkos ftu T[; t/b/ ;?o eoB nkfJnk j'fJnk ;h, B/ nkgD/ ;coBkw/ ftufbfynk W, ““:{og tkb/ fJe Jh;k ”s/ wkD eod/ jB, w?A nB/e Jh;k BZ; BZ; e/ s'gK ;kjwD/nkT[Ad/ s/ w"s ˘ rbtZeVh gkT[Ad/ t/y/ jB.””

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh pıfÙÙ Bkb BkwXkoh Ùjhd w"s d/ vo s'A w[es j' rJ/ ;B.T[j jZ;-jZ; e/ s'gK nZr/ nkT[Ad/ ;B ns/ cK;h d/ czd/ nkg nkgD/ rbK ftu gkTA[d/ ;B.nzrq/˜K B/, BkwXkoh f;ZyK ˘ nB/e gqeko d/ s;hj/ d/ e/, ;w[zdo ”u v'p e/, ekb/ gkDh e?d eoe/ns/ j'o eJh gqeko Bkb Ùjhd ehsk.

wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ c"oB wro'A 18 iBtoh 1872 s'A, ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih ˘, ;zB 1818 d/o?r{b/ÙB III n?eN sfjs T[BQK d/ fBih ;/te GkJh BkBz{ f;zx ns/ gqw[Zy ;{p/ ;kfjpkB ;w/snbkjkpkd feb/ ftu Bõpzd ofynk frnk. T[E'A, 16 wkou 1872 ˘, ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih ˘ T[BQKd/ fBih ;/te ;w/s, ebeZs/ s'A ozr{B (powk) fty/ G/i fdZsk frnk. T[E'A th eqhp ;kY/ 8 ;kbpknd ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih ˘, d/Ù Bkb'A j[ewBkfwnK okj] Bksk s'VB bJh, wor'Jh Nkg{ (powk)fty/ G/fink frnk. ;{fpnK Bz{ tZy' tZy EktK ”s/ G/i e/ e?d ofynk frnk.

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh uwsekoh wjkB s/ oZph Ùı;hns dk gqGkt s/ ib" J/Bk ;hfe d/Ù dh nzrq/˜ je{ws dhnK bkJhnK o'eK d/ pkti{d i/bQ ftu'A T[BQK d/ j[ewBkw/ gzikp ftupokpo nkT[Ad/ oj/. nsh ;ıshnK j'D d/ pkti{d eJh f;Zy powk g[Zi, ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d/ doÙBeo, T[BQK tZb'A G/i/ rJ/ j[ewBkw/ Gkos b? e/ nkT[Ad/ oj/.

Ùjhd f;ZyK dhnK ˜whB ikfJdksK ips eo e/ T[BQK d/ gfotkoK ˘ szr ehsk frnk. T[BQKd/ xoK ftu'A ;kok ;wkB fJE'A she fe row s/ mzv/ d[ZX d/ GKv/ sZe nzrq/˜ ;oeko tZb'A ipseo bJ/ rJ/. T[jBQK d/ xoK ftu e[M Bj] SZfvnk.

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ gqd/; rtB fgS'A, ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp dh fvT[Vh nZr/ g[fb; u"ehfpmk fdZsh rJh, fijVh eohp 50 ;kb (;zB 1872 s'A 1923 she) ojh. ;qh ;fsr[o{ joh f;zxih s/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih t/b/ fit/A nzrq/˜ ;oeko B/ BkwXkoh gzE ”s/ ;ıshnK ns/ ˜[bwehs/, fJj fJe o"ArN/ yV/Q eoB tkbk r"otwJh fJfsjk; W. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh ubkJhBk-fwbtosD bfjo ˘ eqhp 50 ;kb pknd eKro;hnK B/ ngDkfJnk ns/ d/Ù dh ;[szsoskgqkgsh tZb edw u[Ze/. d/Ù dhnK eohp ;kohnK d/Ù Grs gkoNhnK B/ BkwXkoh nzd'bB s'Agq/oBk bJh. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ fdZs/ Bk-fwbtosD d/ ÙeshÙkbh jfEnko ˘ tos e/pknd ftu n¯ohek d/ eJh d/Ù n˜kd j'J/.


;;qqhh ;;ffssrr[[oo{{ jjoohh ff;;zzxx iihh

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ ozr{B s'A pkpk dopkok f;zx okj] G/i/ nkgD/ gfjb/ j[ewBkw/

ftu nkgD/ S'N/ Gok p[ZX f;zx dk BK joh f;zx oZy e/, ;qh ;fsr[o{ joh f;zx ih ˘ rZdh BÙhB

eo fdZsk. ;qh ;fsr[o{ joh f;zx ih d/ ekb ;zB 1872 s'A 1906 se nzrq/˜ ;oeko B/ e{fenK

fto[ZX eoV/ dwB uZeo dh Bhsh ubkJh oyh. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ powk ftu ibktsB

d/ ;w/A, ;qh ;fsr[o{ joh f;zx ih B/ ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ ;ıs gkpzdh ns/ fBrokBh j/m ofj e/

fi; soQk ftd/Ùh je{ws d/ ˜po ˘ ;po Bkb ;jkfonk T[;d/ t/ot/ bz{ ezY/ yV/Q eo d/D tkb/

jB. ;oeko B/ ;w{j BkwXkoh f;ZyK fto[ZX dwB uZeo dh Bhsh ubk fdZsh. BkwXkoh gzE ˘

r?o-ekB{zBh eoko d/ e/ fJBQK dk fwbD-i[bD, gkm-g{ik, ehosB s/ w/b/ eoB ”s/ gkpzdh brk

fdZsh. ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp dh fvT{Vh d/ pkjo ;zB 1872 s'A Ù[o{ j' e/ 23 wJh 1923 sZe eohp 50

;kb g[fb; dh u"Aeh p?mh ojh. fgzvK ftu ;G BkwXkohnK dh jkõh o'˜kBk brdh ;h. w[jsfpo

e{fenK dhnK ikfJdkdK ˜ps eo bJhnK rJhnK.

eoVh fBrokBh d/ pkti{d ;qh ;fsr[o{ joh f;zx ih B/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dhnK

ubkJhnK ;wkfie, Xkofwe rshftXhnK ns/ oki;h ;orowhnK ˘ ikoh oZfynk. nkg B/ r[gs

o{g ftu T[; t/b/ dh o{;h ;oeko Bkb fuZmh gZso dk f;bf;bk s'oh oZfynk. fJj fuZmh gZso

o{;, Gkos s/ powk j' e/, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih s/ o{; ;oeko dofwnkB ubdk fojk. fJBQK

gZsoK ftu fpqfNÙ ;kwoki fto[ZX gzikp ftu prkts s/ o{; tZb'A fJ; dh ;jkfJsk pko/ ftuko

tNKdo/ j[zd/ oj/.

nD;[ykt/A jkbksK ftu th ;qh ;fsr[o{ joh f;zx ih B/, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d[nkok

ubkJ/ rJ/ ;dk pos bzro ˘ ukb{ oZfynk. v/o/ dk wkb-vzro t/u e/ th, bzro bJh g?;/ dk

gqpzX ehsk. ;zB 1899 (;zws 1956) ftu id'A d/Ù ftu ekb g? frnk, pkrV d/ j˜koK ;ohoK

B/ eohp 6 wjhB/ fJ;/ ;dk pos bzro ftu'A T[do g{osh ehsh. nzrq/˜ ;oeko B/ fJ; ;dk tos

bzro d/ BK 100 w[oZp/ ˜whB brkT[Dh ukjh go ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ ;oeko dh g/ÙeÙ m[eokT[Ad/

j'J/ fJj efj e/ fe, “;kok d/Ù jh ;kvk W”, n˜kdh d/ u[Ze/ Mzv/ ˘ j'o T[u/ok eo fdZsk.

;qh ;fsr[o{ joh f;zx ih B/ Bkw-pkDh igD igkT[D s/ r[opkDh d/ gkm eoB dk f;bf;bk

th ikoh oZfynk. j˜{o B/ nkfd ;qh rqzE ;kfjp d/ gzi nyzv gkm, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/


doÙBK Bfws, wfo:kdk nB[;ko eotkJ/. T[; t/b/ nyzv gkm eoBk i[ow ;h, go f;Zy ;qh

;fsr[o{{ okw f;zx ih d/ doÙBK Bfws r[gs o{g ftu nyzv gkm eod/ jh ofjzd/ ;B. f;ZN/ ti'A

T[BQK ˘ ;˜ktk G[rsDhnK g?AdhnK ;B. id'A nzrq/˜ ;oeko dh ;ısh e[M xND bZrh sK ;qh

;fsr[o{ joh f;zx ih B/ gzikp d/ d"o/ nozG/. ;zrsK ˘ Xotk; fwbD bZrk. N[ZN/ f;Zy fco r[o{

uoBK Bkb i[V//. fJzi ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ f;Zyh joh oZyh.

;qh ;fsr[o{ joh f;zx ih 87 tfoQnK dh T[wo ftu 17 wJh 1906 (16 i/m ;zws 1963

fpeowh) ˘, ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ d/j dk Ujbk eo rJ/ s/ T[;/ fdB s'A nkg ih dh o˜k nB[;ko,

;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih rZdh BÙhB j' rJ/.


;;qqhh ;;ffssrr[[oo{{ ggqqsskkgg ff;;zzxx iihh

BkwXkoh gzE ”s/ ˜[bwK dh jB/oh ns/ gkpzdhnK dh j'V brh ofjD d/ pkti{d, ;qh ;fsr[o{

gqskg f;zx ih B/ nkgD/ ;w/A ftu, nzrq/˜ je{ws d/ fto[ZX ;zxoÙ dh bfjo ˘ ikoh oZfynk.

nkg B/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ n;{bK ”s/ ub ojh eKro; gkoNh d/ nzd'bB ˘ g{ok ;fj:'r

d/D d/ Bkb Bkb d/Ù dh n˜kdh bJh ;zxoÙ eo ojhnK ;w{j iE/pzdhnK ˘ jo soQK Bkb

;fj:'r fdZsk.

;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih B/ BkwXkoh dopko dh ;EkgBk ehsh sK i' Xkofwe, ;wkfie

s/ d/Ù Grsh d/ gq'rokwK ”u ;'u ;wM s/ ;{M p{M Bkb fjZ;k gkfJnk ikt/. ;zB 1921 (;zws

1978) ˘ nkg B/ wb/oe'Nbk d/ ÙjhdK dh :kd ”u fgzv f;nkV f˜bQk b[fXnkDk fty/ fJe tZvk

w/bk ehsk, fi; ftu T[Zx/ d/Ù Grs bhvoK B/ nzrq/˜ ;oeko fto[ZX seohoK ehshnK.

;zB 1825 ftu eKro; B/ nzrq/˜K fto[ZX w'ouk bkfJnk. fJ; w'ou/ dk e/Ado pq?vbk jkb

bkj"o ;h. BkwXkohnK B/ fJ; w'ou/ ftu fjZ;k jh Bj] gkfJnk ;r'A nrtkJh th ehsh s/

frq¯skohnK fdZshnK.

31 d;zpo 1929 ˘ eKro; B/ nkgDk ;kbkBk ;wkrw bkj"o fty/ oZfynk. fJe iBtoh

˘ g{oB ;toki dk wsk gk; j'Dk ;h. pkpk yVe f;zx dh nrtkJh j/m, nkw f;ZyK B/ fJ; dk

fto'X ehsk go ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;x ih B/ 100 x'Vk J/; ib{; ”u G/i e/ ib{; dh ÙkB ˘

tXkfJnk. pkjo'A nkJ/ bZyK b'eK d/ bzro dk gqpzX s/ youk th ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ nkgD/ e'b'A

ehsk.

;zB 1939 ftu “;N/N ghgb˜ ekBcoz;” b[fXnkDk fty/ j'Jh. b[fXnkD/ fijVk ib{; fJ;

w"e/ eZfYnk frnk, T[; ftu ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih x'fVnk ”s/ nkg gza itkjo bkb Bfjo{

Bkb Ùkwb j'J/. ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih dh ofjB[wkJh j/m seohpB jo d/Ù Grsh dh bfjo ftu

BkwXkohnK B/ tX uV e/ fjZ;k fbnk.

;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih B/ ;G f;Zy ;zgodktK ˘ ns/ fjzd{-f;ZyK ˘ fJe wzu ”s/ fJeZmk

eoB bJh ;zB 1934 ftu “BkBe Bkw b/tk r[o{ BkBe ;op ;zgodkfJ ekBcoz;” ns/ ;zB 1943

ftu “fjzd{-f;Zy fwbkg ekBcoz;” ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ p[bkJh.

;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ pZpo nekbh bfjo d/ nkr{ ;a osB f;zx pZpo s/ ;kEh, ns/ j'o d/Ù


Grs gkoNhnK d/ ;orow ekoe[zB nk e/ gBkj b?Ad/ oj/. fjzd[;skB rdo gkoNh d/ pkBh, pkpk

;'jB f;zx GeBk nkgD/ nkozGe ihtB s'A BkwXkoh jh ;B. fJ; gkoNh d/ eJh w?Apo BkwXkoh

gfotkoK ftu'A ;B. fgzv okJhnK d/ BkwXkoh f;Zy ;a j˜kok f;zx rdo gkoNh d/ w?Apo ;B, fiBQK

˘ nzrq/˜ ;oeko B/ cK;h d/ e/ Ùjhd ehsk ;h.

;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih dhnK ;kohnK d/Ù Grs gkoNhnK Bkb ftjkoe ;KM ;h ns/

nkg d/Ù dh nyzvsk ns/ ;G fcofenK d/ nkg' ftu w/b ns/ J/esk d/ jkwh ;B.

;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ Bkw pkDh dk gqtkj ubkT[D fjs ;zB 1933 (;zws 1990) ftu ;qh G?Dh

;kfjp ns/ ;zB 1947 (;zws 2004) ftu ;qh ihtB Bro fty/ GiB dh fBozso toBh Ù[o{ ehsh.

;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ uzvh dh tko d/ d' gkmK d/ jtB :Zr eotkJ/. nkfd ;qh rqzE ;kfjp d/ nB/e

;kXkoB gkm s/ nyzv gkm eotkJ/. jtB s/ toBhnK eotkJhnK. b'eK ˘ ;fswkor dk okj

ftykT[D bJh ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ d/Ù ftd/ÙK d/ d"o/ ehs/.

;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ b'e GbkJh bJh pj[s goT[geko Gfonk wjZstg{oB ekoi T[d'A ehsk

id'A 15 nr;s ;zB 1947 ftu Gkos n˜kd j'fJnk s/ d/Ù dh tzv j'Jh. nkg ih B/ gZSwh

gzikp (j[D gkfe;skB) ftu t;d/ fjzd{ s/ f;ZyK ˘ gfjb'A s'A jh ;[u/s eo fdZsk ;h fe T[Xo'A

fBeb nkT[D. nkgB/ fgzv fgzv ik e/ j'ek fdZsk fe okth NZg ikt', Bj] sK d[yh j't'r/. fJjh

Bj] ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ ;o;/ d/ bkr/ d/ e[M fgzvK dh p/npkd eohp 497 w[oZp/ ˜whB yohd e/,

fJ; ;qh ihtB Bro d/ fJbke/ d/ fgzvK ftu, gkfe;skB s'A T[iV e/ nkJ/ f;ZyK ˘ npkd ehsk.

ÙoB nkfJnK dh ;jkfJsk ehsh. p/xo j'J/ gfotkoK ˘ nk;ok fdZsk.

;wki ;[Xko d/ y/so ftu ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih B/ ¯owkB ehsk fe wzrDh, fwbDh,

ftnkj, w[ebkt/ dhnK ci{b o;wK fsnkr fdZshnK ikD. ftnkj xoK ftu Bk eoe/ w/fbnK

ftu ehs/ ikD. dki dj/i fpbe[b fbnk fdZsk Bk ikt/. nkBzd-ekoiK fgS'A e[Vh xZN'-xZN

gzdoK fdB ;j[o/ xo oj/ sK i' e'Jh c˜{b nvzpo B ofunk ik ;e/.

;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih g[oksB Gkosh ;fGnsk s/ ;z;feqsh d/ gqÙz;e ;B. nkg ukj[zd/

;B fe jo fJ;soh g[oÙ ˘ T[Zu/ nkuoB dk wkbe j'Dk ukjhdk W sK jh Gkos nwbh o{g ftu

soZeh eo ;edk W. nkg nkgD/ f;ZyK ˘ ;kdk gfjoktk oZyD dh gq/oBk fdzd/ ;B. nkg B/ Bkw

igD, Xow dh feos eoB, tzv SeD ns/ nkuko, ftuko s/ ftjko Ù[ZX oZyD dk T[gd/Ù

fdZsk.

;qh ;fsr[o{ ih rT{ gkbe s/ rT{ oZfyne ;B. nkg ih dh jkofde fJZSk ;h fe foÙhnK

w[BhnK d/ fJ; d/Ù ftu rT{-pX g{oB s"o ”s/ tofis j't/. fJ; bJh nkg T[gokb/ eod/ jh

ofjzd/.

;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/, gzikph GkÙk d/ ftek; bJh 17-18 nes{po ;zB 1942 ˘ ;qh G?Dh

;kfjp fty/ fJe gzikph ekBcoz; p[bkJh. fJ; ftu T[Zx/ ;kfjsekoK ns/ gzikph gq/whnK B/


Ùkwb j' e/, gzikph GkÙk dh T[BZsh bJh nB/e ftT[AsK fsnko ehshnK.

wjkB ;zrhs gq/wh ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih B/ nkgD/ ;w/A ftu ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih

dh ubkJh ;zrhs gqEk ˘ f;yoK S'jD dk pb pıfÙnk. ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/- ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih

d[nkok y'bQ/ rJ/ BkwXkoh ftfdnkb/ ftu ftZfdnk gVQkT[D d/ Bkb Bkb Ù[ZX r[opkDh gVQBh

ns/ ;jh okrK ftu Ùpd rkfJB eoBk f;ykfJnk iKdk ;h. ;zB 1933 ftu ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/

;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ ;zrhs ;zw/bB eotkfJnk.

;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih 21 nr;s ;zB 1959 (5 Gkd'A ;zws 2016) ˘ d/j dk Ujbk

eo rJ/. T[//; t/b/ s'A ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih r[o-rZdh s/ fpokiwkB j' rJ/. d;sko pzdh

dh ftÙ/Ù o;w 10 ;szpo ;zB 1959 (25 Gkd'A 2016) ˘ ehsh rJh.


;;qqhh ;;ffssrr[[oo{{ iirriihhss ff;;zzxx iihh

;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih d/ tZv/ ;kfjp˜kd/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih i' T[; t//b/ “tZv/

pkpk ih” eo e/ ;fseko/ iKd/ ;B, B/ fgsk ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih dh ofjB[wkJh j/m d/Ù

dh nk˜kdh bJh oki;h ;orowhnK ftu tX uV e/ fjZ;k fbnk.

;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih dk gqekÙ jh ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ pzdh rqfj tkb/ jkbksK ftu

j'fJnk ;h. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ˘ nzrq/˜ ;oeko okj] ibktsB eoB wro'A ;zB 1872 s'A

jh ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ g[fb; u"Aeh p?mh j'Jh ;h, fijVh wJh 1923 ˘ BkwXkoh ;wki tZb'A

ekch ;zxoÙ eoB T[gozs jNkJh rJh. ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih dk gqekÙ 22 Btzpo ;zB

1920 ˘ j'fJnk ;h. ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih dk gqekÙ th 9 wkou ;zB 1890 ˘ ;qh G?Dh

;kfjp fty/ pzdh rqfj tkb/ jkbksK ftu jh j'fJnk ;h.

;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih B/ d/Ù d/ ;[szsosk ;zrokw ftu nkgDk :'rdkB gkT[D d/

Bkb-Bkb d/Ù dh tzv ;w/A b'eK ˘ dzfrnK ftu'A ;[oZfyns eZYD ns/ T[ZiV e/ nkfJnK ˘ w[V

t;kT[D bJh T[u/u/ :sB ehs/.

toswkB ;w/A ftu ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d/Ù dh J/esk s/ nyzvsk ˘ pDkJh oZyD

bJh fdqV ;zebg oZyd/ jB.

;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih fJe fBt/ebh ns/ ftÙ/Ù Ùı;hns jB. nkg ih dhnK

;orowhnK dk ı/so fpnkB d/ x/o/ s'A ;[szso W. Bkw igD igkT[D ns/ d/Ù ftd/ÙK ftu Xow

dk gquko eoB s'A fJbktk ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih ;wki d/ jo y/so tZb g{oB fXnkB d/ oj/ jB.

;zrhs, ;kfjs, y/vK, pkˆpkBh d/ ftek; bJh ekoi eoB/, bzro dh fBozsosk ekfJw

oZyDh, Gkosh ;fGnsk s/ ;z;feqsh dk gquko, gzikph GkÙk ˘ gqcZ[bs eoB d/ isB, f;Zyh ;o{g

ekfJw oZyD bJh gq/oBk d/Dh, ;kdk s/ ;w{fje nkBzd-ekoiK dh wfo:kdk ikoh oZyD], Ùokp

s/ BÙhb/ gdkoEK dh wBkjh, ;wkfie p[okJhnK ˘ d{o eoB bJh edw u[ZeD/, ftfdnk dk

g;ko, B"itkBK ˘ ;/X, pZfunK ˘ fgnko, pi[orK dh ;zGkb, fJ;soh-iksh dk efbnkD,

rT{-rqhp dh oZfynk, b'Vtzd rohp phwkoK dk fJbki, gÙ{-XB dh ;zGkb, rT{-gkbD, iht-

dfJnk, Ùkekjko dk gquko, g[oksB fJfsjk;e n;EkBK dh ;zGkb, Bt-T[;koh, ftÙt-ÙKsh

ns/ ftÙt XowK dh ;KM bJh T[gokb/ eoB nkfd, fJBQK ;ko/ y/soK ftu ekoi eoe/ ;qh ;fsr[o{


ih d/Ù dh soZeh ns/ y[Ùjkbh ftu ftÙ/Ù :'rdkB gk oj/ jB. ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ ;zB 2005

ftu b[fXnkDk fty/ ng'b' j;gskb y'bQ e/ fJe j'o wjkB goT[gekoh ekoi ehsk W. fJBQK

;ko/ ezwK dk i/ f˜eo eoB bZrhJ/ sK jo ezw pko/ fJe fJe g[;se fsnko j' ;edh W.

;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ tobv gh; w{tw?AN (;z;ko nwB bfjo), tobv t?ihN/ohnB eKro;

(;z;ko Ùkekjkoh ;zrmB) ns/ tobv fobh˜; pqdoj[v (;z;ko XowK dk GkJhukok) nkfd

e"wKsoh ;zrmBK ˘ Gog{o ;wK s/ ;fj:'r fdZsk W.

;qh ;fsr[o{ ih ˘ d/Ù-ftd/ÙK ftu nB/e ;BwkB G/AN ehs/ ik u[Ze/ jB. 15 nr;s

2001 ˘ ;[szsosk fdt; d/ w"e/ ”s/ Bth fdZbh fty/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih ˘ o{jkBhns, ftÙt-

GkJhuko/ ns/ ;z;ko nwB bJh p/fw;kb ekoi eoB ekoB ftÙt-fjzd{ gqhÙd tZb'A “Xow-osB”

;BwkB Bkb ;BwkfBs ehsk frnk.

rT{-gkbD ns/ rT{ oZfynk bJh ;koEe edw u[Ze/ ikD ekoD, ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih ˘

1964 ftu j?dokpkd fty/ r';ztoXB ;fwsh tZb'A “r'gkb-osB” dh T[gkXh Bkb ;BwkBs

ehsk frnk ;h.

Gkosh ;zrhs d/ y/so ftu ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih dh d/D, ni'e/ :[r ftu ftÙt-gqf;ZX j'

rJh W. ;zrhs, pkˆpkBh, ftÙt-Ùksh, rZb eh jo y/so ftu'A ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih ˘ tZy tZy

;z;EktK tZb'A wkB-;BwkB G/AN ehs/ rJ/ jB ns/ ehs/ ik oj/ jB.

;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d/ ;w/A f;Zyh dk pj[sk tkXk j'fJnk W. Gkos d/Ù s'A

fJbktk nZi d[BhnK d/ eohp ;ko/ d/ÙK ftu- fJzrb?Av, e?B/vk, EkJhb?Av, ehBhnk,

sBikBhnk, nk;No/bhnk nkfde ftu tZvh frDsh ftu BkwXkoh f;Zy t; oj/ jB ns/

gqc[Zbs j' oj/ jB.

;zB 1954 ftu ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih B/ fuZsor[gs o'v fdZbh fty/, ;a ;[Zuk f;zx

d/ xo, ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih pko/, T[Zx/ fJsjk;eko ;a Bkjo f;zx ˘ fJj puB nky/,

““GkJh Bkjo f;zx ih, tZvk ekek fJB;kB jh Bj], ;r'A ebkXkoh fuzsBtkB W. ;kv/

gk; sK f;o¯ oZp dk fdZsk j'fJnk to ns/ ;okg jh W, go fJj ekek nb"fee ÙeshnK dk

wkbe W. fJjd/ ;w/A f;Zyh pj[s tX/rh.@

;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih dh nb"fee Ùı;hns pko/ ikDekoh dk ;ko sK GrtkB

dk; towk wjKokÙNo dhnK fBwB fbys ;soK ftu ;wkfJnk j'fJnk W -

““;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih, r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh wkBtsk, r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh

thosk ns/ r[o{ okw f;zx ih dh d/Ù Grsh dk ftbZyD fwÙoD jB. nkg ftu fuzsB ns/ eow

fJe ;kE jB.@


ee??dd eeZZNN ÙÙjjhhdd jj''DD ttkkbb// BBkkwwXXkkoohh ff;;ZZyy

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ns/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ joh f;zx ih d/ ;w/A nB/e f;Zy i/bQQK ”u rJ/ s/

ekb/ gkDh dh ;˜k G[rsfdnK Ùjhd j'J/. fJBQK ftu'A e[M e[ dk t/otk g/Ù W L-

ÙÙjjhhdd XX""AAeebb ff;;zzxx

ffggzzvv ffeebbkk ookkJJ//gg[[oo,, ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk

((eekkbb// ggkkDDhh ddhh ee??dd eeZZNNffddnnKK ÙÙjjhhdd jj''JJ//))

;a X"Aeb f;zx ih dk iBw ;zws 1880 ftu fgsk ;a d/tk f;zx ns/ wksk fJzd e"o d/

xo, fgzv febk okJ/g[o f˜bQk b[fXnkDk fty/ j'fJnk. nkg ;Zs c[ZN T[μu/ seV/ ;oho tkb/

B"itkB ;B. ;a X"Aeb f;zx B/ ;kT[D, ;zws 1929 (;zB 1871) ˘ pkˆK tkb/ (w'fozvk) d/ p[ZuVK

”s/ jwbk ehsk go ;¯b Bk j' ;e/.

fJe tko ;a X"Aeb f;zx B/ ;kjt/ u"Xoh d/ f;o ftu ;" i[Zsh fJ; ekoD wkoh fe ;kjt/

u"Xoh B/ fgzv d/ pqkjwDK ˘ fJj g[Zmh ;bkj fdZsh ;h fe id'A r[o{ okw f;zx fgzv ftu nkT[D

sK pqkjwD j[Ze/ d/ gkDh Bkb Ekb X', ftu gsk;/ oZye/ wZEk N/eD s/ pkeh fyZbh T[vkT[D.

;fsr[o{ ih ikD] ikD ;B. id pqkjwD gsk;/ oZy wZEk N/fenk sK ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/

;'Nh dh T[V/; Bkb gskf;nK ;w/s Ekb dhtkB ftu'A pkjo trkj wkfonk.

;zws 1931 ˘ ;?AY/ rdko d[nkok g[fb; ˘ fJsbkj d/D ”s/ nzrq/˜ jkewK tZb'A ;a X"Aeb

f;zx ˘ frq¯sko eo e/ iz˜hok ftu ieV e/ fgzio/ ”u gk e/ e?d ehsk frnk. T[gqzs nkg ˘

;zws 1931 ˘ ekb/ gkDh dh e?d fty/ G/fink frnk. ;zws 1950 ˘ ;a X"Aeb f;zx ekb/ gkDh

fty/ jh ;oho fsnkr rJ/.


ÙÙjjhhdd nnssoo ff;;zzxx rroo//ttkkbb

ffggzzvv bb''jjrrVVQQ,, ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk

((ii//bbQQQQ ffttuu ÙÙjjhhdd jj''JJ//))

;a nso f;zx ;g[Zso ;a je{ws f;zx ro/tkb, fgzv b'jrVQ f˜bQk b[fXnkDk ˘ ;qh nkfd

rqzE ;kfjp dk gkm eoB ekoB fJBQK s/ w[Zedwk uZfbnk s/ fJBQK ˘ gzi ;kb dh e?d j'Jh. nkg

;'Xh f;zx ;B. i/bQ ftu eJh fdB nkg B/ e[M Bj] Sfenk ns/ nkg i//bQ ftu jh uVQkJh eo

rJ/. nzrq/˜K B/ T[BQK dh bkÙ th tko;K d/ jtkb/ Bj] ehsh. nkg jh ;;eko eo fdZsk. ;zs

nso f;zx d/ nX{o/ nyzv gkm ˘ pknd ftu ;zs feÙB f;zx S{shJ/ B/ f;o/ uVQkfJnk. ;zs nso

f;zx d/ ;kEhnK ;zs feÙB f;zx S{shJ/ ˘ fszB ;kb dh e?d, ;ot ;zs joBkw f;zx, bkG f;zx,

okJ/ f;zx, bkb f;zzx ˘ d' d' ;kb dh e?d ns/ X{ghnK, gfjo{nK s/ bKrohnK ˘ S/ S/ wjhB/ dh

e?d dh ;˜k j'Jh.

;zs nso f;zx d/ Gok ;zs d/tk f;zx, wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu nzrq/˜ je{ws

d[nkok 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/. ((tt//yy'' ggzzBBkk 111133--111144))

ÙÙjjhhdd jj˜̃kkookk ff;;zzxx ookkJJ//

ffggzzvv ookkJJhhnnKK,, ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk

((;;zzBB 11991144 ˘̆ ccKK;;hh ffddZZsshh rrJJhh))

fgzv okJhnK d/ BkwXkoh f;Zy ;a j˜kok f;zx okJ/ ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws d[nkok ;zB 1914

ftu cK;h d/ Ùjhd ehsk frnk.

f;Zy nzrq/˜K dh r[bkwh s'A jw/ÙK Bcos eod/ oj/ s/ n˜kdh gqkgsh bJh i{MD'A ed/ th Bk

jN/. nzr/q˜K d/ fdbK ”s/ f;ZyK dh pjkd[oh dk f;Zek izw frnk ;h. fJ; bJh nzrq/˜ T[BQK ˘ ;?Bk

ftu Gosh eoBk wkD tkbh rZb ;wMd/ ;B ns/ eJh tkoh f;ZyK ˘ ˜poh ;?Bk ftu Gosh

eoe/ d{i/ d/ÙK ftu bVB bJh th G/id/ ;B. ;a j˜kok f;zx fe;/ soQK c"i ftu Gosh sK j'

rJ/ go id'A rdo bfjo dk c"iK ftu ;{sogks j'fJnk sK nkg th nkgD/ fto;/ dh geV eo

e/ T[; ftu go's/ rJ/ ns/ e'oN wkoÙb j' e/ cK;h uVQ rJ/.

“f;Zy Ùjhdh bfjoK Gkr-2” g[;se d/ b/ye eoBb vka dbftzdo f;zx ro/tkb fbyd/

jB - ““;zB 1914 ftu gfjbk ;z;ko :[ZX fSV frnk fi; ftu nzrq/˜ ns/ iowBh w[Zy fXoK


;B. Gkos ftu nzrq/˜ c"i d/ o;kbk BzL 12 d/ d' f;gkjh ;a j˜kok f;zx BkwXkoh ns/ ;a JhÙo

f;zx w/om SkT[Dh ftu s?Bks ;B. fJj d't/A fJe wzB/ gowzB/ fJbekbph vka wE[ok f;zx d/

;zgoe ftu nkJ/ ns/ fJBQK B/ nzrq/˜K fto[ZX prkts eoe/ d/Ù d/ ;[szsosk ;zrqkw ftu tZX

uVQ e/ fjZ;k b?Dk Ù[o{ eo fdZsk.””

““;a j˜kok f;zx BkwXkoh fgzv okJhnK f˜bQk b[fXnkDk ˘ T[BQK d/ d' ;kEhnK ;a JhÙo f;zx

fgzv oepk f˜bQk b[fXnkDk ns/ vka wE[ok f;zx fgzv Y[fvnkb f˜bQk i/bjw ˘, T[BQK dhnK

pkˆhnkBK ekotkJhnK ns/ fJBebkph bfjo ftu fjZ;k b?D d/ d'Ù ftu nzrq/˜ ;oeko tZb'A

cK;h d/ fdZsh rJh.””

fi; t/b/ ;a j˜kok f;zx ˘ cK;h fdZsh rJh T[; t/b/ T[BQK dk g[Zso jopz; f;zx S/ wjhB/

dk ;h. ;a jopz; f;zx dk tzÙ nr'A uZb fojk j?. ;a jikok f;zzx, ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih ˘

B/˜kpkih f;ykfJnk eod/ ;B ns/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d/ pj[s ÙoXkb{ f;Zy ;B.

fJe rdoh ;{opho ÙkfJo frnkBh joGiB f;zx ufwzvk nkgDh ekft-g[;se “bj{

fGZihnK :kdK” ftu fJ; rdoh e{e/ Ùjhd ˘ fJT[A u/s/ eod/ jB -

j˜kok f;zx G?Dh okJhnK fgzv dk ;h$ gkJhnK c"i d/ ftu ÙjhdhnK B/

fJjBK bj{ ozr/ y{Bh cZfNnK ”s/$ rJhnK bZr ;wkXhnK ihjdhnK B/

o{j ozrbh T[Zv n;wkB uVQ rJh$ rb/ oZ;hnK pZXhnK d]jdhnK B/

fpBK ;kEhnK d/ Gbk e"D dZ;/$ b'EK bNedhnK ehjdhnK ehjdhnK B/


ee??dd eeZZNNDD ttkkbb// nnss// jj''oo BBkkwwXXkkoohh ;;[[sszzssoosskk ;;zzrrqqkkwwhh

;;aa GGrrttkkBB ff;;zzxx nnVVppzzrrhh ((;;zzXX{{))

ffggzzvv wwoojjkkDDkk,, ppbbkkee BB""ÙÙffjjookk ggzzBB{{nnkk,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ss// ssffjj;;hhbb ssooBBsskkooBB

“e{ek nzd'bB”, d/ fJe T[Zx/ BkfJe ;a GrtkB f;zx nVpzrh, gqw[Zy ;[szsosk ;zrqok-

wh ;B. ;a GrtkB f;zx nVpzrh ;zX{ (fiw]dko) dk iBw fgzv wojkDk j[D pbke B"Ùfjok

gzB{nk, f˜bQk s/ sfj;hb soBskoB fty/ ;zB 1820 d/ bkr/ j'fJnk ;h. nkg :[tk nt;Ek

ftu bkj"o dopko dh ;?Bk ftu Gosh j' rJ/ ;B go pknd ftu nkg ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih

dh ubkJh e{ek w{tw?AN ftu Ùkwb j' rJ/. nkg nzfwqs;o, okJ/e'N, ns/ wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ ftu

Ùkwb ;B go ed/ nzrq/˜K d/ jZE Bk nkJ/. nzfwqs;o p[ZuV e/; ftu ¯oko j'J/ GrtkB f;zx

frq¯skoh d/ ıso/ s'A th Bk vo/ id'A fe fJ;/ e/; ftu ¯oko j'J/ T[;d/ fJe ;kEh Mzvk f;zx ˘

nzfwqs;o eKv s'A d' ;kb pknd cV e/ cK;h d/ fdZsh rJh ;h.

;a GrtkB f;zx ısfonk dk ;kjwDk eod/ j'J/ ozr{B d/ Ùkjh pzrb/ ftu ;qh ;fsr[o{

okw f;zx ih d/ doÙB th eo nkJ/ ;B.

;a GrtkB f;zx B/ eqhp 70 ;kb dh T[wo ftu jzekoh f;gkjh r/Adk f;zx i' BkwXkoh

f;ZyK ˘ pj[s fñkdk szr eodk ;h, ˘ esb eo fdZsk. nkg B/ g[fb; d/ w[ıpoK ns/ e{fenK

˘ szr eoB tkfbnK s'A frD frD e/ pdb/ bJ/. fe;/ ekotkJh ˘ nz˜kw d/D bJh nkg jo

tkoh e'Jh Bk e'Jh Bt] soehp y'i b?Ad/ ;B go cV/ ikD s'A ;k¯ pu fBebd/ ;B. fJe tko

nkg cV/ rJ/. T[d'A nkg ”s/ xZN' xZN 18 esbK ftu Ùkwb j'D dk ˜[ow ;h go ;p{sK dh

nDj'Ad ekoB nkg ˘ poh eo fdZsk frnk.

2 i{B 1871 s'A wkou 1912 Jha se g{o/ fJeskbh toQ/ fJ; ;[szsosk ;zrqkwh ;a

GrtkB f;zx nVpzrh B/ nkgDk w¯o{oh dk ihtB fpskfJnk.


;;aa ffwwjjoo ff;;zzxx ffggzzvv bb''gg''ee//,, ppbbkkee uu""rrkkttKK ssffjj;;hhbb nniiBBkkbbkk,, ff˜̃bbQQkk nnzzffwwqqss;;oo

nzfwqs;o ;ke/ dk Gr"Vk x'fÙs ehs/ rJ/ ;a fwjo f;zx b'g'e/ f˜bQk nzfwqs;o nkgDkBK ;zsk f;zx oZy e/ ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp v/o/ ftu ofjzd/ oj/.

;;{{ppkk jj[[eeww ee""oo nnss// GGkkJJhh BB??DDKK ff;;zzxx ffggzzvv ttffoonnkkjj,, ppbbkkee uu''jjbbkk ;;kkffjjpp,, ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk ssooBBsskkooBB

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ BkfwbtosB nzd'bB d/ ;ko/ gqpzX ˘ ;[uko{ o{g ftu ubkT[DbJh ;ko/ fJbkfenk ftu 22 ;{fpnK dh ;EkgBk ehsh ;h. fJBQK s'A fJbktk fJe phph, wkJhj[ew e"o fgzv tfonkj j[D pbke u'jbk ;kfjp sfj;hb s/ f˜bQk soBskoB ˘ ;{pk Ekfgnk;h. ;{pk j[ewh B/ BkwXkoh gzE dk pj[s gquko ehsk.

;{pk wkJh j[ewh tfonkj tkbh d/ nodk; eoB Bkb, ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih dh feogkd[nkok wjkokik fog[dwB f;zx BkGk d/ xo ;szpo ;zB 1919 ˘ ;g[Zso B/ iBw fbnk fi; dkBK fNZek gqskg f;zx oZfynk frnk. Ù[eokB/ ti'A, wjkokik BkGk B/ BkG/ dh phV ;D/ ;" bZyfJZN d/ ns/ Bedh wkfJnk s'A fJbktk fJe T[; t/b/ dh f;yo dh wfjzrh eko, o'b˜ o'nkfJ;,;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih dh uoB G/AN ehsh.

GkJh B?DK f;zx ;g[Zso ;a ;w[zd f;zx, ;{pk wkJh j[ewh d/ Gok ;B. nkg ;qh ;fsr[o{ okwf;zx ih d/ doÙB eoB ozr{B (powk) rJ/ ns/ T[E'A j[ewBkw/ th b? e/ nkJ/.

((fftt;;EEkkoo tt//yy'' ggzzBBkk BBzzaa 6655 ””ss//))

;;aa ww//iikk ff;;zzxx ;;zzXX{{ffggzzvv ;;[[jjkkttkk,, ppbbkkee ss// ssffjj;;hhbb uu''jjbbkk ;;kkffjjpp,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ssooBBsskkooBB

“e{ek nzd'bB”, d/ BkwXkoh f;Zy ;a w/ik f;'zx ;zX{ (fiw]dko) fgzv ;[jktk, pbke s/sfj;hb u'jbk ;kfjp, f˜bQk soBskoB ;[szsosk ;zrqkwh ;B. nkg gfjb'A nzrq/˜ ¯"i ftu;B. pknd ftu nkg nzrq/˜ ¯"i ”u'A fBeb e/ B/sk ih ;[GkÙ uzdo dh pDkJh n˜kd fjzd ¯"iftu Ùkwb j' e/ ;[szsosk ;zrqkw ftu Ùkwb j' rJ/. pj[s ;ko/ BkwXkoh f;Zy, rdo gkoNh ns/n˜kd fjzd ¯"i ftu Ùkfwb oj/.

;a w/ik f;zzzx d/ fgsk ;a p[ZX f;zx ns/ Gok ;a joh f;zx ;B. nzrq/˜K tZb'A ;a w/ik f;zx ˘t/yfdnK r'bh wkoB dk j[ew ;h. ;zB 1937 s'A 1947 se nkg bkgsk oj/.


GGkkJJhh ookkJJ// ff;;zzxx ffggzzvv wwXXhhoo,, ppbbkkee ee''NN GGkkJJhh,, ssffjj;;hhbb ffrrZZddVVttkkjjkk,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ww[[eess;;oo

GkJh okJ/ f;zx fgzv wXho j[D pbke e'N GkJh, sfj;hb frZdVtkjk, f˜bQk w[es;o ˘ ;qh;fsr[o{ ih B/ ;zB 1858 ftu ;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih tkbh f;Zy dh ofjs wfo:kdk dh ohsns/ bzro dh wfo:kdk e[M fdB T[E/ ofj e/ , fbnkT[D ji{o ;kfjp G/fink ;h. o;s/ ftu wZXgqd/Ù d/ fGnkBe izrb bzxD ;w/A fJe j'o ;kEh th T[jBK Bkb ob frnk. oks Ù/o d/ voekoB GkJh okJ/ f;zx B/ u"Aeh ftu ofjDk ukfjnk gqzs{ Bkb d/ ;kEh B/ fejk fe sz{ f;Zy j' e/Ù/o s'A vodk j?A. ;' T[BQK d'jK B/ izrb ftu v/ok eo fbnk. oks Ù/o nk fgnk ns/ GkJh okJ/f;zx d/ ;kEh ˘ wko fdZsk. GkJh ih B/ fJe wB fuZs j' e/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d/ uoBK ”s/ nodk;ehsh. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih T[; t/b/ x'Vh ”s/ ;tko gtB o{g j' T[; EK gj[zu/ ns/ nkgD/f;Zy dh oZfynk ehsh.

ppkkppkk ;;zzsskk ff;;zzxx iihh -- fgzv fynkb/ (wkM/) B/ gkpzdh e[M fYZbh j'D ”s/ fJeZso ;" gkm eotkJ/s/ v/Y wD fxU dk jtB eotkfJnk sK T[BQK ˘ gzi ;kb dh e?d G[rsDh gJh. uzvh dh tkodk gkm eoB tkfbnK ”s/ th ;oeko eoVh Bõ oZydh ;h.

;a jhok f;zx ;Y"o, ;zs pho f;zx yNVk, ;a ekbk f;zx w;skBk, ;a i?wb f;zx, ;a dop-kok f;zx fgzv febQk okJ/g[o, ;a t;ktk f;zx s/ ;a bkb f;zx fgzv f;nkV, pkpk u{V f;zx s/T[Zsw f;zx fgzv okJ/g[o f˜bQk b[fXnkDk, ;a BokfJD f;zx o'fvnK tkb/, ;a wfjskp f;zxb'jrVQ, ;a rzvk f;zx fgzv fınkbk nzfwqs;o, ;zs Boksk f;zx fwzNr[woh, wjzs e/;o f;zx fgzvwKrk bkj"o, ;{pk d/tk f;zx, ;zs joBkw f;zx s/ ;/m ihs f;zx bkj"o, rZb eh nDfrDsBkwXkoh f;ZyK ˘ gkm eoB, GiB dZ;D, r[og{op wBkT[D, f;ZyK ˘ gqÙkdk SekT[D nkfdpkˆhnkBK joesK eoB ekoD, nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A i/bQQK ”u G/fink frnk, ˜[owkB/ bkJ/ rJ/,s;hj/ fdZs/ rJ/.

;;qqhh ;;ffssrr[[oo{{ ggqqsskkgg ff;;zzxx iihh dd// GGookkttKK - wjkoki fBjkb f;zx s/ wjkoki r[ofdnkb f;zxB/ d/Ù Grsh d/ i[ow ;dek i/bQK eZNhnK. ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih d/ wksk, wksk ihtB e"oih ˘ nzrq/˜ ;oeko EkfDUA EkD/ fbiKdh ojh. ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih d/ f;ZyK ftu'A ;zswzrb f;zx noÙh cfoÙsk B/ ;G s'A bzwk ;wK i/bQ ftu eZfNnk. eKro; d/ w'ouk fveN/No gzvswB;k f;zx ih B/ th i/bQ eZNh. ;zs fJzdo f;zx uZeotosh d/ nzrq/˜ ;oeko fto'Xh fJe b/yBkwXkohnK d/ nypko “;fsi[r” d/ p;zs nze ftu SgD ekoB, fJ; nze tkb/ w?r˜hB“;fsi[r” ˘ ;oeko tZb'A ˜ps eo fbnk frnk s/ uZeotosh ih ˘ bzwk ;wK Under GroundofjDk fgnk. ;a gqhsw f;zx gzSh i' ;oeko tZb'A wkBsk gqkgs ;[szsosk ;zrokwh ;B, B/ eJhtko i/bQQ eZNh. fJe tko fe;kB w'ou/ ftu i/bQ eZNh, fJe tko bkj"o fty/ pkˆhnkBk GkÙBd/D ekoD i/bQ ”u rJ/. nkg fJBebkph ftukoK d/ wkbe ;B. ;a fBXkB f;zx nkbw, gza nB'yf;zx, ;a p[ZYk f;zx, ;a w[BÙk f;zx d[yh, fdZbh d/ iE/dko ;[o?D f;zx ns/ vka fXnkB f;zxnkfd eJhnK B/ i/bQK ”u bzwk ;wK fpskfJnk.


ffttdd//ÙÙKK BBkkbb ;;zzggooee ooZZyyDD ttkkbb// BBkkwwXXkkoohh ff;;ZZyy

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ gqd/; rtB wro'A bzwk ;wK BkwXkoh ;zrs ˘ gsk jh Bk bZrk

fe ;fsr[oK ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws B/ feZE/ oZfynk j'fJnk j?. fw;No pkopNB dh w/w s'A id'A GkJh

dopkok f;zx ˘ ;fsr[oK pko/ gsk bZfrnk fe T[BQK ˘ ozr{B (powk) fty/, fiZE/ pkdÙkj pjkdo

Ùkj ˘ e?d oZfynk frnk ;h, T[; EK fJe oki;h e?dh ti'A oZfynk j'fJnk j? sK ;fsr[o{ d/

f;Zy ikB jE/bh ”s/ oZy ;fsr[oK d/ doÙB eoB powk iKd/ oj/.

fJe bzwh fb;N W T[BQK BkwXkoh f;ZyK dh fijV/ pVhnK sebhcK ;fj e/, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw

f;zx ih d/ doÙB eoB ozr{B s/ fco wor'Jh (powk) iKd/ oj/.

ppkkppkk ddooppkkookk ff;;zzxx - ;G s'A gfjbk pkpk dopkok f;zx fgzv febQk okJ/g[o f˜bQk b[fXnkDk,

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ doÙB eoB ozr{B rJ//. nkg ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih gk;'A T[j

fbysh j[ewBkwK b? e/ nkJ/ fi; ftu ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ nkgD/ S'N/ Gok p[ZX f;zx ih pko/

fbfynk ;h, ““fJ; dk BkT[A nZi s'A joh f;zzx oZfynk W, n"o fJ;˘ f;o-eosk ikBDk, w/o/ XZe/

j'J/ ˘ fJj pıÙ bt/rk, fJjd/ XZe/ j'J/ ˘ w?A Bj] pıÙKrk. ””

eJh f;Zy nB/e w[;hpsK MZbfdnK, o{; s'A nkJh fuZmh ˘ Gkos s'A ;qh ;fsr[o{ joh f;zx

ih gk;'A b? e/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih e'b ozr{B s/ wor'Jh gj[zukT[D bJh s/ c/o T[Xo'A j[ewBkw/

fbnkT[D bJh eVh dk ezw eod/ oj/. fJBQK nkT[D ikD tkb/ e{fenK dk v/ok ne;o ;a Ùkw

f;zx ;ojkbh d/ xo j[zdk ;h.

;;aa ÙÙkkww ff;;zzxx ;;zzXX{{ ss// TT[[BBQQKK dd// gg[[ZZssoo ffiiTT[[DD ff;;zzxx,, ffeeÙÙBB ff;;zzxx ss// wwhhjjKK ff;;zzxx -- ;ojkbh fgzv

(fgzv uZe ;ojkbh, j[D pbke s/ sfj;hb u'jbk ;kfjp, f˜bQk soBskoB) d/ w[Zyh, gqf;ZX e{ek

;a Ùkw f;zx fiw]dko ns/ T[BQK d/ fszB g[Zso fiT{D f;zx, feÙB f;zx ns/ whjK f;zx, fJe'

;ojkbh gfotko d/ uko iD/, ozr{B tkb/ Ùkjh pzrb/ ftu ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ doÙB

eo e/ nkJ/. ;' gzikp ftu i/ fe;/ fJe gfotko gk;, frDsh d/ gZy'A ;G s'A tZX j[ewBkw/ nkJ/

jB sK fJj ;ojkbh gfotko jh ;h.

;;aa wwhhjjKK ff;;zzxx - ;a whjK f;zx dk iBw ;zB 1854 ftu fgzv ;ojkbh fty/ ;a Ùkw f;zx d/

xo j'fJnk. nkg B/ fszB tko ozr{B ns/ wor'Jh (powk) ftu ik e/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/

doÙB ehs/ ;B. o{;h jkewK tZb'A ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d/ Bkw fJfsjk;e gZso, iBtoh 1881 ftu


;a whjK f;zx B/ wor'Jh Nkg{ fty/ w"s dh gotkj Bk eofdnK, pzrb/ d/ nzdo NZg e/ ik

gj[zukfJnk ;h.

;a whjK f;zx B/ e[M ;wK jKreKr g[fb; ftu B"eoh ehsh j'Jh ;h. ;' jKreKr g[fb; dh

todh gk e/ nkg fpBQK fe;/ o[ektN ozr{B gj[zu rJ/. nkg nzrq/˜h ikDd/ ;B go nkg ˘ T[ZE/

;qh ;fsr[o{ ih pko/ e[M gsk Bk bZrk. c/o nkg w"bwhB (powk) ;{fpnK e'b rJ/. T[E'A nkg ˘

gsk bZrk fe ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih wor'Jh Nkg{ (powk) d/ pzrb/ ftu jB. nkg T[ZE/ rJ/. pzrb/ d/

uko' gk;/, eqhp 27 cZ[N EK SZv e/ ;[oZfynk bJh 8 c[ZN 6 fJzu T[Zuk izrbk bZfrnk j'fJnk ;h

ns/ izrb/ s'A nZr/ 5 c[ZN u"Vh ykJh ;h. ykJh s'A pknd gfjo/ bJh ;zsohnK d/ s[oB fcoB bJh

E'VQh EK SZv e/, uko'A gk;/ T[Zuh ezX ehsh j'Jh ;h. fJ; d/ uko/ e'fBnK ftu ;zsohnK dhnK jZNK

(Huts) pDhnK j'JhnK ;B. ;a whjK f;zx B/ ;'funk fe ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih sZe gj[zuD bJh pzrb/

ftu e[ZdD s'A f;tkJ/ j'o e'Jh ukok Bj]. ;' wor'Jh gj[zu e/ nkg B/ gfjo/dkoK dhnK r'bhnK

s'A Bk vod/ j'fJnK, pVh db/oh Bkb pzrb/ dk izrbk NZg e/,fJe ;'Nh d/ ;jko/ gkDh tkbh vz{xh

ykJh Skb wko e/ gko ehsh. fco ;zsoh s'A nZy puk e/ pzrb/ nzdo ik gj[zu/ ns/ o{;h jkewK

dk G/fink wjZstg{oB gZso ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ˘ d/ fdZsk Gkt/A ;a whjK f;zx nkg T[;/

oks pzrb/ ftu'A cV/ rJ/.

fejk iKdk W fe g[fb; oks ˘ jh T[jBK ˘ b?D nk rJh ;h go ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fejk fe

“nZi dh oks e'Jh th skes w?˘ whjK f;zx s'A nZv Bj] eo ;edh. ˜kwBh ti'A Bk˘ f;zx ˘

fbik ;ed/ j'. ;t/o/ s[jk˘ whjK f;zx d/ fdnKr/.” fJ; s'A gfjbk whjK f;zx d' t/o ozr{B doÙB

eo rJ/ ;B. fJj fJBQK dk powk ftu shik s/ wor'Jh ftu r[o{ doÙBK fjs gfjbk c/ok ;h.

;" d/ eohp BkwXkoh f;Zy, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ doÙBK bJh powK rJ/ ;B. go r'bh dh

gotkj ehs/ fpBK ;fsr[o{ ih dh uoB S[j wkBD dk ;[Gkr f;o¯ ;H whjK f;zx ˘ gqkgs

j'fJnk.

j[ew nd{bh dk w[eZdwk ubk e/ ;a whjK f;zx ˘ e[M ;w/A bJh i/bQ ftu vZe fdZsk frnk.

T[ZE/ e?d ftu nkg ˘ gZEo e[ZND/ gJ/. ;a whjK f;zx dh o{; d/ wZX J/ÙhnK fJbke/ ftu ;{p/

fpÙB f;zx gk; ikD dhnK r[gs fog'oNK th fwbdhnK jB.

fJ; ;zX{ gfotko ftZu'A ;zs irsko f;zx gfBjkoh, ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih dh g[Zsoh

phpk ;kfjp e"o d/ gsh jB. ;a Ùkw f;zx ;ojkbh d/ g[Zso ;a fiT[D f;zx d/ g[Zso ;a ;[oiD

f;zx d/ g[Zso ;a wfjzdo f;zx gfBjkoh d/ g[Zso ;zs irsko f;zx jB.

ppkkppkk rr[[oouuooBB ff;;zzxx -- ;g[Zso ;a nso f;zx ftoe fgzv uZe g[okDk (uZe okwdk;)

f;nkbe'N d/ ;B. nkg, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw ih Bkb e[M ;wK ezto B"fBjkb f;zx tkbh o˜w?AN

ftu th ofj u[Ze/ ;B. e{ek nzd'bB ftu Ùkwb j'D s'A pknd nkg ftd/Ùh fwÙB ftu ;orow

j'J/. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ nkg ˘ wjzs dh gdth Bkb fBtkfink.


;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ ozr{B e?d ehs/ ikD ;w/A wjzs pkpk r[ouoB f;zx e{ek-o{;

;zpzXK ˘ j'o ge/ok eod/ oj/. nkg ;woezd okjhA o{; ik gjz[u/. nkg dk o{; ikD dk we;d ;qh

;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ns/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ joh f;zx ih d/ gZso, o{;h jkewK sZe g[uk e/, ;w[Zu/

BkwXkoh gzE tZb'A o{;hnK dh fJwdkd dk Go';k d/ e/, T[BQK d/ ;?fBe pb Bkb fJE'A nzrq/˜K dk

fp;sok r'b eoBk ;h.

e{ek nzd'bB- e[M u'Dt/A b/y ;zgkde vka nwo Gkosh-fdZbh-1967 ftu Sg/ nkgD/ b/y

ftu ;qh gha ;ha okJ/ fbyd/ jB, ““nzrq/˜ s/ n¯rkB jkewK dh ;ktXkB Bõ s'A pu e/ izr

Bkb spkj j'J/ d/Ù d/ ftu'A bzx e/ ikD bJh yk; fe;w dh db/oh s/ p[ZXhwsk dh b'V ;h. e{ek

nzd'bB d/ nzfsw nfXnkJ/ d/ BkfJe pkpk r[ouoB f;zx B/ nkgDk f;o sbh s/ Xo e/ fJj tZvh

f˜zw/tkoh ;zGkb bJh.aaaaaa””

gzikp ;oeko ;wMdh ;h fe pkpk r[ouoB f;zx e{fenK Bkb nN[ZN pzXB ftu pZMk j'fJnk

W. T[j f˜zdrh Go e{ek wjzs oj/rk. T[j ;kvk fizBk B[e;kB eo ;edk W õ{o eo/rk. i/ n;]

fJj ;kfiÙ Bkekw eoBh ukj[zd/ jK sK r[ouoB f;zx ˘ T[wo e?d oZyD s'A fpBk j'o e'Jh ukok

Bj]. fJ;/ eoe/ wjzs r[ouoB f;zx ih ˘ w[bskB ftu bzwh Bõpzdh eZNDh gJh. fJe j'o EK

”s/ ;oekoh foekov fJT[A p'bdk W-

““fJj rZb :ehB Bkb nkyh ik ;edh W fe r[ouoB f;zx Gkos ;oeko dk d[ÙwD W.

fpoX j'D d/ pkti{d T[; d/ ;oho ftu pj[s skes W ns/ T[j tZX s'A tZX eÙN ;fj ;edk W.

T[j fJe f;Zy ;?fBe dk ;[zdo Bw{Bk W. T[; dk ;oho ekB/ tork f;ZXk W.””

;qh gha ;ha okJ/ fbyd/ jB, ““r[bkwh s'A n˜kdh dh nkÙk ftu, pkpk r[ouoB f;zx B/ fiBQK

okjK s'A Gkos dh ;ojZd gko ehsh- thjt] ;dh ftu B/sk ih ;[GkÙ uzdo th T[BQK okjK EkDhA

jh rJ/ ;B. nk˜kdh dh bVkJh ftu pd/Ùh Ùesh dh ;jkfJsk jk;b eoB dh nk; B/, f;oc

ngqf;ZX r[ouoB f;zx ˘ jh goGkts Bj] ehsk, ;r'A T[; s'A pj[s ;kb pknd Gkos d/ nB/e

fJBebkphnK B/ T[;/ fJe' nk; Bkb ftd/Ùh ÙeshnK dh ;jkfJsk bJh W.””

ppkkppkk ffppÙÙBB ff;;zzxx -- e{ek-o{; ;zpzXK dh nrbh eVh ftu wjZstg{oB BK ;{pk fpÙB f;zx

no'Vk ekpb tkb/ dk W fi; ˘ ;qh ;fsr[o{ joh f;zx ih tZb'A ;{pk fB:[es ehsk frnk ;h.

pkpk fpÙB f;zx cko;h, gÙs' d/ ftdtkB ;B. nkg n¯rkfB;skB d/ nwho Ù/o nbh ˘

;zB 1867 ftu fwb/. Ù/o nbh nzro/˜K d/ Bkb j'J/ fgSb/ ;w/A ftu izrK :[ZXK eoB T[BQK gqsh

B¯os eodk ;h. pkpk fpÙB f;zx B/ T[; Bz{ fwb e/ BkwXkoh gzE pko/ b'V]dh ikDekoh fdZsh.

T[;dh nzrq/˜ ;oeko fto[ZX fJ; e{ek gzE ftu fdbu;gh tXh s/ T[; B/ nkgD/ g[ZsoK ˘ Gkos

G/fink. T[j ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp th nkJ/ s/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih s'A gqGkts j' e/ rJ/. nzrq/˜K

d/ ;{jhJ/ B/ fJ; dh fog'oN G/ih. go d'jK ftu j'Jh rZbpks pko/ e[M BK fby ;fenk.

ppkkppkk ffeeÙÙBB ff;;zzxx rrzzEErrVVQQ -- fJBQK B/ B/gkb Bkb ;zgoe pDkfJnk. fJj B/gkb d/ fJe


gzikph jtkbdko Bzd okw d/ B/V/ j' rJ/ ;B. T[; Bkb ;KM tXkTA[d/ fJj B/gkb d/ gqXkB wzsoh

izr pjkd[o ˘ th ik fwb/. izr pjkdo nzro/˜K dh Gkos ˘ jVZgD dh Bhsh ;wMdk ;h s/

fJE'A d/ d/Ù GrsK Bkb jwdodh oZydk ;h. pkpk feÙB f;zx B/ izr pjkdo ˘ BkwXkoh gzE dh

uVdh ebk s/ nzr/q˜K fto[ZX ;zrmB pko/ dZf;nk. izr pjkd[o B/ fe;/ nkr{ ˘ fwbD dh b'V

;wMh sK ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d/ j[ew Bkb ;{pk ;kfjp f;zx s/ ;{pk ekjB f;zx fBjzr nkg ih tZb'A

T[; ˘ fwb/ s/ ft;Eko Bkb ;fsr[o{ ih d/ Mzv/ j/m bZyK e{fenK dh wo:kdk GktBk s/ Bk-

fwbtosB s/ ;[d/Ùh dh Bhsh pko/ dZf;nk.

;;aa jjhhookk ff;;zzxx bbzzww{{ ss// ;;aa sskkookk ff;;zzxx ffeebbQQkk ookkJJ//gg[[oo -- ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ eoBb jhok

f;zx bzw{ ;Y"o/ tkb/ dh nrtkJh j/m eÙwho ftu e{ek o˜w?AN dh ;EkgBk eotk fdZsh. ;qh

;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ ;a jhok f;zx bzw{ s/ ;a skok f;zx febQk okJ/g[o Bkb 28 f;Zy eÙwho

d/ wjkokik oDpho f;zx e'b G/i/. wjkokik oDpho f;zzx B/ nkgD/ r[o{ t/dKsh dh okJ/ Bkb

T[BQK ˘ ¯"i ftZu Gosh eo fbnk. T[BQK dh fJwkBdkoh, Go';/ s/ ezw dh brB eoe/ e[M j'o

BkwXkoh ¯"ih Gosh eoe/ tZyoh gbNB pDk bJh rJh,fi; dk Bkw “e{ek o˜w?AN” oZfynk

frnk.


;;[[sszzssoosskk ;;zzrrookkww ffttuu ee{{eekk nnzzdd''bbBB ddhhnnKK ffJJ;;ssoohhnnKK ddkk ::''rrddkkBB

d/Ù dh n˜kdh bJh ;zxoÙ ns/ e[opkBhnK eoB tkbhnK d/Ù Grs gkoNhnK tZb i/ Mksh

wkohJ/ sK BkwXkoh bfjo ;G s'A w[jobh esko ftu yV'sh Bõ nkt/rh. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx

ih d/ wo ihtV/ BkwXkoh f;ZyK d/ Bkb' Bkb BkwXkoh BkohnK B/ th d/Ù dh n˜kdh bJh fSV/

;zxoÙ ftu ftÙ/Ù :'rdkB gkfJnk. T[BQK dk fJfsjk; ni/ d[BhnK ;kjwD/ T[ikro Bj] j'

;fenk.

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih okj] nzrq/˜ ;oeko fto[ZX S/V/ rJ/ ijkd ftu, T[BQK dh wksk

;Zdk e"o ih s/ wfjb wkJh iZ;K ih B/ g{oB ;fj:'r fdZsk. T[BQK B/ sB, wB s/ XB Bkb gzE

dh ;/tk eofdnK nzrq/˜ g[fb; dhnK ;ıshnK ;fjD ehshnk. b[fXnkD/ ofjzd/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih

d/ wkwh ih, wkJh okw e"o B/ nkgDk wekB ns/ ;kok XB gdkoE, d/Ù dh n˜kdh d/ ;zrokw ˘

ikoh oZyD bJh, ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih ˘ GA/N eo fdZsk ;h. fJ; wkJh d/ xo nzro/˜ g[fb; dk gfjok

j[zdk ;h. fijVk f;zx fJBQK d/ xo nkT[Adk iKdk ;h, T[; dh fBrokBh oZyh iKdh ;h. wkJh okw

e"o dh B{zj wkJh G'bh d/ xo th BkwXkoh ;zrs nkT[Adh iKdh ;h. nzrq/˜ ;oeko wkJh G'bh ˘

pkˆh ;wMdh ;h. g[fb; fJBQK d/ xo nkT[D tkb/ f;zxK d/ BK s/ EK fbydh ;h.

id'A ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ˘ nzr/q˜ ;oeko okj] Bõpzd eo e/ ozr{B G/i fdZsk frnk,

T[d'A j'o f;zxK d/ Bkb ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh g[Zsoh phph Bzdk ˘ s/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d/ S'N/

Gok ;qh ;fsr[o{ joh f;zx ih s/ T[jBK d/ wfjb wksk ;kfjp e"o ih, wksk ihtB e"o ih s/

wksk cfsj e"o ih ns/ Bkb ofj ;/tk eodhnK eJh BkwXkoh wkJhnK ˘ ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp d/ v/o/

fty/ nzro/˜ ;oeko okj] Bõpzd eo fdZsk frnk. f;zxK d/ Bkb fJBQK wkJhnK B/ th g[fb;

fBrokBh dhnK ;ıshnK ;fjD ehshnk.

;qh G?Dh ;kfjp v/o/ ftu eJh ;kb Bõpzd ofjD tkbhnK d/Ù Grs e[M e[ wkJhnK d/

Bkw fJ; gqeko jB L- nzfwqs;o dh wkJh GkrD, fpbr/ dh wkJh ;'GK, ibzXo dh wkJh x[Zbh,

b[fXnkD/ dh wkJh fÙt e"o, w[˜Zco Bro dh wkJh G'bK, w[es;o dh wkJh p[ZXK, wkJh r[od/Jh

yzB/ tkbh, wkJh GrtkB e"o, wkJh mke[oh uwe"o ;kfjp dh, wkJh Xow'A fgzv okJhnK (f˜bQk

b[fXnkDk) dh nkfde.


;qh G?Dh ;kfjp r[odtko/ d/ w[Zy dtko nZr/ eohp gzikj ;kb g[bh; dh u"Aeh p?mh ojh.

fpBK fJsbkj e'Jh th nzdo'A pkjo nk ik Bj] ;h ;edk. fJBQK dh jkõh o'˜ fbyh iKdh ;h.

r[o{ gfotko dhnK wksktK ns/ fJj ;/te wkJhnK o'˜ nzfwqs t/b/ T[m, fJÙBkB eo Bkw-

f;woB eodhnK, pkDh dk gkm ns/ nk;k dh tko dk ehosB eodhnK, uZeh Bkb nkNk

g]jdhnK s/ bzro dh ;/tk eodhnK. fJjBK wkJhnK B/ nkgDk ;zfus XB bzro bJh G/Nk eo

fdZsk ;h s/ nkgD/ pZfunK s/ gfotko ˘ th d/Ù-Grsh d/ okj gkfJnk j'fJnk ;h.

ozr{B s'A G/i/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ j[ewBkfwnK ftu fJBQK d/Ù-Grs wkJhnK dk

f˜eo nkT[Adk W. wkJh nsoh, wkJh itkbk d/th nkfd ˘ ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ ozr{B s'A j[ewBkw/

th G/i/ ;B.

r[Ziotkb dh phph eow e"o fi; tZb'A gq/w s/ ÙoXk Bkb pDkJh rJh ekbh ezpbh ˘ XkoB

eo ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih gqd/; rJ/ ;B, ˘ fpqfNÙ ;oeko tZb'A T[; d/ fgzv ftu Bõpzd

ofynk frnk. fJj phph i/bQ ftu f;zxK ˘ b'V]d/ p;so gj[zuKdh ;h.

;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B// d/Ù ftu Xkofwe s/ ;wkfie n˜kdh d/ gquko bJh tZy' tZy EktK s/ 22

;{p/ Ekg/ j'J/ ;B fiBQk s'A fJbktk fJe ;{pk fgzv tfonkj f˜bQk nzfwqs;o dh wkJh j[ewh ;h,

fi; ˘ “;{pk j[ewk” nEtk “wkJh wjkswk” th nkfynk iKdk ;h. nzro/˜ ;oeko, ;{pk wkJh

wjkswk ˘ pkˆhnK dh B/sk wzBdh ;h. fJ; wkJh B/ Bkw-dkB fJÙBkB s/ ;Z[u ;'X dh bfjo

ubk e/ oki/-wjkokfinK d/ xoK ftu f;Zy Xow dk gquko ehsk fi; d/ cb;o{g pj[s ;ko/ b'e

nzfwqs Se, BkwXkoh pD d/Ù Grsh dh bfjo ftu Ùkwb j'J/. fJ; wkJh d/ nkÙhotkd Bkb

BkGk d/ wjkokik fog[dwB f;zx d/ xo g[Zso B/ iBw fbnk, fi; s'A y[Ù j' e/ wjkokik B/ fJe

o'b˜ okfJ; eko, Bed wkfJnk, eohp 1129 J/eV iwhB fi; ˘ BkG/ dh phV fejk iKdk W,

;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih ˘ uoB G/AN ehsh. wjkswk wkJh j[ewK ih d/ ;zgoe ftu nk e/ pj[s

;kohnK wkJhnK gqGkts j'JhnK. wkJh wjkswk ˘ nzro/˜ ;oeko B/ Bõpzd ehsk s/ e[M ;wK

fco'˜g[o dh i/bQ ftu th oZfynk.

;zro{o fonk;s d/ fgzv e[zBo dh phph feÙB e"o B/ phph wjkswk dh ;zrs ftu nk e/ 90

j˜ko o[gJ/ ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp bzro dh G/Nk ehs/.

r[zwNh d/ ;odko bkb f;zx s/ T[BQK dh ;[gsBh wkJh goskg e"o B/ nzfwqs Se fbnk s/

;odkoh mkm-pkm fsnkr fdZs/. wkJh goskg e"o d/ pkDh ezm ;h. fJ; i'Vh B/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw

f;zx ih d/ doÙBK Bfws, nkgDh ˜whB rfjD/ oZy e/ nyzv gkmK dk gotkj ubk fdZsk. fJBQK

d/ fszB g[Zso j'J/. tZvk g[Zso joh f;zx nzro/˜ ;oeko d/ ny] xZNk gk e/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx

ih d/ ozr{B fty/ doÙB eo j[ewBkwk b? e/ nkfJnk. S'Nk gZ[so XzBk f;zx ozr{B ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih

d/ doÙB eoB frnk, pzrb/ ftu cfVnk frnk go S/sh jh poh eo e/ gzikp xZb e/ Bõpzd

eo fdZsk frnk. wkJh goskg e"o s/ T[; dk gsh ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ doÙB eo e/, 19


fdB ozr{B ofj e/ tkg; nkJ/.

fgzv b'jrVQ, f˜bk b[fXnkDk d/ ;odko fiT[D f;zx s/ T[jBK dh ;[gsBh wkJh Xow e"o

dk xo BkwXkoh e/Ado ;h. fJE/ bzro th ubdk ;h. nzro/˜ ;oeko dh eoVh fBrkj fJ; xo

”s/ ;h. fJj ;kok fgzv jh e{fenK f;zxK dk ;h. ;qa d/tk f;zx ih d/ wb/oe'Nb/ s'gK Bkb Ùjhd

j'D wro'A fJj ;kok fgzv Bõpzd eo fdZsk frnk s/ fJe wjhB/ tk;s/ g[fb; u"Aeh fpmk fdZsh

rJh. jo o'˜ jo xo dhnK BkwXkoh wkJhnK dh jkõh fbyh iKdh ;h.

fgzv gZs' f˜bQk f¯o'˜g[o d/ GkJh TZ[sw f;zx s/ T[BQK dh ;[gsBh wkJh wkB e"o ˘, ;qh

;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ gqd/; rwB T[gqzs, T[BQK d/ fgzv ftu jh Bõpzd eoh oZfynk. T[BQK ˘

fe;/ Ùos ”s/ th pkjo ikD dh fJ˜kis Bj] ;h.

¯ohde'N d/ B/V/ fgzv GkDk d/ ;odko joBkw f;zx s/ T[BQK dh ;[gsBh wkJh uzd e"o, ;Zm

;kb dh T[wo ftu ozr{B ik e/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ doÙB eo nkJ/ ;B. fJBQK ˘ fgzv

GkD/A ftu Bõpzd eoh ofynk frnk. ;oekoh foekov w[skpe fJBQK ˘ ;zB 1874 ftu ;qh

;fsr[o{ ih d/ ozr{B ftu doÙBK dh fbysh nkfrnk fwbh ;h.

f˜bQk nzpkbk d/ fgzv o[Veh (j[D f˜bQk gfNnkbk) d/ ofjD tkbh wkJh ;Zdk e"o dk g[Zso

;h Bk˘ f;zx, fijVk gqd/; ftu ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh Bõpzdh ;w/A B"A ;kb ;qh ;fsr[o{

ih dh ;/tk ftu bKroh j' e/ fojk s/ fco tkg; gzikp G/i fdZsk frnk s/ g[fb; d/ gfjo/ ftu

oZfynk frnk.

fonk;s gfNnkb/ d/ fgzv bZbK dh wkJh wkB e"o s/ T[; d/ gsh ;qa w'jB f;zx dk xo

BkwXkohnK dk e/Ado ;h. ;a w'jB f;zx ˘ o'˜ g[fb; EkD/A ikDK g?dk ;h. wkJh wkB e"o nkgD/

fgzv ”u Bõpzd ojh. g/e/ iK ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp, ikD bJh EkDA/ s'A fJ˜kis b?Dh g??Adh ;h.

w[mZv/ dh wkJh fpÙB e"o s/ j'o BkwXkoh fJ;sohnK B/ nzro/˜ ;oeko tZb'A d/Ù Grsh d/

˜[ow ftu fdZs/ s;hj/ MZb/. gfNnkbk fonk;s d/ ;odko goskg f;zx s/ phph pfuZso e"o ˘

;oeko tZb'A Bõpzd eo fdZsk frnk s/ T[BQK dh ikrho ˜ps eo bJh rJh. wb/oe'Nb/ fty/

Ùjhd j'J/ ;a gq/w f;zx Bfjb dh GoikJh phph osB e"o rrVg[o tkbh, ns/ cotkjh d/ Ùjhd

r[ow[y f;zx pkrVh dh ;[gsBh wkJh nso e"o, nkgD/ fgzvK ftu Bõpzd ojhnK.

BkGk fonk;s d/ fgzv b'jNpZdh dh wkJh ;[yK ih B/ rqfj;E dk fsnkr ehsk, fJBQK dk

b'jNpZdh tkbk xo BkwXkoh e/Ado fojk.

wb/oe'Nb/ fty/ Ùjhd j'J/ BkwXkoh f;zxK d/ iZE/ ftu d' wkJhnK fJzd e"o fgzv jzfvnkJ/

dh ns/ wkJh y/w e"o fgzv fdZs[g[o/ dh Ùkwb ;B. fJBQK B/ jZE ftu Mzvk cV, f;zxK ˘ Ùjhdh

iZE/ ftu Ùkwb j'D bJh gq/fonk. fJBQK d'jK ˘ Ùjhd Bj] ehsk frnk pbfe ekch ;wK

gfNnkbk i/bQ ftu ofynk frnk.


Ùjhd fpÙB f;zx d/ Gok Ùjhd ;Zdk f;zx d/ v/Y ;kb d/ g[Zso fBoziD f;zx ˘ T[; dh

wksk, nzrq/˜K dhnK BõK s'A pukT[D bJh nkgD/ g/e/ fgzv M[B/o b? rJh ns/ T[E/ jh gkfbnk.

w[zvhnK f˜bQk b[fXnkDk dh wkJh oZsh w;skBh B/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ joh f;zx d/ j[ew Bkb bkj"o

ftu bzro ubkfJnk s/ d/Ù-Grsh dk gquko ehsk.

nzfwqs;o dh wkJh itkbk d/Jh dk xo th BkwXkoh e/Ado ;h. fJj wkJh pkpk dhg f;zx d/

p[zr/ ik e/ eEk eodh ;h. ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih d/ tes ;zB 1929 Jha ftu eKro; B/

nkgDk ;kbkBk ;wkrw ehsk s/ fJ; ;wkrw dk g{ok gqpzX BkwXkohnK B/ ehsk. pkjo'A nkJ/

bZyK b'eK d/ bzro dk gqpzX wksk ihtB e"o ih dh fBrokBh j/m ehsk frnk. ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg

f;zx ih d/ wfjb wksk G[fgzdo e"o B/ th ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d[nkok ikoh oZy/ n˜kdh d/ ;zrokw

ftu g{ok ;kE ns/ ;fj:'r fdZsk.fJzi BkwXkoh f;zxK d/ Bkb Bkb BkwXkoh fJ;sqhnK B/ th

nzro/˜h je{ws dhnK ;ıshnK MZbhnK. fijV/ f;zx Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ T[BQK dhnK wktK, G?DK,

XhnK s/ gsBhnK B/ th eÙN MZb/. fJBQK ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tb'A fJBQK d/ fgzvK ftu Biopzd

oZfynk frnk.


nnzzffwwqqss;;oo ddkk ;;kkeekk

nnzzffwwqqss;;oo ;;kkee// dd// ccKK;;hh dd// ee// ÙÙjjhhdd eehhss//

rrJJ// ff;;ZZyy nnss// TT[[BBQQKK dd// tt//oott//


nnzzffwwqqss;;oo ddkk ;;kkeekk

14 i{B 1871 dh nZXh oks ˘ BkwXkoh f;ZyK d/ fJe iZE/ B/ nzfwqs;o fty/, p[ZuVykB/ ”s/

jwbk eo e/ rT{nK d/ oZ;/ tZY e/ T[BQK ˘ S[vk fdZsk ns/ sbtkoK ns/ rzvkf;nK Bkb o'eD

nkJ/ e;kJhnK ”s/ jwbk eo e/ oks d/ jB/o/ ftu nb'g j' rJ/. f;ZyK d/ fJ; iZE/ ftu Ùkfwb

;B - ;ot ;qh bfjDk f;zx gzBt ;g[Zso w[;Zdk f;zzx, phjbk f;zx Bkobh, jkew f;zx gNtkoh,

cfsj f;zx d[ekBdko, Mzvk f;zx mZmk, f;gkjh bkb f;zx, bfjDk f;zx ;g[Zso p[bkek f;zx,

GrtkB f;zx nVpzrh fgzv wokDQk, fwjo f;zx b'g'e/, bSwD f;zx fgzv ukjb f˜bQk r[odk;g[o

ns/ r[bkp f;zx u{VuZe.

fJj f;Zy oks d/ jB/o/ ftu cVQ/ Bk ik ;e/. nzrq/˜ g[fb; n¯;o fw;No feq;Nh B/ ÙZe d/

nXko s/ 12 p/e;{o ftneshnK ˘ cV fbnk s/ nfij/ fGnkBe s;hj/ fdZs/ fe T[BQK B/ nkgDk

˜[ow ep{b eo fbnk.

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dk j[ew wzB e/, fiBQK f;ZyK B/ nzfwqs;o dk ;kek ehsk ;h T[BQK

ftu'A i' f;Zy jkõ ;B (e[M iD/ o{g'Ù j' u[Ze/ ;B) eufjoh ftu g/Ù j' e/ nkgD/ r[Bkj dk

fJepkb eo fbnk ns/ cV/ ik u[Ze/ 12 p/r[BkjK ˘ S[vtk fdZsk. w[eZdwk uZfbnk s/ uko f;ZyK

˘ cK;h dh ;˜k ;[Dk fdZsh rJh. d' f;ZyK ˘ ekb/ gkDh dh e?d ftu G/fink frnk, fiZE/ T[j

s;hj/ MZbfdnK Ùjhd j' rJ/. Mzvk f;zx mZmk, fwjo f;zx b'g'e/, bSwD f;zx r[odk;g[o ns/

GrtkB f;zx nVpzrh ˘ Gr"V/ eoko fdZsk frnk. w[eZdw/ ;w/A Gr"Vk eoko fdZsk frnk Mzvk

f;zx mZmk id'A d' ;kb pknd ekpb tZb'A gofsnk sK nzrq/˜ je{ws tb'A 11 nr;s 1873 ˘

cfVnk frnk. 12 nr;s 1873 ˘ T[; ”s/ w[eZdwk uZfbnk ns/ T[;˘ cK;h d/ fdZsh rJh.

fJ; ;ke/ d/ uko f;ZyK - bfjDk f;zx gzBt, phjbk f;zx Bkobh, jkew f;zx gNtkoh,

cfsj f;zx d[ekBdko ˘ 15 ;szpo 1871 ˘ nzfwqs;o fty/ okw pkˆ d/ fJe tZv/ p'jV d/ NkjD/

Bkb Ùo/nkw cK;h fdZsh rJh. tZvh frDsh ftu Ùfjo d/ b'e fJ; fdqÙ ˘ t/yD nkJ/. cK;h

tkb/ fdB fJBQK uko' f;ZyK B/ ;qh jfowzdo ;kfjp nzfwqs;o d/ ;o'to ftu fJÙBkB dh fJZSk

iskJh, fi; dh gftZsosk dh okyh bJh fJBQK B/ Ùjhd j'Dk ;h ns/ fJj th fejk fe rT{ dh

szdh d/ pD/ oZ;/ T[j nkgD/ ;oho Bkb Bj] bZrD d/Dr/ ns/ iZbkd T[jBK ˘ jZE Bk brkt/,

cK;hnK d/ oZ;/ T[j nkg jh nkgD/ rbK ftu tko' tkoh gkT[Dr/.


;' ftÙ/Ù o{g ftu o/Ùw dh v'oh d/ oZ;/ fJBQK bJh pDtkJ/ rJ/. fJÙBkB eoB T[gzqs fJj

f;Zy fJj Ùpd gVQd/ j'J/ cK;h tkbh EK g[Zi/ -

““s/oh ;oB w/o/ dhB fdnkbk, ;[y ;kro w/o/ r[o r'gkbk.

eo feogk BkBe r[D rkt?, oky' ;oD n;kVh ihU.””

fJzi ehosB eofdnK nkgD/ jZE] cK;h d/ o/Ùwh oZ;/ nkg nkgD/ rb/ ”u gk fJBQK uko

f;ZyK B/ ÙjhdhnK gqkgs ehshnK ns/ nwo j' rJ/.

nnzzffwwqqss;;oo ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhdd eehhss// rrJJ// ff;;ZZyy nnss// tt//oott//

nnzzffwwqqss;;oo ;;kkee// dd// ccKK;;hh dd// ee// ÙÙjjhhdd eehhss// rrJJ// uukkoo ff;;ZZyy

fJj ;kek 14-15 i{B 1871 ˘ j'fJnk

1155 ;;sszzppoo 11887711 ˘̆ nnzzffwwqqss;;oo ffttyy// 44 ff;;ZZyy ccKK;;hh dd// ee// ÙÙjjhhdd eehhss// rrJJ//

1a bfjDk f;zx, r's GZNh, (okwrVQhnk f;Zy) ;g[Zso ;a w[;Zdk f;zx, fgzv gzBt (j[D

gkfe;skB ftu) fJj ofjzd/ nzfwqs;o ftu jh ;B.

2a phjbk f;zx, r's ;zX{, (f˜w]dko) fgzv Bkobh, j[D f˜bQk soB skoB.

3a jkew f;zx gNtkoh, r's ekBÙ (wkoezv/ pqkjwD), fgzv w"V/Q ebK, f˜bQk nzfwqs;o.

4a cfsj f;zx d[ekBdko (GkNVk), nzfwqs;o.

ggzziitt// ff;;ZZyy MMzzvvkk ff;;zzxx ˘̆ ii'' ffee GGrr""VVkk eeookkoo ffddZZsskk ffrrnnkk ;;hh,, ccVV ee// nnrr;;ss 11887733 ffttuu ccKK;;hh

dd// ffddZZsshh rrJJhh..

5a Mzvk f;zx, r's n"by, (f˜w]dko) fgzv oktb mZmk, f˜bQk nzfwqs;o.

nnzzffwwqqss;;oo ;;kkee// dd// eekkbb// ggkkDDhh ee??dd eehhss// rrJJ// dd'' ff;;ZZyy

((XXkkookk 110077 dd// nnXXhhBB ffJJBBQQKK ss// ee//;; uubbkkffJJnnkk ffrrnnkk nnss// eekkbb// ggkkDDhh ddhh ;;˜̃kk ;;[[DDkk ee// eekkbb//

ggkkDDhh GG//ii ffddZZsskk ffrrnnkk ffiiZZEE''AA TT[[jj cc//oo ttkkffgg;; BBjj]] nnkkJJ//,, TT[[ZZEE// jjhh ÙÙjjhhdd jj'' rrJJ//))

6a bfjDk f;zx ;gZ[so p[bkek f;zx, nzfwqs;o.

7a f;gkjh bkb f;zx, nzfwqs;o.


ÙÙjjhhdd bbffjjDDkk ff;;zzxx ggzzBBtt((nnzzffwwqqss;;oo ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhdd))

Ùjhd bfjDk f;zx GZNh (okwrVQhJ/ f;Zy) fgzv gzBt, ;g[Zso ;a w[;Zdk f;zx ns/ wksk ;dke"o nkgD/ fgzv gzBt (T[d'A fJj fgzv sfj;hb ÙeorVQ, f˜bQk r[odk;g[o ftu ;h ns/ j[D fJjgkfe;skB ftu ufbnk frnk W) s'A ezw-eko eoB bJh nkgD/ BkBe/ nzfwqs;o nk e/ t; rJ/;B. nkg ftnkj/ j'J/ ;B. nkg d/ d' Gok r[Zio f;zx s/ rzvk f;zx ;B. nkg, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okwf;zx ih d/ f;oVh f;deh f;Zy ;B ns/ nzfwqs;o d/ gqw[Zy BkwXkoh nkr{nK ftu'A fJe ;B. nkgeqhp 26-27 ;kb dh T[wo ftu Ùjhd j'J/ ;B.

fejk ikdk W fe 10 i{B 1871 ˘ pkpk bfjDk f;zx ˘ ;[¯B/ ftu gfjbK ;fsr[o{ noiBd/t ih ns/ fco ;fsr[o{ s/r pjkd[o ih d/ doÙB j'J/. nkg B/ d'jK ˘ Bw;eko eo e/ nzfwqs;ojfowzdo ;kfjp dh p/ndph dh ftfEnk ;[DkJh. ;fsr[oK nZr'A puB ehsk,

““ f;zx' ! seV/ j' e/ rT{nK ˘ p[ZuVK s'A S[vtkU, ;fsr[o{ s[jkv/ nzr ;zr ofjDr/.””

14 i{B 1871 ˘ nzfwqs t/b/ Ùjhd bfjDk f;zx s/ T[BQK d/ ;kEh f;ZyK B/ :'iBkpZX sohe/Bkb, nzfwqs;o p[ZuVykB/ ”s/ jwbk eo e/ rT{nK S[vtkJhnK ns/ nkg ¯oko j' rJ/. e;{otkoBk cV/ ik ;eD ekoB ;oeko B/ fJ; e//; ftu 12 p/e;{oK ˘ cV e/ M{m/ e/; pDk fdZs/ sK i'T[jBK ˘ ;˜ktK fdZshnK ik ;eD.

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ˘ gsk bZrD ”s/ j˜{o B/, fBod'Ù ftneshnK d/ cV/ ikD T[Zs/n¯;'; gqrN ehsk. T[jBK B/ n;bh e;{otkoK ˘ nkgD/ ˜[ow dk fJepkb eoB dh db/ohftykT[D dh fJZSk ftnes ehsh.

;qh ;fsr[o{ ih dk j[ew wzB e/ fJj f;Zy ndkbs ftu g/Ù j' rJ/ ns/ T[go'es xNBk dkfJepkb eo p/e;{o ftneshnK ˘ S[vtkfJnk ns/ nkg Ùjhd j' rJ/.

Ùjhd bfjDk f;zx d/ xo fJe' Xh ;h. fJBQK d/ Gok ;a r[Zio f;zx dk ykBdkB ub fojkW. fJBQK d/ fñkdkso gfotko fdZbh ofjzd/ jB. eqhp 1985-86 s'A jo ;kb nzfwqs;o ;ke/ d/ÙjhdK Bfws, ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih dh j˜{oh ftu nzfwqqs;o iK ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/Ùjhd :kdrkoh ;wkrw jØ oj/ jB. jo ;kb fJBQK ;wkrwK dh ;/tk fdZbh ofjzd/ Ùjhd bfjDkf;zx gzBt d/ gfotkoK ftuØ∫ gfjbK ;a dbhg f;zx gzBt ns/ fJBQK d/ uVQkJh eo ikD T[gqzsfJBQK d/ g[Zso ;ot ;qh i;pho f;zx, ;sftzdo f;zx s/ r[oftzdo f;zx nkfde gfotko eotkT[Ad/jB.


ÙÙjjhhdd jjkkeeww ff;;zzxx ggNNttkkoohhffggzzvv ww""VVQQ// eebbKK,, ppbbkkee uu""rrkkttKK,, ssffjj;;hhbb nniiBBkkbbkk,, ff˜̃bbQQkk nnzzffwwqqss;;oo

((nnzzffwwqqss;;oo ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhdd))

Ùjhd jkew f;zzx gNtkoh ;g[Zso ;qh o{gk, fgzv w"VQ/ ebK, j[D pbke u"rktK, sfj;hb

niBkbk, f˜bQk nzfwqs;o d/ wkoezv/ pqkjwD (r's ekBÙ) ;B. nkg dk gfjbk BK jkew okJ/

;h.

Ùjhd jkew f;zx gNtkoh nkgDh ftXtk wksk dk fJeb"sk B"itkB g[Zso ;h. fejk iKdk

W fe fJ; dh wksk pV/ j";b/ Bkb cK;h tkbh EK nkJh, ukoK ÙjhdK d/ fwqse ;ohoK ˘ rZv/

ftu gk e/ nkgD/ fgzv w"VQ/ b? nkJh. nkgD/ xo dk e'mk T[X/V e/, eVhnK pkb/ bkj e/, T[jBK

bZeVK Bkb, wksk B/ ÙjhdK dk ;;eko ehsk.

fgzv w"V/ ebK fty/ fJ; t/b/ Ùjhd jkew f;zx d/ xo tkbk n;EkB fiE/ ÙjhdK dk ;;eko

ehsk frnk ;h, thokBh dh jkbs ftu fgnk W. fJ; p{N/ s/ MkVK T[Zr/ n;EkB ftu T[; t/b/

dk fJe Yfjnk j'fJnk ewok w"i{d W. fJ; dhnK N[ZNhnK j'JhnK ezXK nzdo fgzv d/ b'e dhtk

irk e/ wZEk N/ed/ jB.

Ùjhd jkew f;zx d/ Gok s/ uku/ skfJnK d/ gfotko fgzv s'A ub/ rJ/ jB. fñkdkso

gfotko nzfwqs;o ofjzd/ jB.

fgzv w"V/ ebK nzfwqs;o-niBkbk o'v s/ u"rktK s'A eqhp 6 feb'whNo ”s/ W.

ÙÙjjhhdd ¯̄ffssjj ff;;zzxx dd[[eekkBBddkkoo,, nnzzffwwqqss;;oo((nnzzffwwqqss;;oo ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhdd))

Ùjhd ¯fsj f;zzx, nzfwqs;o fty/ d[ekBdko ;B. fJBQK d/ gfotko ftu'A fJ; t/b/ e'Jh Bj]

W. fJj B"itkB nt;Ek ftu Ùjhd j'J/ ;B.

Ùjhd ¯fsj f;zzx, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ ÙoXkb{ f;Zy ;B. ;kX ;zrs Bkb w/b/ r/b/

;w/A jh phjbk f;zx, bfjDk f;zx, jkew f;zx gNtkoh nkfd j[oK Bkb fJjBK dk nkg; ”u w/b

fwbkg tfXnk. fJj uko/ iDA/, eJh tko, fJZem/ jh, jfowzdo ;kfjp wZEk N/eD iK ;o'to ftu

fJÙBkB eoB iKd/ ;B.


ÙÙjjhhdd pphhjjbbkk ff;;zzxx ;;zzXX{{ffggzzvv BBkkoobbhh,, ppbbkkee ffGGZZyyhhffttzzvv,, ssffjj;;hhbb ggZZNNhh,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ssooBBsskkooBB


Ùjhd phjbk f;zx ;zX{ (f˜w]dko f;Zy) fgzv Bkobh, j[D pbke fGZyhftzv, sfj;hb gZNh

f˜bQk soBskoB (gfjb'A f˜bQk nzfwqs;o) d/ ;B. nkg nDftnkj/ ;B ns/ eqhp 18-19 ;kb

dh B"itkB nt;Ek ftu Ùjhd j'J/. fJj fgzv dh gZsh dkw'eh ftu ofjzd/ ;B. phjbk f;zzx

gsb/ ;oho s/ dofwnkB/ eZd d/ ;B. nkg d/ d' Gok fiT[D f;zx s/ r[ofdZs f;zx ;B. nkg d/

Gok r[ofds f;zx d/ g[Zso r'gkb f;zx dh n"bkd ub ojh W.

fgzv Bkobh fGZyhftzv s'A eqhp 10 feb'whNo ”s/ W.

n?; t/b/ Ùjhd phjbk f;zx Bkobh d/ gfotko ftu'A ;a r'gkb f;zx d/ g[Zso ;a fJzdo f;zx

d/ g[Zso ;a ;ZiD f;zx dk gfotko fgzv Bkobh fty/ ofj fojk W. pkeh gfotkoK ftu'A fñkd-

kso gfotko b[fXnkD/ j?p'tkb ebK fty/ ofjzd/ jB. fJBQK ftuØ∫ ;a ekpb f;zx ni eb ;qh

G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ ;/tk eo oj/ jB. T[E/ fJBQK gfotkoK d/ d[ZX dh v/noh d/ ezw ubd/ jB. d'

gfotko nwohek th rJ/ j'J/ jB. ;zB 2006 ˘ fgzv Bkobh fty/ ;ta ;a ;ZiD f;zx d/ g[ZsoK

e[btzs f;zx, ;[ytzs f;zx ns/ r[o;kfjp f;zx gfotkoK tZb'A Ùjhd phjbk f;zx ;zX{ :kdrkoh

;wkrw fgzv Bkobh fty/ fgzv tk;hnK d/ ;fj:'r Bkb ehsk frnk. ;zB 2007 s'A fJ;/ gfotko

d/ nwohek t;d/ ;a w[yfsnko f;zx ns/ ;a o{g f;zx GoktK tZb'A jo ;kb fgzv Bkobh fty/

fgzv tk;hnK ns/ gfotko d/ ;fj:'r Bkb :kdrkoh ;wkrw eotkT[AD/ nkozG/ rJ/ jB. fJBQK

B/ nkfynk W jo ;kb nrb/ w/b/ th fJj fJ;/ soQK eotkT[Dr/.

Ùjhd Grs f;zx d/ p˜[or th fgzv Bkobh d/ jh ;B. Ùjhd Grs f;zx dk r's th ;zX{

;h. Ùjhd Grs f;zx d/ fgS'eV ftu'A Ùjhd phjbk f;zx Bkobh d/ gfotko d/ ;zpzX oj/ jB.


ÙÙjjhhdd MMzzvvkk ff;;zzxxffggzzvv mmZZmmkk ((ookkttbb)),, ppbbkkee uu""rrkkttKK,, ssffjj;;hhbb nniiBBkkbbkk,,

ff˜̃bbQQkk nnzzffwwqqss;;oo


Ùjhd Mzvk f;zx n"by, fgzv mZmk (oktb), j[D pbke u"rktK, sfj;hb niBkbk, f˜bQk

nzfwqs;o d/ BkwXkoh f;Zy ;B. fJj fgzv dh Ùw;k gZsh ftu ofjzd/ ;B. fgzv w"V/ ebK s/ fgzv

mZmk dk ¯k;bk eqhp 5 feb'whNo dk W.

Mzvk f;zx fi; ˘ nzfwqs;o ;ke/ d/ w[eZdw/ ;w/A Gr"Vk eoko fdZsk frnk ;h id'A d' ;kb

pknd ekpb tZb'A gofsnk sK nzrq/˜ ;oeko tZb'A 11 nr;s 1873 Bz{ cfVnk frnk. fJe

fdB ftu jh w[eZdw/ dh ;koh ekotkJh g{oh eoe/ 12 nr;s 1873 ˘ Mzvk f;zx Bz{ ekfsb

mfjokfJnk frnk, T[;/ fdB jh T[; ˘ cK;h d/ e/ Ùjhd eo fdZsk frnk.

;kok fgzv mZmk n"by r'shnK dk fgzv W. Ùjhd Mzvk f;zx d/ gfotko ftu'A n?; t/b/ Xh d/

gfotko ftu'A BkBe/ Y/oh ”s/ nkJ/ ;a itzd f;zx ;zX{ d/ g's/ ;ot ;qh eÙwho f;zx, mke[o f;zx

s/ w[yfsnko f;zx ofjzd/ jB.

ÙÙjjhhdd ff;;ggkkjjhh bbkkbb ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd bbffjjDDkk ff;;zzxxff˜̃bbQQkk nnzzffwwqqss;;oo

(( nnzzffwwqqss;;oo ;;kkee// ffttuu eekkbb// ggkkDDhh ddhh ee??dd eeZZNNhh))

nzfwqs;o ;ke/ wro'A uZb/ w[eZdw/ ftu 31 nr;s ;zB 1871 ˘ ;a bfjDk f;zx ;g[Zso ;a

p[bkek f;zx ns/ f;gkjh bkb f;zx ˘ ekb/ gkDh dh ;˜k j'Jh.

fJBQK pko/ fñkdk ikDekoh Bj] fwbdh. fJj ekb/ gkDh dh e?d ftu'A tkg; Bj] nkJ/.


ookkJJ//ee''NN ddkk ;;kkeekk

ookkJJ//ee''NN ;;kkee// dd// ccKK;;hh dd// ee// ÙÙjjhhdd eehhss// rrJJ// ff;;ZZyy

nnss// TT[[BBQQKK dd// tt//oott//


ookkJJ//ee''NN ddkk ;;kkeekk

;zB 1856 JhL ftu b[fXnkD/ f˜bQ/ d/ fvgNh efwÙBo fw;No foeN; B/ okJ/e'N fty/th p[ZuVykBk y'bQD dh wB˜{oh d/ fdZsh ;h. fJj p[ZuVykBk SZgV ezY/, Ùfjo dh ukodhtkohd/ pkjo ;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh :kd ftu pDkJ/ rJ/ r[od[nko/ ns/ ;[EfonK d/ fJe v/o/ d/fpbe[b B/VQ/ y'fbQnk frnk ;h.

p[uVykB/ ftu oKMk s/ p{Nk p[ZuV dk ezw eod/ ;B. T[j rT{ dk wk; b? e/ v/o/ nr'Abzxd/. eK e[Zs/ th wk; dhnK p'NhnK, fSSV/, jZvhnK nkfd X{jh fcod/. gzSh sK v/o/ T[s/ p?me/th u{zvd/. v/o/ dk ;/tkdko s/ rozEh pV/ d[yh j[zd/ go nkgD/ nzdo jh r[Z;k gh b?Ad/. e;kJh fJ;rZb dh gotkj ehs/ fpBK fe rZ[ioK d/ gÙ{ th T[; SZgV ftu jh gkDh g]d/ ;B, jbkbehshnK rJhnK rT{nK dhnK jZvhnK SZgV ftu jh ;[ZN d/Ad/.

okJ/e'N pZ[uVykB/ ”s/ 15 i[bkJh 1871 Jha dh oks ˘ BkwXkoh f;ZyK d/ iZE/ B/ jwbkehsk. f;zxK B/ jwbk eoB s'A gfjbK fgzv skig[o/ p{Nk okw d/ v/o/ jtB ehsk. oks 12 ti/ d/eohp p[ZuVykB/ s/ jZbk p'fbnk frnk. f;zxK B/ rT{nK d/ oZ;/ tZY fdZs/ ns/ rT{nK ˘ pkjofjZe fdZsk.

id'A jwbk j'fJnk sK oKMk s/ d' j'o GZi rJ/. p{Nk b[fXnkD/ frnk j'fJnk ;h, ;' T[jth pu frnk. fJe nkdwh d;"AXh s/ n"os pZ;h wko/ rJ/, 7 ˜ywh j'J/. oks' oks f;zx ¯oko j'rJ/. EkDk B/V/ jh ;h, go T[; oks po;ks j'D ekoD ns/ jB/oh MZyV M{bD ekoD wÙkbK thBj] ;B pkbhnK ik ;edhnK. f;gkjh jh w"e/ ”s/ nkJ/ go T[d'A she f;zx ik u[e/ ;B. fuZeVekoB g?VK th Bj] ;B bZG ;edhnK ;' oks] fgZSk Bk ehsk ik ;fenk.

;oeko B/ d'ÙhnK dk gsk bkT[D bJh 1000 o[gJ/ dk fJBkw oZfynk. gfNnkb/ d/ oki/wfjzdo f;zx B/ th 250 o[gJ/ dk fJBkw oZy fdZsk. fgzv ShBhtkb dk db f;zx bkbu ftu nkfrnk. T[;B/ g[bh; ˘ ypo eo fdZsh. s/ik f;zx fYZbtK tkb/ B/ f;zxK ˘ ;koh tkosk dZ;h s/nkfynk e/ i/m{g[o/ dk o;kbk s[jk˘ cVQB bJh nk fojk W, s[;] nkgDk gqpzX eo bt'. gow;skB f;zx efjD bZrk fe i/ n;] GZi rJ/ sK f;gkjh d{;o/ b'eK ˘ szr eoBr/. d[gfjo seg[bh; tkfbnK B/ f;zxK ˘ frq¯sko eo fbnk. w[eZdwk pZ;h ufbnk. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih˘ th fJ; w[eZdw/ d/ ;zpzX ftu 28 i[bkJh 1871 ˘ pZ;hnK e'mh p[bkfJnk frnk.

okJ/e'N ;ke/ d/ w[eZdw/ d/ c?;b/ nB[;ko fgzv fgZE' d/ fszB f;zxK - ;zs wzrb f;zx, ;zsw;skB f;zx s/ ;zs r[ow[y f;zx ˘ 5 nr;s 1871 JhL ˘ okJ/e'N p[ZuVykB/ d/ e'b jh cK;hrZv e/ cK;h d/ fdZsh rJh. fJ;/ e/; ftu jh 28 i[bkJh 1871 JhL ˘ ;{pk frnkBh osB f;zx


s/ ;zs osB f;zx BkJhtkbk ˘ b[fXnkD/ i/bQQ ftu e?d eo fbnk frnk ;h.

uhc e'oN gzikp d/ iZi p'bhB'; B/ 11 Btzpo 1871 ˘ fbfynk fe rtkjK d/ fpnkBKs'A fJj ;kps Bj] j[zdk fe fJjBK d'tK f;zxK dk jZfsnktK ftu e'Jh jZE ;h, fJ; bJh w?A w"sdh irQk nkihtB i/bQ dh ;˜k d/Adk jK. go iZi e?Agp?b B/ 14 Btzpo 1871 JhL ˘ w"s dh ;˜kpjkb oZyh. 23 Btzpo 1871 JhL ˘ iZi fbzv;/ B/ th w"s dh ;˜k ˘ pjkb oZfynk. nzs 26Btzpo 1871 JhL ˘ ;{pk frnkBh osB f;zx ih s/ ;zs osB f;zx ih ˘ ;?ANob i/bQ b[fXnkDkd/ pkjo cK;h d/ fdZsh rJh.

ookkJJ//ee''NN ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhdd((ffJJjj ;;kkeekk 1155 ii[[bbkkJJhh 11887711 ˘̆ jj''ffJJnnkk ))

ookkJJ//ee''NN nnss// bb[[ffXXnnkkDD// ffttyy// ccKK;;hh dd// ee// ÙÙjjhhdd eehhss// rrJJ// ff;;ZZyy ** ookkJJ//ee''NN ffttyy// ÙÙjjhhdd eehhss// rrJJ// ffsszzBB ff;;ZZyy

((55 nnrr;;ss 11887711 ˘̆ ÙÙjjhhdd eehhss// rrJJ//))

fJj fszB' f;Zy fgzv fgZE' j[D pbke okwg[ok sfj;hb c{b f˜bQk pfmzvk (T[d'A fonk;sBkGk) d/ ;B.

1a wzrb f;zx G[Zbo ;g[Zso ;a osB f;zx

2a w;skB f;zx G[Zbo ;g[Zso ;a feÙB f;zx

3a r[ow[y f;zx w[jkoK ;g[Zso ;a w'jo f;zx

** bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk ffttyy// ÙÙjjhhdd eehhss// rrJJ// dd'' ff;;ZZyy((2266 BBttzzppoo 11887711 ˘̆ ÙÙjjhhdd eehhss// rrJJ//))

1a ;{pk frnkBh osB f;zx ;g[Zso ;qh okw feÙB, fgzv wzvhebK j[D pbke okwg[oksfj;hb c{b f˜bQk pfmzvk T[d'A fonk;s gfNnkbk.

2a osB f;zx pk;h ;g[Zso ;a p[ZX f;zx, fgzv BkJhtkbk j[D pbke sfj;hb s/ f˜bQkpoBkbk (T[d'A fonk;s gfNnkbk) fgzv BkJhtkb/ s'A fpBQK fJBQK d/ gfotko fgzve;kJhtkVk (j[D okwBro) pbke w"V sfj;hb sbtzvh ;kp' f˜bQk pfmzvk fty/th ofjzd/ ;B. ;zs osB f;zx d'jK fgzvK ftu ofjzd/ ;B. fgzv e;kJhtkVk, fgzvwzvhebK d/ B/V/ j?.


ÙÙjjhhdd wwzzrrbb ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd rr[[ooww[[yy ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ww;;sskkBB ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ffggZZEE'',, ppbbkkee ookkwwgg[[ookk,, ssffjj;;hhbb cc{{bb,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ppffmmzzvvkk

((ookkJJ//ee''NN ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhdd))

Ùjhd wzrb f;zx G[Zbo ;g[Zso ;a osB f;zx, Ùjhd w;skB f;zx G[Zbo ;g[Zso ;a feÙBf;zx s/ Ùjhd r[owy f;zx w[jkoK ;g[Zso ;a fwjo f;zx, fgzv fgZEØ d/ ;B. (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/fJe Ùjhd jhok f;zx ns/ ;{pk j[ewk f;zx th fJ;/ fgzv fgZE' d/ ;B.)

15 i[bkJh 1871 ˘ okJ/e'N p[ZuVykB/ ”s/ jwbk eoe/, rT{nK ˘ S[vkT[D d/ d'Ù ftufJBQK fszBK d/Ù-Grs BkwXkoh f;ZyK ”s/ nzrq/˜ ;oeko tZb'A w[eZdwk ubkfJnk frnk. fgzvfgZE', f˜bQk pfmzvk (T[d'A EkDk c{b, fonk;s BkGk) d/ fJBQK fszBK f;ZyK ˘ 5 nr;s 1871 ˘okJ/e'N p[ZuVykB/ e'b Ùo/nkw cK;h fdZsh rJh. fJBQK dh Ùjhdh ˘ tZvh frDsh ftu b'e d/yoj/ ;B. fe;/ B/ fJBQK d/ fujo/ s/ fÙeB Bj] ;h t/yh. fJBQK B/ o/Ùw d/ oZ;/ nkg nkgD/ rbKftu gk e/ cK;h bJh, Ùjhd j'J/ s/ ;dk bJh nwo j' rJ/. fJBQK ÙjhdK d/ gfotko ns/ tkfo;i' T[ZE/ nkJ/ j'J/ ;B, ÙjhdK d/ fwqse ;ohoK ˘ fgzv fgZE' b? rJ/ ns/ r[o wfonkdk Bkb fJBQKdk nzfsw ;;eko eo fdZsk.

ÙjhdK d/ ;;eko tkbh irQK ”s/ fgzv ftu fJe Ùjhd ;wkoe pfDnk j'fJnk W. fJZE/ b'ewZEk N/ed/ jB. ;w{j fgzv tk;h s/ ÙjhdK d/ gfotko jo ;kb fJE/ Ùjhd :kdrkoh ;wkrw eod/jB.

okJ/e'N d/ fJBQK ÙjhdK Bfws w/bk, ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d/ j[ew nB[;ko jo ;kbokJ/e'N, b[fXnkDk iK ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ ehsk iKdk W. gfjb'A fJj w/bk f˜bQk b[fXnkDk dhBkwXkoh ;zrs tZb'A ehsk iKdk ;h, j[D fgSb/ e[M ;kbK s'A okJ/e'N tkb/ w//b/ dh ;/tk b[fXnkD/d/ ;zs ;odkok f;zx ns/ T[BQK d/ ;g[Zso ;{pk joGiB f;zx, ;zs pyÙhÙ f;zx s/ ;zs irw'jBf;zx eod/ jB. b[fXnkD/ tkb/ w/b/ dh ;/tk ;a nzfwqsgkb f;zx bkNh ;g[Zso ;zs bZSwD f;zxcrtkVk ns/ gfotko eod/ jB. wb/oe'Nbk tkb/ w/b/ dh ;/tk th fJjh ;zs bSwD f;zxcrtkVk gfotko eod/ jB. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ gqekÙ fdt;, p;zs gzuwh tkb/ w/b/ dh;/tk fgSb/ e[M ;kbK sØ∫ ;a ;[fozdo f;zx (GkJh ih) eotkT[Ad/ jB.

5 nr;s 2007 ˘ ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih dh j˜{oh ftu okJ/e'N;ke/ d/ ÙjhdK dh :kd ftu ehs/ rJ/ ;wkrw ftu ;a gqekÙ f;zx pkdb w[Zy wzsoh gzikp B/;{pk ;[fozdo e"o yob tZb'A ;N/i ”s/ fJBQK ÙjhdK dh :kd ftu fgzv fgZE'A fty/ ;oeko tZb'A;;eko tkb/ ;EkB T[Zs/ fJe :kdrko T[;ko/ ikD dh r[ikfoÙ eoB s/ pkdb ;kfjp B/ d;bZy o[gJ/ dh roKN G/i/ ikD dk tkdk ehsk. fJj o[gJ/ G/i fdZs/ rJ/ ns/ j[D fgzv fgZE' fty/ÙjhdK dh :kd ftu efwT{fBNh ;?ANo T[;kfonk ik fojk W.



ÙÙjjhhdd ;;{{ppkk ffrrnnkkBBhh oossBB ff;;zzxxffggzzvv wwzzvvhheebbKK,, ppbbkkee ookkwwgg[[ookk,, ssffjj;;hhbb cc{{bb,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ppffmmzzvvkk

((bb[[ffXXnnkkDD// ffttyy// jj''JJ// ÙÙjjhhdd))

;{{pk frnkBh osB f;zx ns/ ;zs osB f;zx BkJhtkbk ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws B/ okJ/e'N ;ke/ d/d'ÙhnK ˘ T[e;kT[D ns/ prkts d/ d'Ù j/m 26 Btzpo 1871 ˘, b[fXnkD/ ;?ANob i/bQ d/;kjwD/ Ùo/nkw cK;h d/ e/ Ùjhd eo fdZsk ;h. nzrq/˜ ;oeko, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ns/T[BQK d/ ;{fpnK ns/ gqGktÙkbh nkr{nK ”s/ w[eZdw/ ubk e/, Gkos ftu nkgDh je{ws bJhısok pD/, s/ih Bkb tXd/ ik oj/ BkwXkoh nzd'bB ˘ ;wkgs eoBk ukj[zdh ;h.

;{pk frnkBh osB f;zx ih BkwXkohnK ftu pj[s ftdtkB, f;nkD/ s/ gqGktÙkbhÙı;hns d/ wkbe ;B. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh ubkJh j'Jh BkfwbtosD bfjo d/ w[skpe,BkwXkohnK B/ ;oekoh ndkbsK dk pkJhekN eoe/, nkg;h MrV/ fBp/VB bJh nkgDk jh gqpzXehsk j'fJnk ;h. ;{pk frnkBh osB f;zx ih nkgD/ fJbke/ d/ gqw[Zy iZi wzB/ iKd/ ;B. fJjwkbt/ ftu s[o fco e/, f;Zyh dk gquko th eod/ ns/ Bkb jh jo/e EK ik e/ BkwXkohnK d/nkg;h MrV/ fBp/Vd/ ns/ w[eZdfwnK d/ c?/;b/ efonk eod/ ;B. nkgDh shyD p[ZXh ns/ d{onzd/Ùh ;dek T[j wkbt/ d/ BkwXkohnK s'A fJbktk, d{;o/ GkJhuko/ ftu th ;fseko:'r ;EkBs/ rfjok gqGkt oZyd/ ;B. fJBQK d/ Bkb ezw eoB tkb/ ;zs osB f;zx fgzv BkJhtkbk “BkfJp;{pk” th ftdtkB ;ZiD ;B. nzrq/˜ ;oeko dhnK nZyK ftu oVed/ fJBQK d'jK d/Ù-GrsBkwXkoh f;zxK, ;{pk frnkBh osB f;zx, T[wo 35 ;kb, ;g[Zso ;qh okwfeqÙB ns/ ;zs osBf;zx, T[wo 28 ;kb, ;g[Zso ;qh p[ZX f;zx ˘, okJ/e'N ;ke/ d/ d'ÙhnK ˘ T[e;kT[D d/ d'Ù ftu,b[fXnkD/ ;?ANob i/bQ d/ ;kjwD/ p'jVQ EZb/ Ùo/nkw cK;h d/ fdZsh rJh.

id'A ;{[pk frnkBh osB f;zx ih cK;h d/ sys/ ”s/ uVQ/ sK T[BQK B/ B/V/ yVQ/ nzrq/˜ jkew˘ bbeko e/ nkfynk, ““;[fD T[fJ fpZfbnk, s/oh p[ZXh fGqÙN j' rJh W, s/o/ fBnK M{m/ B/ aaaaaa;k˘ wko e/ fJj nzd'bB pzd Bj] j'D bZrkaaaaaa fi;B/ wkoBk W, T[j (;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih)okwdk;g[o/ ftu p?mk W, T[j s/ok ftBkÙ eo/rkaaaaaaaa n;] th j'o feZXo/ Bj] ikDk W, e'Jhwksk fco iBw d/t/rhaaaaaa Bt/A u'b/ gfjB, itkB j', s[jk˘ eZYD bJh sbtko cV fco s[;KBkb izr eoKr/”” d't/ ;{ow/ f;zxK B/ o/Ùw d/ oZ;/ ı[d nkgD/ rbK ftu gkJ/.

b[fXnkDk fty/ i/bQ o'v ”s/ fJ; n;EkB ”s/ “BkwXkoh Ùjhd ;wkoe” pfDnk j'fJnk W.

fJ;/ fgzv wzvhebK d/ Ùjhd joBkw f;zx G[Zbo ;g[Zso ;a db/b f;zx f˜w]dko, 17-18iBtoh ;zB 1872 ˘, wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu nzrq/˜ je{ws d[nkok s'gK BkbÙjhd ehs/ rJ/ 65 BkwXkoh f;zxK ftu'A fJe ;B. fJj 17 iBtoh ˘ eqhp 22 ;kb dh B"itkBnt;Ek ftu Ùjhd j'J/. s'gK Bkb T[vk e/ Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ f;zxK dh :kd ftu wb/oe'Nbk fty/n?; t/b/ “BkwXkoh Ùjhd ;wkoe” pfDnk j'fJnk W.


wwzzvvhheebbKK ffttyy// ÙÙjjhhdd ::kkddrrkkoohh ;;wwkkrrww

16 wJh ;zB 1993 ˘ w?A ns/ w/o/ gsh ;zs Grtzs f;zx gfjbh tko fJ; fgzv wzvhebK fty/

y'i eoB rJ/ ;h. Ùjhd ;{pk frnkBh osB f;zx d/ gfotko ftu'A e'Jh Bj] W. ;{pk ih ns/

fJBQK dk Gok ;a joBkw f;zx ezB{, d'jK B/ ftnkj Bj] ;B eotkJ/. fgzv wzvhebK d/ tk;hnK

B/ jh nkgD/ fgzv d/ fJ; Ùjhd dh :kd ;zGkbh j'Jh W.

fgzv wzvhebK d/ fJe p˜[or GkJh tho f;zx fBot?o i' fJe fbykoh s/ ;wki ;/te jB,

B/ nkgD/ fBih T[dwK Bkb fgzv d/ B/V/ fJe ;e{b pDkT[Dk Ù[o{ ehsk. pknd ftu fgzv tk;hnK

ns/ j'o dkBh ;ZiDK d[nkok ;fj:'r fwbDk Ù[o{ j'fJnk s/ fJE/ fJe ÙkBdko ;hBhno ;?ezvoh

;e{b pD frnk. fJ; ;e{b ftu pDkJ/ rJ/ tZv/ jkb dk BK “Ùjhd ;{pk frnkBh osB f;zx

:kdrkoh jkb” oZfynk frnk ns/ fJ;/ ;e{b d/ tZv/ w[Zy r/N dk BK “Ùjhd ;{pk frnkBh osB

f;zx :kdrkoh r/N” ofynk frnk W. fgzv wzvhebK fty/ d' ;g'oN; ebZp “e{ek ;g'oN; ebZp”

ns/ “Ùjhd frnkBh osB f;zx e{ek :kdrkoh ebZp” pD/ j'J/ jB. fJBQK ebZpK tZb'A y{BdkB

e?Ag s/ nZyK d/ e?Ag bkJ/ iKd/ jB. ;zB 1972 s'A j[D se jo ;kb “Ùjhd frnkB osB f;zx

e{ek :kdrkoh N{oBkw?AN” th fJBQK ebZpK tZb'A eotkJ/ iKd/ jB. 27 iBtoh 1996 ˘ fgzv

wzvhebK dh gzukfJs tZb'A w?˘ N{oBkw?AN ”s/ g[ZiD dk ;Zdk nkfJnk sK ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih s'A

nkfrnk b? e/ w?A ns/ w/o/ gsh ;a Grtzs f;zx fJ; N{oBkw?AN ”s/ rJ/.

Ùjhd ;{pk frnkBh osB f;zx :kdrkoh jkb ftu ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih, ;qh ;fsr[o{

irihs f;zx ih ns/ Ùjhdh ;kfenK Bkb ;zpzXs, ;zs wfjzdo f;zx nkofN;N fdZbh d[nkok

pDkJhnK rJhnK gzi tZv/ nkeko dhnK s;thoK n;] ik e/ brtkJhnK. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx

ih, ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih ns/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d/ T[gd/ÙK dhnK e?g;BK s'A

fJbktk fJ; jkb ftu, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ns/ BkwXkoh gzE pko/, ftÙ/Ù Ùı;hnsK gzvs

itkjo bkb Bfjo{, B/sk ih ;[GkÙ uzdo p';, Ùjhd Grs f;zx, pkpk ;'jD f;zx GeBk, ;qh

oftzdo BkE N?r'o, ekwo/v ;'jD f;zx nkfd dhnK e?gÙBK th fbytkJhnK rJhnK jB. jkb

d/ pkjob/ gk;/ d' p'ov brkJ/ jB fiBQK ftu'A fJe ”s/ BkwXkoh fJfsjk; ns/ fJe ”s/ Ùjhd

;{pk frnkBh osB f;zx dk ihtB-fposKs nzfes ehs/ rJ/ jB.

17 cotoh 1997 ˘, wzvhebK fty/ j'J/ fJe Got/A fJZem tkb/ Ùjhd :kdrkoh ;wkrw

;w/A ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih B/ “Ùjhd ;{pk frnkBh osB f;zx :kdrkoh jkb” wzvhebK

dk T[dxkNB ehsk. fJ; ;wkrw ;w/A nB/e p[bko/ p'b/, fi; dh g{oh fog'oN w?A nkgDh g[;se

gqekÙ g[zi Gkr gfjbk d/ gzBk Bza 329 s'A 341 ”s/ fdZsh W.

fgzv wzvhebK d/ ;wkrw ftu p'bD tkb/ p[bko/ ;B- GkJh tho f;zx fBot?o, ekwo/v


eosko f;zx, fgzq;hgb r[os/i f;zx, frnkBh s/i gqekÙ, fgZE' d/ ;ogzu ;a pbftzdo f;zx, Ùqh

jikoh bkb pK;b fgqz;hgb Ùjhd ;wkoe rob˜ ekbi, frnkBh nsoihs f;zx ejkDheko

pfmzvk, ;qh gtB e[wko (okwg[ok c{b tgko wzvb d/ gqXkB), ;qh nfBb e[wko ;okc ;wki ;/te,

;ogzu ;[yftzdo f;zx wzvhebK, gzvs r'gkb f;zx, ;zs so;/w f;zzzx, j˜{oh ;/te ;zs jogkb

f;zx, ;{pk ;[fozdo e"o yob, ;{pk w/bk f;zx oShB, ;zs dbhg f;zx, vka bypho f;zx e{ek,

wk;No bkG f;zx, nkfd.

fgZE'A d/ T[; t/b/ d/ ;ogzu ;qa pbftzdo f;zx B/ fgzv fgZE' fty/ okJ/e'N ;ke/ d/ ÙjhdK dh

:kdrko pBkT[D bJh, ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih nZr/ no˜ ehsh. nkg B/ ;qh ;fsr[[o{ ih d[nkok ÙjhdK

dhnK :kdrkoK ;Ekgs eoB ns/ powk fty/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ n;EkBK dh Gkb

eokT[D dh feogk eoB dh Ùbkxk eofdnK nkfynk fe T[j gzikph fNqfpT{B ftu ;{pk ;[fozdo

e"o yob dh fbyh bVQhtko jo j¯s/ Sgdh “powk :ksok” gVQ e/ pj[s gqGkfts j'J/ jB.

fJ;/ ;wkrw ;w/A ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ c[owkfJnk fe ““;{pk ;[fozdo e"o B/ fJe n"os j[zfdnK

ÙjhdK d/ fgzvK ˘ bZfGnk W, T[BQK d/ gfotkoK ˘ bZfGnk W ÙjhdK d/ w/b/ eotkJ/ jB, Grtzs

f;zx fJ; dk ;kE fdzdk W, ;Zu/ gksÙkj feogk eoB fJj w/b/ fJ;/ soQK j[zd/ ofjD.””


ÙÙjjhhdd oossBB ff;;zzxx BBkkJJhhttkkbbkkffggzzvv BBkkJJhhttkkbbkk,, ppbbkkee,, ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk ppooBBkkbbkk

nnss// ffggzzvv ookkwwBBrroo,, ppbbkkee ww""VV,, ssffjj;;hhbb ssbbttzzvvhh ;;kkpp'',, ff˜̃bbQQkk ppffmmzzvvkk

;[szsosk ;zrokw d/ w'Yh ns/ “e{ek nzd'bB” d/ pkBh ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ to';kJ/j'J/ f;Zy, ;zs osB f;zx fgzv BkJhtkbk j[D pbke, sfj;hb s/ f˜bQk poBkbk (gfjb'A f˜bQk;zro{o) ns/ ;{[pk frnkBh osB f;zx wzvhebK f˜bQk pfmzvk ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws B/ prkts d/ d'Ùj/m 26 Btzpo 1871 ˘ b[fXnkD/ ;?ANob i/bQQ d/ ;kjwD/ Ùo/nkw cK;h d/ e/ Ùjhd eo fdZsk;h.

;zs osB f;zx pk;h fgzv BkJhtkbk s'A fJbktk fgzv e;kJhtkVk (j[D okwBro) f˜bQkpfmzvk fty/ th ofjzd/ ;B feT[Afe fJBQK dk e[M gfotko BkJhtkbk s/ e[M gfotko e;kJhtkVkofjzdk ;h. fgzv e;kJhtkVk, fgzv wzvhebK f˜bQk pfmzvk d/ B/V/ W. ;zs osB f;zx “BkfJp ;{pk”fgzv BkJhtkbk s/ ;{[pk frnkBh osB f;zx fgzv wzvhebK d't/ fwb e/ nzrq/˜ ;oeko fto[ZX;orow ;B.

nzrq/˜ ;oeko, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ns/ T[BQK d/ gqw[Zy ;{fpnK ns/ gqGktÙkbh nkr{nK”s/ w[eZdw/ ubk e/, Gkos ftu nkgDh je{ws bJh ısok pD/, s/ih Bkb tXd/ ik oj/ BkwXkohnzd'bB ˘ ;wkgs eoBk ukj[zdh ;h.

;zs osB f;zx fgzv BkJhtkbk gfjb'A wjkokik gfNnkbk dh c"i ftu B"eoh eod/ ;B. ;qh;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ ;zgoe ftu nk e/ BkwXkoh pDB T[gzs nkg B/ B"eoh SZv fdZsh. ;{pkfrnkBh osB f;zx fgzv wzvhebK BkwXkohnK ftu pj[s ftdtkB, f;nkD/ s/ T[Zxh s/gqGktÙkbh Ùı;hns d/ wkbe ;B. nkg nkgD/ fJbke/ d/ gqw[Zy iZi wzB/ iKd/ ;B. T[j jo/eEK ik e/ BkwXkohnK d/ nkg;h MrV/ fBp/Vd/ ns/ w[eZdfwnK d/ c?/;b/ efonk eod/ ;B. fJBQKd/ Bkb ezw eoB tkb/ ;zs osB f;zx BkJhtkbk “BkfJp ;{pk” th ftdtkB ;ZiD ;B. fpqfNÙ;oeko dhnK nZyK ftu oVed/ fJBQK d'jK d/Ù-Grs BkwXkoh f;zxK, ;{pk frnkBh osB f;zx,T[wo 35 ;kb, ;g[Zso ;qh okwfeqÙB ns/ ;zs osB f;zx, T[wo 28 ;kb, ;g[Zso ;qh p[ZX f;zx˘, okJ/e'N ;ke/ d/ d'ÙhnK ˘ T[e;kT[D d/ d'Ù ftu, b[fXnkD/ ;?ANob i/bQ d/ ;kjwD/ p'jVQ EZb/Ùo/nkw cK;h d/ fdZsh rJh.

b[fXnkDk fty/ i/bQ o'v ”s/ fJ; n;EkB ”s/ “BkwXkoh Ùjhdh ;wkoe” pfDnk j'fJnk W.

;zs osB f;zx ns/ fJBQK d/ uku/ skfJnK d/ s/ j'o gfotko, pj[s tZvh frDsh ftu jB.fJj fgzv BkJhtkbk, okwBro, gfNnkbk, poBkbk, b[fXnkDk ns/ j'o tZy' tZy ÙfjoK ftuofjzd/ jB.



wwbb//ooee''NNbb// ddkk ;;kkeekk

1177 nnss// 1188 iiBBttoohh 11887722

wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkee// dd// ss''ggKK BBkkbb ÙÙjjhhdd eehhss// rrJJ// ff;;ZZyy

nnss// TT[[BBQQKK dd// tt//oott//


wwbb//ooee''NNbb// ddkk ;;kkeekk

12 iBtoh ;zB 1872 ˘ ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp f˜bQk b[fXnkDk fty/ j'J/ wkxh d/ w/b/ ”s/ fgzv

cotkjh fonk;s wb/oe'Nbk d/ t;Bhe Bzpodko r[ow[y f;zx BkwXkoh B/ ;zrs ˘ dZf;nk,

““w?A nkgD/ fgzv cotkjh dk wkwbk skoB bJh wb/oe'Nb/ ik fojk ;h, o;s/ ftu fJe p[ZY/

ew˜'o pbd T[Zs/ w{bhnK bZd e/ T[go nkg th p?m/ w[;bwkB ˘ w?A t/fynk. w?A T[; pbd ”s/

so; yk e/ T[; w[;bwkB ˘ fejk fe “GkJh pbd ”s/ ekch Gko bZfdnk W, T[go sz{ nkg p?mk

WA, uzrk j't/ i/ sz{ nkg T[so ikt/A s/ g?db ub/A.” J/Bh rZb ”s/ MrVk j' frnk.””

““p'b p[bko/ dk e/; wb/oe'Nb/ d/ e'stkb e'b g[Zik. e'stkb B/ w[;bwkB ˘ pbd dk w[Zb

sko e/, w/o/ ;kjwD/ pbd f˜pjk (esb) ehsk s/ fJj iDkfJnk fe oki ;kvk W ;kvh fgZm

T[Zs/ nzrq/˜ jkew W, n;] i' wo˜h eohJ/, ;k˘ e"D vZe ;edk W! p?b ˘ uhıd/ ns/ sV¯

sV¯ e/ gqkD fdzfdnk t/yD bJh w?˘ wip{o ehsk frnk.””

Bzpodko r[ow[y f;zx cotkjh dh fJ; rZb B/ pbdh ”s/ s/b dk ezw ehsk feT[Afe BkwXkoh

f;Zy gfjb'A jh nzrq/˜ ;oeko dhnK d/Ù Grsh d/ ˜[[ow ekoD nkgD/ ”s/ ehshnK ik ojhnK

;yshnK ns/ ˜[bwK ekoD o'j ftu nkJ/ j'J/ ;B. T[d'A she p[ZuVykfBnK T[Zs/ jwbk eoe/

rT{nK ˘ S[vkT[D pdb/ nzrq/˜K d[nkok - nzfwqs;o, okJ/e'N ns/ b[fXnkDk fty/ BkwXkoh

f;ZyK ˘ cK;h d/ e/ Ùjhd ehsk ik u[Zek ;h.

13 iBtoh 1872 Bz{ fgzv ;eo"dh d/ ;H jhok f;zx s/ ;H bfjDk f;zx (uku/-skJ/ d/ g[Zs

Gok) dh nrtkJh j/m BkwXkoh f;ZyK dk fJe iZEk ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp s'A wb/oe'Nb/ tZb otkBk

j'fJnk. fJE'A uZbD s'A gfjb'A ;a jhok f;zx B/ nekb p[zr/ fty/ eNko Bkb Xosh ”s/ beho fyZu

e/ nky fdZsk ;h fe, ““fi; B/ ;h; d/Dk W T[jh fJ; beho ˘ gko eo/.””

g?db ubfdnK eqhp 140 f;ZyK dk fJj iZEk bkN'A, eNkDh, okwg[o, gkfJb j[zdk j'fJnk

nZXh oks s'A gfjbK fgzv oZp'A (EkDk v/jb', f˜bQk b[fXnkDk) g[Zik. oks fJj f;Zy oZp'A oj/.

14 iBtoh dh oks fJj iZEk wb"d gjz[funk. fJE'A d/ ;a pdB f;zx, ;a jhok f;zx ;eo"dh

d/ foÙs/dko ;B. ;a pdB f;zzx tZb'A fJeoko w[skpe x'V/ ns/ jfEnko d/D s'A BKj eoB ”s/

BkwXkoh iZE/ dh, ;odko pdB f;zx ns/ T[; d/ nkdwhnK Bkb MVg j'Jh. ;a pdB f;zx d/ d'

nkdwh p{Nk s/bh e'utkB s/ w[DÙh Bph pıÙ wko/ rJ/. pdB f;zx s/ fBjkb f;zx iıwh j'J/.


BkwXkoh iZE/ ftu''A d' f;Zy wko/ rJ/ ns/ uko f;Zy ekch iıwh j' rJ/. iıwh f;ZyK - GrtkB

f;zx, frnkB f;zx, EzwD f;zx ns/ w/jo f;zzx ˘ cV fbnk frnk. fJjBK ˘ gfjbK 19 iBtoh

1872 ˘ cK;h dh ;˜k ;[DkJh rJh pknd ftu fJj ;˜k ekb/ gkDh ftu pdb fdZsh rJh.

BkwXkoh iZE/ d/ f;zx, e[M sbtkoK, pzd{eK, r'bh-pko{d ns/ sp/b/ ftu'A x'V/-x'VhnK b? e/

wb"d s'A oks' oks wb/oe'Nbk gj[zu/. wb/oe'Nbk tkfbnK gfjb'A jh ;[oZfynk d/ gqpzX eo bJ/

;B. ;a jhok f;zx s/ ;a bfjDk f;zx ;G s'A nZr/, x'fVnK ”s/ uVQ/ j'J/, jZEK ”u BzrhnK sbtkoK

cVh, Ùjhdh iZE/ dh nrtkJh eo oj/ ;B. e'stkbh d/ ;kjwD/ u"Ae ftu eohp xzNk-;tk xzNk

vNt] bVkJh j'Jh. iZE/ dk w[ekpbk eoB bJh g[bh; s/ j'o b'e th jfEnkopzd j' e/ nk rJ/

;B. e'stkb nfjwd yK s/ T[; d/ ;Zs f;gkjh wko/ rJ/, eJh iıwh j'J/. BkwXkohnK ftu'A eqhp

nZm iD/ wko/ rJ/ ns/ ek¯h iD/ iıwh j'J/.

wb/oe'Nb/ fty/ j'Jh bVkJh wro'A, id'A Ùjhdh iZE/ d/ f;zx G{dB d/ E/j e'b ik oj/ ;B sK

wb/oe'NfbUA T[BQK dk fgZSk eoB nkJ/ gmkD ;wz[d yK ˘ ;a jhok f;zx B/ gfjbk tko eoB dk

w"ek fdZsk. ;w[zd yK B/ gfjbk tko ehsk, f;o tZb sbtko ubkJh. ;a jhok f;zx B/ Ykb Bk

j'D ekoB yZph pKj nZr/ eo fdZsh, fi; ekoB r[ZN eZfNnk frnk. fco ;a jhok f;zx B/ fpibh

dh c[osh Bkb nkgDh sbtko d/ Gog{o tko Bkb ;w[zd yK dk f;o XV s'A i[dk eo fdZsk. e'Nb/

tkb/ GZi rJ/ go iKfdnK-iKfdnK fJe B/ fBÙkBk pzBQ fgS'A r'bh ubk fdZsh. r'bh ;a jhok

f;zx d/ jZE ”s/ br e/ x'V/ ˘ bZrh, x'Vk wo frnk.

E/j ”s/ poSh rZv e/ ;a jhok f;zx B/ nkfynk “nZr'A n;] eZy Bj] eoBk” iZE/ tkb/ g?db

fgzv oVQ g[Zi/ s/ Ù;so ;[ZN fdZs/. ;a jhok f;zx B/ fco nkfynk, ““ykb;k ih n;] fi; ekoi

tk;s/ ub/ ;K T[j g{ok j' frnk W. fJ; s'A fpBK ;k˘ nekb g[oy dk j'o e'Jh j[ew Bj]. fJ;

bJh j[D fiBQK B/ ;h; d/D/ jB, T[j ofjD pkeh ub/ ikD. n;] sK nkgDk fJj gzi G{se

mheok r'fonK d/ f;o GzBDk W s/ ˜kbw oki dk Bk; eoBk W.”” T[; t/b/ fiBQK B/ ikDk ;h,

T[j iZE/ ”u'A fBeb e/ xoK ˘ ub/ rJ/.

i/ fJj iZEk frq¯sko Bk j'Dk ukj[zdk sK iZE/ d/ f;zx fyzv-g[zv th ;ed/ ;B. GZi th ;ed/

;B. ;a jhok f;zx d/ efjD ”s/ fit/A e[M j'o ;kEh xo'-xoh ub/ rJ/ ;B, pkeh th ik ;ed/

;B. nfijh ;fEsh ftu fJ; iZE/ d/ f;zxK B/ Ùjhdh d/D dh rZb wB ftu Xko e/ jh

frq¯skohnK fdZshnK ;B.

;oekoh d;skt/˜K nB[;ko fJ; Ùjhdh iZE/ d/ 68 f;ZyK ˘ fiBQK ftu d' phphnK th Ùkfwb

;B, fgzv oVQ s'A 16 iBtoh dh Ùkw ˘ frq¯sko eo e/ Ù/og[o EkD/ fbnKdk frnk. fJBQK ftu'A

29 f;Zy rzGho iıwh ;B. fJBQK ˘ p/VQhnK gk e/, fijV/ iıwh ;B T[BQK ˘ rZfvnK s/ bZd e/

ns/ fijV/ s[o ;ed/ ;B T[BQK ˘ s'o e/ fbnKdk frnk.

17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ wb/oe'Nbk d/ oZeV ftu nzrq/˜ n¯;o vha ;ha ektB B/ gfNnkbk,


BkGk, ;zro{o, wb/oe'Nbk nkfd okfinK dhnK s'gK wzrtk bJhnK. 9 s'gK phV e/, BkwXkoh

iZE/ d/ f;zxK ˘ s'gK Bkb T[vkT[D dk j[ew d/ fdZsk. d' s'gK okythnK oZy e/, ;Zs s'gK Bkb

;Zs tko, ;Zs-;Zs f;zx T[vk e/ 49 f;Zy s{zpk-sz{pk eo Ùjhd eo fdZs/ rJ/. fJe pkoK ;kb

d/ pkbe fpÙB f;zx ˘ sbtko Bkb eZN e/ Ùjhd ehsk frnk. 18 iBtoh ˘ iZE/ d/ pkeh 16

f;zx th s'gK Bkb g[o˜k-g[o˜k eo Ùjhd eo fdZs/ rJ/. wb/oe'Nbk d/ oZeV ftu Ùjhd j' oj/

e{fenK ˘ t/yD bJh ;oekoh nfjbekoK ns/ n¯;oK s'A fpBK e'Nb/ s/ nkb/-d[nkb/ d/ fgzvK

dh iBsk fJZemh j' rJh ;h.

fpBK w[eZdwk ubkJ/ 66 BkwXkoh f;ZyK ˘ Ùjhd eo e/ vha ;ha ektB ;'udk ;h fe T[j

e{ek nzd'bB ˘ ısw eo d/t/rk go wb/oe'Nb/ d/ oZeV ftu tfrnk e{fenK dk y{B nk˜kdh

d/ phi ˘ gkDh d/ fojk ;h.

((;;ooeekkoohh dd;;sskktt//˜̃KK nnBB[[;;kkoo))wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhddKK ddhh ;;{{uuhh

1166 iiBBttoohh 11887722 ˘̆ ffrrqq¯̄sskkoo eehhss// rrJJ// 6688 ee{{ffeennKK ddhh ffbb;;NN

BBzzLL BBkkww ffggsskk ddkk BBKK tt//oottkk ffggzzvv iiııwwhh EEkkDDkk ssffjj;;hhbb nnkkffdd

1a ;a jhok f;zx ;a ekjB f;zx fiw]dko ;eo"dh jK sfj;hb GtkBhrVQ2a ;a bfjDk f;zx ;a wfjskp f;zx fiw]dko ;eo"dh jK sfj;hb GtkBhrVQ3a ;a i? f;zx ;a rzvk f;zx fiw]dko GZdbE{jk jK EkDk nwb'j, fJbkek

;oeko BkGk4a ;a ekjB f;zx ;a neod f;zx fiw]dko bfjok jK EkDk v/jb'A,

f˜bQk b[fXnkDk5a ;a d/tk f;zx ;a je{ws f;zx fiw]dko b'jrVQ jK EkDk v/jb'A, f˜bQk

b[fXnkDk6a ;aBkokfJD f;zx ;a wfjskp f;zx fiw]dko oVQ jK sfj;hb Ù/og[o7a ;a w'rk f;zx ;a ;kfjp f;zx fiw]dko wfjoki jK EkDk BEkDk, sfj;hb

w'rk, f˜bQk fco'˜g[o8a ;a tfonkw f;zx ;a nwohe f;zx fiw]dko wfjoki jK EkDk BEkDk, sfj;hb

w'rk, f˜bQk fco'˜g[o9a ;a nso f;zx ;a Gkr f;zx fiw]dko wfjoki jK EkDk BEkDk, sfj;hb

w'rk, f˜bQk fco'˜g[o


10a ;a r[ow[y f;zx ;a ıikB f;zzx fiw]dko cotkjh jK fJbkek e'Nbk

11a ;a G{g f;zx ;a ıikB f;zzx fiw]dko cotkjh jK fJbkek e'Nbk

12a ;a ıikB f;zzx ;a tiho f;zx fiw]dko wZb'e/ jK fJbkek ¯ohde'N

13a ;a tfonkw f;zx ;a Brkjhnk f;zx fiw]dko w{zw jK EkDk Gd"V, sfj;hb nBkjdrVQ (poBkbk)

14a ;odkoBh fJzdK ;[gsBh ;aBzd f;zx fiw]dko jzfvnkfJnk jK EkDk t sfj;hb nBkjdrVQ

15a ;a ekjB f;zx ;a vZbk f;zx fiw]dko bfjok jK EkDk ;[Bkw

16a ;a BZEk f;zx ;a pZ[X f;zx fiw]dko poBkbk jK fJbkek gfNnkbk

17a ;a jhok f;zx ;a wfjskp f;zx fiw]dko oVQ jK EkDk-t-sfj;hb Ù/og[o

18a ;a tfonkw f;zx ;a wZyD f;zzx fiw]dko poBkbk jK EkDk t sfj;hb nBkjdrVQ

19a ;a ;[ikB f;zx ;a ;[Zuk f;zx fiw]dko op'A jK EkDk v/jb'A, f˜bQk b[fXnkDk

20a ;a T[Zsw f;zx ;a w/jo f;zx fiw]dko o[Vek jK EkDk v/jb'A, f˜bQk b[fXnkDk

21a ;a nso f;zx ;a d/;k f;zx fiw]dko wSokJ/ jK EkDk t sfj;hb

nwb'j, fJbkek BkGk

22a ;a itkjo f;zzx ;a d/;k f;zx fiw]dko wSokJ/ jK EkDk t sfj;hb nwb'j, fJbkek BkGk

23 ;a p;zs f;zx ;a ;[ikB f;zx ıkeo'p ;/bpokj jK EkDk t sfj;hb c{b

24a ;a fBjkb f;zx ;a p{Nk f;zx fiw]dko bfjok jK EkDk v/jb'A, f˜bQk b[fXnkDk

25a ;a jkew f;zx ;a p[ZX f;zx fiw]dko Mpkb jK f˜bQk nzfwqs;o

26a ;a p/bk f;zx ;a okw f;zx ıkeo'p op'A Bj] EkDk v/jb'A, f˜bQk b[fXnkDk

27a ;a fws f;zx ;a p[X f;zx ıkeo'p ;eo"dh Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb GtkBhrVQ

28a ;a itkjo f;zx ;a T{Xw f;zzx ıkeo'p pkbhnK Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb Ù/og[o

29a ;a ıikB f;zx ;a GrtkB f;zx ıkeo'p gho e/ e'N Bj] sfj;hb okJ/;o

30 ;a ;/Xk f;zx ;a d:k f;zx fiw]dko op'A Bj] EkDk v/jb'A, f˜bQk b[fXnkDk

31a ;a ;'Gk f;zx ;a d:k f;zx fiw]dko op'A Bj] EkDk v/jb'A, f˜bQk b[fXnkDk


32a ;a tiho f;zx ;a pkok f;zx fiw]dko op'A Bj] EkDk v/jb'A, f˜bQk b[fXnkDk

33a ;a r[ow[y f;zx ;a pjkb/ siko bskbk Bj] EkDk v/jb'A, f˜bQk (d[ekBdko) b[fXnkDk

34a ;a pho f;zx ;a ;[j/b f;zx fiw]dko wz{w Bj] EkDk Gd"V,sfj;hbnBkjdrVQ

35a ;a G{g f;zx ;a w/jo f;zx fiw]dko fdnkbrVQ Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb GtkBhrVQ

36a ;a t;ktk f;zx ;a ;"AXk f;zx fiw]dko fdnkbrVQ Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb GtkBhrVQ

37a ;a tfonkw f;zx ;a bfjDk f;zx fiw]dko fdnkbrVQ Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb GtkBhrVQ

38a ;a nB{g f;zx ;a wfjskp f;zx fiw]dko ;eo"dh Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb GtkBhrVQ

39a ;a G{g f;zx ;a G{ok f;zx fiw]dko dhtk Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb ;kfjprVQ (gkfJb)

40a ;a osB f;zx ;a uso f;zx fiw]dko r[wNh Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb Ù/og[o

41a ;a r[ofdZs f;zx ;a oZph f;zx fiw]dko oVQ Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb Ù/og[o

42a ;a fpÙB f;zx ;a wjK f;zx okwrVQhnk oVQ jK EkDk t sfj;hb Ù/og[o

43a ;a d;"AXk f;zx ;a pho f;zx B˜ko(soykD) fpbk;g[o jK EkDk ywkD'A

44a ;a joBkw f;zx ;a i? f;zx fiw]dko xB"oh Bj] Ù/og[o, sfj;hb nworVQ

45a ;a tfonkw f;zx ;a wkjhnk f;zx fiw]dko pjkd[o Bj] f˜bQk nzpkbkf;zx tkbk

46a ;odkoBh y/w'A ;a r[o;k f;zx fiw]dko fdZs{g[ok jK EkDk u[BkoEb47a ;a gq/w f;zx ;a wkB f;zx fiw]dko rrVQg[o Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb

;zro{o,fJbkek i]d 48a ;a ekjB f;zx ;a jor[bkb f;zx okwrVQhnk ;zr'tkb Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb

;kfjprVQ49a ;a joBkw f;zx ;a db/b f;zx fiw]dko wzvh jK EkDk BkJhnK

tkbk, fJbkek i]d 50a ;a nbp/b f;zx ;a ;[ikB f;zx fiw]dko pkbhnK Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb

Ù/og[o51a ;a ;Zdk f;zx ;a wjK f;zx okwrVQhnk oVQ Bj] EkDk Ù/og[o


52a ;a joBkw f;zx ;a uVQs f;zx okwrVQhnk oVQ Bj] EkDk Ù/og[o53a ;a pıÙk f;zx ;a skok f;zx no'Vk izvtkbk Bj] EkDk ;o;k54a ;a uVQs f;zzx ;a Xow f;zx fiw]dko pkbhnK Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb

Ù/og[o55a ;a o{V f;zx ;a p{Nk f;zx okwrVQhnk wZb{wkiok Bj] EkDk Ù/og[o56a ;a e/;o f;zx ;a fXnkB f;zzx S]pk frZb Bj] EkDk c{b,

fJbkek BkGk57a ;a uVQs f;zx ;a wkx f;zx fiw]dko o[Vek Bj] EkDk v/jb'A, f˜bQk

b[fXnkDk 58a ;a Grs f;zx ;a fdnkb f;zx fiw]dko eKMbk Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb

Ù/og[o59a ;a ihtB f;zx ;a X"Aeb f;zx fiw]dko c{b Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb

;[Bkw60a ;a Ù'Gk f;zx ;a ıikB f;zzzx fiw]dko GZdbE{jk Bj] EkDk nwb'j

fJbkek BkGk61a ;a Ùkw f;zx ;a tho f;zx fiw]dko i'rk Bj] fJbkek fGyh 62a ;a ;Zdk f;zx ;a o{gk f;zx fiw]dko i'rk Bj] fJbkek fGyh 63a ;a wjK f;zx ;a wzrb f;zx fiw]dko ukU e/ Bj] EkDk wb"d,

fJbkek e'N64a ;a uVQs f;zx ;a okw f;zx fiw]dko pkbhnK Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb

Ù/og[o65a ;a o{V f;zx ;a iZ;k f;zx fiw]dko fpÙBg[ok Bj] EkDk ;kfjprVQ 66a ;a jhok f;zx ;a tho f;zx fiw]dko fgZE' e/ Bj] EkDk c{b,

fJbkek BkGk67a ;a uso f;zx ;a r[bkp f;zx fiw]dko r[wNh Bj] EkDk t sfj;hb

Ù/og[o68a ;a eNko f;zx ;a N/e f;zx fiw]dko XB"bk Bj] fJbkek BkGk

BB''NNLL-- TT[[oodd{{,, nnoopphh cckkoo;;hh dd// ww{{bb dd;;sskktt//ii ffeesskkpp dd// nnzzssww nnffXXnnkkffJJ ffttuu tt//yy'' ggzzBBkk BBzz LL116677--

117766 ss// dd//yyØØ..


wwbb//ooee''NNbb// ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhddKK ddhh ffbb;;NN ddhh

dd;;sskktt//˜̃hh ss;;ddhhee ppkkoo//

wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ s'A pknd fijV/ frq¯sko j'J/ 68 BkwXkoh f;Zy Ù/og[o EkD/ ftu fbnKd/

rJ/, T[BQK dh fb;N gfNnkbk nkoekJht d/ d;skt/iK ftu'A bZGh rJh W.

16 iBtoh dh Ùkw ˘ jh 68 BkwXkoh f;Zy Ù/og[o EkD/ fbnKd/ rJ/ ;B ns/ 17 iBtoh

1872 ˘ fpBK w[eZdwk ubkJ/ fJBQK ftu Ùkfwb d' fJ;sohnK (wkJh fJzd e"o ns/ wkJh y/w

e"o) ˘ SZv e/ 49 f;Zy wb/oe'Nbk d/ oZeV ftu s'gK Bkb ns/ fJe 12 ;kb d/ pkbe fpÙB

f;zx ˘ sbtkoK Bkb eZN e/ Ùjhd eo fdZsk frnk ;h. pkeh pu/ 16 f;Zy 18 iBtoh ˘ s'gK

Bkb Ùjhd eo fdZs/ rJ/.

uz{fe vha ;ha ektB B/ nfijk eofdnK 17 iBtoh ˘ e'Jh o;wh s"o ”s/ th ndkbsh

ekotkJh Bj] ;h ehsh, J/; bJh 17 iBtoh tkb/ ÙjhdK dh ni/ she e'Jh gqwkfDs fb;N

T[gbpX Bj] ;h.

;a Bkjo f;zx B/ fdZbh nkoekJht s'A e{ek w{tw?AN pko/ nzrq/˜h ftu fby/ d;skt/˜ eYtkJ/

;B, T[BQK ftu'A 18 iBtoh 1872 ˘ wb/oe'Nbk fty/ Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 16 BkwXkoh f;ZyK dh

fb;N fwb rJh ;h. fJj fb;N ;ta ;a Bkjo f;zx dh g[;se “REBEL AGAINST THEBRITISH RULE” d/ gzBk Bza 204-205 s/ Sgh j'Jh W.

wb/oe'Nbk d// 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ Ùjhd ehs/ BkwXkoh f;ZyK dh fb;N gfjbh tko

d;skt/˜K ftu'A fwbh W. gfjb'A sK fJj gsk Bj] ;h br fojk fe 140 d/ eqhp f;ZyK d/ iZE/

ftu'A fejV/ fBeb e/ ub/ rJ/ s/ fejV/ Ùjhd j'J/. ;ta ;a Bkjo f;zx jw/ÙK w?˘ nkfynk eod/

;B fe BkwXkoh fJfsjk; ;zpzXh j'o d;skt/˜ s[;] gfNnkb/ s'A bZG', T[ZE'A jh fwbDr/. fco w?˘

;a Bkjo f;zx d/ ;fj:'rh gq'a wbftzdoihs f;zx tV?u B/ th fejk fe s[;] gfNnkb/ s'A foekov

bZG', w?A th bZGdk jK. ;' n;] d''t/A gfNnkb/ nkoekJht s'A fJj foekov bZG oj/ ;K, yk; s"o

”s/ wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ ÙjhdK dh fb;N.

fJj ;ko/ d;skt/˜ T[od{, cko;h s/ noph dh fwbh i[bh GkÙk ftu fby/ j'J/ jB. e[M

ckfJbK w?A eYtkJhnK th go w?˘ T[go'es GkÙktK gVQBhnK Bj] nkT[AdhnK. ;qh ;fsr[o{

irihs f;zx ih dh feogk Bkb gq'a wbftzdoihs f;zx tV?u ˘ foekov c'bfdnK, T[BQK 68


;ohoK d/ BktK, EktK dh fb;N bZG rJh fiBQK ˘ oVQ s'A wb/oe'Nbk fbikfJnk frnk ;h.

w?A th fJ; fb;N dk 5-6 ifDnK s'A nB[tkd eotkfJnk ns/ gq'a wbftzdoihs f;zx B/

th, fco n;] d'jK B/ d' fszB p?meK ftu fJ; fb;N ˘ gzikph ftu fsnko ehsk. feT[Afe w?A

ÙjhdK d/ fJfsjk;, fgzvK ns/ gfotkoK dh eJh ;kb y'i ehsh W, fJ; nXko ”s/ w?˘ fJj

ikDekoh W fe fgzv dk BK pbk;"o dh EK “fpbk;g[o”, wiokJh dh “wSokJ/”, ;?dpokjK dh EK

“;/b pokj” X"bk dh EK “XB"bk”, wb{ w[ikfonk dh EK “wZb{ wkiok” j'Dk ukjhdk ;h.

fJj fb;N ni/ th nzfsw Bj] W, feT[Afe T[; t/b/ ekjbh ekjbh fby/ BktK ftu e'Jh

rbsh ofj ikDh ;zGt W. fco th fJj fb;N n;bhns d/ ekch B/V/ W. uko-gzi rbshnK j'

;edhnK jB. fit/A fe ;{uh BzL 25 ftu r[bkp f;zx ;g[Zso iwhns f;zx fgzzv fw;oKtkbk

f˜bQk nzfwqs;o fbfynk W go ;a Bkjo f;zx dh g[;se ”u Sg/ w[ZedfwnK d/ vke{w?AN; ftu

fJj BK jkew f;zx fgzv Mpkb fbfynk j'fJnk W. nzfwqs;o ftu fw;oKtkbk e'Jh fgzv Bj] W,

Mpkb W. Ùjhd jkew f;zx d/ gfotko pko/ th w?˘ g{oh ikDekoh W.

pkbe Ùjhd fpÙB f;zx fgzv oVQ ;a wfjskp f;zx dk g[Zso Bj] ;r'A ;a wjK f;zx ukBk

dk g[Zso ;h. vke{w?AN; nB[;ko ““wfjskp f;zx sK ekch ;wK gfjbK wo frnk W. xo T[jd/ Bkw

Bkb wÙj{o W. T[jd/ d' p/N/ BkokfJD f;zx s/ jhok f;zx fijV/ iıwh j' rJ/ ;B, go;'A e'Nbk

fty/ s'g Bkb T[vk fdZs/ rJ/ jB. e[M E'VQk pj[sk ;wkB, fijVk T[BQK d/ xo ”u ;h, T[j n;]

b? nkJ/ ;K s/ T[ZE/ e[M Bj] SZfvnk.@

Ùjhd fpÙB f;zx d/ d' Gok Ùjhd ;Zdk f;zx s/ Ùjhd joBkw f;zx fgzv oVQ th wb/oe'Nbk

;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu 17 iBtoh ˘ s'gK Bkb T[vk e/ Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/. Ùjhd fpÙB f;zx,

;dk f;zx s/ joBkw f;zx fszB'A Gok ;B. Ùjhd fpÙB f;zx ns/ Ùjhd ;Zdk f;zx d/ fgsk dk BK

wjK f;zx ns/ Ùjhd joBkw f;zx d/ fgsk dk BK uVQs f;zx ;h. ;a wjK f;zx ns/ ;a uVQs

f;zzx d't/A ;e/ Gok ;B. Ùjhd fpÙB f;zx, Ùjhd joBkw f;zx sK eqwtko 12 s/ 14 ;kb d/ pZu/

;B. Ùjhd ;Zdk f;zx eqhp 24 ;kb d/ ;B. nr'A fJBQK dk gfotko uZb fojk W.

;{uh BzL 53 izvtkbk (;o;k) dk Ùjhd pıÙk f;zx fbfynk j?. g[okDhnK fb;NK ftu fJj

BK go;k f;zx j?. j' ;edk j?, dZ;D tkb/ B/ “go;k f;zx” dZf;nk j't/ s/ fbyD tkb/ B/ “pıÙk

f;zx” fby fdZsk j't/.


wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhdd

1177 nnss// 1188 iiBBttoohh 11887722 nnBB[[;;kkoo

ss''ggKK BBkkbb ÙÙjjhhdd eehhss// rrJJ// 6666 BBkkwwXXkkoohh ff;;ZZyyKK ddhh ;;{{uuhh

1177 iiBBttoohh ˘̆ ÙÙjjhhdd eehhss// rrJJ// 5500 ff;;ZZyy

BBzzLL BBkkww ffggsskk ddkk BBKK ffggzzvv ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb jj[[DD ff˜̃bbkk

1a ;a jhok f;zx ;a ekjB f;zx ;eo"dh GtkBhrVQ$;zzro{o ;zro{o

2a ;a bfjDk f;zx ;a wfjskp f;zx ;eo"dh GtkBhrVQ$;zzro{o ;zro{o

3a ;a fws f;zx ;a p[X f;zx ;eo"dh GtkBhrVQ$;zzro{o ;zro{o

4a ;a G{g f;zx ;a w/jo f;zx fdnkbrVQ GtkBhrVQ$;zzro{o ;zro{o

5a ;a tfonkw f;zx ;a bfjDk f;zx fdnkbrVQ GtkBhrVQ$;zzro{o ;zro{o

6a ;a t;ktk f;zx ;a ;"AXk f;zx fdnkbrVQ GtkBhrVQ$;zzro{o ;zro{o

7a ;a BkokfJD f;zx ;a wfjskp f;zx o{VrVQ (oVQ) Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o

8a ;a jhok f;zx ;a wfjskp f;zx o{VrVQ (oVQ) Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o

9a ;a fpÙB f;zx ;a wjK f;zx o{VrVQ (oVQ) Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o

10a ;a ;Zdk f;zx ;a wjK f;zx o{VrVQ (oVQ) Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o

11a ;a joBkw f;zx ;a uVQs f;zx o{VrVQ (oVQ) Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o

12a ;a r[ofdZs f;zx ;a oZph f;zx o{VrVQ (oVQ) Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o

13a ;a r[ow[y f;zx ;a ıikB f;zzx cotkjh Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o

14a ;a G{g f;zx ;a ıikB f;zzx cotkjh Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o

15a ;a joBkw f;zx ;a i? f;zx xB"oh Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o

16a ;a gq/w f;zx ;a wkB f;zx rrVg[o ;zro{o$;zro{o ;zro{o

17a ;a uVQs f;zzx ;a Xow f;zx pkbhnK ;zro{o$;zro{o ;zro{o

18a ;a uVQs f;zx ;a okw f;zx pkbhnK ;zro{o$;zro{o ;zro{o


19a ;a ekjB f;zx ;a vZbk f;zx bfjok bfjokrkrk$bfjok ;zro{o

20a ;a ihtB f;zx ;a X"Aeb f;zx c{bd nBdkBk$w{Be ;zro{o

21a ;a eNko f;zx ;a N/e f;zx XB"bk poBkbk$poBkbk poBkbk

(fgzvh itzX/)

22a ;a tfonkw f;zx ;a wZyD f;zzx poBkbk poBkbk$poBkbk poBkbk

23 ;a BZEk f;zx ;a pZ[X f;zx poBkbk poBkbk$poBkbk poBkbk

24a ;a uso f;zx ;a r[bkp f;zx r[wNh poBkbk$poBkbk poBkbk

25a ;a osB f;zx ;a uso f;zx r[wNh poBkbk$poBkbk poBkbk

26a ;a tfonkw f;zx ;a Brkjhnk f;zx w{zw wfjbebK$poBkbk poBkbk

27a ;a pho f;zx ;a ;[j/b f;zx w{zw wfjbebK$poBkbk poBkbk

28a ;a w'rk f;zx ;a ;kfjp f;zx wfjoki okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk

29a ;a nso f;zx ;a Gkr f;zx wfjoki okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk

30 ;a joBkw f;zx ;a db/b f;zx wzvh ebK okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk

31a ;a wjK f;zx ;a wzrb f;zx ukU e/ okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk

32a ;a p;zs f;zx ;a ;[ikB f;zx ;/bpokj okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk

33a ;a ıikB f;zx ;a GrtkB f;zx gho e/ e'N okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk

34a ;a ekjB f;zx ;a jor[bkb f;zx ;zr'tkb b[fXnkDk$b[fXnkDk b[fXnkDk

35a ;a tiho f;zx ;a pkok f;zx op'A T[Zuh v/jb'A$gkfJb b[fXnkDk

36a ;a o{V f;zx ;a iZ;k f;zx fpÙBg[ok d'okjk$gkfJb b[fXnkDk

37a ;a G{g f;zx ;a G{ok f;zx dhtk wzv/o yzBk$gkfJb b[fXnkDk

38a ;a d/tk f;zx ;a je{ws f;zx b'jrVQ gZy'tkb$b[fXnkDk b[fXnkDk

39a ;a r[ow[y f;zx ;a pjkb/ bskbk gZy'tkb$b[fXnkDk b[fXnkDk

40a ;a fBjkb f;zx ;a p{Nk f;zx bfjok v/jb'A$b[fXnkDk b[fXnkDk

41a ;a ekjB f;zx ;a neod f;zx bfjok v/jb'A$b[fXnkDk b[fXnkDk

42a ;a T[Zsw f;zx ;a w/jo f;zx o[Vek v/jb'A$b[fXnkDk b[fXnkDk

43a ;a uVQs f;zx ;a wkx f;zx o[Vek v/jb'A$b[fXnkDk b[fXnkDk

44a ;a i? f;zx ;a rzvk f;zx GZdbE{jk nwb'j$nwb'j cfsjrVQ ;kfjp

45a ;a nso f;zx ;a d/;k f;zx wSokJ/ ebK nwb'j$nwb'j cfsjrVQ ;kfjp

46a ;a itkjo f;zzx ;a d/;k f;zx wSokJ/ ebK nwb'j$nwb'j cfsjrVQ ;kfjp

47a ;a d;"AXk f;zx ;a pho f;zx fpbk;g[o ywkD'A$ywkD'A cfsjrVQ ;kfjp

48a ;a ;Zdk f;zx ;a o{gk f;zx i'rk fGyh$wkB;k wkB;k


49a ;a ıikB f;zzx ;a tiho f;zx wZb'e/ ˜hok$˜hok f¯o'˜g[o

50a ;a pıÙk f;zx ;a skok f;zx izvtkbk vZptkbh ;o;k

BB''NNLL-- s/ 50 tK f;zx fJe pkoK ;kb dk pkbe fpÙB f;zx fgzv oVQ j[D f˜bQk ;zro{o

(T[go'es fb;N ftu Bza 9 s/) ;h fi; ˘ sbtkoK Bkb eZN e/ Ùjhd ehsk frnk.

wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhdd

1188 iiBBttoohh 11887722 ˘̆ ss''ggKK BBkkbb ÙÙjjhhdd eehhss// rrJJ// 1166 ee{{ffeennKK ddhh ffbb;;NN


1a ;a nB{g f;zx ;a wfjskp f;zx ;eo"dh GtkBhrVQ$;zzro{o ;zro{o

2a ;a Grs f;zx ;a fdnkb f;zx eKMbk Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o

3a ;a nbp/b f;zx ;a ;[ikB f;zx pkbhnK ;zro{o$;zro{o ;zro{o

4a ;a itkjo f;zx ;a T{Xw f;zzx pkbhnK ;zro{o$;zro{o ;zro{o

5a ;a o{V f;zx ;a p{Nk f;zx wZb{wkiok wb/oe'Nbk$X{oh ;zro{o

6a ;a jhok f;zx ;a tho f;zx fgZE' okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk

7a ;a e/;o f;zx ;a fXnkB f;zzx frZbebK okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk

8a ;a tfonkw f;zx ;a nwohe f;zx wfjoki okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk

9a ;a ;[ikB f;zx ;a ;[Zuk f;zx op'A T[Zuh v/jb'A$gkfJb b[fXnkDk

10a ;a p/bk f;zx ;a okw f;zx op'A T[Zuh v/jb'A$gkfJb b[fXnkDk

11a ;a ;'Gk f;zx ;a d:k f;zx op'A T[Zuh v/jb'A$gkfJb b[fXnkDk

12a ;a ;/Xk f;zx ;a d:k f;zx op'A T[Zuh v/jb'A$gkfJb b[fXnkDk

13a ;a Ù'Gk f;zx ;a ıikB f;zzzx GZdbE{jk nwb'j$nwb'j cfsjrVQ ;kfjp

14a ;a Ùkw f;zx ;a tho f;zx i'rk fGyh$wkB;k wkB;k

15a ;a jkew f;zx ;a p[ZX f;zx Mpkb soBskoB$ soBskoB

soBskoB

16a ;a tfonkw f;zx ;a wkjhnk f;zx pjkd[o nzpkbk

f;zx tkbk


wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhdd((BBtt//AA ppDD// ff˜̃ffbbQQnnKK nnBB[[;;kkoo))

1177 nnss// 1188 iiBBttoohh 11887722 ˘̆

ss''ggKK BBkkbb ÙÙjjhhdd eehhss// rrJJ// 6666 BBkkwwXXkkoohh ff;;ZZyyKK ddhh ;;{{uuhh

BBzzLL BBkkww ffggsskk ddkk BBKK ffggzzvv ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb jj[[DD ff˜̃bbkk ffwwsshh

1a ;a jhok f;zx ;a ekjB f;zx ;eo"dh GtkBhrVQ$;zzro{o ;zro{o 17

2a ;a bfjDk f;zx ;a wfjskp f;zx ;eo"dh GtkBhrVQ$;zzro{o ;zro{o 17

3a ;a nB{g f;zx ;a wfjskp f;zx ;eo"dh GtkBhrVQ$;zzro{o ;zro{o 1188

4a ;a fws f;zx ;a p[X f;zx ;eo"dh GtkBhrVQ$;zzro{o ;zro{o 17

5a ;a G{g f;zx ;a w/jo f;zx fdnkbrVQ GtkBhrVQ$;zzro{o ;zro{o 17

6a ;a tfonkw f;zx ;a bfjDk f;zx fdnkbrVQ GtkBhrVQ$;zzro{o ;zro{o 17

7a ;a t;ktk f;zx ;a ;"AXk f;zx fdnkbrVQ GtkBhrVQ$;zzro{o ;zro{o 17

8a ;a fpÙB f;zx ;a wjK f;zx o{VrVQ (oVQ) Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o 17

9a ;a ;Zdk f;zx ;a wjK f;zx o{VrVQ (oVQ) Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o 17

10a ;a joBkw f;zx ;a uVQs f;zx o{VrVQ (oVQ) Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o 17

11a ;a BkokfJD f;zx ;a wfjskp f;zx o{VrVQ (oVQ) Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o 17

12a ;a jhok f;zx ;a wfjskp f;zx o{VrVQ (oVQ) Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o 17

13a ;a r[ofdZs f;zx ;a oZph f;zx o{VrVQ (oVQ) Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o 17

14a ;a r[ow[y f;zx ;a ıikB f;zzx cotkjh Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o 17

15a ;a G{g f;zx ;a ıikB f;zzx cotkjh Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o 17

16a ;a joBkw f;zx ;a i? f;zx xB"oh Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o 17

17a ;a Grs f;zx ;a fdnkb f;zx eKMbk Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o 1188


18a ;a gq/w f;zx ;a wkB f;zx rrVg[o ;zro{o$;zro{o ;zro{o 17

19a ;a uVQs f;zzx ;a Xow f;zx pkbhnK ;zro{o$;zro{o ;zro{o 17

20a ;a uVQs f;zx ;a okw f;zx pkbhnK ;zro{o$;zro{o ;zro{o 17

21a ;a nbp/b f;zx ;a ;[ikB f;zx pkbhnK ;zro{o$;zro{o ;zro{o 1188

22a ;a itkjo f;zx ;a T{Xw f;zzx pkbhnK ;zro{o$;zro{o ;zro{o 1188

23 ;a ekjB f;zx ;a vZbk f;zx bfjok bfjokrkrk$bfjok ;zro{o 17

24a ;a ihtB f;zx ;a X"Aeb f;zx c{bd nBdkBk$w{Be ;zro{o 17

25a ;a o{V f;zx ;a p{Nk f;zx wZb{wkiok wb/oe'Nbk$X{oh ;zro{o 1188

26a ;a eNko f;zx ;a N/e f;zx XB"bk poBkbk$poBkbk poBkbk 17

(fgzvh itzX/)

27a ;a tfonkw f;zx ;a wZyD f;zzx poBkbk poBkbk$poBkbk poBkbk 17

28a ;a BZEk f;zx ;a pZ[X f;zx poBkbk poBkbk$poBkbk poBkbk 17

29a ;a uso f;zx ;a r[bkp f;zx r[wNh poBkbk$poBkbk poBkbk 17

30 ;a osB f;zx ;a uso f;zx r[wNh poBkbk$poBkbk poBkbk 17

31a ;a tfonkw f;zx ;a Brkjhnk f;zx w{zw wfjbebK$poBkbk poBkbk 17

32a ;a pho f;zx ;a ;[j/b f;zx w{zw wfjbebK$poBkbk poBkbk 17

33a ;a joBkw f;zx ;a db/b f;zx wzvh ebK okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk 17

34a ;a wjK f;zx ;a wzrb f;zx ukU e/ okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk 17

35a ;a p;zs f;zx ;a ;[ikB f;zx ;/bpokj okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk 17

36a ;a ıikB f;zx ;a GrtkB f;zx gho e/ e'N okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk 17

37a ;a w'rk f;zx ;a ;kfjp f;zx wfjoki okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk 17

38a ;a nso f;zx ;a Gkr f;zx wfjoki okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk 17

39a ;a tfonkw f;zx ;a nwohe f;zx wfjoki okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk 1188

40a ;a jhok f;zx ;a tho f;zx fgZE' okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk 1188

41a ;a e/;o f;zx ;a fXnkB f;zzx frZbebK okwg[ok$c{b pfmzvk 1188

42a ;a ;[ikB f;zx ;a ;[Zuk f;zx op'A T[Zuh v/jb'A$gkfJb b[fXnkDk 1188

43a ;a p/bk f;zx ;a okw f;zx op'A T[Zuh v/jb'A$gkfJb b[fXnkDk 1188

44a ;a ;'Gk f;zx ;a d:k f;zx op'A T[Zuh v/jb'A$gkfJb b[fXnkDk 1188


45a ;a ;/Xk f;zx ;a d:k f;zx op'A T[Zuh v/jb'A$gkfJb b[fXnkDk 1188

46a ;a tiho f;zx ;a pkok f;zx op'A T[Zuh v/jb'A$gkfJb b[fXnkDk 17

47a ;a ekjB f;zx ;a jor[bkb f;zx ;zr'tkb b[fXnkDk$b[fXnkDk b[fXnkDk 17

48a ;a o{V f;zx ;a iZ;k f;zx fpÙBg[ok d'okjk$gkfJb b[fXnkDk 17

49a ;a G{g f;zx ;a G{ok f;zx dhtk wzv/o yzBk$gkfJb b[fXnkDk 17

50a ;a d/tk f;zx ;a je{ws f;zx b'jrVQ gZy'tkb$b[fXnkDk b[fXnkDk 17

51a ;a r[ow[y f;zx ;a pjkb/ bskbk gZy'tkb$b[fXnkDk b[fXnkDk 17

52a ;a fBjkb f;zx ;a p{Nk f;zx bfjok v/jb'A$b[fXnkDk b[fXnkDk 17

53a ;a ekjB f;zx ;a neod f;zx bfjok v/jb'A$b[fXnkDk b[fXnkDk 17

54a ;a T[Zsw f;zx ;a w/jo f;zx o[Vek v/jb'A$b[fXnkDk b[fXnkDk 17

55a ;a uVQs f;zx ;a wkx f;zx o[Vek v/jb'A$b[fXnkDk b[fXnkDk 17

56a ;a Ù'Gk f;zx ;a ıikB f;zzzx GZdbE{jk nwb'j$nwb'j cfsjrVQ ;kfjp 1188

57a ;a i? f;zx ;a rzvk f;zx GZdbE{jk nwb'j$nwb'j cfsjrVQ ;kfjp 17

58a ;a nso f;zx ;a d/;k f;zx wSokJ/ ebK nwb'j$nwb'j cfsjrVQ ;kfjp 17

59a ;a itkjo f;zzx ;a d/;k f;zx wSokJ/ ebK nwb'j$nwb'j cfsjrVQ ;kfjp 17

60a ;a d;"AXk f;zx ;a pho f;zx fpbk;g[o ywkD'A$ywkD'A cfsjrVQ ;kfjp 17

61a ;a ;Zdk f;zx ;a o{gk f;zx i'rk fGyh$wkB;k wkB;k 17

62a ;a Ùkw f;zx ;a tho f;zx i'rk fGyh$wkB;k wkB;k 1188

63a ;a ıikB f;zzx ;a tiho f;zx wZb'e/ ˜hok$˜hok f¯o'˜g[o 17

64a ;a pıÙk f;zx ;a skok f;zx izvtkbk vZptkbh ;o;k 17

65a ;a jkew f;zx ;a p[ZX f;zx Mpkb soBskoB$ soBskoB 1188

soBskoB

66a ;a tfonkw f;zx ;a wkjhnk f;zx pjkd[o f;zx tkbk nzpkbk 1188


wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkee// dd// eekkbb// ggkkDDhh ee??dd eehhss// ff;;ZZyy


1a ;a GrtkB f;zx ;a okw f;zx Bzrb wkB;k$wkB;k wkB;k

2a ;a EZwD f;zx ;a nbp/b f;zx cb/Vk ;[Bkw$;[Bkw ;zro{o

3a ;a frnkB f;zx ;a db f;zx pbkVh Ù/og[o$X{oh ;zro{o

4a ;a w/jo f;zx ;a r[bkp okJ/ nbktog[o nbktog[o ibzXo

wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ ;w/A e[Zb 80 f;Zy Ùjhd j'J/, 65 f;Zy s'gK Bkb, fJe pkbe fpÙB f;zx

sbtkoK Bkb eZN e/, 10 f;Zy wb"d s/ wb/oe'Nb/ fty/ bVfdnK Ùjhd j'J/, 4 f;Zy ekb/ gkDh

dh e?d ftu Ùjhd j' rJ/.

fijV/ f;Zy wb"d ns/ wb/oe'Nbk fty/ bVfdnK Ùjhd j'J/ T[BQK pko/ d;skt/˜ Bj] fwb/

jB. w?A nkgDh ikDekoh w[skpe e[M d/ BK fby/ jB.


wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhddKK dd// tt//oott//


ff˜̃bbQQkk ;;zzrroo{{oo dd// ÙÙjjhhdd

ÙÙjjhhdd jjhhookk ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd bbffjjDDkk ff;;zzxx,,

ÙÙjjhhdd nnBB{{gg ff;;zzxx nnss// ÙÙjjhhdd ffwwZZss ff;;zzxx

ffggzzvv ;;eeoo""ddhh,, ppbbkkee GGttkkBBhhrrVVQQ,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ss// ssffjj;;hhbb ;;zzrroo{{oo

Ùjhd jhok f;zx, bfjDk f;zx s/ nB{g f;zx fszB' uku/ skJ/ d/ g[Zs Gok ;B. Ùjhd jhok

f;zx ro/tkb ;g[Zso ;a ekBQ f;zx, Ùjhd bfjDk f;zx ro/tkb ns/ Ùjhd nB{g f;zx ro/tkb

d't/A Gok ;g[Zso ;a wfjskp f;zx, Ùjhd fwZs f;zx ;zxo ;g[Zso ;a p[X f;zx, fgzv ;eo"dh, j[D

pbke GtkBhrVQ f˜bQk s/ sfj;hb ;zro{o (T[d'A fonk;s gfNnkbk) d/ fJj uko Ùjhd ;B. ;a

jhok f;zx, ;a bfjDk f;zx ns/ ;a fwZs f;zx 17 iBtoh ˘ ns/ ;a nB{g f;zx 18 iBtoh

1872 Bz{ s'gK Bkb Ùjhd j'J/.

;a jhok f;zx, ;a bfjDk f;zx ns/ ;a nB{g f;zx, fgzv ;eo"dh dh gZsh Bzd f;zx d/ fJe

jh f˜w]dko gfotko d/ ftu'A uku/, skJ/ d/ g[Zs Gok ;B. ;a Bzd f;zx, fJBQK fszBK d/ gVdkdk

ih ;B. Ùjhd fwZs f;zx ;zxo (w˜ph f;zx) fJBQK ro/tkb ;odkoK d/ ;hoh (ekw/) ;B i' fJBQK

d/ Bkb jh Ùjhdh iZE/ ftu rJ/ ns/ Ùjhd j'J/.

;a jhok f;zx ns/ ;a bfjDk f;zx d't/A wjkokik gfNnkbk dh ¯"i ftu B"eoh eod/ ;B.

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ ;zgoe ftu nk e/ BkwXkoh pD ikD wro'A fJBQK B/ wjkokik dh

B"eoh SZv fdZsh ;h ns/ ;fsr[o{ ih dh ofjB[wkJh j/m d/Ù-Grsh dh okj ”s/ s[o gJ/ ;B.

;a jhok f;zx ns/ ;a bfjDk f;zx, 13 iBtoh 1872 ˘ ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp s'A wb/oe'Nb/ ikD

tkb/ Ùjhdh iZE/ d/ w'joh ;B. Ùjhdh iZE/ ˘ wb/oe'Nbk fbnkJ/ ikD wro'A b[fXnkDk dk g[bh;

egskB fw;No gofezB˜, iZE/ d/ nkr{nK jhok f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx ˘ fwfbnk. fJ; pko/ fw;No

gofezB˜, nkgD/ 6 cotoh tkb/ ıs ftu fbydk W, ““jhok f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx B/ pj[s tXhnk

g'ÙkeK gkJhnK j'JhnK jB s/ T[j XBtkB ftnesh jB. T[BQK d/ BeÙK s/ jkt-GktK s'A gsk

brdk W fe T[j ;kj;h ns/ fdqV ftÙtk;h ftnesh jB. e?dhnK ftu'A pj[s ;ko/ rkbQK eZYd/

;B s/ y[Zbw-y[Zbk efjzd/ ;B fe n;] fJj ;oeko Bj] oZyKr/. n;] nkgDk oki pDktKr/.””


vha ;ha ektB B/ th Ùjhdh iZE/ d/ nkr{nK jhok f;zx, bfjDk f;zx Bkb rZbK ehshnK.

nkgDh 17 iBtoh dh fog'oN ftu T[j fbydk W fe, ““ fJBQK e?dhnK dk toskU pj[s fBvosk

tkbk W. T[j nzr/q˜h ;oeko s/ d/;h okfinK ˘ rkbQK d/ oj/ ;B. T[j ;ko/ wzBd/ ;B fe T[j

wb"d s/ e'Nb/ ”u j'J/ jwfbnK ftu Ùkwb ;B. T[j pj[s wkB Bkb fJj rZb ;theko eod/

;B.””

;zs ;zs'y f;zx d[nkok fby/ “;fsr[o{ fpbk;”” nB[;ko, ““fpZb/ (nzrq/˜) B/ jhok f;zx ˘

g[ZfSnk, ““s[;] rdo feT[A wukfJnk W<””

““;a jhok f;zx B/ fejk fe n;] fcozrhnk dk ns/ T[BQK d/ e[ZfsnK d/;h okfinK, BtkpK

dk oki Bj] ukj[zd/. n;] nkgD/ GkJhuko/ dk oki ukjz[d/ jK. id'A she s[jkvk s/ fJBQK dk oki

ısw Bj] j[zdk, rdo wuktKr/. f;o btKr/ s/ fdnKr/. s[jk˘ fJE'A eZY e/ ;kj btKr/. w[V-

w[V izwKr/ s/ s[jk˘ wkoKr/. s[;] rT{-pX eod/ j', n;] rT{-pX ;fjD Bj] eo ;ed/.

aaaaaaaaaa””

““jhok f;zx B/ fejk, “;wz[d yK gmkD dk e'Jh bVek W<”

fejk fe “W. ”

T[Zso fdZsk fe “p[bktkU.”

d' bVe/ ;h, T[j nkJ/. d'jK d/ f;o ”s/ jZE oZy e/ fejk fe ;w[zd yK jh n;bh tho gmkD

;h, i/ fe;/ ˘ e[M fJBkw d/Dk W sK fJBQK bVfenK ˘ jh d/D/ ukjhd/ jB.””

T[Zu Ùı;hns dk wkbe, ;a jhok f;zx ro/tkb ;{opho ;h, fJ; bJh T[; B/ nkgD/ t?oh

;w[zd yK dh ;{ophosk dh wod/ ;w/A th f;¯s ehsh ns/ Ùk;eK ˘ fejk fe ;w[zd yK d/ g[ZsoK

dh gotfoÙ dk fXnkB oZyDk õ{oh W feT[Afe T[j ;{opho gmkD d/ g[Zso jB.

17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ wb/oe'Nb/ d/ oZeV ftu ;a jhok f;zx ns/ ;a bfjDk f;zx nkgD/

gzi ;kEhnK ;w/s fJÙBkB eo e/ gfjbh tko ftu ;Zs s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ ikD tkb/ ;Zs

pzfdnK dh tkoh ftu s'gK d/ ;kjwD/ yVQ/ j'J/. “;fsr[o{ fpbk;” nB[;ko,

fpZb/ nzrq/˜ B/ Gzrh ˘ fejk, ““fJBQK ˘ oZ;/ gk e/ s'gK nr/ eo'. ””

f;zxK B/ Gzrh ˘ fejk, ““goQ/ j' ik n;] nkg jh s'gK nZr/ ik e/ yVQ/ j'tKr/.””

f;Zy tX e/ nZr/ ik yVQ/ j'J/.

fpZb/ B/ fejk, ““fgZm eo'. ””

f;zxK B/ fejk, ““fgZm Bj] eoKr/, ;Bw[y j' e/ woKr//. ””

;kj;h f;zx s'gK ;kjwD/ Sksh skD e/ yVQ/ j'J/.

s'gK ;kjwD/ yVQ/ j'J/ sK ;a jhok f;zx B/ vha ;ha ektB ˘ fejk fe, ““sz{ fJj Bk ;'u] fe


sz{ ;k˘ wko foj?, fJj sK w/o/ ;fsr[o{ dk j[ew jh fJ; soQK W. ””

ektB B/ ckfJo dk j[ew ehsk.

;a jhok f;zx B/ f;Zy s'guhnK ˘ fejk fe T[j S/sh s'g ubk e/ T[BQK ˘ Ùjhd eo d/D.

s'guh B/ r'bk gkfJnk s/ gbhsk fdZsk go s'g gbhsk uZN rJh. d{ih tko fco gbhsk

fdZsk, s'g uZN rJh. shih tko fco tko ykbh jh frnk s/ ¯kfJo Bk j'fJnk.

;a jhok f;zx B/ nkfynk fe, ““w"s ;kv/ tZ; W, s'g th j[ew Bkb jh ub/rh.””

ektB B/ eo'X Bkb f;zxK tZb t/fynk.

;a jhok f;zx B/ fejk fe, ““s[jkv/ ek˘B w[skpe fi; nkdwh ”s/ s'g d/ fszB ckfJo ykbh

ub/ ikD iK fi; d'Ùh dh fszB tkoh cK;h N[ZN ikt/ T[j w"s dh ;˜k s'A poh j' iKdk W. fi;

ek˘B dh gq;z;k eod/ s[;] EZed/ Bj], n;] fJj' f;ZX eoBk W fe s[jkvk ek˘B e'Jh uh˜ Bj],

s[jkvhnK ndkbsK fJB;k¯ d/ B/V/ Y[ZeD dk BkUA Bj] b?AdhnK. nZi s'g d/ fszB tko Bk

uZbD B/ f;ZX eo fdZsk W fe s[;] th M{m/ j' s/ s[jkvk ek˘B th M{mk W.””

fco ;a jhok f;zx s/ T[; d/ ;kEhnK B/ rb ftu gZbk gk e/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d/ uoBK ftu

Ùjhd j'D dh nodk; ehsh s/ fejk fe “j[D s'g ubkU, j[D fgnko/ uhBh tkb/ ;fsr[o{ dk

j[ew W. n;K sK Xow fjZs woBk W s/ nkgDk d/Ù n˜kd eoBk W. n;K Xow d/ tgkohnK B/

w"s ıohd b?Dh W s/ Ùjhd j'Dk W.”

u"Eh tko s'g uZbh s/ ;ZsK f;zxK d/ ;ohoK d/ nzr tZy'-tZy' j' d{o-d{o ik fvZr/.

s'gK gzikp dhnK fonk;sK d/ f;Zy wjkokfinK dhnK ;B s/ s'guh th f;Zy ;odko ;B.

nzrq/˜K dh Bhsh jh nfijh ;h fe f;yK jZE'A jh f;Zy GoktK dk esb eotk oj/ ;B.

fJzi 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ wb/oe'Nb/ d/ oZeV ftu ;Zs tkoh ;Zs s'gK fJe' tko ubhnK

d/ ;Zs-;Zs f;zx Ùjhd j[zd/ rJ/. tko' tkoh f;zx nkg jh dhtkB ftu'A nodk; eo e/ T[m e/

nkT[Ad/ s/ s'gK d/ nr/ Sksh skD e/ yVQ/ j' iKd/. id'A s'g dk r'bk tidk, ;oho d/ N'N/-N'N/

eo e/ nekÙ ˘ b? T[Zvdk.

;fsr[o{ fpbk; Gkr gfjbk -GkJh ;zs'y f;zx pkj'tkb (;zgkde i;ftdzo f;zx) ;ck 351-

352 nB[;ko, ““GkJh jhok f;zx dk ;oho dofwnkBk ;h. u"frod dkVk x/o/dko. id p'bd/ WA

sK wkB'A Xosh Bkb p'bdh W. ukbh ;/ok p/w[jskik p'bk eod/ WA Gkt/A e'Jh r[Z;k jh j't/. i' f;zx

nkt/ pV/ gq/w Bkb ;/tk eoBh. Xow;kbk pDkfJ fe ftu y{jh btkfJ fdZsh nkJ/ rJ/ tk;s/

fp;okw e', ;tk gfjo ;/ fJÙBkB eoBk. oks fdB GiB pkDh gVB/ br/. aaaaaa wkB ;o'to ;/

jz; nkJ/ bZE/ WA Bkw e/ w'sh u[rd/ WA eJhnK f;zxK ek iZEk fJZeso j'fJnk. i' GkJh jhok f;zx

puB eo/ ;'Jh f;zxK B/ wzBDk.””

Ùjhd jhok f;zx ;eo"dh dk ftnkj fgzv gkNhnK d/ ;odkoK dh Xh fBjkb e"o Bkb j'fJnk


;h. fJBQK d/ xo ftu g[Zso, T[Zsw f;zx B/ iBw fbnk i' pugB ftu jh uVQkJh eo frnk. ;'

Ùjhd jhok f;zx d/ gfotko ftu'A n?; t/b/ e'Jh Bj] W. Ùjhd nB{g f;zx dk g[Zso feogk f;zx

th S'Nh T[wo ftu uVQkJh eo frnk ;h. ;' fJjBK d/ gfotko ftu'A th e'Jh Bj] W. Ùjhd jhok

f;zx s/ Ùjhd nB{g f;zx d/ Gok Ùjhd bfjDk f;zx d/ g[Zso roik f;zx d/ d' g[ZsoK ihs f;zzzx

s/ GiB f;zx d/ nr'A gfotko n?; t/b/ fgzv ;eo"dh dh gZsh Bzd f;zx fty/ ofjzd/ jB.

fszBK ÙjhdK d/ uku/ skfJnK d/ gfotkoK ftu'A e[M fgzv ;eo"dh, e[M fgzv cfsjrVQ Gkd;'A

(SzBk) fty/ ns/ e[M tZy' tZy EktK ”s/ ofjzd/ jB.

Ùjhd fwZs f;zx d/ g[Zso nso f;zx dk nrA' pj[s tZvk gfotko W. fJj ;ko/ gfotko, fgzv

;eo"dh fty/ ofjzd/ jB.

fgzv ;eo"dh fty/ 13 cotoh 1997 ˘ ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih dh j˜{oh ftu fgzv

;eo"dh ns/ fgzv fdnkbrVQ d/ ÙjhdK dh :kd ftu fJe tZv/ gZXo dk Ùjhd :kdrkoh ;wkrw

nEtk w/bk ehsk frnk. fi; dh fog'oN w/oh g[;se “gqekÙ g[zi” Gkr gfjbk d/ gzBk Bza 320

s'A 327 sZe Sgh j'Jh W.

ÙÙjjhhdd GG{{gg ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ttffoonnkkww ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd tt;;kkttkk ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ffddnnkkbbrrVVQQ,, ppbbkkee GGttkkBBhhrrVVQQ,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ss// ssffjj;;hhbb ;;zzrroo{{oo

Ùjhd G{g f;zx u"jkB ;g[Zso ;a fwjo f;zx, Ùjhd tfonkw f;zx u"jkB ;g[Zso ;a bfjDk

f;zx, Ùjhd t;ktk f;zx :kdt ;gZ[so ;a ;"AXk f;zx, fszB' Ùjhd fJe' fgzv fdnkbrVQ j[D

pbke GtkBhrVQ, f˜bQk ns/ sfj;hb ;zro{o (T[d'A fonk;s gfNnkbk) d/ ;B. fJj fszB' j/Vh

okig{s (r[nkb/) gfotko ftu'A ;B. fszB' nDftnkj/ B"itkB ;B. d;skt/iK nB[;ko G{g f;zx

eqhp 18-19 ;kb dk, tfonkw f;zx 15 e[ ;kb dk ns/ t;ktk f;zx T[o¯ fBZek f;zx eqhp 12

;kb dh T[wo dk ;h. fJj fszB' ;[szsosk ;zrokw d/ w'Yh ns/ “e{ek nzd'bB” d/ pkBh ;qh ;fsr[o{

okw f;zx ih d/ to';kJ/ j'J/ BkwXkoh f;Zy ;B.

wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu fszB' 17 iBtoh Bz{ Ùjhd j'J/.

fJBQK fszBK ÙjhdK d/ GoktK d/ gfotkoK d/ nr'A gfotko fgzv GtkBhrVQ fty/ ofjzd/ jB.

e[M gfotko fdnkbrVQ s/ e[M gfotko fgzv x[wzv f;zx tkbk, e[M gfotko ;wkD/ ns/ e[M j'o

tZy' tZy EktK ”s/ ofjzd/ jB.


ÙÙjjhhdd ffppÙÙBB ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ;;ZZddkk ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd jjooBBkkww ff;;zzxx,,

ÙÙjjhhdd BBkkookkffJJDD ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd jjhhookk ff;;zzxx,,

ÙÙjjhhdd rr[[ooffddZZss ff;;zzxx

ffggzzvv ooVVQQ,, ppbbkkee ÙÙ//oogg[[oo,, ssffjj;;hhbb XX{{oohh ff˜̃bbQQkk ;;zzrroo{{oo

Ùjhd fpÙB f;zx, Ùjhd ;Zdk f;zx ns/ Ùjhd joBkw f;zx fszB' uku/ skJ/ d/ g[Zs Gok

;B. Ùjhd fpÙB f;zx, Ùjhd ;Zdk f;zx ;g[Zso ;a wjK f;zx ukBk, Ùjhd joBkw f;zx ;g[Zso

;a uVQs f;zx ukBk ;B. ;a uVQs f;zx s/ ;a wjK f;zx Gok ;B. Ùjhd BkokfJD f;zx, Ùjhd

jhok f;zx d't/A Gok ;g[Zso ;a wfjskp f;zx ;B. Ùjhd r[ofdZs f;zx ;g[Zso ;a oZph f;zx ;B.

fJj S/ Ùjhd fgzv oVQ (o{VrVQ), j[D pbke Ù/og[o, sfj;hb X{oh, vkeykBk okwBro (SzBk),

f˜bQk ;zro{o (T[d'A EkDk Ù/og[o, fonk;s gfNnkbk) d/ ;B. fJj ;ko/ B"itkB nt;Ek d/ ;B.

Ùjhd fpÙB f;zx s/ Ùjhd joBkw f;zx 12 s/ 14 ;kb d/ pZu/ ;B.

fgzv oVQ d/ ;a jhok f;zx, ;a BkokfJD f;zx s/ pkbe fpÙB f;zx ˜ıwh ;B id'A T[j Ù/og[o

EkD/ fbnK[d/ rJ/.

wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu fJBQK ftu'A gzi f;ZyK - ;Zdk f;zx, joBkw f;zx,

BkokfJD f;zx, jhok f;zx ns/ r[ofdZs f;zx ˘ 17 iBtoh Bz{ s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehsk frnk.

pkbe fpÙB f;zx ˘ 17 iBtoh Bz{ jh sbtkoK Bkb eZN e/ Ùjhd ehsk frnk.

Ùjhdh iZE/ ftu fJ; wBw'jDh ;{os d/ pZu/ fpÙB f;zx ˘ t/y e/ b[fXnkD/ d/ fvgNh

efwÙBo ektB (fi; d/ j[ew Bkb e{e/ f;Zy s'gK Bkb T[vk e/ Ùjhd ehs/ ik oj/ ;B) dh gsBh

dk fdb g;hi frnk. T[; B/ ektB ˘ fJ; wk;{w ˘ SZv d/D bJh fejk.

ektB B/ fejk fe, ““fJj efj d/t/ fe fJj (r[o{) okw f;zx dk f;Zy Bj], fJ; dh ikB pıÙ

fdnKr/””

fpÙB f;zx nkyD bZrk, ““w?A ;kjp d/ ezB ftu rZb eoBh W. T[j˘ w?A dZ; fdnKrk fijVh

w?A rZb eoBh W.””

T[j˘ ;kjp j[oK d/ e'b fi; t/b/ b? e/ rJ/ s/ ektB B/ j/mK M[e e/ fi; t/b/ pZu/ nr/ f;o

BhtK eo e/ T[; dh rZb ;[DB bJh ezB nZr/ ehsk sK pkbe fpÙB f;zx i' T[; t/b/ ı[d ˜ıwh

;h, B/ ektB dh bzwh dkVQh cV e/ pj[s ˜'o Bkb MzM'Vh. nkgD/ ;fsr[o{ dh p/ndph pko/ ;[D


fpÙB f;zx dhnK nZyK nzfrnko pD rJhnK ;B sK jh T[; B/ Ù/o tKr MgN e/ ektB dh dkVQh

cV e/ ˜whB s/ v/r fbnk. nukBe jwb/ s'A xpok e/ ektB B/ g[eko ehsh. e'b yVQ/ f;gkjh

th xpok rJ/.

˜ywh pkbe fpÙB f;zx B/ ektB dh bzwh dkVQh cV e/ T[d'A she Bj] SZvh id she ektB

e'b yVQ/ sbtkoK tkb/ f;gkjhnK B/ gfjbK T[; d/ r[ZN eZN ns/ fco sbtkoK Bkb ;h; XV

s'A i[dk eo ns/ ;oho eZN e/ N'N/ N'N/ eo e/ Ùjhd Bj] eo fdZsk.

fJe ˜ywh, G[Zy/, fgnk;/ s/ EZe/ j'J/ pkoK ;kb d/ BkwXkoh pZu/ s'A nzrq/˜ n¯;o ektB

fJBQK vo frnk ;h fe 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ Ùkw dh fbyh fog'oN ftu T[; B/ fbfynk fe L-

““fJe e{e/ B/ f;gkjhnK s'A nZy puk e/ w/o/ ”s/ pVk ipod;s jwbk ehsk, T[j w/oh dkjVh ˘

fuzpV frnk ns/ w/o/ w{zj s/ jZE oZy e/ w/ok ;kj x[ND bZrk. T[j pVk jh skesto ;h , w?Bz{

T[; s'A nkgD/ nkg Bz{ S[vkT[D bJh pj[s jh w[Ùfeb g/Ù nkJh. nZi dk fdB ;Zuw[u w/o/ bJh

pj[s jh u[B"shnK Gog{o ;h.””

““T[;dk jwbk fJt/A ;h fit/A fe fpibh uweh j't/. w/ohnK nZyK nZr/ Gzp{-sko/ BZuD bZr/.

w?˘ nkgDh w"s eohp yb'sh fd;h, w?A nkgDk nzs ;wK nkfJnk ikD gqG{ f:;{ ˘ :kd ehsk.””

gfNnkbk nkoekfJt s'A eYtkJ/ vke{w?AN; nB[;ko

““fi; t/b/ fw;No ektB ;kfjp pjkd[o frq¯sko ehs/ j'J/ pkˆhnK s'A T[BQK dk jkb g[ZS

oj/ ;B sK fJe e{ek (12 ;kb dk ˜ywh pkbe fpÙB f;zx) jwbk eoe/ ektB ;kfjp fvgNh

efwÙBo ˘ fuzpV frnk. i/ T[Zsw f;zx EkD/dko gfNnkbk s/ Ù?ı poes nbh sfj;hbdko

Ù/og[o fJbkek gfNnkbk T[; ˘ Bk cVd/ sK T[j nkgDk jwbk g{ok eo u[Zfenk ;h. T[; s'A

;kfps W fe fJj b'e nzro/˜K d/ fezB/ d[ÙwD s/ fezB/ fdqV fJokd/ tkb/ ;B ns/ Bshik th

fBebdk W fe i/ fJj b'e s'gK Bkb s[ozs Bk T[vkJ/ iKd/ sK gsk Bjh fezBk e[ ¯;kd gkT[Ad/.””

fgzv oVQ d/ Ùjhd jhok f;zx, Ùjhd BokfJD f;zx ns/ Ùjhd r[ofdZs f;zx d/ Bkb ;pzXzs

gfotko sK fgzv oVQ s'A ub/ rJ/ ;B. T[BQK pko/ e[M gsk Bj] bZr ;fenk.

Ùjhd fpÙB f;zx ns/ Ùjhd joBkw f;zx sK pZu/ ;B fJBQK d/ tZv/ Gok Ùjhd ;Zdk f;zx

i' eqhp 24 ;kb dh T[wo d/ ;B, ftnkj/ j'J/ ;B. fJBQK dk fJe' g[Zso fBoziD f;zx i' Ùjhdh

;ke/ ;w/A eqhp v/Y ;kb dk ;h, ˘ T[; dh wksk nzrq/˜K dhnK BõK s'A puk e/ oZyD bJh nkgD/

fgzv M[B/o b? rJh ;h ns/ T[E/ jh gkfbnk id'A fBoziD f;zx itkB j'fJnk sK wksk B/ T[; ˘

fgzv oVQ fbnKdk.

fBoziD f;zx d/ xo d' g[Zso ;opD f;zx s/ noiB f;zzx j'J/. ;a ;opD f;zzx ns/ T[BQK dh

gsBh phph fBjkb e"o (fgzv G?Dh wfjoki dh) w/o/ c[ZcV ih s/ G{nk ih ;B. ;a ;opD f;zx d/

fszB g[Zso :kBh w/o/ Gok ;zs bkb f;zx (;qh G?Dh ;kfjp), ;zs ;[oihs f;zx (w'jkbh) ns/ ;zs

pbftzdo f;zx (X{oh) jB. nr'A fJjBK d/ gfotko uZb oj/ jB. fJBQK dk xo fgzv oVQ fty/ W.


fJj gfotko ;zB 1968 s'A fgzv tkfbnK d/ ;fj:'r Bkb fgzv oVQ d/ ;ko/ BkwXkoh ÙjhdK dh

:kd ftu jo ;kb w/bk eod/ jB. ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs dh SZso SkfJnk j/m fJj Ùjhd

:kdrkoh ;wkrw 16 iBtoh ˘ ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih dh oik w[skfpe oVQ iK ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/

ehsk iKdk W.

;a noiB f;zx d/ fszB gZ[soK ;ot ;qh i;tzs f;zx, ;ta e/;o f;zx s/ s/ik f;zx gfotko

fgzv nbhg[o ykb;k fty/ ofjzd/ jB. fJj fgzv, oVQ d/ B/V/ jh j?.

ÙÙjjhhdd BBzzppooddkkoo rr[[ooww[[yy ff;;zzxx ss// ÙÙjjhhdd GG{{gg ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ccoottkkjjhh,, ppbbkkee ÙÙ//oogg[[oo,, ssffjj;;hhbb XX{{oohh,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ;;zzrroo{{oo

Ùjhd Bzpodko r[ow[y f;zx pkrVh ns/ Ùjhd G{g f;zx pkrVh, d't/A Gok ;g[Zso ;a ıikB

f;zx pkrVh f˜w]dko, fgzv cotkjh, vkeykBk w[pkoeg[o (uz{xK), pbke Ù/og[o, sfj;hb X{oh,

f˜bQk ;zro{o (T[d'A EkDk Ù/og[o, fonk;s wb/oe'Nbk) d/ ;B.

wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu fJBQK d'jK f;ZyK ˘ 17 iBtoh ˘ s'gK Bkb Ùjhd

ehsk frnk.

12 iBtoh ;zB 1872 ˘ ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp f˜bQk b[fXnkDk fty/ j'J/ wkxh d/ w/b/ ”s/ fgzv

cotkjh fonk;s wb/oe'Nbk d/ t;Bhe Bzpodko r[ow[y f;zx BkwXkoh B/ ;zrs ˘ dZf;nk,

““w?A nkgD/ fgzv cotkjh dk wkwbk skoB bJh wb/oe'Nb/ ik fojk ;h, o;s/ ftu fJe p[ZY/

ew˜'o pbd T[Zs/ w{bhnK bZd e/ T[go nkg th p?m/ w[;bwkB ˘ w?A t/fynk.

w?A T[; pbd ”s/ so; yk e/ T[; w[;bwkB ˘ fejk fe “GkJh pbd ”s/ ekch Gko bZfdnk W,

T[go sz{ nkg p?mk WA, uzrk j't/ i/ sz{ nkg T[so ikt/A s/ g?db ub/A.”

J/Bh rZb ”s/ MrVk j' frnk.

p'b p[bko/ dk e/; wb/oe'Nb/ d/ e'stkb e'b g[Zik. e'stkb B/ w[;bwkB ˘ pbd dk w[Zb

sko e/, w/o/ ;kjwD/ pbd f˜pjk (esb) ehsk s/ fJj iDkfJnk fe oki ;kvk W, ;kvh fgZm

T[Zs/ nzrq/˜ jkew W, n;] i' wo˜h eohJ/, ;k˘ e"D vZe ;edk W!

p?b ˘ uhıd/ ns/ sV¯ sV¯ e/ gqkD fdzfdnk t/yD bJh w?˘ wip{o ehsk frnk. w?A

wjKgkgh jK, w?A nkgD/ ;kjwD/ p?b ˘ sV¯ e/ wofdnK t/fynk W. fJ; gkg d/ gqkÙfus bJh

w?A ekih d/ f;o uVQ e/ woBk ukj[zdk jK.””

Bzpodko r[ow[y f;zx cotkjh dh fJ; rZb B/ pbdh ”s/ s/b dk ezw ehsk feT[Afe BkwXkoh

f;Zy gfjb'A jh nzrq/˜ ;oeko dhnK d/Ù Grsh d/ ˜[[ow ekoD nkgD/ ”s/ ehshnK ik ojhnK


;yshnK ns/ ˜[bwK ekoD o'j ftu nkJ/ j'J/ ;B. T[d'A she p[ZuVykfBnK T[Zs/ jwbk eoe/

rT{nK ˘ SvkT[D pdb/ nzrq/˜K d[nkok - nzfwqs;o, okJ/e'N ns/ b[fXnkDk fty/ BkwXkoh

f;ZyK ˘ cK;h d/ e/ Ùjhd ehsk ik u[Zek ;h.

Ùjhd Bzpodko r[ow[y f;zx d/ fJ; fpnkB ekoD jh 17-18 iBtoh 1872 ˘ wb/oe'Nbk

;ke/ d/ fJ; s'gK Bkb T[vkJ/ ikD tkb/ Ùjhdh eKv dh o"ArN/ yVQ/ eoB tkbh xNBk dk w[ZY

pZMk, fijVh ftÙt d/ fJfsjk; ftu nkgDh fw;kb nkg W.

Ùjhd Bzpodko r[ow[y f;zx d/ uku/ skfJnK d/ gfotko th fgzv cotkjh fty/ ofjzd/ jB.

fgzv cotkjh, fgzv oVQ s'A eqhp 3-4 feb'whNo dh d{oh ”s/ W.

fgzv cotkjh fty/ “Ùjhd r[ow[y f;zx :kdrkoh ;g'oN; eZbp” pDkJh j'Jh W. jo ;kb

y/vK ns/ N{oBkw?AN eotkJ/ iKd/ jB.

ÙÙjjhhdd jjooBBkkww ff;;zzxxffggzzvv xxBB""oohh,, ppbbkkee ÙÙ//oogg[[oo,, ssffjj;;hhbb XX{{oohh,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ;;zzrroo{{oo

Ùjhd joBkw f;zx ;g[Zso ;a i? f;zx (f˜w]dko), fgzv xB"oh, j[D pbke Ù/og[o, sfj;hb

X{oh, f˜bQk ;zro{o (T[d'A fonk;s gfNnkbk) d/ ;B.

Ùjhd joBkw f;zx wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu 17 iBtoh 1872 Bz{ s'gK Bkb

Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/. fJBQK d/ gfotko pko/ gsk Bj] br ;fenk. ni/ y'i ub ojh W.

ÙÙjjhhdd GGrrss ff;;zzxxffggzzvv eeKKMMbbkk,, ppbbkkee ÙÙ//oogg[[oo,, ssffjj;;hhbb XX{{oohh,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ;;zzrroo{{oo

Ùjhd Grs f;zx YZvk ;g[Zso ;a fdnkb f;zx (f˜w]dko), fgzv eKMbk, j[D pbke Ù/og[o,

sfj;hb X{oh, f˜bQk ;zro{o (T[d'A EkDk Ù/og[o fonk;s gfNnkbk) d/ ;B.

wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu 18 iBtoh 1872 ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb

Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 16 f;ZyK ftu'A Ùjhd Grs f;zx fJe ;B.

Ùjhd Grs f;zx, YZvk fgzv s'A nkgD/ BkBe/ fgzv eKMbk nkJ/ j'J/ ;B. fJBQK d/ fgzv dk

BK th YZvk W s/ r's th YZvk W. fJBQK dh fgzv YZvk fty/ th ˜whB W go fJj w[V e/ T[E/ rJ/

Bj]. fJBQK dk gfotko eKMb/ fty/ jh t;dk W.

Ùjhd Grs f;zx d/ g[Zso oD f;zx T[oc fwZs f;zx d/ g[Zso T[Zsw f;zx d/ g[ZsoK fJzdo

f;zx, skok f;zx s/ joBkw f;zx d/ nr'A gfotko fgzv eKMbk fty/ ofjzd/ jB.


ÙÙjjhhdd ggqq//ww ff;;zzxxffggzzvv rrrrVVgg[[oo,, ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk ;;zzrroo{{oo

Ùjhd gq/w f;zx Bfjb (f˜w]dko) ;g[Zso ;a wkB f;zx ns/ wksk y/w e"o, fgzv rrVg[o

j[D pbke$sfj;hb s/ f˜bQk ;zro{o (T[d'A fonk;s i]d) d/ ;B. ;a gq/w f;zx j'o] uko Gok ;B

- gzikp f;zx, G'bk f;zx, yVe f;zx, ns/ gq/w f;zx.

;a gq/w f;zx B"itkB nt;Ek ftu nDftnkj/ Ùjhd j'J/. ;a gq/w f;zx, wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/

Ùjhdh eKv ftu 17 iBtoh 1872 Bz{ s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/.

Ùjhd gq/w f;zx d/ Gok gzikp f;zx d/ g[Zso j˜{ok f;zx d/ g[Zso oZph f;zx d/ gfotko nr'A

ub oj/ jB.

ÙÙjjhhdd nnbbpp//bb ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd uuVVQQss ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd iittkkjjoo ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd uuVVQQss ff;;zzxx,,

ffggzzvv ppkkbbhhnnKK,, ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb ff˜̃bbQQkk ;;zzrroo{{oo

Ùjhd nbp/b f;zx wkjb ;g[Zso ;a ;[ikB f;zx f˜w]dko, Ùjhd itkjo f;zx

;g[Zso ;a T{Xw f;zx (w˜ph f;zzx), fgzv pkbhnK (eZN{), f˜bQk ;zro{o (T[d'A EkDk Ù/og[o fonk;s

gfNnkbk) d/ ;B. fJj d't/A wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu 18 iBtoh 1872 ˘ s'gK Bkb

Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 16 f;ZyK ftu'A d' f;Zy ;B. Ùjhd uVQs f;zx ;g[Zso ;a Xow f;zx f˜w]dko,

Ùjhd uVQs f;zx ;g[Zso ;a okw f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv pkbhnK (eZN{), f˜bQk ;zro{o d/ ;B. fJj

d't/A 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/.

Ùjhd nbp/b f;zx wkjb dk gfotko fgzv pkbhnK fty/ ofjzdk W.

ÙÙjjhhdd eekkjjBB ff;;zzxxffggzzvv bbffjjookk,, ppbbkkee bbffjjookkrrkkrrkk,, ssffjj;;hhbb bbffjjookk,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ;;zzrroo{{oo

Ùjhd ekjB f;zx ;g[Zso ;a vZbk f;zx (w˜ph f;zzx), fgzv bfjok, pbke bfjokrkrk,

sfj;hb bfjok, f˜bQk ;zro{o (T[d'A EkDk ;[Bkw fonk;s gfNnkbk) d/ ;B. nkg wb/oe'Nbk

;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/.


ÙÙjjhhdd iihhttBB ff;;zzxx,, ffggzzvv cc{{bbdd,, ppbbkkee nnBBddkkBBkk,, ssffjj;;hhbb ww{{BBee,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ;;zzrroo{{oo

Ùjhd ihtB f;zx ;g[Zso ;a X"eb f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv c{b, f˜bQk ;zro{o (T[d'A EkDk ;[Bkw

fonk;s gfNnkbk) d/ ;B. nkg wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘

nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 49 f;ZyK ftu'A fJe ;B.

ÙÙjjhhdd oo{{VV ff;;zzxxffggzzvv wwZZbb{{wwkkiiookk,, ppbbkkee wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk,, ssffjj;;hhbb XX{{oohh ff˜̃bbQQkk ;;zzrroo{{oo

Ùjhd o{V f;zx ;g[Zso ;a p{Nk f;zx (okwrVQhJ/ f;Zy), fgzv wZb{wkiok, f˜bQk ;zro{o (T[d'A

EkDk Ù/og[o fonk;s gfNnkbk) d/ ;B. nkg 18 iBtoh 1872 ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb

Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 16 f;ZyK ftu'A fJe ;B.

Ùjhd o{V f;zx nDftnkj/ ;B. fJBQK dk Gok joh f;zx ftnkfjnk j'fJnk ;h. fJ; d/ fJe

g[Zso puB f;zx s/ fJe Xh puB e"o ;h. puB f;zx nDftnkfjnk ;h s/ puB e"o fgzv w]w;k

fty/ ftnkjh j'Jh ;h. puB e"o dk gfotko w]w;k fty/ ofjzdk W.


ff˜̃bbQQkk ppooBBkkbbkk dd// ÙÙjjhhdd

ÙÙjjhhdd eeNNkkoo ff;;zzxxffggzzvv XXBB""bbkk ((ffggzzvvhh iittzzXX//)),, ff˜̃bbQQkk ppooBBkkbbkk

Ùjhd eNko f;zx itzdk ;g[Zso ;a N/e f;zx f˜w]dko, XB"bk bkr/ fgzv “itzdk fgzvh”

pbke$sfj;hb s/ f˜bQk poBkbk (gfjb'A f˜bQk ;zro{o T[d'A fonk;s BkGk) d/ ;B.

;a eNko f;zx 17 iBtoh ˘ 18 ;kb dh T[wo ftu nDftnkj/ Ùjhd j'J/. fJBQK dk tZvk

Gok nso f;zx ftnkfjnk j'fJnk ;h. fJjBK dk gfotko ;h.

ÙÙjjhhdd ttffoonnkkww ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd BBZZEEkk ff;;zzxxÙÙffjjoo ppooBBkkbbkk,, ssffjj;;hhbb ppbbkkee ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk ppooBBkkbbkk

Ùjhd tfonkw f;zx ;g[Zso ;a wZyD f;zx f˜w]dko ns/ Ùjhd BZEk f;zx ;g[Zso ;a p[ZX

f;zx f˜w]dko Ùfjo poBkbk d/ d't/A Gok ;B. ;a tfonkw f;zx s/ ;a BZEk f;zx 17 iBtoh

1872 ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 49 f;ZyK ftu'A d' f;Zy ;B.

ÙÙjjhhdd uussoo ff;;zzxx nnss// ÙÙjjhhdd oossBB ff;;zzxxffggzzvv rr[[wwNNhh,, ppbbkkee ÙÙ//oogg[[oo,, ssffjj;;hhbb XX{{oohh,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ppooBBkkbbkk

Ùjhd uso f;zx ;g[Zso ;a r[bkp f;zx ns/ Ùjhd osB f;zx ;g[Zso ;a uso f;zx fJj

d't/A f˜w]dko fgU g[Zso fgzv r[wNh j[D pbke Ù/og[o, sfj;hb X{oh, f˜bQk ;zro{o (T[d'A

fonk;s gfNnkbk) d/ ;B. wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu fJBQK d'BK f;ZyK ˘ 17 iBtoh

Bz{ s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehsk frnk.


ÙÙjjhhdd pphhoo ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ttffoonnkkww ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ww{{zzww,, ppbbkkee wwffjjbb eebbKK,, ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk ppooBBkkbbkk

Ùjhd pho f;zx ;/y'A ;g[Zso ;a ;[j/b f;zx f˜w]dko ns/ Ùjhd tfonkw f;zx ;g[Zso ;a

Brkjhnk f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv w{zw, j[D pbke wfjb ebK, sfj;hb s/ f˜bQk poBkbk (T[d'A

EkDk Gd"V fonk;s gfNnkbk) d/ ;B. fJj d't/A 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gK

Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 49 f;ZyK ftu'A d' f;Zy ;B.


ff˜̃bbQQkk ppffmmzzvvkk dd// ÙÙjjhhdd

ÙÙjjhhdd jjooBBkkww ff;;zzxxffggzzvv wwzzvvhh eebbKK,, ppbbkkee ookkwwgg[[ookk,, ssffjj;;hhbb cc{{bb,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ppffmmzzvvkk

Ùjhd joBkw f;zx G[Zbo ;g[Zso ;a db/b f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv wzvh ebK, j[D pbke

okwg[ok,sfj;hb c{b, f˜bQk pfmzvk, wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu nzrq/˜ je{ws d[nkok

17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ eqhp 22 ;kb dh B"itkB nt;Ek ftu s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/.

Ùjhd joBkw f;zx d/ Gok jofdZs f;zx dk gfotko ub fojk W.

ÙÙjjhhdd wwjjKK ff;;zzxxffggzzvv uukkUU ee//,, ppbbkkee ookkwwgg[[ookk,, ssffjj;;hhbb cc{{bb,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ppffmmzzvvkk

Ùjhd wjK f;zx fYZb'A ;g[Zso ;a wzrb f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv ukU e/, j[D pbke okwg[ok,

sfj;hb c{b, f˜bQk pfmzvk (T[d'A EkDk w"AV fonk;s gfNnkbk) d/ ;B. nkg wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/

d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu nzrq/˜ je{ws d[nkok 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ s'gK Bkb eqhp 19 ;kb dh

B"itkB nt;Ek ”u Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/.

Ùjhd wjK f;zx fYZb'A d/ Gok eke{ f;zx dk gfotko ub fojk W.

ÙÙjjhhdd pp;;zzss ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ;;//bbppookkjj,, ppbbkkee ookkwwgg[[ookk,, ssffjj;;hhbb cc{{bb,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ppffmmzzvvkk

Ùjhd p;zs f;zx ;g[Zso ;a ;[ikB f;zx (w˜ph), fgzv ;/bpokj, j[D pbke okwg[ok,

sfj;hb c{b, f˜bQk pfmzvk (T[d'A EkDk c{b fonk;s gfNnkbk) d/ ;B. nkg wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/

d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu nzrq/˜ je{ws d[nkok 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ s'gK Bkb B"itkB nt;Ek ”u

Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/.


ÙÙjjhhdd ııiikkBB ff;;zzxxffggzzvv gghhoo ee''NN,, ppbbkkee ookkwwgg[[ookk,, ssffjj;;hhbb cc{{bb,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ppffmmzzvvkk

Ùjhd yikB f;zx (w˜ph f;Zy) ;g[Zso ;a GrtkB f;zx, fgzv ghoe'N, j[D pbke okwg{ok,

sfj;hb c{b, f˜bQk pfmzvk d/ ;B. ;a yikB f;zx 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ s'gK Bkb Ùjhd j'J/.

fejk iKdk W fe Ùjhdh ;ke/ ;w/A fJe ;odko joBkw f;zx wkB B/ fJBQK ˘ gSkD e/ fejk,

““s{z sK ghoe'N fgzv dk W ns/ w/o/ foÙs/dko dk ;hoh (ekwk) WA. sz{ iks dk w˜ph WA. fJBQK woD

nkJ/ pkˆh e{e/ f˜w]dkoK Bkb s/ok eh w/b W < s{z feUA J/E/ nkgDh fizd r[nkT[D nkfJnK W

< s{z ;oeko e'b'A wk¯h wzr b?, efj d/ fe w?A iks dk w˜ph jK ns/ w/ok fJBQK w;skB/ pkˆh

e{fenK Bkb e'Jh ;kE Bj]. s/oh ikB pu ikt/rh.””

;odko dhnK fJj rZbK ;[D e/ Ùjhd yikB f;zx B/ itkp fdZsk, ““;odkok, s{z w?˘ gSkBD

ftu rbsh ehsh W. Bk w?A fe;/ dk ;hoh jK ns/ Bk jh ghoe'N w/ok fgzv W. w?A ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw

f;zx ih dk e{ek f;zx jK ns/ ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp dk tk;h jK. w? wk¯h Bj] wzrDh, w?A nkgD/ ;kEhnK

Bkb fJE/ Ùjhd j'D nkfJnk jK. ˆ[bkwh dh fizdrh fiT[D Bkb'A w?˘ w"s ep{b W. w?A nkgD/

d/Ù Xow ns/ rT{ ˆqhp dh oZfynk pdb/ nkgDh ikB tkoB nkfJnk jK. ””

Ùjhd yikB f;zx B/ s'g d/ nr/ yVQ/ j' e/ Ùjhdh fdZsh ns/ nkgD/ ;kEhnK Bkb ik ob/.

ÙÙjjhhdd ttffoonnkkww ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ww''rrkk ff;;zzxxnnss// ÙÙjjhhdd nnssoo ff;;zzxx

ffggzzvv wwffjjookkii,, ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ppbbkkee cc{{bb,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ppffmmzzvvkk

Ùjhd tfonkw f;zx f;ZX{ ;g[Zso ;a nwohe f;zx, Ùjhd w'rk f;zx f;ZX{ ;g[Zso ;a ;kfjp

f;zx ns/ Ùjhd nso f;zx f;ZX{ ;g[Zso ;a Gkr f;zx, fgzv wfjoki, j[D pbke$sfj;hb c{b,

f˜bQk pfmzvk d/ ;B.

fJj fszB'A B"itkB nt;Ek ftu wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu nzrq/˜ je{ws d[nkok

s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/. ;a w'rk f;zx s/ ;a nso f;zx 17 iBtoh ns/ ;a tfonkw f;zx 18

iBtoh 1872 ˘ Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/.

fJj wjkokik gfNnkbk d/ ykBdkB ftu'A ;B. fJBQK ˘ SZv d/D bJh wjkokik gfNnkbk

okj] f;ckoÙ nkJh. fJBQK dk eZd wZXok ;h ;' fJBQK ˘ pukT[D bJh fJBQK d/ wZXo/ eZd dk


pjkBk pDk e/ nzrq/˜ jkew B/ tfonkw f;zx ˘ fejk,

““sz{ s'g nZr'A jZN ik, s/ok eZd S'Nk W fi; eoe/ s'g d/ ;kjwD/ s/oh Sksh w/u Bj]

nkT[Adh””.

go fJj pjkd[o ;{owk fJe dw d"fVnk ns/ bkrb/ y/sK ftu'A fwZNh dhnK YhwK fJeZmhnK

eo fbnkfJnk ns/ T[jBK dk EVk pDk e/ T[; T[Zgo yVk j' e/ efjD bZrk,

““t/y fpZfbnk, j[D sK w/ok eZd S'Nk Bj], j[D w?A s/oh s'g d/ ;kjwD/ g{ok jK, sz{ s'g

ubk””.

s'guh B/ s'g ubkJh ns/ tfonkw f;zx, nzrq/˜ dh s'g dk jkDh pD s{zpk-s{zpk T[Zv Ùjhd

j' nkgD/ ;kEhnK Bkb ik ofbnk. Ùjhd j'D ;w/A T[j eqhp 22 ;kb dh T[wo dk ;h.

fJBQK fszBK ÙjhdK d/ gfotko fgzv wfjoki ns/ j'o eJh tZy' tZy EktK ”s/ ofjzd/ jB.

ÙÙjjhhdd jjhhookk ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ffggZZEE'',, ppbbkkee ookkwwgg[[ookk,, ssffjj;;hhbb cc{{bb,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ppffmmzzvvkk

Ùjhd jhok f;zx ;g[Zso ;a tho f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv fgZE', j[D pbke okwg[ok, sfj;hb

c{b, f˜bQk pfmzvk d/ ;B. ;a jhok f;zx, wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu nzrq/˜ je{ws

d[nkok 17 iBtoh 1872 Bz{ s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/.

ÙÙjjhhdd ee//;;oo ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ffrrZZbb eebbKK,, ppbbkkee ookkwwgg[[ookk,, ssffjj;;hhbb cc{{bb,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ppffmmzzvvkk

Ùjhd e/;o f;zx eA?E (S]p/ noEks doih) ;g[Zso ;a fXnkB f;zx fgzv frZb j[D pbke

okwg[ok, sfj;hb c{b, f˜bQk pfmzvk (T[d'A EkDk c{b, fJbkek BkGk) d/ ;B.

;a e/;o f;zx nDftnkj/ B"itkB nt;Ek ftu Ùjhd j'J/. Ùjhd e/;o f;zx d/ fJe Gok

;a tfonkw f;zx dk gfotko okwg[ok c{b fty/ ofjzdk W. Ùjhd e/;o f;zx dk d{ik Gok ekjB

f;zx nDftnkfjnk fojk.

;a e/;o f;zx, wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu nzrq/˜ je{ws d[nkok 17 iBtoh 1872

Bz{ s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/.


ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk dd// ÙÙjjhhdd

ÙÙjjhhdd tt˜̃hhoo ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ;;[[iikkBB ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd pp//bbkk ff;;zzxx,,ÙÙjjhhdd ÙÙ''GGkk ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ;;//XXkk ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd BBZZEEkk ff;;zzxx

ffggzzvv oopp''AA TT[[ZZuuhh,, ppbbkkee vv//jjbb''AA,, ssffjj;;hhbb ggkkffJJbb,, ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk

Ùjhd t˜ho f;zx ;g[Zso ;a pkok f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv op'A, f˜bQk b[fXnkDk (T[d'A EkDk

v/jb'A f˜bQk b[fXnkDk) 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 49

f;ZyK ftu'A fJe ;B.

Ùjhd ;[ikB f;zx fMU[AN (okwrVQhJ/ f;Zy) ;g[Zso ;a ;[Zuk f;zx, Ùjhd p/bk f;zx ;g[Zso

;a okw f;zx (i[bkj/ f;Zy), d' Gok Ùjhd Ù'Gk f;zx ns/ Ùjhd ;/Xk f;zx ;g[Zso ;a d:k f;zx

f˜w]dko, fgzv op'A, f˜bQk b[fXnkDk (T[d'A EkDk v/jb'A f˜bQk b[fXnkDk) 18 iBtoh 1872 ˘

nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 16 f;ZyK ftu'A uko f;Zy ;B.

;a BZEk f;zx fgzv op'A d/ wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ ;w/A bVfdnK Ùjhd j'J/.

ÙÙjjhhdd eekkjjBB ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ;;zzrr''ttkkbb,, ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk

Ùjhd ekjB f;zx fdUr[D (okwrVQhJ/ f;Zy) ;g[Zso ;a jor[bkb f;zx, fgzv ;zr'tkb,

pbke$sfj;hb s/ f˜bQk b[fXnkDk d/ ;B. ;a ekjB f;zx, wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu

nzrq/˜ je{ws d[nkok 17 iBtoh 1872 Bz{ s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/.

;a ekjB f;zx, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ nfsnzs ÙoXkb{ ns/ w;skBh fposh tkb/ f;Zy

;B. fJBQK dk ftnkj phph iZ;K Bkb j'fJnk. ;a ekjB f;zx dk fJe g[Zso ;/tk f;zx

nDftnkfjnk jh fJe d[oxNBk ftu uVQkJh eo frnk ;h. fJBQK d/ d{i/ g[Zso fpÙB f;zx s/

Xh jo e"o dk gfotko ub fojk W. ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ skfJnk ;a BZEk f;zx d/ g[Zso

r[bkp f;zx dh Xh fpÙB e"o, Ùjhd ekjB f;zx dh Bz{j ns/ ;a fpÙB f;zx dh gsBh ;h.


wb/oe'Nb/ ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv s'A pknd nzrq/˜ je{ws B/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ˘

ibktsB eo e/ powk (ozr{B) G/i fdZsk ns/ d/Ù Grsh dh bfjo “e{ek nzd'bB” ˘ e[ubD

bJh jo ;zGt :sB ehs/. nzrq/˜ jkewK B/ fJj ¯owkB ikoh ehsk fe fgzv fgzv ik e/ e{fenK

pko/ ikDekoh jk;b ehsh ikt/. fgzv ;zr'tkb th fJe EkD/dko ns/ e[M f;gkjh G/i/ rJ/.

;zr'tkb ftu f;o¯ Ùjhd pkpk ekjB f;zx dk xo jh e{fenK dk ;h. ;/tk f;zx pkoK ns/ fpÙB

f;zx eqhp d; ;kb dh T[wo d/ ;B. jo e"o T[jBK s'A S'Nh ;h. fgzv d/ dotk˜/ ”s/ ;ko/ gfotkoK

˘ p[bk G/fink. EkD/dko efjD bZrk ““pZfuU s[;] fJj fpnkB d/ fdU fe s[jkvk e{fenK Bkb

e'Jh ;zpzX Bj]. nr'A bJh s[;] pkpk ekjB f;zx tkbk Ùjhdh i˜pk ns/ d/Ù-Grsh dh GktBk

Bj] oZy'r/ ns/ s[;] nzro/˜K d/ tckdko pD e/ oj'r/.””

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ fJBQK pZfunK d/ wB'pb ˘ seVk pDk fdZsk. pZu/ EkD/dko ˘

efjD bZr/, ““;k˘ th T[E/ jh b? ub', fiE/ ;kv/ fgsk ih Ùjhd j'J/ jB. n;] nzrq/˜K dh r[bkwh

Goh f˜zdrh fiT[A e/ eh eoBk W. ;kv/ oky/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih jB. T[j ;k˘ nkgDh r'd

ftu ;w/N b?Dr/.””

EkD/dko u[g ukg tkg; ubk frnk.

nkgDh wksk iZ;K dh ;ogq;sh j/m fJj pZu/ itkB j'J/.

Ùjhd ekjB f;zx dk pj[s tZvk gfotko W. fJj gfotko fgzv ;zr'tkb, b[fXnkDk ns/ j'o

tZy' tZy EktK s/ ofjzdk W.

ÙÙjjhhdd oo{{VV ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ffppÙÙBBgg[[ookk,, ppbbkkee dd''ookkjjkk,, ssffjj;;hhbb ggkkffJJbb,, ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk

Ùjhd o{V f;zx ;g[Zso ;a iZ;k f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv fpÙBg[ok, j[D pbke d'okjk

sfj;hb gkfJb, f˜bQk b[fXnkDk (T[d'A EkDk ;kfjprVQ, f˜bQk b[fXnkDk) d/ ;B. ;a o{V f;zx,

wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu nzrq/˜ je{ws d[nkok 17 iBtoh 1872 Bz{ s'gK Bkb Ùjhd

ehs/ rJ/.

ÙÙjjhhdd GG{{gg ff;;zzxx

ffggzzvv ddhhttkk wwzzvv//oo,, ppbbkkee yyzzBBkk,, ssffjj;;hhbb ggkkffJJbb,, ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk

Ùjhd G{g f;zx ;g[Zso ;a G{ok f;zx w[zv/o f˜w]dko, fgzv dhtk wzv/o, j[D pbke yzBk

sfj;hb gkfJb, f˜bQk b[fXnkDk (T[d'A EkDk v/jb'A, f˜bQk b[fXnkDk) d/ ;B. ;a G{g f;zx,



ehs/ rJ/. ;a G{g f;zx nDftnkj/ Ùjhd j'J/. fJBQK d/ GoktK d/ gfotko fgzv dhtk wzv/o fty/

ofjzd/ jB.

ÙÙjjhhdd dd//ttkk ff;;zzxx rroo//ttkkbbffggzzvv bb''jjrrVVQQ,, ppbbkkee ggZZyy''ttkkbb,, ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk

Ùjhd d/tk f;zx ro/tkb ;g[Zso ;a je{ws f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv b'jrVQ j[D pbke

gZy'tkb sfj;hb s/ f˜bQk b[fXnkDk (EkDk v/bQ', f˜bQk b[fXnkDk) d/ ;B. ;a d/tk f;zx,


ehs/ rJ/. nkg eqhp 28 ;kb dh T[wo ftu Ùjhd j'J/.

fgzv b'jrVQ ;kok fgzv jh e{fenK f;zxK dk ;h.

nzro/˜ ;oeko dh eoVh fBrkj fJ; fgzv ”s/ ;h. fJ; fgzv d/ ;odko fiT[D f;zx s/ T[jBK

dh ;[gsBh wkJh Xow e"o dk xo BkwXkoh e/Ado ;h. fJE/ bzro th ubdk ;h. ;a d/tk f;zx ih

d/ wb/oe'Nb/ Ùjhd j'D wro'A fJj ;kok fgzv Bõpzd eo fdZsk frnk s/ fJe wjhB/ tk;s/

g[fb; u"Aeh fpmk fdZsh rJh. jo o'˜ jo xo d/ gfotko dh jkõh fbyh iKdh ;h.

Ùjhd d/tk f;zx dk pj[s tZvk gfotko W. i' fgzv b'jrVQ, b[fXnkDk ns/ tZy tZy EktK

s/ ofjzdk W ns/ e[M gfotko e?B/vk th ofjzdk W. Ùjhd d/tk f;zx d/ Gok ;zs nso f;zx ˘

nyzv gkm eotkT[D d/ d'Ù ftu nzrq/˜ jkewK tZb'A e?d eoe/ i/bQ ftu ofynk frnk. nkg

i/bQ ftu jh Ùjhd j' rJ/.

(fftt;;EEkkoo bbJJhh dd//yy'' ggzzBBkk BBzzaa 5588))

ÙÙjjhhdd rr[[ooww[[yy ff;;zzxxffggzzvv bbsskkbbkk,, ppbbkkee ggZZyy''ttkkbb,, ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk

Ùjhd r[ow[y f;zx ;g[Zso ;a pjkb/ d[ekBdko, fgzv bskbk j[D pbke gZy'tkb

sfj;hb s/ f˜bQk b[fXnkDk (T[d'A EkDk v/jb'A) d/ ;B. ;a r[ow[y f;zx, 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘

nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 49 f;zxK ftu'A fJe ;B.


ÙÙjjhhdd ffBBjjkkbb ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd eekkjjBB ff;;zzxxffggzzvv bbffjjookk,, ppbbkkee vv//jjbb''AA,, ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk

Ùjhd fBjkb f;zx ;g[Zso ;a p{Nk f;zx f˜w]dko ns/ Ùjhd ekjB f;zx ;g[Zso ;a neod

f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv bfjok j[D pbke v/jb'A sfj;hb s/ f˜bQk b[fXnkDk (T[d'A EkDk v/jbA') d/

;B. fJj d't/A, wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu nzrq/˜ je{ws d[nkok 17 iBtoh 1872 Bz{

s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/.

ÙÙjjhhdd TT[[ssww ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd uuVVQQss ff;;zzxxffggzzvv oo[[VVeekk,, ppbbkkee vv//jjbb''AA,, ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk

Ùjhd T[sw f;zx ;g[Zso ;a w/jo f;zx f˜w]dko ns/ Ùjhd uVQs f;zx ;g[Zso ;a wkx

f;zx, fgzv o[Vek j[D pbke gZy'tkb sfj;hb s/ f˜bQk b[fXnkDk (T[d'A EkDk v/jbA') d/ ;B.

fJj d't/A, wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv ftu nzrq/˜ je{ws d[nkok 17 iBtoh 1872 Bz{ s'gK

Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/. fJj d't/A f;Zy ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp bzro ftu'A nkNk r[zBd/ fbpV/ jZE], Ùjhdh

iZE/ ftu Ùkfwb j'J/ ;B.


ff˜̃bbQQkk ¯̄ffssjjrrVVQQ ;;kkffjjpp

ÙÙjjhhdd ÙÙ''GGkk ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ii?? ff;;zzxxffggzzvv GGZZddbbEE{{jjkk,, ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb nnwwbb''jj,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ¯̄ffssjjrrVVQQ ;;kkffjjpp

Ùjhd i? f;zx ofjb ;g[Zso ;a rzvk f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv GZdbE{jk, j[D pbke$sfj;hbnwb'j f˜bQk ¯fsjrVQ ;kfjp (T[d'A EkDk nwb'j fonk;s BkGk) 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ nzrq/˜je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 49 f;zxK ftu'A fJe ;B.

Ùjhd Ù'Gk f;zx ofjb ;g[Zso ;a yikB f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv GZdbE{jk, f˜bQk ¯fsjrVQ18 iBtoh 1872 ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 16 f;zxK ftu'A fJe ;B.

fJjBK d'BK ÙjhdK d/ gfotko fgzzv GZdbE{jk fty/ ofjzd/ jB.

ÙÙjjhhdd nnssoo ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd iittkkjjoo ff;;zzxxffggzzvv wwSSookkJJ// eebbKK,, ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb nnwwbb''jj,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ¯̄ffssjjrrVVQQ ;;kkffjjpp

Ùjhd nso f;zx ns/ Ùjhd itkjo f;zx d't/A Gok ;g[Zso ;a d/;k f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzvwSokJ/ ebK j[D pbke$sfj;hb nwb'j f˜bQk ¯fsjrVQ ;kfjp (T[d'A EkDk nwb'j fonk;sBkGk) d/ ;B. nkg, 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 49 f;ZyKftu'A d' f;Zy ;B.

ÙÙjjhhdd dd;;""AAXXkk ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ffppbbkk;;gg[[oo,, ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb yywwkkDD''AA,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ¯̄ffssjjrrVVQQ ;;kkffjjpp

Ùjhd d;"AXk f;zx wmkV{ ;g[Zso ;a pho f;zx (okwrVQhJ/ f;Zy), fgzv fpbk;g[o j[Dpbke$sfj;hb ywkD'A f˜bQk ¯fsjrVQ ;kfjp (T[d'A EkDk ywkD'A fonk;s gfNnkbk) 17iBtoh 1872 ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 49 f;ZyK ftu'A fJe ;B.

Ùjhd d;"AXk f;zx dk pj[s tZvk gfotko W, fijVk fgzv fpbk;g[o, gfNnkbk, fdZbh s/

j'o eJh EktK ”s/ ofjzdk W.


ff˜̃bbQQkk wwkkBB;;kk

ÙÙjjhhdd ;;ZZddkk ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ÙÙkkww ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ii''rrkk,, ppbbkkee ffGGyyhh,, ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk wwkkBB;;kk

Ùjhd ;Zdk f;zx ;g[Zso ;a o{gk f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv i'rk j[D pbke fGyh sfj;hb s/f˜bQk wkB;k (T[d'A EkDk fGyh fonk;s gfNnkbk) 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gKBkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 49 f;ZyK ftu'A fJe ;B.

Ùjhd Ùkw f;zx ;g[Zso ;a tho f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv i'rk, f˜bQk wkB;k 18 iBtoh 1872˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 16 f;ZyK ftu'A fJe ;B.

Ùjhd Ùkw f;zx dk gfotko fgzv i'rk, wkB;k s/ j'o eJh EktK ”s/ ofjzdk W.

ff˜̃bbQQkk ff¯̄oo''˜̃gg[[oo

ÙÙjjhhdd ııiikkBB ff;;zzxxffggzzvv wwZZbb''ee//,, ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb ˜̃hhookk,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ff¯̄oo''˜̃gg[[oo

Ùjhd ıikB f;zx ;g[Zso ;a tiho f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv wZb'e/ j[D pbke$sfj;hb ˜hokf˜bQk f¯o'˜g[o (T[d'A EkDk ¯ohde'N, f˜bQk ¯ohde'N) d/ ;B. nkg, 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ nzrq/˜je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 49 f;ZyK ftu'A fJe ;B.

ff˜̃bbQQkk ssooBBsskkooBB

ÙÙjjhhdd jjkkeeww ff;;zzxxffggzzvv MMppkkbb,, ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk ssooBBsskkooBB,,

Ùjhd jkew f;zx fYZb'A ;g[Zso ;a p[ZX f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv Mpkb j[D pbke$sfj;hb s/f˜bQk soBskoB, (gfjb'A f˜bQk nzfwqs;o) d/ ;B. nkg, 18 iBtoh 1872 ˘ nzrq/˜ je{wstZb'A s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 16 f;ZyK ftu'A fJe ;B. fJBQK dk gfotko nzfwqs;o ns/ w'jkbhfty/ ofjzdk W.


ff˜̃bbQQkk ff;;oo;;kk

ÙÙjjhhdd ppııÙÙkk ff;;zzxxffggzzvv iizzvvttkkbbkk,, ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb vvZZppttkkbbhh,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ff;;oo;;kk

Ùjhd pıÙk f;zx ;g[Zso ;a skok f;zx no'Vk fgzv izvtkbk j[D pbke$sfj;hb vZptkbh

f˜bQk f;o;k (T[d'A EkDk ;o;k) d/ ;B. nkg, 17 iBtoh 1872 ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb

Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 49 f;zxK ftu'A fJe ;B.

ff˜̃bbQQkk nnzzppkkbbkk

ÙÙjjhhdd ttffoonnkkww ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ppjjkkdd[[oo ff;;zzxx ttkkbbkk,, ff˜̃bbQQkk nnzzppkkbbkk

Ùjhd tfonkw f;zx ;g[Zso ;a wkjhnk f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv pjkd[o f;zx tkbk, f˜bQk

nzpkbk d/ ;B. nkg, 18 iBtoh 1872 ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A s'gK Bkb Ùjhd ehs/ rJ/ 16

f;zxK ftu'A fJe ;B.


wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhddhh iiZZEE// ffttuu ÙÙkkwwbb pphhpphhnnKK

wwkkJJhh ffJJzzdd ee""oo ss// wwkkJJhh yy//ww ee""oo((wwbb//ooee''NNbb// ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhddhh iiZZEE// ffttuu ÙÙkkffwwbb))

wkJh fJzd e"o ;g[sBh ;a Bzd f;zx fgzv jzfYnkfJnk j[D pbke$sfj;hb s/ f˜bQk poBkbk

ns/ wkJh y/w e"o ;g[sBh ;a r[o;k f;zx fgzv fdZs{g[o, pbke GtkBhrVQ, sfj;hb s/ f˜bQk

;zro{o, fJj d'tA/ wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh iZE/ ftu Ùkwb ;B. fJBQK ˘ nzrq/˜K B/ Ùjhd Bj]

ehsk frnk pbfe gfNnkbk ;oeko d/ jtkb/ eo fdZsk frnk. e[M d/o fJBQK ˘ pjkd[orVQ d/

febQ/ ftu e?d oZy e/ SZv fdZsk frnk. fco fJBQK ˘ fJjBK d/ fgzvK ftu Bõpzd eoh oZfynk

frnk.

wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkee// dd// eekkbb// ggkkDDhh ee??dd eehhss// ff;;ZZyy

ekb/ gkDh dh e?d dh ;˜k jh J/Bh ;ıs j[zdh ;h fe e'Jh fojkn j' e/ th nkfJnk sK pj[s

ew˜'o ns/ fpwko nt;Ek ftu nkfJnk s/ e[M ;w/A pknd uVQkJh eo frnk, Ùjhd j' frnk.

ÙÙjjhhdd GGrrttkkBB ff;;zzxxffggzzvv BBzzrrbb,, ff˜̃bbQQkk wwkkBB;;kk

Ùjhd GrtkB f;zx ;g[Zso ;a okw f;zx f;ZX{ f˜w]dko, fgzv Bzrb f˜bQk wkB;k (T[d'A

fonk;s gfNnkbk) ˘ wb/oe'Nb/ ;ke/ ;w/A nzro/˜ je{ws tZb'A ekb/ gkDh e?d ehsk frnk ;h.

fJj ekb/ gkDh dh ;ıs e?d ftu jh Ùjhd j' rJ/.

ÙÙjjhhdd EEZZwwDD ff;;zzxx ffggzzvv cc[[bb//VVkk,, ff˜̃bbQQkk wwkkBB;;kk


;a EZwD f;zx ;g[Zso ;a nbp/b f;zx, fgzv c[b/Vk, f˜bQk wkB;k (T[d'A fonk;s gfNnkbk)

d/ ;B. ;a EZwD f;zx ˘ wb/oe'Nb/ ;ke/ ;w/A nzro/˜ je{ws tZb'A ekb/ gkDh dh e?d ftu G/fink

frnk. ekb/ gkDh fty/ 14 ;kb dh ;ıs e?d eZND wro'A nkg fojkn j' e/ fgzv c[b/Vk nk rJ/.

fgzv c[b/Vk nk e/ nkg e[M ;w/A pknd gqkD fsnkr rJ/.

ÙÙjjhhdd ffrrnnkkBB ff;;zzxx ffggzzvv ppbbkkVVhh,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ;;zzrroo{{oo

Ùjhd frnkB f;zx s/ Ùjhd okw f;zx d't/A Gok ;g[Zso ;a db f;zx, fgzv pbkVh, f˜bQk

;zro{o (T[d'A fonk;s gfNnkbk) d/ ;B.

;a okw f;zx wb/oe'Nb/ ;ke/ ;w/A bVfdnK Ùjhd j' rJ/ ;B.

;a frnkB f;zx dk ftnkj fgzv c[b/Vk, f˜bQk wkB;k fty/ j'fJnk ;h. fJj ;"jo/ xo dh

Y/oh d/ wkbe ;B. ;a frnkB f;zx ˘ wb/oe'Nb/ ;ke/ ;w/A nzro/˜ je{ws tZb'A ekb/ gkDh e?d

G/fink frnk ;h. fJj ekb/ gkDh dh ;ıs e?d ftu jh Ùjhd j' rJ/. Ùjhd frnkB f;zx s/

Ùjhd okw f;zx d/ fgsk ;a db f;zx B/ nkgD/ d'jK g[ZsoK frnkB f;zx s/ okw f;zx d/ Ùjhd

j'D wro'A fgzv pbkVh dh nkgDh ;koh ˜whB ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp bzro d/ BK brtk fdZsh.

ÙÙjjhhdd ww//jjoo ff;;zzxxffggzzvv nnbbkkttoogg[[oo,, ff˜̃bbQQkk iibbzzXXoo

;a w/jo f;zx ;g[Zso ;a r[bkp okJ/ (BkJh iksh), fgzv nbktog[o f˜bQk ibzXo d/ ;B.

;a w/jo f;zx ˘ wb/oe'Nb/ ;ke/ ;w/A nzro/˜ je{ws tZb'A ekb/ gkDh dh e?d ftu G/fink frnk.

ekb/ gkDh fty/ ;ıs e?d eZND wro'A nkg fojkn j' e/ fgzv nk rJ/. nkg fgzv dhtk f˜bQk

b[fXnkDk fty/ T[dk;h wjzs j' rJ/ ns/ e[M ;kb pknd gqkD fsnkr rJ/.


;;qqhh ;;ffssrr[[oo{{ ookkww ff;;zzxx iihh BBkkbb nnbbkkjjkkppkkdd ii//bbQQQQ ffttuu

ee??dd eeZZNNDD ttkkbb// dd;; ;;{{pp// ;;kkffjjppkkBB,, ffBBiihh ;;//ttee

GGkkJJhh BBkk˘̆ ff;;zzxx,, nnss// ;;aa wwzzrrbb ff;;zzxx ffppÙÙBBgg[[oohh

wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhdh eKv wro'A nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A, 18 iBtoh ;zB 1872 ˘ ;qh

;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ˘, ;zB 1818 d/ o?r{b/ÙB III n?eN sfjs T[BQK d/ fBih ;/te GkJh Bk˘

f;zx, ns/ 10 gqw[Zy ;{p/ ;kfjpkB ns/ ;a wzrb f;zx fpÙBg[oh ;w/s e?d eo e/ nbkjkpkd G/i

e/ Bõpzd ehsk frnk ;h. eqhp d' wjhB/ pknd ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih ˘ T[BQK d/ fBih ;/te GkJh

BkBz{ f;zx ;w/s d/Ù s'A ibktsB eo e/ powk (ozr{B) G/i fdZsk frnk. ;oeko B/ fJ; rZb dk

fXnkB oZfynk fe ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d/ Bkb febQ/ ftu Bõpzd ;{fpnK Bz{ th gsk Bk bZr ;e/ fe

T[BQK Bz{ feZE/ G/fink ik fojk W.

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih Bkb nbkjkpkd i/bQQ ftu e?d fBih ;/te GkJh Bk˘ f;zx, d;

;{p/ ;kfjpkB nr'A feZE/ feZE/ i/bQQK ”u rJ/ ns/ ;a wzrb f;zx fpÙBg[oh dk t/otk fJ; gqeko

W L-

jj˜̃{{oohh ;;//ttee GGkkJJhh BBkkBBzz{{ ff;;zzxxffggzzvv oo[[VVeehh,, ppbbkkee xxBB""oo,, ssffjj;;hhbb ookkiigg[[ookk,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ggffNNnnkkbbkk

nzro/˜ je{ws tZb'A 9 wkou ;zB 1872 dh nZXh oks Bz{ u[Zg-u[Zghs/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih ns/

T[BQK d/ fBih ;/te GkJh BkBz{ f;zx Bz{ nbkjkpkd d/ febQ/ ftu'A eZY e/ 10 wkou Bz{ o/b rZvh

okjhA ebeZs/ Bz{ otkBk eo fdZsk frnk. ebeZs/ s'A 11 wkou Bz{ ;w[zdoh ijk˜ ftu fpmk e/

16 wkou Bz{ T[BQK d'jK Bz{ powk dh okiXkBh ozr{B gj[zuk fdZsk frnk.

fJ; d/ Bkb jh Gkos ;oeko B/ powk d/ uh¯ efwÙBo Bz{ ;gÙN o{g ftu fby G/fink

fe ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ˘ fJe oki;h e?dh ti'A Bõpzdh ftu ofjzfdnK j'fJnK jo soQK

dh y[ZbQ W, e/tb T[j pkjoh irs Bkb ;zgoe BjhA oZy ;ed/. gZso ftu fJj th fbfynk

fe i' fBih ;/te T[jBK d/ Bkb nkfJnk W T[; Bz{ th T[jBK jh gkpzdhnK ftu ofjDk


gt/rk i' gkpzdhnK ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih ”s/ bkr{ j[zdhnk jB,sK i' T[j ;/te fe;/ soQK th “;zgoe”

dk õhnk Bk pD ;e/. ;/te BkBz{ f;zx Bz{ id'A fJjBK gkpzdhnK pko/ dZf;nk frnk, T[;

;Zu/ ;Z[u/ ;/te B/ T[;/ t/b/ gotkBk fby e/ ;oeko Bz{ d/ fdZsk fe T[j jo soK dhnk

gkpzdhnK ;theko eodk W.

nzro/˜ ;oeko ukj[zdh ;h fe ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih dk gzikp d/ f;ZyK ;/teK Bkb fe;/ soQK th

;zgoe Bk pDB fdZsk ikt/ sK i' T[jBK dk ;[szsosk bJh ubkfJnk j'fJnk nzd'bB j"bh j"bh

ısw j' ikJ/. fJ;/ ekoD ozr{B fty/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih dk Gkos d/ f;ZyK Bkb tXdk ;zgoe t/y e/

nzrq/˜ je{ws B/ 18 ;szpo ;zB 1880 ˘ ozr{B s'A nkBzd BK d/ ijki ftu fpmk e/ ;qh ;fsr[o{

ih s/ ;/te Bk˘ f;zx ˘ 21 ;szpo ;zB 1880 ˘ wor'Jh Nkg{ dh i/bQ ftu gj[zuk fdZsk.

wor'Jh Nkg{ s'A ;/te BkBz{ f;zx Bz{ nzro/˜ ;oeko B/ tkg; gzikp G/i fdZsk. T[jBK dk

gzikp tkg; G/fink ikDK, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh o˜k nB[;ko jh ;h. 14 Btzpo 1881

JhL Bz{ GkJh BkBz{ f;zx Bz{ w"bwhB s'A gzikp G/iD bJh, ebeZsk otkBk ehsk frnk. fJzi GkJh

BkBz{ f;zx Bz{ eqhp 9 ;kb ;qh ;fsr[o okw f;zx ih d/ Bkb e?d eZNfdnK, ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih dh

j˜{oh ftu ofj e/ ;/tk eoB dk ;[Gkr gqkgs j'fJnk. GkJh Bk˘ f;zx ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws B/ T[;

d/ fgzv jh Bõpzd oZfynk.

------

i/a vpbT{a w?eBp efwÙBo nzpkbk B/ ı[d nkg 23, 24, 25 ngq?b 1872 Jh;th ˘

nbkjkpkd fty/ e?d e{e/ ;{fpnK d/ fpnkB b? e/ jo ;{p/ pko/ nkgDh fog'oN fsnko ehsh, Bkb

nkgDh okJ/ th jo fog'oN Bkb do˜ ehsh. T[; fog'oN d/ nXko T[s/ T[BQK fto[ZX e/; fsnko

eo e/ rtoBo iBob dh e"A;b ftu g/Ù ehsk frnk. e"A;b ftu j'J/ fBoB/ nB[;ko ;{fpnK

˘ nZv' nZv EktK T[Zs/ Bõpzd eoB dk j[ew n?ua n?ba v?AgkfJo ekoiekoh ;eZso Gkos

;oeko B/ fdZs/.

fJzvhnk nkfc; bzvB B/ 20 cotoh 1873 d/ nkgD/ gZso okjhA gzikp ;oeko d[nkok e{ek

;{fpnK ”s/ w[eZdwk Bk ubk e/ f;nk;h e?dhnK tKr T[jBK dh u[Bko, n;horVQ, ndB s/

w"bwhB fty/ Bõpzdh ˘ poskBth ;oeko tb'A gqtkBrh gqdkB eo fdsh. i/bQ ftu ;{fpnK d/

d{i/ e?dhnK Bkb fwbD i[bD ”s/ th gkpzdh brk fdsh rJh.

;;{{ppkk ;;kkffjjpp ff;;zzxx nnss// ;;{{ppkk eekkjjBB ff;;zzxx ffBBjjzzrr -- wkou ;zB 1873 Jha ftu ;{pk ekjB f;zx

s/ ;{pk ;kfjp f;zx ˘ nbkjkpkd s'A Ùkjh e?dhnK ti'A ndB i/bQ G/i fdZsk frnk. ndB d/

row w";w ekoB fJBQK d'jK dh f;js yokp j' rJh. ;' 23 ngq?b ;zB 1875 ˘ fJBQK d'jK ˘

jikoh pkˆ (fpjko) i/bQ ftu gj[zuk fdZsk frnk.


;ıs e?d ftu 10 i{B ;zB 1879 ˘ ;{pk ;kfjp f;zx jikoh pkˆ fty/ gqkD fsnkr rJ/.

T[; t/b/ 70 tfoQnK dh T[wo s'A TZ[go d/ ew˜'o f;js tkb/ ;{pk ekjB f;zx, jikoh pkˆ i/bQ

dhnK 16 e'mVhnK, i' :{oghB tkov ftu ;B, ftu fJZeb/ jh ofj rJ/ ;B. 10 wJh ;zB 1880

˘ ;{[pk ekjB f;zx ˘ jikoh pkˆ s'A u[Bko febQ/ tZb s'o fdZsk frnk. T[jBK dh eqhp 78

tfoQnK dh tv/oh T[wo ns/ brksko fvrdh f;js ekoB, 30 wkou 1888 Jha ˘ u[Bko febQ/

ftu'A ;{pk ekjB f;zx dh fojkJh d/ j[ew nzrq/˜ je{ws ˘ ikoh eoB/ gJ/.

;;{{ppkk ;;kkffjjpp ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ppBBttkkbbhhgg[[oo,, ppbbkkee BB""ÙÙffjjookk ggzzBB{{nnkk,, ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk ssooBBsskkooBB

;{pk ;kfjp f;zx ns/ ;{pk o{V f;zx d't/A Gok, ;g[Zso ;a fdnkb f;zx (okwrVQhJ/ f;Zy),

r's vfvnkb fgzv pBtkbhg[o (pzrkbhg[o), j[D pbke B"Ùfjok gzB{nk, sfj;hb s/ f˜bQk

soBskoB d/ ofjD tkb/ soykD f;Zy ;B. ;{pk ;kfjp f;zx dk iBw ;zB 1834 ”u j'fJnk.

;;{{ppkk ;;kkffjjpp ff;;zzxx (nkgDk fpnkB) -““g[Zso fdnkb f;zx pzrkbhg[o, soB skoB (nzfwqs;o)

T[wo 38 ;kb, iksh soykD. e{ek pDB s'A 9 ;kb gfjbK T[dk;h ;kX pfDnk. ;zws 1916

fpeowh (;zB 1859 Jha) ftu jõ'A frnk s/ r[o{ pkbe f;zx d[nkok e{ek pDkfJnk frnk.””

;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx B/ ;zB 1866 Jha ftu ;kfjp f;zx ˘ ;{pk Ekfgnk. nzrq/˜ ;oeko

wjZssk gZyA' BkwXkoh gzE ftu'A, ;{pk ;kfjp f;zx ˘ r[o{ okw f;zx s'A pknd d{i/ Bzpo ”s/ ns/

;{fpnK ftu'A gfjb/ Bzpo ”s/ ;wMdh ;h. ;{pk ;kfjp f;zx, ;zB 1871 d/ nyho ftu, ;{pk ekjB

f;zx s/ j'o uko f;zxK Bkb B/gkb Bo/Ù e'b rJ/. T[j jfod[nko x'V/ t/uD th rJ/, fiBQK dk

w[Bk¯k r[o{ e/ bzro ftu g?Adk ;h. ;{pk ih, ;ÃΔ ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih Bkb ftuod/ ns/ BkwXkoh

gzE dk gquko eod/ ;B.

nnzzrroo//˜̃ nn¯̄;;oo ww??eeBBpp B/ ;{pk ;kfjp f;zx pko/ nkgD/ ftuko fJzi fpnkB ehs/ L- us[o,

BõK ftu'A fJokdk Ngedk, ;{fpnK ftu'A j[fÙnko W.

ndB i/bQ s'A jikoh pkˆ (fpjko) i/bQ ftu ikD s'A pknd, ;ıs e?d ftu 10 i{B ;zB

1876 ˘ ;{pk ;kfjp f;zx jikoh pkˆ fty/ gqkD fsnkr rJ/. gzikp d/ ;[szsosk ;zrqkw d/

r"otwJh fJfsjk; ftu ;{pk ;kfjp f;zx dk Bkw Ùjhd ti'A nwo oj/rk.


;;{{ppkk eekkjjBB ff;;zzxxffggzzvv uuZZee ((ÙÙ//yy{{gg[[ookk yy[[oodd)),, ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ;;zzrroo{{oo

;{pk ekjB f;zx dk iBw ;zB 1812 ”u j'fJnk. ;{pk ekjB f;zx ˘, ;{pk ;kfjp f;zx s/

;{pk bZyk f;zx s'A pknd, ;{fpnk ftu'A shi/ Bzpo ”s/ ;wfMnk iKdk ;h.

;;{{ppkk eekkjjBB ff;;zzxx (nkgDk fpnkB) - ““T[oc fBjzr f;zx, 60 toQ/, iZN, uZe (wb/oe'Nbk).

B"fBjkb f;zx o?ihw?AN ftu pqr/v w/io w?e;B dh ewkB j/m jtkbdko ;h id'A r[o{ okw f;zx

T[ZE/ f;gkjh ;B. wjkokik Ù/o f;zx d/ oki ;w/A 1898 fpeowh ftu r[o{ okw f;zx d/ Bkb jh,

r[o{ pkbe f;zx d[nkok jio'A ftu e{ek pfDnk. oktbfgzvh d/ nkyoh dopko ;w/A jfEnko iwK

eotk e/ (id'A f;Zy ;?Bk N[ZN rJh) xo nk frnk. r[o{ okw f;zx dh G?Dh ;kfjp ftu Bõpzdh

;w/A, gzikp d/ bkN w?eb'v ;kfjp ˘ fwfbnk fe pkpk ;kfjp d/ BK g[ZiD ;dek ;zrs ˘ nBzd

ekoiK ns/ g{ik gkm ;w/A fdZesK g/Ù nk ojhnK jB. wZMK ns/ yZuoK t/uD ;kfjp f;zx d/

Bkb B/gkb frnk. nzfwqs;o d/ esbK ;w/A j[fÙnkog[o ftu ;h s/ fBrokBh j/m oZfynk frnk

;h. okJ/e'N esbK ;w/A th T[j˘ fes/ ikD dh g[bh; tZb'A wBkjh ;h.””

nnzzrrqq//˜̃ nn¯̄;;oo ww??eeBBpp nnBB[[;;kkoo - ““fJ; pzd/ s'A e'Jh rZb eYtkT[Dh eoVh y/v W, pVk

ubke pzdk W, skT[wo pBtk; ftu oºfynk ikt/.””

;{pk ekjB f;zx ˘ nbkjkpkd s'A ndB i/bQ T[E'A jikohpkˆ s/ T[E'A u[Bko febQ/ dh i/bQ

ftu G/fink frnk. eqhp 76-77 ;kb dh tZv/oh T[wo ftu, ;ıs e?d eZNfdnk j'fJnk brk-

sko ıokp j[zdh ik ojh f;js ekoB 30 wkou 1888 Jha ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A u[Bko febQ/ s'A

fJBQK dh fojkJh d/ j[ew ikoh eoB/ gJ/.

-------

;;{{ppkk iittkkjjoo ff;;zzxx,, ;;{{ppkk bbZZyykk ff;;zzxx nnss/ ;;{{ppkk ppqqjjwwkk ff;;zzxx LL-- ;{pk itkjo f;zx, ;{pk bZyk

f;zx ns/ ;{pk pqjwk f;zx ˘ nzrq/˜ je{ws tZb'A nbkjkpkd s'A 30 d;zpo ;zB 1872 ˘ fpqfNÙ

powQk d/ Ùfjo w"bwhB i/bQ d/ sokJhUeskB tkovK ftu g[uk «dZsk frnk.

w"bwhB fty/ ;ıs e?d eZNfdnK ;{pk itkjo f;zx 29 Btzpo ;zB 1882 ˘ ns/ ;{pk bZyk

f;zx 5 cotoh ;zB 1903 ˘ gqkD fsnkr rJ/. ;{pk pqjwk f;zx ˘ 18 wkou ;zB 1887 ˘ ew˜'oh

ns/ p[Ykg/ ekoD w"bwhB i/bQ s'A fojkJh d/ nkd/Ù fwb rJ/.


;;{{ppkk iittkkjjoo ff;;zzxx vvoo""bbhh ((GGkkJJhh)),, ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk ww''rrkk

;{pk itkjo f;zx ;g[Zso ;a db f;zx f˜w]dko, vo"bh (GkJh), j[D pbke$sfj;hb s/

f˜bQk w'rk (gfjb'A sfj;hb w'rk) d/ ofjD tkb/ ;B. fJBQK dk iBw ;zB 1822 ”u j'fJnk.

;;{{ppkk iittkkjjoo ff;;zzxx (nkgDk fpnkB) - ““g[Zso db f;zx, vo"bh (GkJh) EkDk vro{, sfj;hb

w'rk, T[wo 50 ;kb, iZN f;Zy, gzi tfoQnK dh T[wo ftu fgsk wo frnk. tkjh eoB bZrk sK

;zws 1905 fpeowh ftu fBowbk ;kX pD frnk. tfoQnK pZXh d/Ù Go ftu ftufonk. uko

toQ/ pBko; ftu fojk. ;zws 1917 fpeowh ftu e{ek pfDnk. fpbk;g[o (w'rk) d/ fJe y{j s/

;kX ti'A fojk. ;zB 1865 JhL ftu ;{pk Ekfgnk frnk. r[o{ okw f;zx Bkb fdtkbh wkxh ns/

nBzdg[o d/ j'b/ wjZfbnK s/ jkõ ofjzdk fojk W.””

nnzzrrqq//˜̃ nn¯̄;;oo ww??eeBBpp nnBB[[;;kkoo - ““;{pk itkjo f;zx n;bh ¯eho wkb{w j[zdk W. ısoBke

Bj] ikgdk. go i' T[j ikDdk W T[j ;kok w?˘ dZ; Bj] fojk. T[μgobhnK rZbK w[Ùfeb Bkb

T[;d/ w{zj'A eYtkJhnK jB. itkjo f;zx ˘ ;dk bJh d/Ù fBekbk fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk W.””

29 Btzpo ;zB 1882 ˘, ;{pk itkjo f;zx ew˜'oh ns/ p[Ykg/ ekoB, w"bwhB i/bQ dh ;ıs

e?d ftu jh gqkD fsnkr rJ/. gzikp d/ ;[szsosk ;zrqkw d/ r"otwJh fJfsjk; ftu ;{pk itkjo

f;zx dk Bkw Ùjhd ti'A nwo oj/rk.

;;{{ppkk bbZZyykk ff;;zzxxffggzzvv wwbb""dd,, ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb wwbb""dd,, ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk

;{pk bZyk f;zx ;g[Zso ;a okDk f;zx, fgzv wb"d, f˜bQk b[fXnkDk d/ ofjD tkb/ ;B. fJBQK

dk iBw ;zB 1836 ”u j'fJnk. ;{pk ;kfjp f;zx s'A pknd ;{fpnK ftu'A ;{pk bZyk f;zx d{i/ Bzpo

”s/ frD/ iKd/ ;B. nzrq/˜ je{ws ;{pk bZyk f;zx ˘ nkgD/ oki dh ;bkwsh bJh pj[s ısoBke

;wMdh ;h.

;;{{ppkk bbZZyykk ff;;zzxx (nkgDk fpnkB) - ““g[Zso okDk f;zx, T[wo 36 ;kb, wb"d (b[fXnkDk)

gfjbK Ù/o fdb o?ihw?AN ftu ;h. id'A fJj N[ZN rJh g[bh; ftu G/i fdZsk frnk. ;zws 1918

fpeqwh ftu n;shck d/ nkfJnk. 1916 iK 17 fpeowh ftu ekb tkb/ toQ/ r[o{ okw f;zx B/

b[fXnkD/ ftu T[;˘ e{ek pDkfJnk. T[j G?Dh ;kfjp ftu r[o{ e/ gÙ{nK ns/ bzro dh ;/tk

ftu ofjzdk W. y'N/ (fco'˜g[o) d/ j'b/ wjZb/ ns/ dwdw/ ;kfjp dh ft;kyh ”s/ jkõ ;h.””

nnzzrrqq//˜̃ nn¯̄;;oo ww??eeBBpp nnBB[[;;kkoo - ““fJj pzdk ;ko/ ;{fpnK ftu tZX MrVkb{ W. T[j prkts


dk gquko eodk fojk ns/ (Ùjhd) jhok f;zx ro'j ˘ j";bk nc˜kT{ ÙpdK Bkb ftdk eo e/

nkfJnk. T[j˘ brksko pBtk; ftu jh oZyDk ukjhdk W.””

;{pk bZyk f;zx, w"bwhB i/bQ ftu i'VK dh ghV rmhnk dh phwkoh Bkb sebh¯ ftu oj/.

;{pk ih 5 cotoh ;zB 1903 ftu w"bwhB i/bQ dh ;ıs e?d ftu jh gqkD fsnkr rJ/. ;{pk

bZyk f;zzzx pko/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih d/ puB jB-

““fJj pV/ pjkdo nkdwh ;B no pV/ ;{ow/ ;B, fJT[A efj fdT[ fe ;fsr[oK d/ fwbNoh

;?eNoh ;B. fJj T[jh nkdwh ;B fiBQK ˘ T[; fdB th fJsbkj d/D tk;s/ G/fink W s/

b[fXnkD/ fJBQK ˘ geV fbnk W, w[Ve/ Bj] G?Dh ;kfjp ikD fdZsk no w"bwhB ftu oj/ jB

nk e/. pj[s tko fJBQK d/ n?;/-n?;/ puB T[ZE'A dh ;kX-;zrs s'A ;[D/ jB fijV/ b'e T[ZE/ nkT[Ad/

iKd/ ;h, fJZE/ th eJhnK T[Zs/ feogk ehsh, fiBQK ˘ f;zx ;ikfJnk. y{zvk jZE ftu oZyd/ ;h,

t?;/ e?d Bj] ;h. pzrfbT[A pkjo fi; t/b/ Ùfjo ftu iKd/ nZr'A efwÙBo dh pZxh nk rJh,

fe;/ B/ fejk fe nZr'A pZxh nkT[Adh W. e'Jh gotkj Bj] ehsh-T[jdh efwÙBo dh, nZr'A GhVk

EK nk frnk s/ wkfonk tZN e/ yz{vk efwÙBo dh x'Vh ˘, T[j fgZS/ ˘ GZi rJh-b? e/ pZxh.

e'Jh gotkj Bj] ehsh.””

-bkb J/fj osB Gkr gfjbk, gzBk 263

;;{{ppkk ppqqjjwwkk ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ddffoonnkkgg[[oo ((ee??EEbb)) jj[[DD ff˜̃bbQQkk ccffssjjkkppkkdd

;{pk pqjwk f;zx ;g[Zso ;a r[bkp f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv dfonkg[o (e?Eb) d/ ofjD tkb/ ;B.

fJBQK dk iBw brGr ;zB 1822 ”u j'fJnk.

;;{{ppkk ppqqjjwwkk ff;;zzxx (nkgDk fpnkB) - ““g[Zso r[bkp f;zx, T[wo 50 d/ brGr, iZN,

dohnkg[o (e?Eb) nDQdkVQhnK jh T[dk;h ;kX pfDnk. eÙwho'A w[VfdnK 1916 fpeqwh (;zB

1859) ftu jõ'A fty/ r[o{ pkbe f;zx s'A BkwdkB fbnk. ;zws 1921 fpeqqwh ftu T[j frZb

fgzv ftu ofj fojk ;h (iwhns f;zx tkb/ frZb), T[;/ toQ/ nzfwqs;o fty/ r[o{ okw f;zx ˘ fwf-

bnk s/ T[jBK Bkb G?Dh ;kfjp nk frnk. r[o{ okw f;zx B/ T[j˘ r[ioKtkbk, f;nkbe'N d/

d{o d[okv/ fJbkfenk ftu e{ek gzE dk gouko go;ko eoB bJh fejk i' T[j i'sk f;zx (Y?gJh)

d/ ed/ Bkb ns/ ed/ fJeZbk eodk fojk. T[j b'eK ˘ u'oh Bk eoB, e[VhnK ˘ Bk wkoB, XhnK

G?DK d/ g?;/ b? e/ ftnkj Bk eoB bJh efjzdk ofjzdk W.””

nnzzrrqq//˜̃ nn¯̄;;oo ww??eeBBpp nnBB[[;;kkoo - fJj pzdk jeheh s"o ”s/ Xkofwe W go T[e;kT[D wro'A


i'Ùhbk j' ;edk W. fJj tfoQnK s'A soshp Bkb prkts dk gouko eodk nk fojk W. ;kfjp

f;zx, bZyk f;zx, ekjB f;zx fiT[A fJ;˘ th sk T[wo d/Ù fBekbk d/ fdZsk ikt/.

18 wkou ;zB 1887 ;{pk pqjwk f;zx dh w"bwhB s'A fojkJh d/ nkd/Ù ;oeko B/ ikoh eo

fdZs/ ;B. ;{pk ih dh p[Ykg/ ns/ ew˜'oh dh nt;Ek ekoD ;oeko ˘ T[BQK ˘ fojkn eoBk

fgnk.

------

;;{{ppkk oo{{VV ff;;zzxx,, ;;{{ppkk ggjjkkVVkk ff;;zzxx nnss// ;;{{ppkk wwbb{{ee ff;;zzxx LL-- fJBQK fszBK ˘ 15 d;zpo ;zB 1872

˘ nbkjkpkd i/bQQ u'A pzpJh gq?;hv?A;h d/ febQk n;horVQ fty/ e?d ftu G/fink frnk. fJjBK

˘ febQ/ ftu fwbNoh rkod d/ gfjo/ j/m jh x[zwD fcoB dh nkfrnk ;h. ;{pk gjkVk f;zx 2

wkou ;zB 1882 ˘ ns/ ;{pk o{V f;zx Btzpo 1884 ˘ n;horVQ febQ/ fty/ gqkD fsnkr rJ/.

;{pk wb{e f;zx ˘ 17 iBtoh ;zB 1887 ˘ n;horVQ d/ febQ/ s'A fojkn eo e/ fco'˜g[o bJh

o/b ”s/ fpmk fdZsk frnk.

;;{{ppkk oo{{VV ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ppBBttkkbbhhgg[[oo,, ppbbkkee BB""ÙÙffjjookk ggzzBB{{nnkk,, ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk ssooBBsskkooBB

;{pk o{V f;zx ns/ ;{pk ;kfjp f;zx d't/A Gok, ;g[Zso ;a fdnkb f;zx (okwrVQhJ/ f;Zy) fgzv

pBtkbhg[o (pzrkbhg[o), j[D pbke B"Ùfjok gzB{nk, sfj;hb s/ f˜bQk soBskoB d/ ofjD

tkb/ soykD f;Zy ;B. ;{pk o{V f;zx dk iBw ;zB 1831 ”u j'fJnk.

;;{{ppkk oo{{VV ff;;zzxx (nkgDk fpnkB) - ““g[Zso fdnkb f;zx, soykD f;Zy, T[wo 41 toQ/, pzrkb-

hg[o. nzfwqs;o ftu ofjzdk, gotko ;D/ s/ ekoftjko eodk. ;zws 1917 fpeqwh ftu r[o{ okw

f;zx B/ e{ek pDkfJnk. nkBzdg[o d/ j'b/ s'A pkd T[;˘ GiB d/D dk nfXeko fwfbnk. Ùfjo

ftu f;Zfynk fdzdk W.””

nnzzrrqq//˜̃ nn¯̄;;oo ww??eeBBpp nnBB[[;;kkoo - ““pzdk fBÙkB/ tkbk Bj], ;kfjp f;zx dk GkJh j'Dk jh

T[;dk o[spk W.

;ıs e?d ftu ;{pk o{V f;zx, Btzpo ;zB 1884 ˘ febQk n;horVQ fty/ gqkD fsnkr rJ/.

gzikp d/ ;[szsosk ;zrqkw d/ r"otwJh fJfsjk; ftu ;{pk o{V f;zx dk Bkw Ùjhd ti'A nwo

oj/rk.


;;{{ppkk ggjjkkVVkk ff;;zzxxffggzzvv wwbb""dd,, ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb wwbb""dd,, ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk

;{pk gjkVk f;zx ;g[Zso ;qh j/wk uzd f˜w]dko, fgzv wb"d, f˜bQk b[fXnkDk d/ ofjD tkb/

;B. fJBQK dk iBw ;zB 1822 ”u j'fJnk.

;;{{ppkk ggjjkkVVkk ff;;zzxx (nkgDk fpnkB) - ““g[Zso j/wk, iksh iZN, T[wo 42, fgzv wb"d

T[j ;odko fwZs f;zx (pdB f;zx d/ fgsk) dh B"eoh ftu ;h go rdo tkb/ toQ/ (1857)

fJ; B/ fJj B"eoh SZv fdZsh ns/ fBowbk ;kX pD frnk. ;zws 1917 fpeqwh ftu r[o{ okw

f;zx B/ T[j˘ e{ek pDkfJnk ns/ gzi toQ/ gfjbk T[j˘ ;{pk Ekfgnk frnk.

T[d'A s'A T[j f;nkVQ (EkDk v/jb'A-b[fXnkDk) ofj fojk W fiZE/ T[;d/ eJh ;zpzXh ns/ eJh

BkwXkoh e{e/ jB. r[o{ okw f;zx Bkb ;kfonK jh w/fbnk fty/, nzfwqs;o, nBzdg[o ns/ e'm/

fty/ jkõ ;h go dwdwk ;kfjp fty/ Bj] ;h.””

nnzzrrqq//˜̃ nn¯̄;;oo ww??eeBBpp nnBB[[;;kkoo - ““eZNV, ysoBke ikgdk pzdk aaa fujo/ s'A T[; dk fJokdk

Mbedk W. fJe gqGktÙkbh ;{pk W ns/ fJe ysoBke ftnesh W. pqjwk f;zx s'A tZX ısoBke

j?. xZN' xN 10 toQ/ d/Ù fBekbk fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.””

;{pk gjkVk f;zx n;horVQ febQ/ dh ;ıs e?d ftu r[od/ dh fe;/ phwkoh s'A ghVs ofjD

s'A pknd 2 wkou ;zB 1882 ˘ ;t/o/ 5 ti/ gqkD fsnkr rJ//. gzikp d/ ;[szsosk ;zrqkw d/

r"otwJh fJfsjk; ftu ;{pk gjkVk f;zx dk Bkw Ùjhd ti'A nwo oj/rk.

;;{{ppkk wwbb{{ee ff;;zzxx ffggzzvv cc{{bb// ttkkbbkk,, ppbbkkee wwbb""NN,, ssffjj;;hhbb ss// ff˜̃bbQQkk ww[[eess;;oo

;{pk wb{e f;zx ;g[Zso ;a ;[Zyk f;zx, fgzv c{b/ tkbk, pbke wb"N, sfj;hb s/ f˜bQk

w[es;o (gfjb'A fco'˜g[o) d/ ofjD tkb/ ;B. fJBQK dk iBw eqhp ;zB 1833 ”u j'fJnk.

;;{{ppkk wwbb{{ee ff;;zzxx (nkgDk fpnkB) - ““g[Zso ;[Zyk f;zx, 39 toQ/, fgzv c{b/tkbk, w[es;o

(fco'˜g[o) ;zws 1921 fpeqwh ftu e{ek pDkfJnk s/ d' ;kb pkd ;{pk Ekg fdZsk.

nnzzrrqq//˜̃ nn¯̄;;oo ww??eeBBpp nnBB[[;;kkoo - ““wb{e f;zx, ;zB 1869 cotoh dhnK (Eokitkbk)

xNBktK ;w/A gqGktÙkbh ns/ eZNV pkˆh ;h. T[j˘ d' ;kb pknd fJ; Ùos s/ xo G/fink ik

;edk W fe g[fb; fBrokBh j/m xo ftu jh oj/rk. fe;/ fe;w d/ w/b/, whfNzrK ftu Gkr Bj]

bt/rk.


17 iBtoh ;zB 1887 ˘ ;{pk wb{e f;zx ˘ fJBQK ÙosK Bkb fe T[j nkgDk fgzv, f˜bQk

w?fi;No/N iK g[fb; egskB dh wB˜{oh fpBK Bj] SZv/rk, n;horVQ d/ febQ/ s'A fojkn eo e/,

fco'˜g[o bJh o/b ”s/ fpmk fdZsk frnk.

------

4a ;;{{ppkk wwkkBB ff;;zzxx nnss// ;;{{ppkk jj[[eewwkk ff;;zzxx L fJBQK d'jK ˘ fJe d;zpo ;zB 1872 ˘ nbkjkp-

kd i/bQQ s'A u[Bko d/ febQ/ ftu G/i e/ T[E/ e?d oZfynk frnk. 17 cotoh ;zB 1887 ˘ u[Bko d/

febQ/ ftu'A fojkn eo e/ fJBQK d'jK ;{fpnK ˘ nzr/q˜ ;oeko B/ fJj Ùos brk e/ fe T[j nkgDk

fgzv, f˜bQk w?fi;No/N iK g[fb; egskB dh wBi{oh fpBK Bj] SZvDr/, tkg; G/i fdZsk.

;;{{ppkk wwkkBB ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ;;??dd''ee//,, ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb ffBBjjkkbb ff;;zzxx ttkkbbkk ff˜̃bbQQkk ww''rrkk

;{pk wkB f;zx ;g[Zso ;a wZyD f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv ;?d'e/, j[D pbke s/ sfj;hb fBjkb

f;zx tkbk f˜bQk w'rk (gfjb'A fco'˜g[o) d/ ofjD tkb/ ;B. fJBQK dk iBw ;zB 1832 ”u j'fJnk.

;{pk wkB f;zx s/ ;{pk j[ewk f;zx ˘ nbkjkpkd s'A u[Bko febQ/ ftu e?d ehsk frnk.

;;{{ppkk wwkkBB ff;;zzxx (nkgDk fpnkB) - ““g[Zso wZyD f;zx ;?d'e/ (fco'˜g[o), 40 ;kb, iZN, ;zws

1922 fpeqwh ftu T[;˘, i' tkjhtkB W, r[o{ okw f;zx B/ e{ek pDkfJnk.””

nnzzrrqq//˜̃ nn¯̄;;oo ww??eeBBpp nnBB[[;;kkoo - ““fJj e'Jh th B[e;kB Bk gj[zukT[D tkbk ÙKs ftnesh

W - fJe pj[s jh ;XkoB iZN f;Zy, go ;orow gqkg/rzvk eoB tkbk W. i/ jkbks ÙKs j'D

sK fJ; ˘ fszBK ;kbK pknd fJ; Ùos ”s/ xo tkg; G/fink ik ;edk W fe g[fb; fBrokBh

j/m xo ftu jh oj/rk. fe;/ fe;w d/ w/b/, whfNzrK ftu Gkr Bj] bt/rk. go fJ; ˘ ed/ th

wb{e f;zx d/ Bkb Bk tkg; G/fink ikt/ feT[Afe d't/A fJZe' jh fyZs/ Bkb ;zpzXs jB.””

17 cotoh ;zB 1887 ˘ ;{pk wkB f;zx ˘ fJBQK ÙosK Bkb fe T[j nkgDk fgzv, fibQk

w?fi;No/N iK g[fb; egskB dh wB˜{oh fpBK Bj] SZv/rk, u[Bko d/ febQ/ s'A fojkn eo e/,

gzikp bJh o/b rZvh ”s/ ukVQ fdZsk frnk.


;;{{ppkk jj[[eewwkk ff;;zzxxffggzzvv ffggZZEE'',, ppbbkkee ookkwwgg[[ookk,, ssffjj;;hhbb cc{{bb,, ff˜̃bbQQkk ppffmmzzvvkk

;{pk j[ewk f;zx, ;g[Zso ;a fwjo f;zx f˜w]dko, fgzv fgZE', j[D pbke okwg[ok,

sfj;hb c{b, f˜bQk pfmzvk (T[d'A fonk;s BkGk) d/ ofjD tkb/ ;B. fJBQK dk iBw ;zB 1837

”u j'fJnk.

;{pk j[ewk f;zx s/ ;{pk wkB f;zx ˘ nbkjkpkd s'A u[Bko febQ/ ftu e?d ehsk frnk.

;;{{ppkk jj[[eewwkk ff;;zzxx (nkgDk fpnkB) - ““fgzv fgZE'e/ (fonk;s BkGk), T[wo 35, iksh iZN

;zws 1914 fpeowh ftu T[;˘ G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ r[o{ okw f;zx B/ e{ek pDkfJnk ns/

1923 fpeowh ftu T[;˘ ;{pk Ekfgnk frnk. e{ek pDB s'A gfjbk T[j fBowbk ;kX ;h s/

fgSb/ 20 tfoQnK ftu T[j ed/ edkJh jh nkgD/ fgzv frnk j't/rk. T[; dk e'Jh gotko Bj].

T[j G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ ofj e/ gftZso g'EhnK dh Beb eodk W ns/ i/ e'Jh ukj/ sK T[; ˘ Bkw

th d/ fdzdk W.

T[; pko/ th fbfynk frnk W ““fJe T[sÙkjh ;{pk jw/ÙK r[o{ okw f;zx Bkb ns/ nkw

eoe/ prkts dk gouko eoB tkbk.””

nnzzrrqq//˜̃ nn¯̄;;oo ww??eeBBpp nnBB[[;;kkoo -- ““fJj e'Jh finkdk wjZstg{ot ftnesh Bj]. tfoQnK

sZe fJj r[o{ okw f;zx dk fBih ;/te fojk W. fJj, g'EhnK i' e{fenK gk;'A fwbdhnK jB, pkˆh

;[o tkbhnK, T[jBK dhnK BebK eodk fojk W. i/ ;G mhe mke j' ikt/ sK toQ/ pknd fJ; ˘

BkGk fonk;s d/ jtkb/ eo e/ T[go[es ÙosK brk e/ tkg; G/fink ik ;edk W.””

17 cotoh ;zB 1887 ˘ nzrq/˜ ;oeko B/ fJBQK ÙosK Bkb fe T[j nkgDk fgzv, fibQk

w?fi;No/N iK g[fb; egskB dh wB˜{oh fpBK Bj] SZv/rk, u[Bko d/ febQ/ s'A fojkn eo e/,

gzikp bJh o/b rZvh ”s/ ukVQ fdZsk frnk.

-------

;;aa wwzzrrbb ff;;zzxx ffppÙÙBBgg[[oohhffggzzvv ffppÙÙBBgg[[ookk,, ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk

;a wzrb f;zx fgzv fpÙBg[ok fonk;s gfNnkbk (j[D f˜bQk b[fXnkDk) dk gfjbk fgzv

febQk okfJg[o (f˜bQk b[fXnkDk) ;h.

;a wzrb f;zx fpÙBg[oh, wjkokik gfNnkbk d/ foÙs/dko ;B. ;oekoh foekov


nB[;ko, ““wjkokik gfNnkbk B/ T[;˘ e{fenK Bkb'A fBy/VB bJh pj[s gqb'GB fdZs/ go id'A

;odko Bk wzfBnK sK T[;˘ fonk;s ftu'A pkjo eZY fdZsk frnk s/ j[D T[j r[o{ okw f;zx d/

Bkb jh ofjzdk W.””

nnzzrrqq//˜̃ nn¯̄;;oo ww??eeBBpp nnBB[[;;kkoo -- ““;a wzrb f;zx fpÙBg[oh, r[o{ okw f;zx dk pj[s

wjZstg{oB nB[:kJh W. e{fenK ftu T[;dk Ùkwb j'DK fe;/ wB'oE bJh W Bk fe fe;/ g[okDh

xNBk ;dek s/ i/ e{fenK d/ Yzr Bkb f;Zy oki ekfJw j' iKdk sK T[;˘ r[o{ okw f;zx s'A th

tZX bkG j'Dk ;h. go feT[Afe wzrb f;zx wjkokik gfNnkbk dk e?dh W, ;kvk Bj] fJ; bJh,

T[j (w?eBp) e'Jh okfJ Bj] d/t/rk, ;˜k d/ ;pzX ftu.””

w?eBp nB[;ko fJ; pzd/ fto[ZX fe;/ th nX{oh ekotkJh dk T[j fto'X eo/rk iK sK

fJ;˘ s[ozs tkg; G/i fdZsk ikt/ s/ iK fco skT[wo d/Ù fBekbk d/ fdZsk ikt/.

nzs ;a wzrb f;zx fpÙBg[oh ˘, wjkokik wfjzdo f;zx gfNnkbk dh f;ckoÙ gj[zu ikD

”s/ 3 wkou ;zB 1873 ˘ nbkjkpkd d/ febQ/ dh e?d ftu'A fojkn eo fdZsk frnk.

------


““ee{{eekk nnzzdd''bbBB””

dd// wwjjkkBB ;;[[sszzssoosskk ;;zzrrookkwwhh

BBkkwwXXkkoohh ÙÙjjhhddKK ddhh ;;{{uuhh

((ggzziikkpp dd// BBtt//AA ppDD// ff˜̃ffbbQQnnKK nnBB[[;;kkoo))


““ee{{eekk nnzzddØØbbBB”” dd// wwjjkkBB ;;[[sszzssoosskk ;;zzrrqqkkwwhh--BBkkwwXXkkoohh ÙÙjjhhdd

ff˜̃bbQQkk nnzzffwwqqss;;oo

BBzzLL ÙÙjjhhdd ddkk BBKK ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb ffggzzvv

1 ÙÙjjhhdd jjkkeeww ff;;zzxx ggNNttkkoohh

(nzfwqs;o ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) u'rktK$niBkbk w"VQ/ ebK

2 ÙÙjjhhdd MMzzvvkk ff;;zzxx nn""bbyy

(nzfwqs;o ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) u'rktK$niBkbk mZmk (oktb)

3-6 ÙÙjjhhdd bbffjjDDkk ff;;zzxx ggzzBBtt,, ÙÙjjhhdd ¯̄ffssjj ff;;zzxx nzfwqs;o nzfwqs;o

(nzfwqs;o ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd)ÙÙjjhhdd bbffjjDDkk ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ff;;ggkkjjhh bbkkbb ff;;zzxx,,

(nzfwqs;o ;ke/ ftu ekb/ gkDh dh e?d eZN Ùjhd j'J/)

ff˜̃bbQQkk ssooBBsskkooBB


1 ÙÙjjhhdd pphhjjbbkk ff;;zzxx ;;zzXX{{

(nzfwqs;o ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) fGZyhftzv$gZNh Bkobh

2 ÙÙjjhhdd jjkkeeww ff;;zzxx soB skoB$ Mpkb

(wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) soB skoB

3-4 ;;{{ppkk ;;kkffjjpp ff;;zzxx,, ;;{{ppkk oo{{VV ff;;zzxx B"Ùfjok gzB{nk$ pBtkbhg[o

(e{ek nzd'bB d/ e?d eZNfdnk Ùjhd j'D soB skoB (pzrkbhg[o)

tkb/ ;{p/ ;kfjpkB)

5-6 ;;{{ppkk jj[[eeww ee""oo nnss// GGkkJJhh BB??DDKK ff;;zzxx u'jbk ;kfjp$ tfoQnKj

(;[szsosk ;zrqkwh) soB skoB


7 ;;aa GGrrttkkBB ff;;zzxx nnVVppzzrrhh ((;;zzXX{{)) u'jbk ;kfjp$ wojkDQk


8 ;;aa wwhhjjkk ff;;zzxx ;;zzXX{{ u'jbk ;kfjp$ ;ojkbh


9 ;a w/ik f;zx ;zX{ u'jbk ;kfjp$ ;[jkDk


ff˜̃bbQQkk ppffmmzzvvkk


1-2 ÙÙjjhhdd ;;{{ppkk ffrrnnkkBBhh oossBB ff;;zzxx okwg[ok$ c{b wzvhebK

(b[fXnkD/ fty/ j'J/ Ùjhd)ÙÙjjhhdd jjooBBkkww ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd)

3 ÙÙjjhhdd oossBB ff;;zzxx BBkkJJhhttkkbbkk w"V$sbtzvh ;kp' okwBro

(b[fXnkD/ fty/ j'J/ Ùjhd) (e;kJhtkVk)

4-8 ÙÙjjhhdd wwzzrrbb ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd rr[[ooww[[yy ff;;zzxx,, okwg[ok$c{b fgZE'ÙÙjjhhdd ww;;sskkBB ff;;zzxx (okJ/e'N ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd)ÙÙjjhhdd jjhhookk ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd);;{{ppkk jj[[eewwkk ff;;zzxx (u[Bko febQ/ ftu e?d eZNh)

9-11ÙÙjjhhdd ttffoonnkkww ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ww''rrkk ff;;zzxx,, okwg[ok$c{b wfjokiÙÙjjhhdd nnssoo ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd)

12 ÙÙjjhhdd yyiikkBB ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) okwg[ok$ c{b ghoe'N

13 ÙÙjjhhdd ee//;;oo ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) okwg[ok$ c{b frZb ebK

14 ÙÙjjhhdd wwjjKK ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) okwg[ok$ c{b ukU e/

15 ÙÙjjhhdd pp;;zzss ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) okwg[ok$ c{b ;/bpokj


ff˜̃bbQQkk ppooBBkkbbkk

BBzzLL ÙÙjjhhdd ddkk BBKK ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb ffggzzvv$$ÙÙffjjoo

1 ÙÙjjhhdd eeNNkkoo ff;;zzxx poBkbk$poBkbk XB"bk (fgzvh

(wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) itzX/)

2 ÙÙjjhhdd oossBB ff;;zzxx BBkkJJhhttkkbbkk poBkbk$poBkbk BkJhtkbk

(b[fXnkD/ fty/ j'J/ Ùjhd)

3-4 ÙÙjjhhdd ttffoonnkkww ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd BBZZEEkk ff;;zzxx poBkbk$poBkbk poBkbk

(wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd)

5-6 ÙÙjjhhdd uussoo ff;;zzxx nnss// ÙÙjjhhdd oossBB ff;;zzxx poBkbk$poBkbk r[wNh


7-8 ÙÙjjhhdd pphhoo ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ttffoonnkkww ff;;zzxx wfjbebK$ w{zw

(wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) poBkbk

9 wwkkJJhh ffJJzzdd ee""oo poBkbk$poBkbk jzfvnkfJnk

(wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ ftu Ùkfwb j'Jh s/ e?d eZNh)

ff˜̃bbQQkk ;;zzrroo{{oo


1-4 ÙÙjjhhdd jjhhookk ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd bbffjjDDkk ff;;zzxx,, GtkBhrVQ$;zro{o ;eo"dhÙÙjjhhdd nnBB{{gg ff;;zzxx nnss// ÙÙjjhhdd ffwwZZss ff;;zzxx


5-7 ÙÙjjhhdd GG{{gg ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ttffoonnkkww ff;;zzxx,, GtkBhrVQ$;zro{o fdnkbrVQÙÙjjhhdd tt;;kkttkk ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd)

8-13 ÙÙjjhhdd ffppÙÙBB ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ;;ZZddkk ff;;zzxx,, Ù/og[o$X{oh o{VrVQ (oVQ)ÙÙjjhhdd jjooBBkkww ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd BBkkookkffJJDD ff;;zzxx,,

ÙÙjjhhdd jjhhookk ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd rr[[ooffddZZss ff;;zzxx



14 ÙÙjjhhdd jjooBBkkww ff;;zzxx Ù/og[o$X{oh xB"oh


15-16 ÙÙjjhhdd BBzzppooddkkoo rr[[ooww[[yy ff;;zzxx ss// ÙÙjjhhdd GG{{gg ff;;zzxx Ù/og[o$X{oh cotkjh


17 ÙÙjjhhdd ggqq//ww ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) ;zro{o$;zro{o rrVg[o

18 ÙÙjjhhdd eekkjjBB ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) bfjokrkrk$bfjok bfjok

19 ÙÙjjhhdd iihhttBB ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) nBdkBk$w{Be c{bd

20 ÙÙjjhhdd GGrrss ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) X{oh$X{oh eKMbk

21 ÙÙjjhhdd oo{{VV ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) wb/oe'Nbk$X{oh wZb{wkiok

22 ;;{{ppkk eekkjjBB ff;;zzxx ( nbkjkpkd, ndB i/bQ, wb/oe'Nbk-2$ uZe (Ù/ı{g[ok)

jikoh pkˆ, u[Bko feb/Q ftu e?d eZNh) wb/oe'Nbk

23-24 ÙÙjjhhdd ffrrnnkkBB ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ ;w/A Ù/og[o$X{oh pbkVh

ekb/ gkDh dh e?d ftu Ùjhd j'J/)ÙÙjjhhdd ookkww ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ ;w/A

bVfdnK Ùjhd j'J/)

25-28 ÙÙjjhhdd nnbbpp//bb ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd uuVVQQss ff;;zzxx,, ;zro{o$;zro{o pkbhnKÙÙjjhhdd iittkkjjoo ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd uuVVQQss ff;;zzxx,,


29-30 ÙÙjjhhdd EEZZwwDD ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ ;w/A ekb/ ;[Bkw$;[Bkw cb/Vk

gkDh dh e?d ftu Ùjhd j'J/)

31 wwkkJJhh yy//ww ee""oo GtkBhrVQ$;zro{o fdZs{g[o

(wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ ftu Ùkfwb j'Jh s/ e?d eZNh)

ff˜̃bbQQkk bb[[ffXXnnkkDDkk


1 ÙÙjjhhdd eekkjjBB ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) b[fXnkDk$b[fXnkDk ;zr'tkb

2-3 ÙÙjjhhdd dd//ttkk ff;;zzxx rroo//ttkkbb gZy'tkb$b[fXnkDk b'jrVQ

(wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd)ÙÙjjhhdd nnssoo ff;;zzxx rroo//ttkkbb (i/bQ ftu Ùjhd j'J/)


4-9 ÙÙjjhhdd tt˜̃hhoo ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ;;[[iikkBB ff;;zzxx,, v/jb'A$gkfJb op'A TZ[uhÙÙjjhhdd pp//bbkk ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ÙÙ''GGkk ff;;zzxx,,

ÙÙjjhhdd ;;//XXkk ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd BBZZEEkk ff;;zzxx


10 ÙÙjjhhdd rr[[ooww[[yy ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) gZy'tkb$b[fXnkDk bskbk

11 ÙÙjjhhdd GG{{gg ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) yzBk$gkfJb dhtk wzv/o

12-13 ÙÙjjhhdd oo{{VV ff;;zzxx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) d'okjk$gkfJb fpÙBg[ok;;aa wwzzrrbb ff;;zzxx ffppÙÙBBgg[[oohh

(nbkjkpkd fty/ e?d eZNh)

14-15 ;;{{ppkk bbZZyykk ff;;zzxx wb"d wb"d

(w"bwhB ftu e?d eZN Ùjhd j'J/) (;p sfj;hb W);;{{ppkk ggjjkkVVkk ff;;zzxx

(n;horVQ febQ/ ftu e?d eZN Ùjhd j'J/)

16 ÙÙjjhhdd XX""AAeebb ff;;zzxx v/jb'A$b[fXnkDk febk okJ/g[o

(ekb/ gkDh dh e?d eZNfdnK Ùjhd j'J/)

17-18 ÙÙjjhhdd ffBBjjkkbb ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd eekkjjBB ff;;zzxx v/jb'A$b[fXnkDk bfjok


19-20 ÙÙjjhhdd TT[[ssww ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd uuVVQQss ff;;zzxx v/jb'A$b[fXnkDk o[Vek


21 ÙÙjjhhdd jjiikkookk ff;;zzxx ookkJJ// b[fXnkDk-2$ okJhnK

(;zB 1914 ˘ cK;h fdZsh rJh) b[fXnkDk

ff˜̃bbQQkk ¯̄ffssjjrrVVQQ ;;kkffjjpp

BBzzLL ÙÙjjhhdd ddkk BBKK ppbbkkee$$ssffjj;;hhbb ffggzzvv$$ÙÙffjjoo 1-2 ÙÙjjhhdd ÙÙ''GGkk ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ii?? ff;;zzxx nwb'j$nwb'j GZdbE{jk


3-4 ÙÙjjhhdd nnssoo ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd iittkkjjoo ff;;zzxx nwb'j$nwb'j wSokJ/ ebK(wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd)


5 ÙÙjjhhdd dd;;""AAXXkk ff;;zzxx ywkD'A$ywkD'A fpbk;g[o(wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd)

ff˜̃bbQQkk wwkkBB;;kk


1-2 ÙÙjjhhdd ;;ZZddkk ff;;zzxx,, ÙÙjjhhdd ÙÙkkww ff;;zzxx Ghyh$wkB;k i'rk(wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd)

3 ÙÙjjhhdd GGrrttkkBB ff;;zzxx wkB;k$wkB;k Bzrb ebK(wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ ;w/A ekb/ gkDh dh e?d ftu Ùjhd j'J/)

ff˜̃bbQQkk ww''rrkk


1 ;;{{ppkk iittkkjjoo ff;;zzxx w'rk 2$w'rk vo"bh (GkJh)(w"bwhB (powk) fty/ e?d eZN Ùjhd j'J/)

2 ;;{{ppkk wwkkBB ff;;zzxx fBjkb f;zx tkbk ;?d'e/(u[Bko febQ/ ftu e?d eZNh)

3 ÙÙjjhhdd iirrss ff;;zzxx pkxk g[okDk$ rzih (r[bkp (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ ;w/A bVfdnK Ùjhd j'J/) pkxk g[okDk f;zx tkbk)

ff˜̃bbQQkk ww[[eess;;oo


1 ;;{{ppkk wwbb{{ee ff;;zzxx wb"N$w[es;o c{b/ tkbk(febQk n;horVQ fty/ e?d eZNh)

2 GGkkJJhh ookkJJ// ff;;zzxx e'N GkJh $ wXho(;[szsosk ;zrqkwh) frZdVtkjk


ff˜̃bbQQkk ggffNNnnkkbbkk


1 jj˜̃{{oohh ;;//ttee GGkkJJhh BBkkBBzz{{ ff;;zzxx xB"o$okig[ok o[Veh(;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ Bkb e?d eZNh)

ff˜̃bbQQkk ff¯̄oo''˜̃gg[[oo


1 ÙÙjjhhdd ııiikkBB ff;;zzxx ˜hok$˜hok wZb'e/(wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd)

ff˜̃bbQQkk iibbzzXXoo


1 ÙÙjjhhdd ww//jjoo ff;;zzxx nbktog[o Bro nbktog[o(wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ ;w/A ekb/ gkDh e"A;b W.dh e?d eZN Ùjhd j'J/)

jjffoonnkkDDkk dd// ;;[[sszzssoosskk ;;zzrrqqkkwwhh ÙÙjjhhdd

ff˜̃bbQQkk nnzzppkkbbkk


1 ÙÙjjhhdd ttffoonnkkww ff;;zzxx pjkd[o f;zx (wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd) tkbk


ff˜̃bbQQkk ff;;oo;;kk


1 ÙÙjjhhdd ppııÙÙkk ff;;zzxx vZptkbh izvtkbk(wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ d/ Ùjhd)

ee??EEbb ((jj[[DD ff˜̃bbQQkk ccffssjjkkppkkdd))


1 ;;{{ppkk ppqqjjwwkk ff;;zzxx cfsjkpkd dfonkg[o(w"bwhB (powk) fty/ e?d eZNh)


wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkeekk ss// ;;ooeekkoohh dd;;sskktt//˜̃

gfNnkbk fonk;s d/ ;oekoh foekov ftu'A w?A e[M vke{w?AN; dhnK ckfJbK eYtkJhnK

jB. fJj d;skt/˜ T[od{, cko;h, ns/ noph GkÙk ftu fby/ j'J/ jB. fJBQK dk nB[tkd

eotkfJnK, pj[s ;kohnK BthnK rZbK s/ ikDekohnK T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nk ojhnK jB. w;bB

ÙjhdK dhnK ˜ps ehshnK ikfJdkdK dk t/otk, wb/oe'Nbk ;ke/ s'A pknd cV/ rJ/ e{e/ f;Zy

ns/ fijV/ f;Zy wkxh d/ w/b/ ”s/ rJ/ ;B T[BQK d/ fpnkB, fgzv oVQ s'A ˜ps ehsk frnk f;ZyK

dk ;wkB, iıwh f;ZyK d/ y{B Bkb fbpV/ eZgfVnK dh jfEnkoK dh frDsh, nzrq/˜ ;oeko tZb'A

wjkokik gfNnkbk dk XzBtkd, ;ke/ s'A pknd fdZs/ rJ/ fJBkw, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ˘

ibktsB ehs/ ikD pko/ fbysK, rZb eh pj[s e[M nfijk ;kjwD/ nk fojk W i' bz{ ezv/ yVQ/

eo d/D tkbk W.

g/Ù W ;oekoh d;skt/˜K ftu'A e[M e[ N[eK L-

““fijV/ e{ek b'e frq¯sko j' e/ s'gK Bkb T[vkJ/ rJ/ jB s/ ftÙ/Ù eo e/ fizB/ th T[j b'e

fijV/ T[Zu/ o[sp/ tkbh ;oeko d/ fJbke/ d/ tk;h j'D, T[BQK dh ikfJdkd e[oe j'Dh ukjhdh W.

T[BQK d/ phth pZfunK dh fBrokBh j'Dh ukjhdh W ns/ fJ; j[ew dh Bkf˜w ;kfjpkB okj] pj[s

S/sh skwhb j'Dh ukjhdh W.””

““e'Nbk d/ c;kd ;w/A fJBQK dh frDsh 120 ;h. ¯od ftu doi t/ot/ nB[;ko 68 ftnesh

sK fBeb nkJ/ go 52 iD/A ni/ pkeh jB. T[BQK ofjzd/ ftneshnK dh frq¯skoh fi; soQQK j'

;e/ j'Dh ukjhdh W.””

““Bkf˜wK ˘ j[ew fdZsk ikt/ fe T[j ;oeko dh fonk;s ftu ;fEs T[BQK b'eK dh jo

fe;w dh ikfJdkd ;oeko ftu ˜ps eoB, fiBQK B/ wb"d s/ e'Nbk T[s/ jwbk ehsk ;h.

““;oeko dh fonk;s ”u ofjD tkb/ fizB/ e{ek b'e fJ; w/b/ ”s/ G?Dh fty/ e{ek f¯oe/ d/

pkBh r[o{ okw f;zx gk; fJZem/ j'J/ j'D, T[; t/b/ se e?d oy/ ikD id'A se T[j fJ; ¯;kd

ftu Ùkwb Bk j'D pko/ ndkbs dh s;Zbh Bk eok d/D ns/ fijV/ fgzvK ftu e{ek b'e tZ;d/

j'D, T[BQK ˘ T[E'A d/ BzpodkoK d/ ;g[od eoe/ BzpodkoK ˘ skehdh j[ew fdZsk ikt/ fe T[j

e{fenK ˘ nrb/ j[ew se fgzvK s'A pkjo Bk ikD d/D, Bj] sK T[j Bzpodko T[ZsodkfJe ;wM/

ikDr/.””


““g[fb; ˘ skehd Bkb jdkfJs ehsh ikt/ fe T[j fe;/ EK fJBQK e{fenK ˘ fJZem/ BK j'D

d/t/ ns/ i/ fe;/ EK fJZem/ t/y/ sK c"oB frq¯sko eo e/ ndkbs e'b ubkD g/Ù eo/ sK fe

T[BQK ˘ ek˘B nB[;ko ;˜k fdZsh ikt/.””

““fJBQK ftu'A fijV/ b'e “;{pk” ejkT[Ad/ jB s/ fe;/ soQK dk Xkowe o'np dkp fJ; fcoe/ d/

b'eK s/ oyd/ jB, T[BQK ˘ Gh ni/ e?d eo fbnk ikt/.””

““¯;kd dh p[fBnkd oZyD tkb/ fJ; e"w d/ r[o{ okw f;zx ˘, ;oeko d/ j[ew Bkb fgzv

G?Dh s'A o/b ”u ;tko eotk e/ nbkjkpkd G/fink frnk.””

““fJj E'VQh fijh iwks BK sK fonk;s e'Nbk ”s/ epik eo ;edh ;h s/ Bk T[BQK d/ Ùjhd

j'D d/ fJokd/ dk gsk ufbnk. i/ T[BQK dk Ùjhd j'D dk fJokdk j[zdk sK T[j gzi ;s nkdwhnK

d/ nZr/ jfEnko ;[ZN e/ T[BQK dhnK XwehnK Bkb iK T[BQK d/ X'yk d/D Bkb, nkgD/ g?oK Bkb

uZb e/ s/ febQK Ù/og[o ”u nk e/ e?d Bk j[zd//. ;k¯ ˜kfjo W fe fJj b'e nkgD/ r[o{ ”s/ Go';/ d/

i'o ”s/ w[be ˘ cfsj eoB dk fJokdk oZyd/ jB.””

““fJ; tkodks s'A gqrN s"o ”s/, fJ; f¯oe/ d/ fpnkB d/ w[skpe fJBQK dk fJokdk sK w[be

˘ jfEnkT[D dk wkb{w j[zdk W.””

““e{fenK tZb'A fJ; wkoXkV s/ ¯;kd dk ekoB nkgD/ Xow dh soZeh eoBk s/ w[be ˘

cfsj eoBk W. fJj b'e fdb'A fJjh ukj[zd/ jB fe w˜jp ftu soZeh j't/ s/ w[be fbnk ikt/

ns/ ;ko/ fJj fdb'A ukjz[d/ jB fe rT{eÙh pzd j' ikt/.””

(fJBQK d/ ns/ nrb/ gzBk BzL 147 sØ∫ 156 she d/ gzfBnK d/ T[od{, noph ns/ ¯ko;h ftu

w{b d;skt/˜ w/o/ eØb jB)


wwbb//ooee''NNbb// ;;kkee// ss''AA ppkknndd BBkkwwXXkkoohh ff;;ZZyyKK ddhh ppDDkkJJhh ;;eehhww dd// dd;;sskktt//˜̃

ggffjjbbkk pp//bbkk ff;;zzxx ffggzzvv wwzz[[vvhhnnKK ppkkoo// tt//oott// ;;ffjjss jjkkbb ddZZ;; uu[[ZZeekk jjKK nnss// nnZZii ddkk jjkkbb ffJJ;;

ssooQQKK WWLL--

T[gq'es p/bk f;zx ˘ ;odko BokfJD f;zzx s/ bfjDk f;zx, sfj;hbdko B/ ;t/o/ jh nkgD/wekB ”s/ p[bkfJnk. gkofezB˜ ;kfjp fvgNh efwÙBo ˘ god/ Bkb fJsbkj d/ fdZsh. ;kfjpfvgNh efwÙBo pjkd[o T[BQK d/ wekB d/ fJe ewo/ ”u dotk˜/ d/ syfsnK d/ B/V/ p?m rJ/.T[gq'es d'jK ;odkoK B/ p/bk f;zx Bkb rZbK eoBhnK Ù[o{ eo fdZshnK.

p/bk f;zx B/ BokfJD f;zx s'A g[ZfSnk fe ““s[;] f;zx ;kfjp fe; EK s'A j' <@

BokfJD f;zx B/ itkp fdZsk fe ““ w?A nop tZb d{o dk ofjD tkbk jK ns/ Bkw w/ok gzikpf;zx W.@

fJ; ”s/ T[; dh s;Zbh j' rJh. fco T[; B/ e{fenK dk ;kok jkb efjDk Ù[o{ eo fdZsk s/fJj fejk fe

““;fsr[o{ t?;ky d/ wjhB/ sÙoh¯ b? nkT[Dr/ Gkt/A nzro/˜ fezBK jh pzd'p;s eo b?D.t?;ky ftu nzro/˜K ns/ okfinK d/ oki Bj] ofjDr/. ;kv/ ;fsr[o{ e'b fJe ;" ;kyh Gkt g'Eh;h. ;fsr[o{ B/ T[BQK ftu'A fJe bfjDk f;zx ˘, fJe jhok f;zx ;eo"dh tkb/ ˘, fJe Bzd f;zxjzfYnkJ/ tkb/ ˘ s/ fJe dopkok f;zx s/ JhÙo f;zx okJ/g[ohJ/ ˘ fdZsh ;h. T[; g'Eh ftu fJjth jkb fbfynk j'fJnk ;h ns/ T[;/ ;kyh d/ w[skfpe fJj ekotkJh Ù[o{ j' ojh W. j[D fe;/ s'AT[/; ekotkJh dk fJzs˜kw Bj] j' ;e/rk. gfjbk fijV/ wko/ rJ/ ;' wko/ rJ/, j[D n;] pj[spzd'p;s Bkb ezw eoKr/. pj[s e{e/ okik izw{, wjkokik gfNnkbk, okik i]d s/ okik BkGk d/w[bkf˜w jB. fi; fdB okfinK B/ gfjbK jh T[BQK ˘ B"eoh s'A jNkT[D dk j[ew ikoh eo fdZskT[;/ fdB s'A T[j g[fb; nkfd tkb/ w[bkf˜w pzd{eK s/ jfEnkoK ;w/s ;kv/ e'b g[Zi ikDr/feT[Afe T[BQK ;kfonK Bkb ;kvh rzY s[Zg j' u[Zeh W. gfjbh rZb sK fJj W fe ;kvk pj[s GkohfJeZm d/y e/ fjzd{ b'e ;kv/ Bkb Ùkfwb j' ikDr/ Bj] sK n;] T[BQK ˘ th r[o{ s'A ;˜kfdtktKr/. BkokfJD f;zx dk f;o XV Bkb'A i[dk eoKr/ ns/ fco T[jd/ f;o dk gsk th Bj]bZr/rk. n;] fJj tkodks t?;ky 1929 ftu eoKr/. j[D ;kv/ iE/dko dopkok f;zx, JhÙof;zx, Bzd f;zx jzfYnkJ/ tkbk, r'gkb f;zx, ns/ (r[o{) okw f;zx dk Gok p[ZX f;zx w"i{d jB.


eh j'fJnk i/ ;fsr[o{ sÙoh¯ b? rJ/, ;ko/ nkgD/ nkg sÙoh¯ b? nkT[Dr/. T[; fdB fJe bZye{e/ fJZem/ j'Dr/.@

T[; t/b/ ;kfjp pjkd[o B/ T[; dh fJj ;koh rZbpks ;[Dh ns/ S/sh Bkb d{i/ ewo/ ”usÙoh¯ b? rJ/ fi; ftu sfj;hbdko s/ BokfJD f;zx s/ p/bk f;zx w"i{d ;B. BokfJD f;zxB/ T[;/ t/b/ o"bk gk fdZsk fe pj[s r˜p j'fJnk fe ;kfjp B/ ;k˘ nk e/ d/y fbnk. ÙkfJd;kvh fe;/ B/ w[ıpoh ehsh W ns/ p/bk f;zx ˘ fejk fe s?˘ ;kfjp B/ frq¯sko ehsk, ÙkfJd;k˘ th frq¯sko eo b?D. ;kfjp pjkd[o B/ T[;/ t/b/ p/bk f;zx ˘ nkgDh fj¯k˜s ”u eofbnk.

fJj dk; T[; t/b/ e'mh s'A tkg; nkfJnk ;h fe fJ;/ d"okB fco fJe nkdwh dk; ˘ b??Dnk frnk. id'A fJj dk; g[Zik sK ;kfjp pjkd[o B/ t/ot/ Bkb jkb ;[DkfJnk ns/ ¯owkfJnkfe s[;] ;qh wjkokik ;kfjp pjkd[o ˘ ;kvk ;bkw fdT[ ns/ fJ; dk fJzs˜kw S/sh eotk e/fJ; gotkB/ dh fog'oN eo' ns/ fJj th ¯owkfJnk fe ““gsk Bj] fJj e{ek b'e eh nk¯sfbnkT[Dr/. n;] fJBQK dk fJzs˜kw pj[s S/sh eoKr/ ns/ Bzd f;zx fgzv jzfYnkfJnk s/ r'gkbf;zx ˘ fBrokBh j/m oytk fdT[.@

dk; B/ p/Bsh ehsh fe r'gkb f;zzx fBrokBh j/m W ns/ ;qh wjkokik ;kfjp pjkd[o dh¯"i ftu e'Jh e{ek Bj] W. pj[s w[Zds j'Jh fe fizB/ nkdwh e{e/ pD/ ;B T[BQK ˘ ;oekoh B"eohs'A jNk fdZsk frnk ;h.

;kfjp pjkd[o B/ ¯owkfJnk fe p/bk f;zx efjzdk W fe e{e/ b[e/ j'J/ jB.

dk; B/ no˜ ehsk fe ;ko/ nj[d/dko jNk fdZs/ rJ/ jB j[D e'Jh e{ek ¯"i ftu Bj] W s/p/bk f;zx M{m p'bdk W. T[j ÙkfJd fJ; d[ÙwDh Bkb efjzdk j't/ fe ;qh wjkokik ;kfjp pjkd[od/ nfjbekoK B/ ;ko/ e{fenK dhnK iVQK g[ZN ;[ZNhnK jB.

;kfjp pjkd[o B/ ¯owkfJnk fe ““fBo;zd/j fJj nkdwh Ùokosh jB, n;] pj[s S/sh fJBQKdk fJzs˜kw eoKr/ ns/ n;] nZi pj[s ;ko/ e{fenK dh frq¯skoh d/ tkozN ikoh ehs/ jB,fw;kb d/ s"o ”s/ dopkok f;zx s/ JhÙo f;zx nkfd. s[;] Bzd f;zx tk;h jzfYnkfJnk ˘fBrokBh j/m eok fdT[ ns/ nZi oks dh o/b rZvh ”u fJj ekr˜ ;qh wjkokik ;kfjp pjkd[odh ;/tk ftu gj[zuk e/ fJ; dk itkp wzrtkT[. j[fÙnko s/ JhwkBdko nfjbeko okj] fJ; dhS/sh skwhb eotkT[. fJ; ezw bJh bkbuh nkdwh Bk G/fink ikt/ feT[Afe fJj e{e/ ÙokoshjB.

dk; B/ fpB?-gZso ftu fbfynk W fe w?A ;t/o/ fJj jkb no˜ eoKrk gozs{ fJ; t/b/ no˜eoBk w[Bkf;p ;wfMnk. ;' t/ot/ ;fjs dZf;nk frnk W. w/ok fpB?-gZso iK gotkB/ dh Bebfe;/ fB˜kws iK nfjbeko ˘ Bk fdZsh ikt/ ns/ god/ ftu jh skwhb j' e/ itkp nk ikt/.

eZbQ ˘ J/BK jh itkp pıfÙnk ikt/ fe fJZE/ fJj skwhb fJ; soQK Bkb nfjbekoK okj]eokJh ns/ ¯bkDk nkdwh fJ; skwhb tk;s/ w[eZoo j'fJnk ;h.

( tehb b[fXnkDk)


ÙÙjjhhddKK ddhh ee[[ooee eehhsshh iikkffJJddkkdd dd// ee[[MM tt//oott//

dd''BB''AA ¯̄;;kkddhhnnKK nnBB{{gg ff;;zzxx ss// TT[[;; dd// ffggsskk wwffjjsskkpp ff;;zzxx ttkk;;hh ;;eeoo""ddhh ddhh ÙÙkkffwwbbkkss ;;ww//ssee[[ooee eehhsshh iikkffJJddkkdd ddhh ;;{{uuhh..

iikkffJJddkkdd nnBB{{gg ff;;zzxx LL-- e[b uh˜K, eZgV/ s/ vzro gÙ{ t/u fdZs/. T[jdk xo fi; dkwkfbe wfjskp f;zx W. y{j dk fjZ;k& u"Ek fjZ;k, 2 fpx/ 15 fpXtk. j'o 12 fpx/ ftu'A fJ; d/ fjZ;/ ”u 2 fpx/.

;ek GkJh ;o{g f;zx fijVk e{ek Bj] W s/ ;oeko dk B"eo W.

iikkffJJddkkdd wwffjjsskkpp ff;;zzxx LL-- w{zrk & 1, d[bkJh ekbh 1, fbjk¯ 1

eZuk xo fJe e'mk s/ nzdo fJe e'mVh ;w/s ftjVk.

y{j dh ˜whB d' fpx/ 15 fp;t/. fi; ftu wfjskp f;zx dkfjZ;k W.

eeggVV// LL-- ;btko s/ eZSk 2 j'o eZgVk 12 frok, o˜kJh ghbh dopkoh 4r˜, o˜kJh dopkoh ;oi 5 r˜, ;btko dk eZgVk 1, ;"c,joV 1 SNKe, ekbh fwou 2 s'b/, u"b, bZeV dk sıs g'Ù.

¯̄[[NNeebb LL-- nBki 7 wD, ;o'A, i", wZeh 5 XVh

ukogkJh 7

d[ZX & mzvk 1, row 2

s"ÙkdkB uwV/ dk &1, o[gJ/ 135

gN/ ;tkoK 1, s'VK pzd{e

fJe y{j & fJe fjZ;k

˜whB pkokBh & 12 fpx/.

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((rrttkkjj)) e/jo{ f;zx, y˜kB f;zx, wZb f;zx, oD f;zx, uVQs f;zx (;ko/GkJh ;eo"dh)

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¯̄;;kkddhh jjhhookk ff;;zzxx ee{{eekk ff;;ZZyy ffggzzvv ;;eeoo""ddhh ddhh ee[[ooee

eehhsshh iikkffJJddkkdd ddhh ¯̄oodd ddhh BBeebb..

xo, eZuk e'mk uko yD. rVtk 1

fJe y{j ”u'A S/tk fjZ;k W. itko d/ f;ZN/ 4 wD

˜whB pkokBh 41 fpx/ 10 fp;t/ eN'ok 1

rkJ/ 2 pkNk 1

;Zpb 2 ukogkJh 1 & uko nkB/ dh

ebk Bzd ;eo"dh yVe f;zx y˜kB f;zx

fdnkb f;zx ;eo"dh uVQs f;zx

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¯̄;;kkddhh bbffjjDDkk ff;;zzxx ee{{eekk ff;;ZZyy ffggzzvv ;;eeoo""ddhh ddhh

ee[[ooee eehhsshh iikkffJJddkkdd ddhh ¯̄oodd ddhh BBeebb..

eZgV/ nkfd ;kok ;kwkB ns/ vzro gÙ{ ¯o'ıs eo fdZs/.

eZuk e'mk 1

gZe/ y{j d/ gzitK fjZ;/ ”u'A u"Ek fjZ;k

˜whB pkokBh 12 fpx/

sh;ok fjZ;k, ;e/ GkJh o{g f;zx e'b rfjD/ W

ns/ ngD/ s"o ”s/ t/u fdZsk W ns/ o{g f;zx

e{ek Bj] W.

ebk Bzd yVe f;zx s/ y˜kB f;zx fdnkb f;zx, oD f;zx s/ u{jV f;zx

tk;h ;eo"dh Gok

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¯̄oodd ee[[ooeehh iikkffJJddkkdd pp;;kkttkk ff;;zzxx gg[[ZZssoo ;;""AAXXkk,,

ee""ww ffww;;ssoohh ff;;ZZyy,, ffddnnkkbbrrVVQQ..

uuZZbb iikkffJJddkkdd LL--

gZEo dh uZeh 1

ukogkJh 1

b'j/ dk pkNk 1

pkD pZpV 4 ;/o

b'j/ dh v'bh 1

eK;h dh Ekbh 1

nnuuZZbb iikkffJJddkkdd LL--

fJe eZuk e'mk

p;ktk f;zx dh e[b T[wo frnkoK pkoK po; dh W. T[; d/ d' GkJh ;{p/ jB s/ fJe pkg

;"AXk f;zx Bkwh W. T[; dh ni/ sZe Ùkdh Bj] j'Jh W, fJj ikfJdkd T[; d/ pkg dh W.

-p;-

;Z:d nbkT[ZdhB EkD/dko GtkBhrVQ.

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¯̄oodd ee[[ooeehh iikkffJJddkkdd ttffoonnkkww ff;;zzxx gg[[ZZssoo bbffjjDDkk ff;;zzzzxx,,

ee""ww ffww;;ssoohh ff;;ZZyy,, ffddnnkkbbrrVVQQ..


eDe 35 ;/o

b'phnk 7 wD

o{z 1 ;/o

fgzih j'Jh o{z 1 ;/o

ukogkJh 1

gZEo dh uZeh 1

fgZsb dh Ekbh 1

b'j/ dk NZp 1


2 eZu/ e'mk

tfonkw f;zx dh T[wo gzdoK ;kbK dh W ns/ j[D sZe Ùkdh Bj] j'Jh. T[; dk fgsk bfjDk

f;zx s/ ;Zek GkJh nwo f;zx W. T[; dh ık; e[S ikfJdkd Bj] W pbfe ikfJdkd T[; d/ pkg

dh W.

-p;-

dk;

;Z:d nbkT[ZdhB,

EkD/dko GtkBhrVQ.

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¯̄oodd ee[[ooeehh iikkffJJddkkdd GG{{gg ff;;zzxx gg[[ZZssoo ffwwjjoo ff;;zzzzxx,,

ee""ww ffww;;ssoohh ff;;ZZyy,, ffggzzvv ffddnnkkbbrrVVQQ..

1100 wwkkxx ;;zzwwss 11992288aa


ukogkJhnK 2

egkj t/bD dk beVh dk t/bDk 1

o{z dk fuZNk ;{s 8 ;/o

nBki b'phnk 2 wD

p?b 1

fgZsb dk eN'ok 1

fgZsb dh Ekbh 1


2 eZu/ e'mk

fJ; G{g f;zx dh T[wo nmkoK T[zBh po; dh W s/ ni/ sZe Ùkdh Bj] j'Jh. fJe ekjbk

f;zx fJ; dk GkJh s/ pkg fwjo f;zx W. ikfJdkd fJ; d/ pkg dh W.

-p;-

dk;

;Z:d nbkT[ZdhB,

EkD/dko GtkBhrVQ.

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wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkeekk jj''DD dd// ppkknndd ÙÙjjhhddKK dd// yy{{BB BBkkbb ffbbppVV// jjffEEnnkkooKK,, eeZZggffVVnnKK nnss// jj''oo ;;wwkkBB ddkk tt//oottkk

TT[[BBQQKK ¯̄;;kkddhh ee{{ffeennKK dd// jjffEEnnkkooKK ss// ¯̄[[NNeebb ;;kkwwkkBB ddhh ¯̄oodd ffiijjVV// ffggzzvv ooVVQQ ss''AA 44 wwkkxx 11992288

ww[[sskkffppee 1155 iiBBttoohh 11887722 JJhhLL ˘̆ ffrrqq¯̄sskkoo jj''JJ//..

e[Zb 42 jfEnko

fwnkBK s'A fpBK y{B Bkb bZE gZE BzrhnK sbtkoK 8 Br (w[ZfmnK tkbhnK 6,

w[ZfmnK s'A fpBK 2)

fwnkBK ;w/s y{B Bkb bZE gZE sbtkoK 8 Br ( b'j/ d/ w[Zm/ tkbhnK

7, ;[Bfjoh w[Zm/ tkbh 1 )

;zrhB pzd{eK 1

y{B Bkb bZE gZE Nke{J/ 9 Br

b'j/ dk tZvk e[jkVk y{B Bkb bZE gZE 1

y{B Bkb bZE gZE b'j/ dh tZvh e[jkVh 1

rzvk;/ 2

y{B Bkb bZE gZE bZeV d/ ;'N/ 9 Br

b'j/ dk s/Ùk 1

tZvk B/˜k 1

b'j/ dh bVh 1

18 iBtoh ;zB 1872 JhL ˘ fJj jfEnko t;{b j'J/.

fJBk:s[Zbkj w[jZfoo fonk;s e'Nbk,

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TT[[BBQQKK ¯̄;;kkddhh ee{{ffeennKK dd// yy{{BB BBkkbb bbZZEE ggZZEE eeZZggffVVnnKK

ddhh ffbb;;NN ffiijjVV// ffggzzvv ooVVQQ ss''AA ffrrqq¯̄sskkoo jj''JJ//..

44 wwkkxx ;;zzwwss 11992288 ww[[sskkffppee 1155 iiBBttoohh ;;zzBB 11887722 JJhhLL ˘̆

e[Zb 21 eZgV/

y{B Bkb fbpV/ j'J/ d[ZgN/ 2

y{B Bkb bZE gZE bho 1

y{B Bkb bZE gZE gikwk 1

eZSk y{B Bkb fbpfVnk j'fJnk 1

y{B Bkb bZE gZE ftS'Dk 1

y{B Bkb fbpVh ukdo 1

y{B Bkb fbpVh j'Jh b'Jh 1

y{B Bkb fbpfVnk ;k¯k 1

y{B Bkb fbpfVnk nzrhnk 1

y{B Bkb fbpfVnk j'fJnk e[Vsk 1

y{B Bkb fbpfVnk j'fJnk gikwk 1

y{B Bkb fbpVh ukdo 1

y{B Bkb bZE gZE e[Vsk 1

y{B Bkb fbpVhnK ukdoK 2

d[gZNk, gikwk s/ e[Vsk fiBQK T[Zs/ y{B d/ XZp/ jB 3

y{B Bkb fbpVh X'sh 1

fpBK y{B bZr/ rbhw (ezpbh) 1

;kohnK uh˜k t;{b j'JhnK .


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TT[[BBQQKK ¯̄;;kkddhh ee{{ffeennKK dd// ¯̄[[NNeebb ;;kkwwkkBB ddhh ¯̄oodd ffiijjVV// 44 wwkkxx ;;zzwwss 11992288 ww[[sskkffppee1155 iiBBttoohh 11887722 JJhhLL ˘̆ ffggzzvv ooVVQQ ss''AA ffrrqq¯̄sskkoo jj''JJ//..

b'j/ d/ tbN'j/ 2 fgZsb dk rVtk 1

fgZsb dk rbk; 1 b'j/ dk NZp 1

b'j/ dh pkNh 1 gZEo dh e{zvh 1

g'EhnK r[ow[yh 4 fgZsb dk ozpk 1

bZeV d/ p'jhJ/ 2 i'Vh tjh fj;kp 1

bZeV dk vZpk 1 bZeV dk gNVk 1

frbk¯ ;D/ sehnk (f;oQkDk)1 rwb/ 2

f;sko 1 e'N pkBks ;[oy 1

d[ZgN/ 2 xVh 1

e[Vs/ 3 ;k¯/ 2

yZdo d/ eZS/ 2 nk;D ;¯?d 2

e[Vsk wbwb 1 i[okp 1 i'Vk

fBjzrK tkbh b'j// dh ueoh 1 e[Vsk bZmk 1

vZph pNB 1 gikwk bZmk 1

ukdo wbwb 1 ;k¯k 1

o[wkb ;¯?d 1 g[okDk o[wkb 1

ezpbh 1

fJj uh˜K t;{b j'JhnK .


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;;jjkkffJJee gg[[;;sseeKK

gg[[;;sseeKK bb//yyee$$;;zzggkkddee

1a REBEL AGAINST THE BRITISH RULE ;a Bkjo f;zx, feogkb f;zx

2a BkwXkoh fJfsjk; ;a Bkjo f;zx

3a ;GjB e/ f;ow"o ;a skok f;zx nBikD

4a bkb J/fj osB ;zgkde fgqa p/nzs e"o

5a ;fsr[o{ fpbk; ;zs ;zs'y f;zx pkj'tkb

(;zgkde i;ftzdo f;zx)

6a iZ;-ihtB ;zs soB f;zx tfjwh

7a gqekÙ g[zi ;{pk ;[fozdo e"o yob

8a f;Zy Ùjhdh bfjoK Gkr vka dbftzdo f;zx ro/tkb

9a bj{ fGZihnK :kdK frnkBh joGiB f;zx uzfwvk

10a ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ j[ewBkw/ ;zgkde i;ftzdo f;zx

11a nDyh w;skB/ ;a fpÙB f;zx fj;N'ohnB

12a n˜kdh dh bfjo s/ BkwXkoh d/thnK ;a fpÙB f;zx fj;N'ohnB

13a e{ek nzd'bB e[M u'Dt/A b/y ;zgkde vka nwo Gkosh

14a wkf;e tfonkw d/ nzeK ftu Sg/ b/y ;zgka ;airdhÙ f;zx tfonkw

15a ;fsi[r d/ p;zs nze ;zgka ;a skok f;zx nBikD

16H pkrh e{ek ;a fpÙB f;zx fj;N'ohnB

17a pz;ktbh ;{pk ;[fozdo e"o yob


nnzzffsseekk ww{{bb dd;;sskktt//˜̃ ((TT[[oodd{{,, nnoopphh nnss// ¯̄kkoo;;hh ffttuu))

ffJJ;;ddkk ggzziikkpphh nnBB[[ttkkdd ggzzBBkk BBzz 3399--4422









;;ooeekkoohh dd;;sskktt//˜̃KK nnBB[[;;kkoo

((TT[[oodd{{,, nnoopphh nnss// ¯̄kkoo;;hh ffttuu)) ((ffJJ;;ddkk ggzziikkpphh nnBB[[ttkkdd ggzzBBkk BBzz 9911 ss// jj??))

wwbb//ooee''NNbbkk ;;kkee// dd// ÙÙjjhhddKK ddhh ;;{{uuhh

1166 iiBBttoohh 11887722 ˘̆ ffrrqq¯̄sskkoo eehhss// rrJJ// 6688 ee{{ffeennKK ddhh ffbb;;NN











;;kkffjjsseekkoo iihhttBB ffppTT[[ookk

BK ;;{{ppkk ;;[[ffoozzddoo ee""oo yyoobb

fgsk dk BK ;L r[ouoB f;zx yob

wksk dk BK phph r[od/t e"o

gsh dk BK ;L Grtzs f;zx BkwXkoh

toswkB gsk BkwXkoh fJzia toe;, e[okbh o'v, o{gBro-140001 (gzikp)

w'pkfJb BzL 98157-03588, 94631-01345, 94173-76345,

94172-73345, 99144-20345

iBw skohy 19 iBtoh 1952

iBw ;EkB pzpJh

ftfdne :'rsk n?wHJ/Hfj;Noh

feZsk xo/b{$b/yD ekoi

fbyD gqhfefonk dk w[ZY ;zB 1966

;kfjs ouBk ejkDh, eftsk, b/y, ihtBh, pkb ;kfjs, ;coBkw/, y'i gZso

s/ pz;ktbh nkfde fby/ jB. ouBktK ;w/A ;w/A s/ tZy-tZy

gfsqektK s/ nypkoK ftu SgdhnK ofjzdhnK jB.

SSgghhnnKK gg[[;;sseeKK ddkk tt//oottkk

1) fsqÙBk (ejkDhnK) 1987

2) o{j gzikp dh (ihtBh wjkokDh f˜zd e"o) 1990

3) wjKpbh oDihs f;zx (ihtBh wjkokik oDihs f;zx) 1991

4) tv-gqskgh ;fsr[o{ (ihtBh ;qh ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih) 1991

5) ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zzx ih dh pkˆpkBh gqsh d/D (y'i-gZso) 1995

6) powk dh :ksok, n¯ohek dh :ksok 1996

7) pıfÙÙ (eftsktK) 1996


8) gqekÙ-g[zi Gkr gfjbk (ihtBh ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih) 1997

9) sz{ jh s{z (eftsktK) 2000

10) pz;ktbh-;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih 2006

11) BkwXkoh Ùjhd 2008

SSggDD::''rr gg[[;;sseeKK

BkwXkoh fJfsjk; L ;oekoh d;skt/˜

gqekÙ-g[zi Gkr d{ik

;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih (pkb ;kfjs)

vkfJoh ;zB 1990 s'A

nnyyppkkooKK ffttuu SSgg// ss// SSgg oojj// ffttÙÙ//ÙÙ bb//yy

1) ir pkDh ftu ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih pko/ b/y ns/ ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih d/ gqtuB,

21 wJh 2001 s'A j[D she, brksko bVhtko gfjb'A jo ;'wtko, j[D jo wzrbtko

˘ Sg oj/ jB.

2) nihs nypko ftu “o{j gzikp dh” (ihtBh wjkokDh f˜zd e"o) 18 nr;s 1991

s'A 27 nes{po 1991 sZe bVhtko jo n?stko 10 feÙsK ftu Sgh.

3) gzikph fNqfpT{B ftu “powk dh :ksok” 5 wJh 1996 s'A 16 i{B 1996 sZe jo

n?stko bVhtko 7 feÙsK ftu Sgh.

ffwwbb// ;;BBwwkkBBKK ddkk tt//oottkk LL--

- pkb ;kfjs ou/sk g[o;eko 02-01-1994 ˘ tZb'A - fbykoh ;Gk poBkbk

- BkwXkoh ÙjhdK dh y'i eoB bJh ;BwkB 25-09-1995 ˘ nzfwqs;o fty/ j'J/

ftÙt f;Zy ;zw/bB ;w/A - tZb'A Ù'qwDh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh.

- y/v w/bk 1999 - tZb'A Ùjhd osB f;zx ;g'oN; ebZp wzvh ebK (f˜bQk pfmzvk)

- ;odkoBh jobkG e"o :kdrkoh n?tkov 26 wJh 2002 ˘ - tZb'A fbykoh ;Gk

poBkbk

- Ùjhd fpÙB f;zx :kdrkoh n?tkov 27 wJh 2002 ˘ - tZb'A nfyb Gkosh

;zgodkfJe ;dGktBk ew/Nh, Bt] fdZbh?

- jfo ozr w;s NoZ;N pfmzvk tZb'A ;BwkB 19 ;szpo 2003 ˘


jj''oo iikkDDeekkoohh

;{pk L ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih B/ ngq?b 1994 s'A BkwXkoh gzE ftu

;{pk Ekfgnk

gqXkB L ;op fjzd BkwXkoh ftZfdne iZEk (ofiL) fJ;soh ftzr 1989-95

d"okB

NoZ;Nh L e{ek Ùjhd :kdrkoh NoZ;N (ofiL), ;zB 1992 s'A gzikp ;oeko

tZb'A pDkfJnk frnk NoZ;N

w?Apo L G?Dh ;kfjp s/ okJhnK fvt?bgw?AN p'ov (ofiL), ;zB 1994 s'A gzikp

;oeko tZb'A pDkfJnk frnk p'ov

w?Apo L e/Adoh gzikph b/ye ;Gk (ofiL)

w?Apo L gzikph ;kfjs ne?vwh (ofiL) b[fXnkDk

ekoiekoh w?Apo L f˜bQk fbykoh ;Gk (ofiL) o{gBro (o'gV)

whs gqXkB L Gkosh: fJfsjk; ;zebB ;fwsh o{gBro

w?Apo L ebuob n?Av N{fo˜w ;';kfJNh o{gBro

;;qqhh ;;ffssrr[[oo{{ iirriihhss ff;;zzxx iihh dd// eeoo--eewwbbKK ss''AA ffwwbb// ffttÙÙ//ÙÙ gg[[oo;;eekkooKK ddkk tt//oottkk LL--

- ;/mkDh wfjzdo e"o ;BwkB - 16 nes{po 1997 ˘, nZ;{ d/ w/b/ s/, ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp

fty/.

- ftÙ/Ù g[o;eko ftfdne iZE/ dh ;/tk bJh - 22 i{B 1995 ˘ ftfdne ;zw/bB

;w/A ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/.

- ftÙ/Ù g[o;eko ÙjhdK d/ gfotkoK dh y'i bJh - 13 cotoh 1997 ˘ fgzv ;eo"dh

d/ Ùjhd :kdrkoh w/b/ ”s/.

- ftÙ/Ù g[o;eko ÙjhdK d/ gfotkoK dh y'i bJh - 17 cotoh 1997 ˘ fgzv wzvh

ebK d/ Ùjhd :kdrkoh w/b/ ”s/.

- nkÙhotkd g[o;eko ftÙt BkwXkoh ftfdne iZE/ tZb'A - 9 i{B 1998 ˘ tkofÙe

ftZfdne ;zw/bB wzvh fty/.

- g[;se - tv gqskgh ;fsr[o{ (10 nes{po 1990), pıfÙÙ (4 nr;s 1996),

gqekÙ-g[zi Gkr gfjbk (18 nes{po 1997), sz{ jh sz{ (26 Btzpo 2000),

pz;ktbh-;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih (16 wkou 2006) nkfd ohbh˜ ehs/ ikD ;w/A

fwb/ ftÙ/Ù g[o;eko.


- ftZfdne ;zw/bBK ;w/A y'i-gZso gVQB ns/ iZiw?AN eoB s'A fJbktk ;w/A ;w/A ”s/

nB/e g[o;eko ;qh ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d/ eo-ewbK s'A pıfÙÙ j'J/.

ffttdd//ÙÙ ::kkssookkttKK

1) EkJhb?Av dh :ksok - 15 s'A 25 wkou 1993a


3) powk dh :ksok - 10 s'A 20 wkou 1994a


5) n¯ohek (ehBhnk - sBikBhnk) :ksok - 21 wJh s'A 5 i{B 1994a

6) EkJhb?Av dh :ksok - 28 Btzpo s'A 10 d;zpo 1995a

7) fJzrb?Av dh :ksok - 15 wJh s'A 11 i[bkJh 1999a


Documents

“e{e k nzd 'b B” d/ wjkB ;[s zs osk ;zr okwh BkwXkoh Ùjhdsubasurinderkaur.com/pdf/Kuka Lehar de sutanter sangrami.pdf · seV/ j'J/ sK fjzd{ u[Ze fdZs/, pJh nkg; ... [j ;wK ;h