미국 판례와 CERCLA상의 논의를 중심으로 ―cls.kangwon.ac.kr/data/file/sub41/1917250915_804a0450_8... · 2014-11-14 · 소급적 토양정화책임의 위헌문제 _

소급적 토양정화책임의 위헌문제*― 미국 판례와 CERCLA상의 논의를 중심으로 ―

1)

김 성 배**

.

. (CERCLA)

.

. Eastern CERCLA

.

Ⅰ. 서론.1)

, 2),

.3)

.

.4)

* 2012 4 27.

** 1) 1963 . 2) ,

. 3) “ ”,

33 , 2002, 119 . 4) , “ ”,

∣56∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

. 1995

, 1977

.5)

, , ,

,

.6)

(Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation

and Liability Act: CERCLA) .7)

CERCLA

CERCLA , .

.

CERCLA .

, .8) 9),

4 , 2010, 149 . 5) , 5 , , 2012, 561 . 6) , , 151-156 . 7) , “ (CERCLA)

”, 24 1 , 2002, 62 . 8) , , ‘ ’ LS 2003 ..‘ ’ ,

2010.10.12.4 74

.

. 11LS ‘

10 , ’ . , , , LG

2003 LS . ‘ ,

’ , .

9) 2009.12.24 2009 12778 , 2010.2.11. 200920137 , 2012.01.26 2009 76546 .

소급적 토양정화책임의 위헌문제 _ 김 성 배　∣57∣

CERCLA

.

.10)

Ⅱ. 미국의 종합환경대응책임법(CERCLA)

1. 입법배경1979

(Love Canal) .11) 1890 Love

,

,

710

.

.

.

.12)

, CERCLA

(trespass)

,

10) .

11) , , 31 1 , 2009, 116 . 12) , , 116 .

∣58∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

.13) CERCLA

. , (Clean Water Act) (Clean Air

Act), (Federal Inseticide, Fungicide and Redenticide Act: FIFRA),

1976 (Resource Conservation and recovery

Act: RCRA), (Oil Pollution Act) .

,

.14) CERCLA 1976

RCRA ,

.15)

,

,

.16)

1980 12

CERCLA .

2. CERCLA의 책임의 성질17)

(1) (Strict liability)

CERCLA PRPs

CERCLA .18)

13) James W. Mooman, Dep’t of Justice, The Superfund Concept: Report of the Interagency Task Force on Compensation and Liability for Releases of Hazardous Substances, 16(1979).

14) , , , 6-7 . 15) G. Boston & M. Madden, Law of Environmental and Toxic Torts, West, 1994, 476 .16) , , 7 .17) C E R C L A

. , “ (CERCLA)


CERCLA PRPs .

CERCLA

.

.19) PRPs

,

,

.20)

(2) (Joint and Several Liability)

PRPs

. CERCLA

”, 24 1 , 2002., , “”, 110 , 2009., , “美國環境法上土

壤汚染淨化責任” 7 , 1996., , “” 29 3 , 2007., , “

”, 4 , 2010., , “”, 32 2 , 2010, 163~200 ., “

”, 33 , 2002., , “” 26 , 1999., , “”, 25 1 , 2003, 401-431 .,

, “廢棄物管理法上事業場廢棄物排出事業者法的責任”, 26 2, 2004., , “ ” 23 2 ,

2001., , “ : CERCLA ” 29 2 , 2001., , “

”, 9 1 , 2008.18) CERCLA

, . , CERCLA Section 101(32) CERCLA

Clean Air Act 311 (1321 of Title 33)CERCLA . “(32) The term "liable" or

"liability" under this title shall be construed to be the standard of liability which obtains under section 311 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.”

19) , , 24 1 , 76 .

20) , , 76 .

∣60∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

.

,

.21) ,

, EPA .

,

.22)

(3) (Retroactive Liability)

CERCLA .

CERCLA 23)

,

.24) CERCLA , , 25) ,

.26) CERCLA

PRPs

.27)

21) , “美國環境法上土壤汚染淨化責任” 7 , 1996, 145 .22) Daian L. McDaivd, Liabilities of the Innocent Current Owner of Toxic Property under

CERCLA, 23 U.Rich.L.Rev. 403, 406 (1989)23) 2 ,

. Allan J. Topol & Rebecca Snow, Superfund Law and Procedure 3 (1992)

24) Daniel Mazmanian & David Morell, Beyond Superfailure: America's Toxics Policy For The 1990's, 27 (1992).

25) S. Rep. No. 69-848, at 2 (1980).26) United States v. Northeastern Pharm. & Chem. Co., 579 F. Supp. 823 (W.D. Mo.

1984), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 810 F.2d 726 (8th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 848 (1987); United States v. Shell Oil Co., 605 F. Supp. 1064 (D. Colo. 1985) (finding that responsible parties are liable for pre-enactment government response costs); Ohio ex rel. Brown v. Georgeoff, 562 F. Supp. 1300 (N.D. Ohio 1983).

27) Laura Hawkins, The CERCLA of Life: Using Environmental Regulation to Revive the


.28) .

3. 브라운필드법의 제정CERCLA , ,

.

,

.29) , ,

, , CERCLA

CERCLA

2002 .30)

CERCLA ,

, , , ,

. CERCLA

(Potentially Responsible Parties)31), ,

32),

33)

, 34)

2002 1 11 , 35) CERCLA

Monomonee Valley, 35 Hamline L. Rev. 139, 161 (2012). 28) , “ ”, 25 1 ,

2003, 406 .29) 45 . EPA, About

Brownfields, at http://www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/about.htm30) , , 124 .31) 42 U.S.C. § 9607(o)(1).32) 42 U.S.C. § 9607(p).33) 42 U.S.C. § 9622(g)34) 42 U.S.C.§ 9607(q)(1)(A)

∣62∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

.36)

Ⅲ. 소급효에 관한 미국의 논의와 관련판례

1. 소급효에 반대입장37)

(1)

,

. , .

,

“ .”38) .

,

.

. Holmes (The Common Law)

“

.” .39)

Holmes

.

.

Cardozo ,

35) 42 U.S.C. § 9601(40).36) 42 U.S.C. § 9601(35)(A). 37) Daniel E. Troy, Retroactive Legislation, The AEI Press (1998)

Daniel E. Troy, Toward a Definition and Critique of Retroactivity, 51 Ala. L. Rev. 1329 (2000) .

38) 4 15 ( ) NIV: where there is no law there is no transgression. 39) OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, THE COMMON LAW 163 (1949).


.40) John Locke

“ ”

. Dean Ronald Cass “ (Rule of law)

( , )

.” .41)

.

.42)

.43) ,

, . ,

.44)

(2)

1)

.

,

, ,

.45) Bryant Smith “

.” .46)

40) BENJAMIN N. CARDOZO, THE GROWTH OF THE LAW 3 (1924).41) Ronald A. Cass, Judging: Norms and Incentives of Retrospective Decision-making, 75

B.U. L. REV. 941, 954 (1995)42) Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 108 (1972) ( Marshall

,

.)43) W. David Slawson, Constitutional and Legislative Considerations In Retroactive

Lawmaking, 48 CAL. L. REV. 216, 226 (1960).44) Daniel E. Troy, Toward a Definition and Critique of Retroactivity, 51 Ala. L. Rev.

1329. 45) Bryant Smith, Retroactive Laws and Vested Rights, 5 TEXAS L. REV. 231, 417 (1927)

∣64∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

,

(Hayekian critique)

.

,

.

2) ,

.

.47)

.48)

3)

.

.

, ,

.

, ,

.49)

46) Id.47) Nelson Lund, Retroactivity, Institutional Incentives, and the Politics of Civil Rights, 1995

PUB. INTEREST L. REV. 87.48) City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469, 513-14 (1989) (Stevens

, .)

49) Daniel E. Troy, Toward a Definition and Critique of Retroactivity, 51 Ala. L. Rev. 1329, 1333 (2000)


(3)

50)

. ,

,

.51)

.

,

.

.

,

.52)

.

.

.53) ,

,

.

.54)

Pavle Spiller

( : , , ,

)

50) J. Gregory Sidak & Daniel F. Spulber, Deregulatory Takings and Breach of the Regulatory Contract, 71 N.Y.U. L. REV. 851, 865 (1996).

51) Sidak & Spulber, , 104-08 .52) Daniel E. Troy, , 1344 .53) Sidak & Spulber, , 104-08 .54) ASEAN Officials to Draw up Framework for Regional Investment Area, DEUTSCHE

PRESSE-AGENTUR, July 5, Clyde Mitchell, The Current Landscape in Egypt, N.Y.L.J., Mar. 20, 1996, 7 .

∣66∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

.55)

,

.56)

2. 소급효를 긍정하는 의견57)

,

.

(1)

.

,

.58)

(2) :

.59)

.60)

( )

55) Pablo T. Spiller, Institutions and Regulatory Commitment in Utilities' Privatization, 2 INDUS. CORP. CHANGE 387, 393 (1997).

56) Troy, , 1345 .57) Troy Bernard W. Bell, In Defense of Retroactive

Laws, 78 Tex. L. Rev. 235 .58) Michael J. Graetz, Legal Transitions: The Case of Retroactivity in Income Tax

Revision, 126 U. PA. L. REV. 47, 49-63 (1977).59) Michael J. Graetz, . 60) Louis Kaplow, An Economic Analysis of Legal Transitions, 99 HARV. L. REV. 511,

515-19 (1986).


.61)

,

.62)

(3)

. ,

.63)

(4)

(efficient law-making)

.

(social welfare)

.64)

.65)

(5)

.

. ,

61) Richard L. Revesz & Allison L. Westfahl Kong, Regulatory Change and Optimal Transition Relief, 105 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1581, 1586 n13, n14 (2011).

62) Adam F. Scales, Following Form: Corporate Succession and Liability Insurance, 60 DePaul L. Rev. 573, 599 (2011)

63) Jill E. Fisch, Retroactivity and Legal Change: An Equilibrium Approach, 110 HARV. L. REV. 1055, 1069 (1997).

64) Jill E. Fisch, Retroactivity and Legal Change: An Equilibrium Approach, 110 HARV. L. REV. 1055, 1088 (1997).

65) LON L. FULLER, THE MORALITY OF LAW 62 (1964).

∣68∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

.

.66)

3. Eastern판례67)이전 CERCLA의 소급효에 대한 판례CERCLA 1983

, CERCLA .68)

, 30 CERCLA

.69) CERCLA

.70)

CERCLA

.71)

66) David Silverstein & Daniel C. Hohler, a Rule of Law Metric for Quantifying and Assessing the Changing Legal Environmnet of Business, 47 Am. Bus. L.J. 795, 801-802 (2011)

67) Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel 1998(the Coal Industry Retiree Health Benefit Act: Coal Act )

. 68) United States v. Northeastern Pharm. & Chem. Co., 579 F. Supp. 823 (W.D. Mo.

1984), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 810 F.2d 726 (8th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 848 (1987); United States v. Shell Oil Co., 605 F. Supp. 1064 (D. Colo. 1985); Ohio ex rel. Brown v. Georgeoff, 562 F. Supp. 1300 (N.D. Ohio 1983).

69) Charles de Saillan, CERCLA Liability for Pre-Enactment Disposal Activities: Nothing Has Changed, 11 No. 9 NAAG Nat'l Envtl. Enforcement J. 3, 4 & n.14 (Oct. 1996) ( United States v. Olin Corp., 927 F. Supp. 1502 (S.D. Ala. 1996); United States v. Olin Corp., 927 F. Supp. 1502, 1507 & n.25 (S.D. Ala. 1996), rev'd, 107 F.3d 1506 (11th Cir. 1997)

70) U.S. v. Vertac Chemical Corp., 453 F.3d 1031, 1047 48 (8th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 2098, 167 L. Ed. 2d 812 (U.S. 2007) and cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 2098, 167 L. Ed. 2d 812 (U.S. 2007) and cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 2099, 167 L. Ed. 2d 812 (U.S. 2007) (citing Dico); U.S. v. Alcan Aluminum Corp., 315 F.3d 179, 188 190 (2d Cir. 2003).

71) Northeastern Pharm., 579 F. Supp. at 840; Louisiana-Pacific Corp. v. ASARCO, Inc., 24


9607(a) ,

.72) , CERCLA

, .73)

CERCLA

CERCLA .74)

“ , ”

. , 9607(a) ,

,

CERCLA

.75) CERCLA ,

F.3d 1565, 1575 (9th Cir. 1994) ( CERCLA); United States v. Fleet Factors Corp., 901 F.2d

1550, 1557 (11th Cir. 1990) (CERCLACERCLA

); California v. Celtor Chem. Corp., 901 F. Supp 1481, 1490 (N.D. Cal. 1995) (CERCLA CERCLA

); United States v. Mottolo, 605 F. Supp. 898, 902 (D. N.H. 1985) ( CERCLA ,

)72) Olin, 927 F. Supp. at 1519 (quoting Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244, 286

(1994)).73) Nevada ex rel. Dep't of Transp. v. United States, 925 F. Supp. 691, 695 (D. Nev.

1996) (CERCLA.); Northeastern Pharm., 810 F.2d at 733; Shell Oil, 605 F. Supp. at 1079

(CERCLA.); Georgeoff, 562 F. Supp. at 1313-14 (

, .)

74) Sean H. Joyner, Superfund to the Rescue?, 28 J. Contemp. Health L. & Pol'y 111, 136-137 (2011)

75) United States v. Stringfellow, 20 Env't Rep. Cas. (BNA) 1912, 1915 (C.D. Cal. 1984) CERCLA § 107

.); Northeastern Pharm., 810 F.2d at 732-33; Georgeoff, 562 F. Supp. at 1300; Michelle LeVeque, Rationales for Applying CERCLA Retroactively After Landgraf v. USI Film Products: Overcoming the Presumption Against Retroactivity, 59 Ohio St. L. J. 603, 605-06 (1998); Nevada v. United States, 925 F. Supp. 691 (D. Nev. 1996) CERCLA

∣70∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

. , 1983 CERCLA

Brown v. Georgeoff “

.” .76)

CERCLA

CERCLA .77)

CERCLA

.78) CERCLA 8

United States v. Northeastern Pharmaceutical & Chemical Co.

.79) CERCLA

CERCLA .80) ,

CERCLA

.81)

CERCLA

.82) , CERCLA

, .); United States v. Shell Oil Co., 605 F. Supp. 1064 (D. Colo. 1985)

CERCLA.

76) 562 F. Supp. 1300 (N.D. Ohio 1983).77) Shell Oil Co., 605 F. Supp. at 1072.78) CERCLA preamble, Pub. L. No. 96-510, 94 Stat. 2767 (1980)79) 810 F.2d 726 (8th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 848 (1987).80) 810 F.2d 726 (8th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 848 (1987) at 732, 733 (CERCLA

.); United States v. Monsanto Co., 858 F.2d 160 (4th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1106 (1989) (CERCLA

).81) , United States v. Olin Corp., 927 F. Supp. 1502 (S.D. Ala. 1996), rev'd, 107

F.3d 1506 (11th Cir. 1997). Hand CERCLACERCLA

.; Ohio ex rel. Brown v. Georgeoff, 562 F. Supp. 1300, 1311 (N.D. Ohio 1983) (

).82) Olin, 927 F. Supp. at 1503, 1513; Artesian Water Co. v. Government of New

Castle County, 851 F.2d 643, 648 (3d Cir. 1988) ( CERCLA


(conference report) .83)

CERCLA

.84)

CERCLA CERCLA

1996 United States v. Olin Corp.

.85) CERCLA

, CERCLA (commerce clause)

.86) Hand 1994

Landgraf v. USI Film Products .

.87) Hand ,

CERCLA ,

CERCLA .

8 .88)

.)83) George Clemon Freeman, Jr., Inappropriate and Unconstitutional Retroactive

Application of Superfund Liability, 42 Bus. Law. 215, 223 (1986).84) Michelle LeVeque, Rationales for Applying CERCLA Retroactively After Landgraf v.

USI Film Products: Overcoming the Presumption Against Retroactivity, 59 Ohio St. L. J. 603, 605. Frank P. Grad, Treatise on Environmental Law § 4A.02(2)(a), at 4A-78.176 (1998) (CERCLA ). de Saillan

. CERCLA , CERCLA . Charles de Saillan,

CERCLA Liability for Pre-Enactment Disposal Activities: Nothing Has Changed, 11 No. 9 NAAG Nat'l Envtl. Enforcement J. 3, 8-11 (Oct. 1996)

85) 927 F. Supp. 1502 (S.D. Ala. 1996), rev'd, 107 F.3d 1506 (11th Cir. 1997).86) , 1503 . Olin

. , Cooper Indus., Inc. v. Agway, Inc., 987 F. Supp. 92 (N.D.N.Y. 1997); United States v. Glidden Co., 3 F. Supp.2d 823 (N.D. Ohio 1997) (

); Gould Inc. v. A & M Battery and Tire Serv., 933 F. Supp. 431 (M.D. Pa. 1996) ( CERCLA

); Nevada v. United States, 925 F. Supp. 691 (D. Nev. 1996); United States v. NL Indus., Inc. 936 F. Supp. 545 (S.D. Ill. 1996) (Olin ).

87) Olin, 927 F. Supp. at 1511-12 (citing Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 286).88) United States v. Olin Corp., 107 F.3d 1506 (11th Cir. 1997).

∣72∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

CERCLA CERCLA

, Kravitch

CERCLA

.89) CERCLA

Olin . CERCLA

.

CERCLA , CERCLA

. , 5

16

5 1986

(Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act: SARA)

CERCLA .90) SARA EPA

, EPA

,

, CERCLA

CERCLA ( ,

, ) .

, CERCLA

.91) SARA ,

“

”(“Reauthorization Act Confirms How Everyone's Liable)

.92) SARA CERCLA

, CERCLA

.93) CERCLA , SARA

89) , 1511-1512 .90) Nancy K. Kubasek et al., Retroactive Liability Under the Superfund: Time to

Settle the Issue, 13 J. Land Use & Envtl. L. 197, 206 (1997). , “: CERCLA ” 29

2 , 2001, 371 .91) Kubasek et al., , 208 (David J. Hayes & Conrad B. MacKerron,

Superfund II: A New Mandate, A BNA Special Report, 17 Env't Rep. 1, 1-2 (1987).)

92) Robert H. Abrams, Superfund and the Evolution of Brownfields, 21 Wm. & Mary Envtl. L. & Pol'y Rev. 265, 271 (1997).


.

.

Ⅳ. Eastern판결과 CERCLA상의 소급문제

1. 석탄법(Coal Act)에 대한 위헌판결(1)

1992 94)

.95) (the Secretary of Labor's Coal Commission)

.96) , 1990 1950 1974 (the 1950 and 1974

Benefit Plans)97) 11 .

, ( ),

.98)

(the United Mine Workers of America Combined Benefit

Fund) .

.

(signatories)

.99) 9706(a)

93) de Saillan, , 11 (Herman & MacLean v. Huddleston, 459 U.S. 375, 384-86 (1983); Lorillard v. Pons, 434 U.S. 575, 581 (1978) .).

94) 26 U.S.C. §§ 9701-22 (1994 & Supp. II 1998).95) Eastern Enters. v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 510-514 .96) , 510-511 .97) 1950 1976 1 1 , 1974

1975 . 98) Eastern 511 (citing H.R. Rep. No. 9 (1990)); Coal Comm'n Rep., No. 43-44, at

1373-74 (1990).

∣74∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

.100)

(“signatory operator”)

.

, , 1978

,

, 1978

.101)

.102)

(2)

9706 “

” .

, (the Commissioner of Social Security)

Eastern 1

. 9706 “

”103) .

Eastern ,

Eastern Associated Coal Corporation (EACC)

(declaratory judgment) .104) Eastern 1965

ECCC .

ECCC Eastern Eastern

ECCC .105)

, (substantive due process) ,

99) 26 U.S.C. § 9706(a) (1994 & Supp. II 1998)100) 26 U.S.C. § 9706(a) (1994).101) 26 U.S.C. § 9706(a) (1994).102) In re Blue Diamond Coal Co., 79 F.3d 516, 518-19, 525 (6th Cir. 1996)103) “assign each coal industry retiree who is an eligible beneficiary to a signatory operator

which . . . remains in business . . . .”104) Eastern Enters. v. Shalala, 942 F. Supp. 684 (D. Mass. 1996).105) Eastern Enters. v. Apfel, 524 U.S. at 516.


5 .

Eastern Enterprises v. Shalala

, .106)

9607(a)(3) 1978

(the 1978 coal wage agreement)

.107) ,

.

Eastern .108)

, 1 (the First Circuit)

Eastern .109)

(heightened judicial scrutiny) , Eastern

(substantive due process rights)

.

.110) ,

1975

.

. Eastern

Eastern

. ,

Eastern

.

1 .111)

106) 942 F. Supp. at 684.107) Eastern Enters. v. Shalala, 942 F. Supp. 684 , 686-88 .108) Eastern Enters. v. Chater, 110 F.3d 150 (1st Cir. 1997).109) , 155 .110) , 156-158 .111) , 157 . Concrete Pipe & Prods. of Cal., Inc. v. Construction Laborers

Pension Trust (508 U.S. 602, 637 (1993) .

∣76∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

Eastern112) .

3 Connolly v. Pension Benefit

Guaranty Corp. 113) , ,

, , ,

.114) Eastern

.

(3)

.

1) (Plurality Opinion)

Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel Eastern

. 4 Eastern

Eastern

.115) Kennedy

5

Eastern ( ) .

,

.116)

(“taking” of property)

112) U.S. Const. amend. V.113) 475 U.S. 211 (1986). Connoly

3 , , ,

, , .114) Eastern Enters. v. Chater, 110 F.3d at 160-61.115) Eastern Enters. v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 498, 538 (1998).116) , 528-529 .


.

, Eastern

.117) (“justice and fairness”)

1 Connolly .

Eastern 3 ,

Eastern 1 118)

(considerable economic burden) Eastern

. (an asset)

, Eastern

.119) Eastern (the

multiemployer benefit plan)

(substantial liability)

. , Eastern 1974

, Eastern 1965

(subsidiary)

.

Connolly , Eastern

.120) 1946

1965 Eastern 30

50 , Eastern

.121)

4

, Eastern

,

117) , (Connolly v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp.(475 U.S. 211, 222 (1986)).

118) Eastern 5 10.

119) Eastern Enters. v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 498, 529-537 (1998)120) , 530 .121) Eastern Enters. v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 534 .

∣78∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

Eastern . Eastern

. ,

, Eastern

4 .122)

30 50

1

. Eastern

,

.123)

4

Eastern

.

2) (Concurring Opinion)

4 Eastern

, Kennedy

. Kennedy

4

(a specific property interest)

.124)

Kennedy ,

,

(adverse economic effect)

.125) kennedy

.126) (arbitrary

122) , 537 .123) , 528-29 .124) , 540 .125) , 543 .126) . United States v. Carlton, 512 U.S. 26, 31 (1994);

Concrete Pipe & Prods. of Cal., Inc. v. Construction Laborers Pension Trust, 508 U.S. 602, 636-41 (1993); General Motors Corp. v. Romein, 503 U.S. 181, 191 (1992); United States v. Sperry Corp., 493 U.S. 52, 64 (1989); United States v. Hemme, 476


and irrational way)

.127) Kennedy ,

. Kennedy

. Eastern

.

4 Eastern

.128)

3) (Dissenting Opinion)

,

.

Kennedy ( ) Breyer

Stevens , Souther Ginsberg

5 5

. Kenndey

Eastern ,

5 . ,

, Eastern

(unfair) . Breyer , Eastern

Eastern

. , Eastern 1965

Eastern

(“reach-back” liability provision) . ,

Eastern Eastern

.

Eastern

U.S. 558, 567-72 (1986); Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp. v. R.A. Gray & Co., 467 U.S. 717, 729-30 (1984); Usery v. Turner Elkhorn Mining Co., 428 U.S. 1 (1976).

127) Eastern Enters. v. Apfel, 524 U.S. at 547.128) , 554 .

∣80∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

, Eastern

. ,

, (Krug-Lewis Agreement)

.129) Breyer ,

,

. 1980 Eastern ECCC

. Breyer , Eastern

.130)

Stevens ,

, Eastern

.

4)

, 60

.131)

, .132)

Connolly

.

.

Lochner

129) , 564-565 . 130) , 567-568 .131) Donald M. Falk, Justices Forestall Business Liabilities, 20 Nat'l L. J. 50 (1998).132) Eastern Enters. v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 548


.133)

Lochner ,

. Lochner

. Lochner 50

Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma, Inc.

.134) , ,

.135)

.136) ,

.

(rational relation

to a legitimate governmental objective) .137)”

(means-end fit) .138)

(“reasonable”)

, .

(presumption of

constitutionality)

(arbitrary and irrational way) .139) Eastern

Kenndey

(most egregious of circumstances)

133) Lochner v. New York. 198 U.S. 45 (1905) ().

134) 348 U.S. 483 (1955).135) , 488 .136) Lochner, 198 U.S. 74-76 (Holmes ).137) William A. Montgomery, Jr., Constitutional Implications of CERCLA: Due Process

Challenges to Response Costs and Retroactive Liability, 31 J. Urban & Contemp. L. 279, 286 (1987) (Williamson . 348 U.S. at 491)

138) Concrete Pipe & Prods. of Cal., Inc. v. Construction Laborers Pension Trust, 508 U.S. 602, 639 (1993) (

.)139) Montgomery, , 286 .

∣82∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

.140)

2. 석탄법과 CERCLA의 비교(1) ;

CERCLA

. (United Mine Workers of

America) (the Bituminous Coal Operators' Association) 1974

.141) 1950 1974

,

1974 .

, CERCLA

,

.142)

9607(a) (PRPs) 4 ,

.

CERCLA .

,

.

(2)

1) :

140) Eastern Enters. v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 498, 550 (1998).141) Eastern Enters. v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 498, 553 & n.3 (1998)142) Mary Helen Coal Corp. v. Hudson, 976 F. Supp. 366, 369 (E.D. Va. 1997), rev'd, 164

F.3d 624 (4th Cir. 1998).


, CERCLA (a strict retroactive liability)

. . 9706(a)

.143)

(“signatory operator”)

.

, , 1978

,

, 1978

.144) ,

,

. ,

.145) ,

.146)

,

.147)

, CERCLA , 4

PRPs .148) CERCLA

149)

143) 26 U.S.C. § 9706(a) (1994).144) 26 U.S.C. § 9706(a) (1994).145) Eastern Enters. v. Chater, 110 F.3d 150, 158 (1st Cir. 1997) 146) Eastern Enters. v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 498, 514 (1998).147) 26 U.S.C. § 9705(a)(3)(b) (1994).148) 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a) (1994); CERCLA ,

United States v. Hardage, 982 F.2d 1436, 1443 (10th Cir. 1992), cert. denied sub. nom. Advance Chem. Co. v. United States, 510 U.S. 913 (1993); O'Neil v. Picillo, 883 F.2d 176, 182 & n.9 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Idaho v. Hanna Mining Co., 882 F.2d 392, 394 (9th Cir. 1989); CERCLAUnited States v. Monsanto Co., 858 F.2d 160, 167 (4th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1106 (1989)

149) Adam Babich, Understanding the New Era in Environmental Law, 41 S.C. L. Rev. 733, 750 (1990).

∣84∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

.150) CERCLA

, CERCLA

.

CERCLA .151)

PRPs . CERCLA

CERCLA

.152)

2)

CERCLA

CERCLA . CERCLA

, CERCLA

. CERCLA

.

CERCLA PRPs

.153) Eastern 1

.154) CERCLA

,

. CERCLA

.155)

150) 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a) (1994).151) United States v. Glidden Co., 3 F. Supp.2d 823, 839 (N.D. Ohio 1997) (20

CERCLA )); United States v. Shell Oil Co., 605 F. Supp. 1064 (D. Colo. 1985) (1947

Shell .); United States v. Reilly Tar & Chem. Corp., 546 F. Supp. 1100 (D. Minn. 1982) (CERCLA 50

); United States v. Vertac Chem. Corp., 489 F. Supp. 870 (E.D. Ark. 1980) (1940

CERCLA ).152) Jerry L. Anderson, The Hazardous Waste Land, Va. Envtl. L. J. 1, 6-7 (1993).153) 42 U.S.C. § 9607(b)154) Eastern Enters. v. Chater, 110 F.3d 150, 161 (1st Cir. 1997).155) Babich, , 749 .


, CERCLA

. ,

CERCLA ,

.

3) :

,

. , 1946

.156) ,

.

CERCLA

.

.157) CERCLA

,

.158)

4)

CERCLA

. CERCLA

.

,

. ,

.159) ,

156) Eastern Enters. v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 498, 505 (1998) (citing Exec. Order No. 9728, 11 Fed. Reg. 5593 (1946)).

157) George Clemon Freeman, Jr., Inappropriate and Unconstitutional Retroactive Application of Superfund Liability, 42 Bus. Law. 215, 246 (1986).

158) , 246-247159) Eastern Enters. v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 498, 503-11 (1998) (

).

∣86∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

.

. CERCLA

.

,

. CERCLA ,

,

.160)

,

(

).

3. Eastern판결이후 CERCLA의 소급효에 대한 판결Eastern CERCLA 20

.161) Eastern 1988 United States v. Vertac Chemical

160) Craig E. Colton & Peter N. Skinner, The Road to Love Canal: Managing Industrial Waste Before E.P.A. 46 (1996) (1940 1950

.).161) CERCLA . United States v. Vertac Chemical

Corp., 33 F.Supp.2d 769 (W.D.Ark.1998), United States v. Alcan Aluminum Corp., 49 F.Supp.2d 96 (N.D.N.Y.1999), Combined Properties/Greenbrier Ltd. Partnership v. Morrow, 58 F. Supp. 2d 675 (E.D. Va. 1999), United States v. Alcan Aluminum Corp., 49 F. Supp. 2d 96 (N.D.N.Y. 1999), Franklin County Convention Facilities Authority v. American Premier Underwriters, Inc., 61 F. Supp. 2d 740 (S.D. Ohio 1999), aff'd, 240 F.3d 534 (6th Cir. 2001)., United States v. Dico, Inc., 266 F.3d 864 (8th Cir. 2001)., United States v. Monsanto Co., 182 F. Supp. 2d 385 (D.N.J. 2000)., United States v. Domenic Lombardi Realty, Inc., 204 F. Supp. 2d 318 (D.R.I. 2002)., Bassett, New Mexico Ltd. Liability Corp. v. United States, 55 Fed. Cl. 63 (Fed. Cl. 2002)., United States v. Alcan Aluminum Corp., 315 F.3d 179 (2d Cir. 2003)., Ford Motor Co. v. United States, 56 Fed. Cl. 85 (Fed. Cl. 2003)., City of Rialto v. United States, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2219 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 3, 2005)., General Electric Co. v. Johnson, 362 F. Supp. 2d 327 (D.D.C. 2005)., United States v. Vertac Chem. Corp., 453 F.3d 1031 (8th Cir. 2006)., General Electric Co. v. Johnson, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 64907 (D.D.C. 2006)., United States v. Capital Tax Corp., 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9529 (N.D. Ill. 2007)., United States v. Newmont USA Ltd., 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 63726 (E.D. Wash. Aug. 28, 2007)., Raytheon Aircraft Co. v. United States, 501 F. Supp. 2d 1323 (D. Kan. Aug. 2007)., City of Gary v. Paul's Auto Yard, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75504


Corp.162) CERCLA

. 1999 United States v. Alcan

Aluminum Corp.163) Eastern CERCLA

.

(1) Eastern

1999 7 30

Combined Properties/Greenbrier Ltd. Partnership v. Morrow Eastern

.

1)

CERCLA

( ) PRPs . 1969

1992 3

. Purian 1969 1974

. CERCLA

CERCLA 6

CERCLA . Eastern

CERCLA CERCLA

Eastern CERCLA

Eastern Puritan .

2)

Eastern CERCLA 2

, Eastern

. 4

1988 United States v. Monsanto 164) CERCLA

(N.D. Ind. Oct. 4, 2007).162) 33 F.Supp.2d 769 (W.D.Ark.1998)163) 49 F.Supp.2d 96 (N.D.N.Y.1999)164) 858 F.2d 160 (4th Cir. 1988)

∣88∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

CERCLA .

Eastern .

,

.

3)

1999 United States v. Alcan Aluminum

Corp. 165) . Eastern

,

Eastern . CERCLA

CERCLA .

(2) Eastern

2001 Franklin County Convention Facilities Authority v. American Premier

Underwriters, Inc.166) Eastern

CERCLA

.

1)

CERCLA (Franklin County Convention

Facilities Authority: CFA) (1864 1973 )

(American Premier Underwriters: APU)

. CERCLA

APU

. APU CERCLA

APU CERCLA 5

.

165) 49 F. Supp. 2d 96 (N.D.N.Y. 1999).166) 61 F. Supp. 2d 740 (S.D. Ohio 1999), aff'd, 240 F.3d 534 (6th Cir. 2001).


2)

Eastern . ,

167) . , ,

CERCLA (valid legislative end)

(rational means) 5

.

, CERCLA

CERCLA 5

.

3)

2001 United States v. Dico, Inc. 168) 8

CERCLA

(unconstitutional taking) , 2003 2

United States v. Alcan Aluminum Corp. CERCLA

,

. 2006 8 United States v.

Vertac Chem. Corp. 169) CERCLA

. 2007 United States v. Newmont USA

Ltd. 170)

, CERCLA (facially valid)

.

167) “if it imposes severe retroactive liability on a limited class of parties that could not have anticipated the liability, and the extent of that liability is substantially disproportionate to the parties' experience,” 524 U.S. 528-529 .

168) 266 F.3d 864 (8th Cir. 2001).169) 453 F.3d 1031 (8th Cir. 2006).170) 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 63726 (E.D. Wash. Aug. 28, 2007).

∣90∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

Ⅴ. 결론, Eastern

CERCLA CERCLA

, CERCLA171)

.172)

,

Eastern

CERCLA

.

CERCLA ,

, 173),

. , CERCLA

.174)

.175)

,

.

171) . “

.”172) Bruce R. Huber, Transition Policy in Environmental Law, 35 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev.

91 105-106 (2011)173) ,

, .

174) , “ (CERCLA)”, 24 1 , 2002, 97-98 .

.175) , , , ,

IX, , 149 . .


,

.176)

, . CERCLA

,

. ,

.177)

.

.178)

“ ,

,

, ”

.

,

,

.

CERCLA

,

176) 1999.2.2, , 98 22989, “

, ,

,

,

.”177) , CERCLA

. CERCLA. ,

, . 178) 2011. 3. 31. 2008 141, 2009 14 19 36 247 352, 2010 91 (

2 )

∣92∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

.

, ,

. ,

.

, .

,

,

.

.

,

.

,

.

2012.4.27, 2012.5.16, 2012.5.22


〔참고문헌〕[ ]

, , , 2012., “ ”, 31 1 , 2009.

, “ (CERCLA)

”, 24 1 , 2002.

, “ ”, 110 , 2009.

, “

”, 24 1 , 2002.

, “美國環境法上土壤汚染淨化責任” 7 , 1996., “ ”, 4 , 2010.

, “ ” 29 3

, 2007.

, “ ”, 4 , 2010.

, “ ”, 32 2 , 2010.

“ ”,

33 , 2002.

, “ ” 26 ,

1999.

, “ ”, 25

1 , 2003.

, “廢棄物管理法上事業場廢棄物排出事業者法的責任”, 262 , 2004.

, “ ” 23 2 , 2001.

, “ : CERCLA

” 29 2 , 2001.

, “ ”,

9 1 , 2008.

, “ , , ”,

IX, , 2001.

∣94∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

[ ]

Adam F. Scales, Following Form: Corporate Succession and Liability Insurance, 60

DePaul L. Rev. 573 (2011).

Allan J. Topol & Rebecca Snow, Superfund Law and Procedure, West, 1992.

Bruce R. Huber, Transition Policy in Environmental Law, 35 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev.

91 (2011).

Bryant Smith, Retroactive Laws and Vested Rights, 5 TEXAS L. REV. (1927).

Craig E. Colton & Peter N. Skinner, The Road to Love Canal: Managing

Industrial Waste Before E.P.A., University of Texas Press, 1995.

Charles de Saillan, CERCLA Liability for Pre-Enactment Disposal Activities:

Nothing Has Changed, 11 No. 9 NAAG Nat'l Envtl. Enforcement J. 3

(Oct. 1996).

Daian L. McDaivd, Liabilities of the Innocent Current Owner of Toxic Property

under CERCLA, 23 U.Rich.L.Rev. 403 (1989).

Daniel E. Troy, Retroactive Legislation, The AEI Press, 1998.

Daniel E. Troy, Toward a Definition and Critique of Retroactivity, 51 Ala. L.

Rev. 1329 (2000).

Daniel Mazmanian & David Morell, Beyond Superfailure: America's Toxics Policy

For The 1990's, Westview Pr, 1992.

David Silverstein & Daniel C. Hohler, a Rule of Law Metric for Quantifying and

Assessing the Changing Legal Environmnet of Business, 47 Am. Bus. L.J.

795 (2011).

G. Boston & M. Madden, Law of Environmental and Toxic Torts, West, 1994.

George Clemon Freeman, Jr., Inappropriate and Unconstitutional Retroactive

Application of Superfund Liability, 42 Bus. Law. 215 (1986).

James W. Mooman, The Superfund Concept: Report of the Interagency Task Force

on Compensation and Liability for Releases of Hazardous Substances,

Dep’t of Justice (1979).

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Regulatory Contract, 71 N.Y.U. L. REV. 851 (1996).

Jill E. Fisch, Retroactivity and Legal Change: An Equilibrium Approach, 110

HARV. L. REV. 1055 (1997).


Laura Hawkins, The CERCLA of Life: Using Environmental Regulation to Revive

the Monomonee Valley, 35 Hamline L. Rev. 139 (2012).

Louis Kaplow, An Economic Analysis of Legal Transitions, 99 HARV. L. REV.

509 (1986).

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Lawmaking, 48 CAL. L. REV. 216 (1960).

∣96∣　환경법과 정책 제8권(2012.5.31)

Constitutional Issue on Retroactive Liability of Korean Soil Environmental

Conservation Act 179)

Kim, Sung Bae*

Thousands of sites have been contaminated by previous industrial use, often

associated with traditional processess which are no longer used. These sites may

present a hazard to the general environment, but there is a growing need to clean

up. There are urgent and potential harm to human and ecosystem because of soil

contamination, however it is not easy to discover the soil contamination. There

was growing environmental concern of soil contamination so that Korean Soil

Environmental Conservation Act (SECA) was enacted in 1995. SECA modeled the

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (

CERCLA) of U.S. which was urgently enacted to cope with environmental crisis

such as Love cannel. There were not many SECA cases in Korea compare to U.S.

Recently, however, consitutional challenge against retroactive liability of SECA was

filed in Constitutional Court. Generally interpreted, national assembly intended

SECA to apply retroactively as like CERCLA. In US, retroactive application of

CERCLA's liability provisions facilitates the cleanup of hazardous active, inactive

and abandoned waste sites, and although CERCLA is not expressly defined as

retroactive, it may reach pre-enactment conduct. Even without an express statement

on retroactivity, courts interpreting CERCLA consistently find that a combination

of the statute's purpose, structure and legislative history are sufficient evidence of

congressional intent to overcome the traditional judicial presumption against

retroactivity. This article outline CERCLA liability and Constitutional challenges

and describes the traditional argument of retroactive legislation in part I and II.

Part III analyse Supreme Court case which deal with retroactive liability of Coal

Act. Part IV compares Coal Act and CERCLA. Finally, This article conclude that

* Kookmin University College of Law


retroactive liability of SECA is within the constitutional limit due to features of

soil contamination, Korean soil contamination history, result of balancing test,

intent of legislation, importance of environment, urgent need of soil clean-up and

lesson from various cases of US.

: , , , , ,

Key words: land contamination, CERCLA, retroactive liability, retroactive legislation, clean-up cost, soil environmental conservation act.

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