듋ꩌ꿟띩 Living Forests · 2000-12-21 · 듋ꩌ꿟띩 - ꑇꆳꆳꆳ꙾ꑅꓫ 닄ꑇ듁 2000 September Issue No. 2 - Living Forests 5 Platysternon megacephalum, Black-breasted

1森林脈搏 - 二○○○年九月第二期 2000 September Issue No. 2 - Living Forests

Living ForestsA newsletter forbiodiversity conservationin South China(Issue No. 2)

本期內容﹕Inside this issue:

亞洲龜類危機

The Asian Turtle Crisis

海南虎班鳽White-eared Night Heron

原住民知識與生物多樣性保護

Indigenous knowlege and biodiversity conservation

木論自然保護區魚類多樣性Fish Diversity in Mulun Nature Reserve

森林脈搏

華南生物多樣性保育

通信刊物

(第二期)

森林脈搏 - 二○○○年九月第二期 2000 September Issue No. 2 - Living Forests2

目錄CONTENTS

P.2 華南地圖

Map of South China

P.3 亞洲龜類危機

The Asian Turtles Crisis

P.6 芳蹤沓然—海南虎班鳽

A glimmer at sundown- White-eared

Night Heron

P.9 原住民知識與生物多樣性保護

Indigenous knowledge and biodiversity

conservation

P.11 木論自然保護區魚類多樣性

Fish Diversity in Mulun Nature Reserve

P.14 一九九九年在廣西和海南的野外

記錄

Field survey findings in Guangxi and

Hainan, 1999.

P.17 新聞焦點

In the news

P.24 書評：香港蝴蝶

Book review: The Butterflies of Hong

Kong

P.27 書評：維持森林生態系統的生物

多樣性

Book review: Maintaining

Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems

P.31 近期出版的書刊和文章

A selection of recent publications

P.35 荒野

Wilderness

P.36 報告 Announcements

1.獎學金 Studentships

2.廣邀專家 Invitation to specialists

編委：周錦超、費樂思、侯智恒、林詠怡、劉惠寧、李國誠、潘慧賢、蕭麗萍、黃倫昌繪圖：李國誠Editors : Lawrence Chau, John Fellowes, Billy Hau, Vicky Lam, Michael Lau, Lee Kwok Shing,

Vera Poon, Gloria Siu, Captain WongIllustrations : Lee Kwok Shing聯絡地址：香港新界大埔林錦路嘉道理農場暨植物園，華南生物多樣性研究隊Address for correspondence : South China Biodiversity Team, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden,

Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, HK.

華南地圖 Map of South China

封面：海南虎班鳽幼鳥，攝於廣西大明山保護區(李國誠攝)

Front cover : Juvenile White-eared Night Heron, photo taken atDamingshan NR., Guangxi. (by LEE Kwok Shing / KFBG)

• 本期提及的主要地點均已標示 Major sites mentioned in this issue are indicated


劉惠寧 / 香港嘉道理農埸暨植物園

區慧玲翻譯

亞洲龜類危機

亞洲有超過九十種陸龜及淡水龜，佔全球龜

類三分之一。這些亞洲龜類長期被作為食用

及藥用，也有一些被當寵物飼養。中國最近

的經濟改革使國內，尤其是華南地區，對野

生生物的食用需求量不斷上升，而龜類亦包

括在內。隨著中國及鄰近國家的邊境開放及

中國貨幣流通，龜類的國際貿易更方便。由

於人工飼養水魚 (Pelodiscus sinensis)只佔市場

需求量其中一部份，在南亞、東亞及東南亞

等野外地區捕捉的龜則佔其餘大部份。有部

份亞洲龜類也被售作寵物用途，尤其一些稀

有而別具價值的龜，在歐洲、美國及日本等

發達國家的需求甚殷。在過去三十年裡，中

國食品市場的龜由中國物種佔大多數轉至以

南亞及東南亞物種作主導，證明了無止境的

濫捕是不可持續下去的。正因為龜長壽、遲

熟、繁殖率低，而且龜蛋及幼體死亡率高;大

量捕獵將令龜類數量大大削減，種群就算能

恢復過來，也須經一段漫長歲月。現時幾乎

所有中國的龜都屬瀕危和易危;可惜很多東南

亞及南亞的龜種亦不能逃過這宿命。

有見及此，野生物保護協會 (WCS)、野生物貿

易研究委員會 (TRAFFIC)及世界自然基金會

(WWF)在一九九九年十二月初於柬埔寨金邊聯

合舉辦了一個亞洲淡水龜及陸龜保育和貿易

工作坊。來自十六個國家的四十多位龜類專

家、政府代表、國際保育組織及中醫師齊集

(其中包括海南師範學院史海濤教授及嘉道理

農場暨植物園職員)，討論有關龜類貿易的本

質和影響，及擬出解決其威脅的方法。從報

告中得知，幾乎所有的亞洲龜類也作貿易用

途，另一令人憂慮的趨勢是商人去到更遠的

地方開發龜類資源，原因是一個地點的龜類

被「開發」數年後，便差不多耗盡，商人須

另擇地點進行捕獵及輸出的操作。與會者根

據世界自然保護聯盟紅色名錄(IUCN Red List)

的標準評估八十四種龜，當中的六十三種被

列為受威脅的，其中大部份(過八成)的受危成

因包括貿易(是因貿易而受危的)。我們需要一

套全面的策略去對付每年過百萬龜類被捕獵

的威脅，包括制訂完善的法律並切實執行、

收集貿易數據及生物資料，以及將需求量減

低至可持續利用的程度。如欲獲得有關工作

坊議定的總結內容，可到以下網址瀏覽: www.

nytts.org/asia/trade-ws.htm。工作坊的會議記錄

快將出版，部份費用由本園資助。

由於華南地區的龜類長久以來遭人捕獵及食

用，牠們已差不多絕跡於野外。在華南生物

多樣性保育計劃的三年野外調查中，本園的

華南生物多樣性研究隊到過廣西、海南及廣

東大部份最好的林區，卻只發現三種共七隻

龜，包括:平胸龜(Platysternon megacephalum)、

地龜(Geoemyda spengleri)及四眼斑水龜(Sacalia

quadriocellata)在福建、廣東、廣西、海南至越

南，甚至可能在寮國的森林山澗一帶出沒的

金錢龜(Cuora trifasciata)卻未有發現。金錢龜

被認為具治癌及其他醫療作用，故成為捕獵

對象。此外，市場對金錢龜求過於供，一隻

大的成年金錢龜售價高達一萬元港幣(約一萬

一千元人民幣或一千三百美元)。這物種在其

絕大部份的分佈範圍可能經已生態滅絕，而

保存得最好的種群應在香港。就算香港的金

錢龜種群也受非法捕獵所威脅，本園正跟香

港漁農自然護理處合作，擬訂策略及方案去

保護這物種。

亞洲龜類多樣性甚高，更遍佈不同的棲息地:

包括沙漠、雨林、水田、紅樹林、陡峭山澗

及寬闊的江河。牠們有些只以植物作為食糧，

有些只吃肉也有些是雜食的。可惜，在我們

未能真正掌握其生態角色之前，牠們已消聲

匿跡了。其實，龜在亞洲文化上擔當著一個

重要角色; 在中國神話裡，龜也是四大神獸，

亦象徵長壽。龜是珍貴的天然資源，長久以

來便被人們作食用及醫藥用。近年的商業貿

易及對其棲息地的破壞正威脅亞洲所有的龜

種。如果我們未能及時遏止這趨勢，龜這種

源遠流長且具獨特進化史的動物將會消失於

亞洲人所接觸的大自然中。長壽的象徵可能

變成滅絕的標誌。


The Asian Turtles Crisis

by Michael LAU

Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden

Over 90 species of tortoises and freshwater turtles

occur in Asia, constituting more than one third of

the world turtle fauna. Many of these Asian turtles

have long been used by the people as food, medicine,

and to a lesser extent, pets. The recent economic

reforms in China have resulted in an ever increasing

demand, especially in the South, for wildlife including

turtles for consumption. The opening up of borders

between China and the neighbouring countries, and

the Chinese currency becoming convertible, made

international trade of turtles possible. Although part

of the demand is met by farmed Chinese Softshell

Turtles, Pelodiscus sinensis, the bulk of this trade

involves wild-caught turtles from South, East and

Southeast Asia. A smaller number of Asian turtles

are also traded as pets. Rare species with high

individual value are often sought to satisfy the demand

for pets in developed countries in Europe, US and

Japan. This uncontrolled exploitation of turtles is

clearly unsustainable, as witnessed by the change

in species composition in Chinese food markets from

predominantly Chinese species to mostly South Asian

and Southeast Asian species in the last 30 years.

This is because turtles are long-lived and slow-

maturing, with relatively low reproductive rate and

high mortality of eggs and juveniles. Once depleted,

turtle populations take a very long time to recover,

if they can at all. Nearly all Chinese turtles have

become endangered or threatened and many Southeast

and South Asian species are facing the same fate.

As a result, a Workshop on the Conservation and

Trade in Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises in Asia

was organized by the Wildlife Conservation Society

(WCS), Trade Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna

In Commerce (TRAFFIC) and World Wildlife Fund

(WWF) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia in early

December, 1999. Over 40 turtle experts, government

representatives, international conservation

organizations and traditional medicine practitioners

from 16 countries (including Prof. Shi Haitao from

Hainan Teachers College and staff from Kadoorie

Farm & Botanic Garden) discussed the nature and

impact of the turtle trade, and explored measures to

counter this threat. The turtle trade is indiscriminate

in that nearly all Asian species are involved. Another

worrying trend is that turtles are being collected from

new, more distant source areas. Often, turtles in any

one location become depleted in a few years and

the whole operation of collection and export has to

move to a new site. Of the 84 species being evaluated

for their conservation status, the workshop

participants recommended that 63 species should

be considered as threatened following the IUCN Red

List criteria. Trade was a contributing factor in the

majority (over 80 %) of these species. In order to

address this threat which involves the removal of

millions of turtles from the wild each year, a

comprehensive strategy is needed which should

include better legal protection and enforcement,

collection of trade data and biological information,

and reduction of demand to sustainable levels. A

detailed account of the workshop conclusions can

now be viewed on the web site: <http://www.nytts.

org/asia/trade-ws.htm>. Proceedings of the workshop

will also be out in the near future, funded partly by

KFBG.

The long history of collecting and consuming turtles

in South China has resulted in the near complete

disappearance of turtles in the wild. During three

years of field surveys under KFBG’s South China

Biodiversity Conservation Programme, covering most

of the best forested areas in Guangxi, Hainan and

Guangdong, we have only managed to find seven

individuals of three species: Big-headed Turtle


Platysternon megacephalum, Black-breasted Leaf

Turtle Geoemyda spengleri, and Four-eyed Turtle

Sacalia quadriocellata in the wild. One species

conspicuous in its absence is the Three-banded Box

Turtle or Golden Coin Turtle Cuora trifasciata, which

ranges in forested hill streams from Fujian,

Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan to Vietnam and

possibly Laos. This species is believed to have cancer-

curing and other medicinal properties and is

particularly targeted. Due to the increasing demand

and a declining supply, the price has rocketed to

about HK$ 10,000 (RMB 11,000 or US$ 1,300) for

a large adult. This species is probably ecologically

extinct throughout much of its range and the healthiest

population known is in Hong Kong. Even this

population is under threat from illegal trapping and

Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden is now working

with Hong Kong Agriculture, Fisheries and

Conservation Department towards a strategy and

action plan to safeguard this species.

Asia has a very diverse turtle fauna occupying many

different habitats from desert to rainforest, from wet

field to mangrove swamp and from steep hill stream

to big lowland river. Some of them feed solely on

plant matter, some are strictly carnivorous while

others are omnivorous. Unfortunately, they are

disappearing before their ecological role can be

studied properly. Turtles also play an important role

in Asian culture. According to Chinese mythology,

the turtle is one of the four devine animals and is

also the symbol of longevity. They are also a valuable

natural resource that has long been utilized for

sustenance and as medicine. The commercial trade,

together with habitat destruction and degradation,

is now threatening the survival of the whole group

in Asia. If we cannot reverse the trend soon, the

Nature that Asian people experience may be forever

devoid of these unique animals with their ancient

and distinct evolutionary history. The symbol of

longevity may become a symbol of extinction.

在海口市場內的一個販賣龜的攤檔，當中大部份的龜都是來自東南亞地區 (李國誠攝)

A turtle stall in Haikou Market where most of the chelonians for sale were originated from

Southeast Asia (by LEE Kwok Shing/KFBG)


李國誠林詠怡 / 香港嘉道理農埸暨植物園

芳蹤沓然 -海南虎班鳽

海南虎班鳽(Gorsachius magnificus)是中國特有種，一八九九年在海南島中部首次被發現。

到現在，中國境內僅在華東和華南的五個地

點發現過，並僅有十幾個記錄。國外只有越

南北部有一個舊記錄。由於多年來沒有記錄，

有些鳥類學家認為這種鳥已經滅絕，而世界

自然保護聯盟（IUCN）已將其列為極度瀕危。

一九九八年五月，華南生物多樣性研究隊在

南寧市一個市埸內進行野生動物貿易調查時，

發現一隻海南虎班鳽幼鳥，並立即將牠買下，

在廣西林業廳的允許下，交給廣西大學的周

放教授飼養；同年八月將牠帶到附近的大明

山保護區放歸大自然。

這一次發現，証明了該鳥至少仍有一個種群

存在。研究隊對此非常重視，並資助周放教

授去調查該種鳥在廣西的分佈範圍和狀況。

同時，在廣東北部，也傳出發現海南虎班鳽

的消息。

今年三月和四月，研究隊根據資料到廣西和

廣東去尋找這種神秘的鳥，以了解牠們的生

態環境和生活習性，找出導致牠們瀕臨滅絕

的原因，以便制訂保育計劃。

三月二十九日至四月四日，研究隊和世界自

然保護聯盟（IUCN）鷺鳥專家組組長哈費勒教授（Prof. Heinz Hafner）、廣西大學的周放教授和廣西林業廳的官員一行十多人，來到

廣西海南虎班鳽分佈區內九個地點，包括保

護區、風水林、林場、水庫、農村附近的水

田和魚塘進行考察。期間研究隊到過海南虎

班鳽築巢、覓食和一些可能有牠們蹤跡的地

點。但因為繁殖季節尚未開始，所以在築巢

點只找到一些舊巢、羽毛和糞便。考察第二

天的黃昏，其中兩位隊員在一處水田邊等待

的時候，一隻海南虎班鳽從附近樹林中飛出

來，並在大約三十米外飛過，最後降落在附

近的水田中。由於天色漸暗，未能觀察到其

覓食和活動的情況。雖然如此，這發現令所

有隊員都很振奮，因為這是近六十多年來，

首次有非國內研究人員在野外觀察到的記錄。

其後幾天，我們到訪了其他曾有記錄的地點，

但沒有進一步發現。

四月六日，研究隊離開廣西，向另一個分佈

區 ─ 廣東北部車八嶺國家級自然保護區進發。香港米埔自然保護區的楊路年博士和廣東林

業廳一位官員也在此時加入。第二天早上，

在保護區人員安排下，我們訪問了一位於九

九年夏天曾兩次捕捉到海南虎班鳽的農民。

當日下午，研究隊根據資料分成三組坐在河

邊不同位置等候。大約七時，其中一位隊員

分別四次看到幾隻鷺鳥從林中飛出來，但因

天色已黑且距離甚遠，所以不能分辨是那一

種。接著兩天，所有隊員都在該地點等候，

而每晚七時都有兩隻鷺鳥從河的上游一先一

後向下游飛去，這次可確定出其中一隻是海

南虎班鳽，還拍下了照片。

這十幾天內，我們到過很多不同的生境，對

海南虎班鳽作出了多方面的了解，發現牠們

嚴重受人騷擾，以致種群幾近滅絕。在廣西

分佈區，不論在保護區內外也有記錄。在保

護區外的地方，砍伐和打獵情況極為嚴重。

海南虎班鳽有時會飛到村內的水田和魚塘覓

食，並在附近的樹林築巢。每年繁殖季節，

村民都會到巢區打鳥和撿鳥蛋，令牠們的數

量不斷下降。廣西林業廳對此極為關注，並

在去年將位於扶綏縣的築巢區定為全國第一

個海南虎班鳽保護區；另一個將在今年成立。

在廣東的車八嶺，牠們生活在保護區內及其

周圍，有良好的樹林和溪流的地方，但偶然

也會飛到附近村落覓食。保護區成立後，村

民的槍都被沒收，所以偷獵並不嚴重，對海

南虎班鳽沒有太大威脅。另外，廣東、廣西

的電視台和報章也不時報導有關海南虎班鳽

的消息，幫助市民認識這種鳥，知道應如何

去保護牠們。

在短短兩星期內，能先後幾次觀察到全球其

中一種最稀有的鳥，並獲得更詳盡的資料，

是我們跟廣東、廣西林業廳、廣西大學的周

放教授及鷺鳥專家組組長哈費勒教授合作的

成果。本園受了 IUCN的委託，現正制訂一份保育計劃以好好保護海南虎班鳽餘下的種群

和棲息地，令牠們能繼續繁衍下去。


by LEE Kwok Shing & Vicky LAM


Translated by Vera POON

A glimmer at sundown - White-eared Night Heron

The White-eared Night Heron(Gorsachius

magnificus) is an endemic species in China, first

reported in 1899 from the middle part of Hainan

Island. Currently, only five places scattered in South

and East China have yielded about 10 records.

Outside China, only one old record was made, in

North Vietnam. Since no record had been made for

many years, some ornithologists reckoned that this

species had become extinct. The World Conservation

Union (IUCN) has listed it as a critically endangered

species.

When the South China Biodiversity Team (SCBT)

conducted a wildlife trade survey in a market in

Nanning in May 1998, a juvenile White-eared Night

Heron was discovered and bought immediately, after

which Prof. Zhou Fang from Guangxi University

raised the bird. It was released at the nearby

Damingshan Nature Reserve in August of the same

year with the help of the Guangxi Forestry

Department.

This discovery proved that there was at least one

population still existing in the world. KFBG highly

valued this finding and subsidized Prof. Zhou Fang

to survey the distribution and status of this bird in

Guangxi. Meanwhile news of a White-eared Night

Heron sighting was also heard from North

Guangdong.

During March and April this year, SCBT visited

Guangxi and Guangdong to look for this mysterious

bird guided by the gathered data so as to learn more

about its ecological environment and living habits.

We hoped the factors leading to its endangerment

could be clarified, in order to formulate conservation

actions. From 29th March to 4th April, a group of

around ten people including SCBT members, Prof.

Heinz Hafner, chairman of the Heron Specialists

Group of IUCN, Prof. Zhou Fang and some Guangxi

Forestry Department officials, visited nine sites within

the reported range area of the White-eared Night

Heron in Guangxi. The sites surveyed included nature

reserves, feng shui woods, tree farms, reservoirs,

and flooded fields and fishponds near villages. During

the trip, the survey team visited sites where White-

eared Night Herons were reported to nest or forage.

The breeding season had not yet begun, such that

only old nests, feathers and droppings could be found

at the nesting sites. In the evening of the second

day of the survey, two team members sitting by a

paddy field saw a White-eared Night Heron fly from

nearby forests for a distance of around 30 meters.

It settled in a nearby paddy field. Since it was dark,

we could not observe foraging or other activities.

This discovery excited everyone since it was the

first record made by non-mainland Chinese

researchers of wild White-eared Night Herons in

the wild in the last 60 years. Although we continued

our visits to sites with previous records, no further

record could be made in Guangxi.

On 6th April the team left Guangxi, heading to another

distribution area, Chebaling National Nature Reserve

in northern Guangdong, where Dr. Llewellyn Young

of WWF HK and an official from the Guangdong

Forestry Department joined the team. The following

morning the team with the help of staff from the

reserve, interviewed a farmer who caught White-

eared Night Herons twice the previous summer. In

the afternoon that day, the team, using the information

supplied, divided into three groups sitting at different

sites along the river and waited. At around 7p.m.,

one of the team members saw several herons flying

from the forest in four different sightings. They

could not be identified to species level because it

was too dark. During the following two evenings,

all team members waited at the same site and two

herons were seen in turns flying down stream at 7p.m.

each night. From the bright pale throat coloration,


海南虎班鳽(成鳥) (李國誠攝)

White-eared Night Heron (adult) (by LEE Kwok Shing / KFBG)

it was confirmed on both evenings that at least one

of the two herons was a White-eared Night Heron,

and one of them was recorded with a photo.

We visited many different habitats during these two

weeks. As more information on the White-eared

Night Heron was obtained, we discovered that they

are so seriously disturbed by human activities that

their population must be close to extinction. Several

reserves in the Guangxi range had old reports, while

some other records have been made outside reserve.

Logging and hunting were common in the region.

White-eared Night Herons sometimes fly to paddy

fields and fishponds in villages and nest in nearby

forests. During the breeding season, villagers hunt

birds and take their eggs in the nesting area, further

reducing the number of this species. The Guangxi

Forestry Department has expressed great concern

about this, and the first nature reserve for White-

eared Night Herons was formally established at a

nesting site in Fusui County last year. Another reserve

will be established this year at Shangsi. In Chebaling

of Guangdong, the birds lived in and around the nature

reserve where good forests and streams could be

found, though sometimes they fly to nearby villages

to forage. As most guns of the villagers have been

confiscated since the establishment of the reserve,

hunting is not severe and the threat to White-eared

Night Herons is not so high. Furthermore, television

stations and newspapers in Guangdong and Guangxi

report news of White-eared Night Heron from time

to time so that local citizens can know more about

this bird and understand the importance of protecting

it.

To be able to observe one of the rarest birds in the

world and to obtain more detailed information about

the species within just two weeks was the fruitful

result of cooperation between the Guangxi Forestry

Department, Guangdong Forestry Department, Prof.

Zhou Fang of Guangxi University, Prof. Hafner,

Heron Specialists Group of IUCN and SCBT. In order

to allow the White-eared Night Heron to survive,

KFBG has been asked by IUCN to coordinate the

drawing up of a conservation action plan to better

preserve the remaining populations and habitats of

this species.


原住民知識與生物多樣性保護

裴盛基 /中國科學院昆明植物研究所

原住民知識對於生物多樣性保護的作用主要

通過以下方式來實現：

(1) 傳統有用物種的可持續利用如可食用與藥

用植物、竹類、野果、野菜等；

(2) 傳統文化信仰對某些類群、關鍵種和生態

系統的保護，如榕樹、竹類、杜鵑、聖山、

聖林等；

(3) 原住民對當地生物區系中有用野生動植物

的選擇性人工飼養馴化、裁培和傳播；

(4) 原住民對居住環境的自然景觀系統進行人

為調整和精心管理，以求得文化 ─ 生物

環境一致性，創造出生物 ─ 文化 (Bio-

culture)類型的多樣性；

(5) 傳統醫葯知識的延續有利於葯用植物的種

源、種群和生物多樣性保護。

目前，專門從事生物多樣性與傳統知識研究

和應用的一間民間機構已於 1995年在雲南省

昆明成立，這就是雲南省生物多樣性和傳統

知識研究會(Center for Biodiversity and Indigenous

Knowledge，簡稱 CBIK; 網址﹕cbik.com.cn)，

運用參與式方法(participatory approach)專門從

事雲南少數民族地區內原住民社區的生物多

樣性保護、森林保護和特有農作物遺傳資源

的保護工作，並已經取得了良好的成效。

在 1992年里約召開的世界環境與發展大會

(UNCED)上，通過了「國際生物多樣性保護公

約」(Convention on Biodiversity)。會後，包括

中國在內的許多國家都制定了若干履行該公

約的法律與條例，有力地推動了各國生物多

樣性保護工作，然而，生物多樣性的保護不

僅僅是一種政府行為，而是一種由公眾支持

下的大眾社會行為，特別是那些擁有生物物

種十分豐富地區的人民大眾承擔著主要的保

護責任，華南地區就是這樣的地區之一。近

年來，世界各地原住民(indigenous people)和原

住知識(indigenous knowledge)己被公認為是當

今保護自然的重要力量。原住民知識是在世

世代代居住在某一地區的人民長期積累的民

間知識，包含著對分類、利用、保護生物物

種及生態系統的豐富知識。由於原住民知識

是建立在長期人與植物直接相互作用的基礎

上，點點滴滴凝聚而成，並經過歷史驗證行

之有效代代相傳的知識，不僅具有文化遺產

的價值，而且具有應用發展的巨大潛力，正

是由於原住民知識的普遍存在和應用，今日

地球上才保存了豐富多姿的生物多樣性和生

態系統，當今世界上 90%以上的生物遺傳資

源仍然是掌握在各地原住民手中，而不是由

科學家所掌管。


by PEI Shengji

Department of Ethnobotany, Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS

Translated by Emily AU

Indigenous knowledge and biodiversity conservation

The Convention on Biodiversity was passed at the

1992 UNCED held in Rio de Janeiro. After the

conference, many countries including China set up

certain laws and regulations to promote biodiversity

conservation in these countries. Nevertheless,

biodiversity conservation is not only a governmental

act, but also a social act supported by the general

public. People living in a region with rich biodiversity,

like those living in South China, shoulder greater

conservation responsibility. In recent years,

indigenous people and indigenous knowledge over

the world are considered essential forces to conserve

nature. Indigenous knowledge refers to the

accumulated folk knowledge shared by those

originating and living in a particular place, including

the wealth of knowledge to identify, to use and to

conserve different species and ecosystems. Since

this knowledge is founded on the long-term and direct

interaction between humans and plants and has been

passed from generation to generation after trial and

error, it is valuable as cultural heritage and has high

potential in application and development. The survival

of rich biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is a

result of the widespread use and application of

indigenous knowledge. Today, over 90% of biological

and genetic resources are still kept in the hands of

indigenous people instead of those of scientists.

Indigenous knowledge can be applied in biodiversity

conservation in the following ways:

1. Sustainable use of useful traditional species such

as edible plants, medicinal herbs, bamboos, wild

fruits, wild vegetables, etc;

2. Conservation of certain taxa, key species and

ecosystems due to traditional beliefs; examples

are banyan, bamboo, azalea, sacred hills and

sacred forests, etc;

3. Selective artificial domestication, cultivation

and dispersal of useful wildlife in local

biological communities.

4. Modification and management of natural

landscape systems in the residential environment

of indigenous people, in order to achieve

harmony between local culture and the

biological environment, and thus creating a

diverse bio-culture;

5. The passing on of traditional medicinal

knowledge may lead to the conservation of the

source and population of particular medicinal

herbs and also of biodiversity in general.

The Center for Biodiversity and Indigenous

Knowledge (“CBIK”, website: cbik.com.cn), an NGO

established in 1995 at Kunming, Yunnan, specializes

in researching and applying indigenous knowledge

of biodiversity. This NGO adopts the participatory

approach and carries out biodiversity conservation

for indigenous people living in the Yunnan minority

tribes, forest conservation and conservation of genetic

resources of special crops. So far, the results are

encouraging.


盧平克陳湘麟 / 華南師范大學廣州廣東 510631

李紅敬 / 信陽師範學院信陽市河南省信陽市 464000

木論自然保護區魚類多樣性

木論自然保護區位於廣西環江毛南自治縣西北

部，地處雲貴高原東部邊緣，屬中亞熱帶季風

濕潤氣候區。其水體屬於龍江的支流大環江水

系。保護區為典型喀斯特山區，岩溶地貌複雜，

較多溶洞及地下河。為魚類提供了複雜多樣性

的生態環境，因而魚類資源豐富。

經華南生物多樣性保育計劃初步考察，保護區

內共有魚類 41種，分別屬於 4目 13科 34屬，

佔龍江水系魚類總數的 38.3%。其中伍氏半

(Hemiculterella wui)、北江光唇魚(Acrossocheilus

beijiangensis)、貴州金線 (Sinocyclocheilus

multipunctatus)、南丹高原鰍 (Triplophysanadenensis)、青 (Oryzias latipes)、瑤山櫛

虎魚 (Ctenogobius yaoshanensis)全為在龍江水

系首次發現。而伍氏半在龍江水系鄰近的紅

水河水系和融江水系都有記錄；北江光唇魚則

是以前在廣西僅於融江水系有記錄；金線屬

魚類為雲貴高原東部特有的魚類，在廣西主要

分佈在紅水河水系，在龍江水系只有短身金線

於天河有記錄，宜山金線於龍江有記錄，

此次採到貴州金線，使龍江水系的金線屬

魚類又增多了一種，說明了金線屬魚類在龍

江水系分佈比較廣泛；高原鰍屬魚類是高原魚

類的重要組成部分，以前在廣西局限於紅水河

水系，因此認為紅水河是其分佈的邊緣，此次

在保護區內採到一尾南丹高原鰍，將高原鰍屬

魚類在廣西的分佈線往北推進了一個水系；

青在中國是一廣佈種，分佈于長江、珠江及

福建省水系。屬小型魚類無經濟價值，往往

不為人們重視；但從 70年代以來有明顯減少

趨勢。廣西淡水魚類誌(1981)中，橫縣有記錄

且僅有一尾標本，此次在保護區內也僅採到

二尾，說明青在廣西受脅迫，有必要尋找原

因并給予保護。至於瑤山櫛虎魚，以往認為

僅分佈於大瑤山，此次為大瑤山以外地區首

次發現，且種群數目頗多。

就魚類區系來說，保護區魚類應屬於南亞亞

區的雲貴高原東部的魚類區系。且因為保護

區所處的龍江盆地位於桂北和桂西北邊緣山

地之間，而桂北山地為隆起的古陸受長期的

侵蝕而成，桂西北山地為雲貴高原邊緣部分

經流水切割而成，所以保護區所在的龍江水

系應是廣西境內高原魚類的界限。而此次考

察因受時間限制，只涉及地表河流，地下河

及溶洞均未調查，估計應有為數不少的營穴

居魚類未為人所知。而一般說來，洞穴魚類

受生存環境所限，種群數目較少，易破壞而

難恢復，因此應加緊對這一類魚類的調查，

給予保護。此次考察也發現多數河流的魚類

資源遭到人為破壞，因此，很有必要加強宣

傳教育和對水生生物的保護。


by LU Pingke1, LI Hong Jing2 & CHEN Xianglin1

1South China Normal University

Guangzhou, Guangdong 5106312Xinyang Teacher's College

Henan 464000

Translated by Brandy LAU

Fish diversity in Mulun Nature Reserve

Mulun Nature Reserve lies in the northwestern part

of Huan Jiang Mao Nan autonomous county, on the

edge of the eastern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. It has

a moist central subtropical monsoon climate. Its water

body is the Dahuanjiang river system, a tributary of

Longjiang. Mulun Nature Reserve is a typical Karst

mountainous region and its geographical features

are complex, with many caves and subterranean

streams. As these features provide a complex and

varied ecological environment for fish, the species

richness and resources of fish in this reserve are high.

A preliminary survey of Mulun NR under the South

China Biodiversity Conservation Programme found

41 fish species belonging to 4 orders, 13 families

and 34 genera, representing 38.3% of the known

fish species in Longjiang. Of these species

Hemiculterella wui, Acrossocheilus beijiangensis,

Sinocyclocheilus multipunctatus, Triplophysa

nadenensis, Oryzias latipes and Ctenogobius

yaoshanensis were found for the first time in the

Longjiang river system. Hemiculterella wui had been

recorded in two nearby rivers, namely Hongshuihe

and Rongjiang. Acrossocheilus beijiangensis was

recorded once before in the Rongjiang river system

in Guangxi. Sinocyclocheilus is endemic to the eastern

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and its distribution in

Guangxi is mainly restricted to the Hongshuihe river

system. The species previously found in Tianhe and

the Longjiang river system are Sinocyclocheilus sp.

1 and Sinocyclocheilus sp. 2 respectively. The record

of Sinocyclocheilus multipunctatus adds a new species

of Sinocyclocheilus to the Longjiang river system.

This shows that Sinocyclocheilus has a rather wide

distribution in the Longjiang river system.

Triplophysa is a major fish component in the plateau.

They were once thought to be restricted to the

Hongshuihe river system in Guangxi, and workers

considered Hongshuihe as the boundary of the

distribution of Triplophysa. The record of one

Triplophysa nadenensis in Mulun Nature Reserve

helps extend the distribution of Triplophysa in

Guangxi northward to another river system. Oryzias

latipes is a widespread species in China, distributed

in river systems in Yangtze, Zhujiang and Fujian.

This is a small size fish with low economic value

and is often neglected by people, though its

population decreased obviously starting from the

70s. According to the Freshwater Fishes of Guangxi

Province (1981), it was recorded in Heng county

and only one specimen was collected. In this study,

two of this species were caught in the nature reserve,

indicating that Oryzias latipes is being threatened

in Guangxi and it is necessary to investigate in detail

to protect this species. Ctenogobius yaoshanensis,

which was thought to be restricted to Da Yao Shan,

was found for the first time outside Da Yao Shan

and the population was rather large at Mulun.

In terms of biogeography, the fish community in

Mulun belongs to the eastern Yunnan-Guizhou

Plateau sub-region of the South Asia subcontinent.

The reserve is located inside the Longjiang basin,

within the mountainous region on the border of the

northern and northwestern parts of Guangxi. The

mountains in north Guangxi are formed by continual

erosion of the ancient protruding continent. The

mountains in northwest Guangxi are formed by


rivers cutting through the edge of the Yunnan-

Guizhou Plateau. Thus the Longjiang river system

where the reserve is situated should be the limit of

the distribution of plateau fish species in Guangxi.

During this survey, due to the limited time, we studied

only surface river and not subterranean streams and

caves. Probably there are still quite a few subterranean

fish species waiting to be discovered. Generally

speaking, these fishes are limited by their environment

and have small population sizes. They are vulnerable

and difficult to be restored once depleted. More

studies should be undertaken so as to conserve the

fish fauna. The survey also revealed that the fish

resources in many rivers and streams have been

destroyed by human activities. Therefore, there is

an urgent need to strengthen education and protection

of aquatic life.

北江光唇魚 (李國誠攝)

Acrossocheilus beijiangensis (by LEE Kwok Shing / KFBG)


一九九九年在廣西和海南記錄到在全球或中國受威脅的生物

Records of globally or nationally threatened wildlife

in Guangxi and Hainan, 1999

以下是 1999年專業隊員在嘉道理農場暨植物園主辦的野外調查所作的紀錄。

The following records were made by specialist team members during KFBG surveys in 1999.

國際瀕危等級是以世界自然保護聯盟提供的瀕危物種紅色名錄為准；國家瀕危等級是以國內的瀕危物種紅皮書為准。

Global status is based on IUCN Red list of Threatened Animals and Plants; national status is based on respective Red Data Books.

關鍵詞 Key: CR = 極危 critically endangered; EN = 瀕危 endangered; VU = 易危 vulnerable;

NT = 接近受危 near-threatened; R = 稀有 Rare

哺乳類 Mammals

白頭葉猴 Trachypithecus f. leucocephalus (全球：易危) 七月六日，下午二時，在廣西祟左保護區海

拔 80米，見到十一隻。

White-headed Leaf Monkey Trachypithecus f. leucocephalus (Global: VU) At Chongzuo NR, Guangxi. On 6

July, at 14:00 p.m.. 11 leaf Monkeys were seen at 80m

鳥類 Birds

褐冠鵑隼 Aviceda jerdoni (全球：接近受危)

八月一日，在廣西岑王老山保護區海拔 1450

米，見到一隻。

Jerdon’s Baza Aviceda jerdoni (Global: NT) At

Cenwanglaoshan NR., Guangxi. On 1 August, one

was seen at 1450m.

鳳頭蜂鷹 Pernis ptilorhynchus (中國：易危) 八月三日

和五日，在廣西岑王老山保護區海拔 1250米和大王嶺

保護區海拔 825米，分別見到一隻。

Oriental Honey Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus (China:

VU.) 1 at Cenwanlaoshan NR., Guangxi, 3 August.; 1 at

Dawangling NR., Guangxi, 5 August.

海南山鷓鴣 Arborophila ardens (全球：瀕危；中國：瀕危) 五月廿

四日，在海南吊羅山保護區海拔 770米，分別見到兩隻和聽到兩

隻；四月廿六日，在附近的白水嶺海拔 550米，聽到一隻。

Hainan Hill Partridge Arborophila ardens (Global: EN.; China: EN.) On

24 May, 2 heard and 2 seen at 770m, Diaoluoshan NR., Hainan; On 26

May, 1heard at 550m, Baishuiling, near Diaoluoshan.

山皇鳩 Ducula badia (中國：易危) 六月十日，在海南

五指山保護區海拔 900米，見到三隻；六月十三和十四

日，在海南佳西保護區海拔 140-800米，有九個記錄，

共十四隻；六月十六日，在海南黎母山保護區海拔 1000

米，見到兩隻。

Mountain Imperial Pigeon Ducula badia (China: VU.) 3 at

900m, Wuzhishan NR., Hainan, 10 June; 9 records of 14 birds

at 140-800m, Jiaxi NR., Hainan, 13-14 June; 2 at 1000m,

Limushan NR., Hainan, 16 June.

綠皇鳩 Ducula aenea (中國：易危 ) 五月

二十四日，在海南吊羅山保護區海拔 800-

900米，見到四隻。六月十日，在海南五

指山保護區海拔 900米，見到十六隻。

Green Imperial Pigeon Ducula aenea (China:

VU.)

4 at 800-900m, Diaoluoshan NR., Hainan, 24

May; 16 at Wuzhishan NR., Hainan, 10 June.

原雞 Gallus gallus (中國：易危) 五月二十和二十二日，在海南牛

角嶺和啞吧田，分別見到一隻。

Red Jungle Fowl Gallus gallus (China: VU.) 1 at Niujiaoling, Hainan, 20

May; 1 at Yabatien, Hainan, 22 May. 海南山鷓鴣 Hainan Hill Partridge


海南閉殼龜 Cuora galbinifrons (中國：瀕危 ) 六

月十七日，在海南鹿母灣保護區，有村民捉到一

隻。

Indo-chinese Box Terrapin Cuora galbinifrons

(China: EN.) 1 caught by a villager in Lumuman NR.

Hainan.

鳥類 (續 ) Birds (Cont/d)

紅翅綠鳩 Treron sieboldii (全球：接近受危) 五月二

十六日，在海南吊羅山保護區海拔 150米，見到十隻。

Japanese Green Pigeon Treron sieboldii (Global: NT.)

10 at 150m, Diaoluoshan NR., Hainan, 26 May.

厚咀綠鳩 Treron curvirostra (中國：易危) 五月二十

四日，在海南吊羅山保護區海拔 800米，見到四隻。

Thick-billed Green Pigeon Treron curvirostra (China:

VU.) 4 at 800m, Diaoluoshan NR., Hainan, 24 May.

藍背八色鶇 Pitta soror (全球：接近受危)

七月八日，在廣西底定保護區海拔 850米，

見到一隻。

Blue-rumped Pitta Pitta Soror (Global: NT.)

1 at 850m, Diding NR., Guangxi, 8 July.

短尾綠鵲 Cissa thalassina (全球：接近受

危) 五月二十一日，在海南牛角嶺，見到

一隻；六月十三日，在海南佳西保護區，

見到兩隻。

Short-tailed Green Magpie

Cissa thalassina (Global: NT.) 1 at Niujiaoling,

Hainan, 21 May; 2 at Jiaxi NR., Hainan, 13 June..

褐胸噪 Garrulax maesi (全球：接近受危 ) 五月二十二

日，在海南啞吧田，見到四隻；五月二十四至二十六日，在

海南吊羅山保護區，有五個記錄，共四十四隻；六月十三和

十四日，在海南佳西保護區，有四個記錄，共五十隻；六月

十七日，在海南鹿母灣保護區，有三個記錄，共三十隻；七

月八和九日，在廣西底定保護區，有四個記錄，共三十四隻；

七月十五日，在廣西大新保護區，見到十隻。

Grey Laughingthrush Garrulax maesi (Global: NT.) 4 at Yabatien,

Hainan, 22 May; 5 records of 44 birds, at Diaoluoshan NR., Hainan,

24-26 May; 4 records of 50 birds, at Jiaxi NR., Hainan, 13-14 June;

3 records of 30 birds, at Lumuwan NR., Hainan, 17 June; 4 records

of 34 birds, at Diding NR., Guangxi, 8-9 July; 10 at Daxin NR.,

Guangxi, 15 July.

海南柳鶯 Phylloscopus hainanus (全球：易危)

五月二十四至二十五日，在吊羅山保護區，有

七個記錄，共三十二隻；六月十一日，在五指

山保護區，見到十隻；六月十三和十四日，在

佳西保護區，有六個記錄，共六十六隻；六月

十六日，在黎母山保護區，有三個記錄，共五

十隻。

Hainan Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus hainanus

(Global: VU.) 7 records of 32 birds, at Diaoluoshan

NR., 24-25 May; 10 at Wuzhishan NR., 11 June; 6

records of 66 birds, at Jiaxi NR., 13-14 June; 3

records of 50 birds, at Limushan NR., 16 June.

淡紫 Sitta solangiae (全球：易危) 五月二十

四至二十六日，在海南吊羅山保護區海拔 550-

900米，見到五隻；六月十一日，在五指山保護

區，見到一隻；六月十三日，在海南佳西保護

區海拔 800米，見到四隻；六月十六日，在海南

黎母山保護區海拔 850-1240米，見到八隻。

Yellow-billed Nuthatch Sitta solangiae (Global:

VU.) 5 at 550-900m, Diaoluoshan NR., Hainan, 24-

26 May; 10 at Wuzhishan NR., 11 June; 4 at 800m,

Jiaxi NR., Hainan, 13 June; 8 at 850-1240m, Limushan

NR., Hainan, 16 June.

平胸龜 Platysternon megacephalum (中國：瀕

危) 五月二十四日，在海南吊羅山保護區看到

一隻。

Big-headed Terrapin Platysternon megacephalum

(China: EN.) 1 at Daiaoluoshan NR., Hainan, 24 May.

爬行類 Reptiles

厚咀綠鳩 Thick-billed Green Pigeon


爬行類 (續 ) Reptiles (Cont/d)

灰鼠蛇 Ptyas korros (中國：瀕危) 五

月二十四日，在海南吊羅山保護區看到

一條；六月十七日，在海南鹿母灣保護

區看到一條。

Indochinese Rat Snake Ptyas korros (China:

EN.) 1 at Diaoluoshan NR., Hainan, 24 May;

1 at Lumuwan NR., Hainan, 17 June.

滑鼠蛇 Ptyas mucosus (中國：瀕危 ) 五

月十九日，在海南青皮林保護區看到一

條；七月十三日，在廣西弄化保護區看

到一條。

Common Rat Snake Ptyas mucosus

(China: EN.) 1 at Qingpilin NR., Hainan, 19

May; 1 at Nonghua NR., Guangxi, 13 July.

四眼班水龜 Sacalia bealei (全球：易危；中國：瀕危)

六月十三日，一隻被海南佳西保護區附近的村民飼養。

Beale’s Eyed Terrapin Sacalia bealei (Global: VU.;

China: EN.) 1 kept by villagers near Jiaxi NR., Hainan, 13 June.

大鯢 Andrias davidianus (中國：極危 ) 八月四

日，在廣西岑王老山保護區看到一條。

Chinese Giant Salamander Andrias davidianus

(China: CR.) 1 at Cenwanglaoshan NR., Guangxi, 4

August.

棘腹蛙 Rana boulengeri (中國：易危) 八月，

在廣西岑王老山保護區看到幾隻。

Spiny-bellied Frog Rana boulengeri (China: VU.)

Several at Cenwanglaoshan NR., Guangxi, August.

異 Parazacco spilurus (中國：易危) 五月和六月，在海南尖嶺保護區、五指山保護區、黎母山保

護區和鹿母灣保護區，都有記錄。

Minnow Parazacco spilurus (China: VU.) Recorded at Jianling NR., Wuzhishan NR., Limushan NR. and

Lumuwan NR., Hainan, May and June.

鹿母蘭 Micropera poilanei (中國﹕稀有)

六月，在海南中部鹿母灣自然保護區內發現到這中國蘭科植物的新

記錄屬。

Micropera poilanei (China: R.)

A new recorded genus of Orchidaceae for China was found at Lumuwan N.

R. in Central Hainan in June.

二歧莎草蕨 Schizaea dichotoma (中國﹕稀有)

五月，在海南東南部青皮林自然保護區內找到數叢野生植株。

Schizaea dichotoma (China: R.)

Several clumps of the plant were found at Qingpilin N.R. in southeastern

Hainan in May.

尖葉原始觀音座蓮 / 尖葉古

蓮蕨 A r c h a n g i o p t e r i s

tonkinensis (中國﹕瀕危)

六月，在海南中部鹿母灣自

然保護區內發現到一株。

Archangiopteris tonkinensis

(China: EN.)

An individual was found at

Lumuwan N.R. in Central

Hainan in June.

植物 Plants

魚類 Fish

兩棲類 Amphibians

四眼班水龜 Beale’s Eyed Terrapin


新聞焦點 ♠ 新聞焦點 ♥ 新聞焦點 ♣ 新聞焦點 ♦ 新聞焦點

家國事

北京林業局的科學家發現，植林

山坡在以往四年的表土流失比空

曠山坡的平均數字少 80%，在旱

年少 97%。 (中國日報 (香港版)

26/11/1998)

據中國科學院和中國林業科學院

的研究人員指出，中國是世界上

第三個嚴重受酸雨侵蝕的地區，

僅次於歐洲和北美洲。一九八五

年至九三年間，受酸雨沉積物影

響的地區由一百七十五萬平方公

里增至二百八十萬平方公里 (佔

土地面積百分之二十九)，中國

林業科學院的王先生預料將有四

成面積受影響。華南地區最受影

響，因為當地的土質鹼性較低，

受破壞的樹林數量從安徽的百分

之一點三到浙江的百分之九點六

不等。中國科學院的研究人員亦

發現，酸雨為南部十二個省份帶

來直接的經濟損失，損失的木材

和農作物分別價值四十四億(五

億三千萬美元)和五千四百萬人

民幣(六百五十萬美元)。此外，

酸性沉積物亦間接削弱樹木對害

虫的抵抗力。 (中國日報 (香港

版 ) 07/12/1998)

中國政府和世界銀行聯合贊助

「貧窮地區林木開發計劃」，於

中國中部的貧窮地區保持長期參

與，以發展林木資源。此計劃主

要是支持減低貧困、林木開發和

改善環境管理。將一些外來及原

產松樹、杉和栗子種在 54萬 5千

公頃的土地上，而進一步的林木

產品亦已推廣，例如抽取松脂。

(中國日報 (香港版 ) 10/01/1999)

正當中國慶祝野生動物保護條例

十週年紀念時，林業局局長在隆

安縣，因殺死一隻中國保護的稀

有動物獼猴而引發騷動。他的暴

行引起嚴重的評擊及遭到解僱。

(中國日報 (香港版 ) 13/01/1999)

中國計劃開發更多木林，由 1300

萬公頃增至 2700萬公頃，以迎

合 2000年國內對木材需求量的

需要，主要會種植杉、馬尾松和

赤桉。政府亦打算加強幼木林的

護理，因這會影響到幼木林的經

濟回報。 (中國日報 12/03/1999)

中國將不會為彌補護林運動所致

的木材短缺而增加木材的入口。

全國約有四十六萬的人工林，其

中七分之一的樹木在五年以上便

趨成熟，屆時中國便可自給自

足。不過仍然會從海外取得稀有

樹木和直徑較大的木材。 (中國

日報 (香港版 ) 09/04/1999)

聯合國糧食及農業組織報道，中

國天然森林的面積每年下降四千

平方公里。中國國家環境保護局

公告，主要透過重新調配長江、

嫩江和松花江的伐木工人來保護

自然森林，預計會耗資七億人民

幣(八百四十三萬美元)。(中國日

報 (香港版 ) 24/04/1999)

中國已建立各類自然保護區 926

個，佔國土面積 7.64%，超過世

界平均 7%的水平，全國有 15處

保護區加入了「世界生物圈保護

區網」，並建成 200多處珍稀瀕

危物種基地。 (人民日報 26/04/

1999)

南韓政府決定於中國沙漠地區建

造大規模防風林，農業部轄下的

林業廳將會從中國沙漠地區中選

擇一適當的區域造林，以防範黃

沙季節性地東飄至朝鮮半島。南

韓政府己委派兩名造林專家往中

國大漠研究造林樹種、規模及估

計效用。 (明報 27/04/2000)

廣東、廣西、海南

松林線虫正蔓延到東莞、惠州和

廣東東部林地，帶來嚴重的經濟

損失。 (明報 08/12/1998)

隨著山邊植林面積擴展至一千三

百平方公里，深圳百分之四十九

的土地面積現已成為森林。 (深

圳日報 15/03/1999)

自一九九四年，海南島禁止砍伐

樹木。所以海南島的森林面積迅

速增至 2000萬畝(133萬公頃)，

並逐步建成熱帶森林、沿海防護

林和豐產林。這樣，效益得以大

大提高，而森林活立木蓄積量已

達 8000多萬立方米，包括發展

300萬畝(20萬公頃)的豐產林，

並成為中國八大人工速生豐產森

林之一。 (深星時報 10/04/1999)

日前，貓兒山自然保護區內又有

兩株年齡在三百年以上的鐵杉樹

已經死亡。至今，貓兒山一點二

萬公頃原始森林中僅剩八百六十

四株古鐵杉，比一九七六年成立

保護區之初減少了三百三十六

株。造成鐵杉大量死亡的原因究

竟是樹木老化還是病蟲害，是大

氣候環境因素還是人為的破壞，

有關林業專家尚未作出定論。 (文

匯報 12/04/1999)

經過二十年艱辛努力後，海南坡

鹿得以在海南免於絕種危機，其

群種於一九七六年的二十八頭增

至近年的七百頭。這成果的主要

原因是當地成立了海南坡鹿的理

想繁殖地──大田自然保護區。


由於對當地村民的教育成功，加

上積極拘捕非法狩獵者，海南坡

鹿的群種數目顯著增加。（文

匯報 07/05/1999）

海南制定了未來三十年生態發展

的藍圖，包括擴充林木面積(約

佔島上面積的五成半)、種植二

百平方公里的海岸森林帶以及處

理更多液體和固體的林木廢料。

(中國日報 (香港版 ) 11/05/1999)

政府有意將香港南丫島的深灣列

為保護區，並在每年六月至十月

綠海龜產卵期間，將深灣列為限

制遊人出入保護區，除居民之

外，遊人必即申請許可證才可進

入。此外，漁農處正計劃在綠海

龜的背上刻上記號。 (蘋果日報

21/06/1999)

工作人員在廣西天峨縣發現稀有

的樹蕨，它是全球瀕危植物之

一，調查當日，研究人員於林多

農莊發現近三千株的樹蕨，廣西

有關部門已採取措施實施保護牠

們。 (中國日報 06/10/1999)

彩鷸在香港僅有的兩個家─錦田

沼澤地和松柏朗，將受西北鐵

路、九廣東鐵和路政署的工程威

脅而岌岌可危。彩鷸為數僅有一

百隻，專家對其認識亦有限。綠

色團體已強烈反對九鐵工程，並

要求政府加強保護彩鷸。 (蘋果

日報 18/10/1999)

香港西貢深涌淡水濕地是全球唯

一有文獻記錄的罕有黑叉尾鬥魚

的生境地，可是深涌大部份濕地

已填平改作為高爾夫球練習場。

這個全球罕有物種正面臨嚴重威

脅。因為深涌並沒有被劃為保護

區、郊野公園或富生態價值的地

區，所以要保護這片濕地，綠色

團體可算是愛莫能助。去年，香

港大學生態及分類學系研究生陳

輩樂聯同嘉道理農場的工作人

員，在深涌拯救了三百尾黑叉尾

鬥魚，而未被拯救的魚就被活埋

於人工草地中。 (蘋果日報 01/

02/2000)

香港的河溪為超過七十種的淡水

魚種提供棲身之所，另外逾四十

種的咸水魚類則於河口棲居。可

是，基於改建河道而造成的污染

和對魚類棲所的破壞，約三成的

土生淡水魚正受到瀕危的威脅。

過往十年間，河道整治工程破壞

了香港逾六成的河流及許多淡水

的溪流，十一個關注環境的團體

在二零零零年三月十四日─全球

保護河流運動的國際日，反對興

建堤壩，亦要求政府不要再破壞

本土自然河川生態。（英文虎

報 15/3/2000）

華南點滴

鳥類學家謂離上海不遠的祟明島

對由亞洲東北部飛往澳洲的候鳥

極為重要，正需要特別保護計

劃。一百零三種過百萬隻的雀鳥

多聚居此島東面的濕地，面積約

二百二十平方公里(佔全島總面

積五分之一)。 (中國日報 (香港

版 ) 04/01/1999)

一個保護涉禽的自然保護區已在

上海祟明島成立，並將會成為

「中國第三個國際涉禽保護網絡

成員之一」。祟明島是中國的第

三大島，有 300多萬的雀鳥住在

那裡，很多都是全球或國家稀

有、瀕危或受保護種，包括國家

一級保護的白鸛、中華秋沙鴨、

白頭鶴。 (深星時報 12/05/1999)

四川將投資二至三百萬人民幣用

以發展四姑娘山景區，其中包括

面積達 1,560平方公里的生態公

園，此外，當地正於三百公里外

的成都興建一條高速公路。（北

京專報 25-31/01/1999）

重慶早於五十年代已開始於長江

流域種植護林帶，到一九八九年

已植有超過十億棵樹。在成立此

護林系統後，流入長江的淤泥比

八零年代的減少近 30%。（新

華通訊社 08/10/1999）

國家林業局對福建省林木資源第

四次調查結果顯示，目前福建省

森林覆蓋率達百分之六十點五，

比第三次調查時的百分之五十七

點三，上升了三個百分點，仍居

全國第一位。自一九七八年以

來，福建省已連續二十三年保持

全國森林覆蓋率第一。根據這次

調查，福建省現有林地面積九百

零一點八三萬公頃，活立木總蓄

積量有四億多立方米，分別比上

次清查增加了三百四十六點二四

萬公頃和二千二百九十八萬公

頃。 (新華通訊社 16/03/2000)

長江北望

遼寧省剛於瀋陽附近開放一家蓄

養十頭東北虎的公園。（英文

虎報 01/01/1999）

國家林業局公告正嚴重打擊偷捕

藏羚羊以抽取其皮毛之行為。青

藏高原的可可西里自然保護區反

偷獵野牛小隊領導人 Zhaba Doje

於一九九八年十一月被殺害。 (中

國日報 14/01/1999)

遼寧的森林覆蓋率自一九四九年

進行植林和森林保護後，已比以

前多出了一倍。很多地區的居民

已採用甲烷代替柴作燃料。土壤

侵蝕的情況亦已改善，在遼寧東

部，每立方米的泥沙含量由一百

零六公斤降至六十公斤，地下水

位則增加三至四米。 (中國日報

(香港版 ) 18/01/1999)


到目前為止，十一人因在甘肅閩

江森林非法伐木而被捕，連日

來，每天有二百立方米的森林被

砍伐。 (中國日報 (香港 ) 04/02/

1999)

世界銀行以超過五年的時間，撥

款一億五千萬美元作黃土高原第

二期的土壤侵蝕管制計劃，覆蓋

四大嚴重受侵蝕的地區，包括陝

西、山西、甘肅和內蒙古，合共

二萬平方公里。 (中國日報 (香

港版 ) 25/02/1999)

乾旱的中國西北部將會種植千計

以上公頃的樹木，以嘗試阻止失

地變成沙漠。在新彊的塔里木河

將會種植樹木、草和其他植物，

這將會變成「人工綠洲」。 (南

華早報 04/03/1999)

大量砍伐樹木和過度畜牧，引致

蒙古一些乾旱地區土質惡化，變

成沙漠。一直關注內地環境保護

的本港環保團體長春社，去年與

當地政府合作，在距離北京四百

多公里的內蒙古，進行植樹計

劃，這名為「綠色禮物送祖國」

的計劃，目標在 1998年至 2000

年內種植十二萬棵樹，佔地大約

有千分之一個香港，並有大約 800

名香港的義工參與。 (大公報 07/

03/1999)

自八十年代，河北省在首都實施

了綠化政策，平原綠化、沿海防

護林、治沙工程，已完成造林四

千一百零三畝。森林資源持續快

速增長，全省有林地面積由建國

的 777萬畝，增加到 5349萬畝，

森林覆蓋由 3.4%增加至 19%，

並推出不同種類的森林副產品包

括木材、果品和花卉，而生態旅

遊亦同時推廣。 (大公報 06/04/

1999)

在努力改善山西省的生態環境

下，野生動物的數量大大增加，

褐馬雞的數量由過去 2400隻增

至最近的 4500隻，而獼猴由 290

頭，增至現在的500頭。龐泉溝、

蘆芽山、歷山及蟒河四個自然保

護區透過封山育林，森林的面積

已擴至 500公頃，林木蓄積量大

為增加。 (人民日報 13/04/1999)

中外一項聯合國調查表明，生活

在中國境內的東北虎正急劇減

少，目前已不足二十隻。中、

美、俄野生生物專家組從一月十

六日起到三月底，對黑龍江、吉

林兩省境內的完達山，和長白山

餘脈等主要野生東北虎棲息地進

行調查，黑龍江東北虎的數量為

五至八隻，而吉林則有十隻左

右。 (明報 14/04/1999)

近兩年，保護重點濕地臍 s江

三江自然保護區的工作正大力加

強，方法包括禁止使用土地耕

種、興修過境水利工程和三年內

禁止在湖及河流捕魚，退耕還復

植被 1700多畝。另外，當局會

檢椌森林破壞者，並嚴禁打獵，

更銷毀漁網二萬多米，放生青蛙

和幼魚回大自然。此方法實施

後，三江自然保護區的鳥獸數量

大幅增加，並成為很多鳥類重要

的棲息之所，如環頭雉、海鵰、

丹頂鶴和柳雷鳥。 (大公報 22/

04/1999)

一支科學考察隊，包括地理學

家、植物學家和動物學家，在四

川、貴州和重慶交界一個原生林

內，發現已絕種二十年的華南

虎。華南虎已被列為全球瀕危的

十大物種之一。（成報 12/05/

1999）

北戴河地處渤海之瀕，是觀鳥的

熱門地點。其獨特地理位置、茂

密的樹林、充足的淡水和豐富的

食物，足以為南來北往的東亞侯

鳥提供暫時的棲所。據中外鳥類

學家和「鳥迷」們的觀察記錄表

明，北戴河及附近一帶共發現鳥

類四百零五種(約佔中國一千二

百五十三種鳥類的三分一)，包

括六十八種國家重點保護動物，

如丹頂鶴。觀鳥、愛鳥、護鳥早

已成為世界上一種時尚。近年

來，中國內地也成立了一些觀鳥

組織如北京的自然之友。北戴河

是觀鳥的絕佳地點，尤以春秋兩

季為甚，更被譽為世界四大觀鳥

區之一。 (明報 19/07/1999)

美國和日本傳入的松林線虫，正

以每年十五至三十公里的驚人速

度，從安徽南部向黃山松林侵

襲。政府己為黃山風景區修築一

道寬四公里的無松帶，阻止松林

線虫向黃山蔓延。這線虫一個月

內便可破壞一株百年的老松樹。

根據調查所得，松林線虫是從美

國和日本的木質包裝品中傳入

的。為了作出補救，國家發出公

告，自明年開始，進口中國物品

盡量避免用木製包裝物，並須做

好有效的消毒工序。 (蘋果日報

29/12/1999)

西藏森林和野生動物資源豐富，

森林總面積約有七百一十七萬公

頃，內裡有高等植物逾六千四百

個種，野生動物則超過二千三百

種。為了保護這片易受破壞的生

態環境，西藏自治區的林業部己

採取若干的措施，包括禁止出口

木材和樹產品，並嚴厲執行許可

伐木制度。另一方面，己大大加

強了草木種植和保育野生動物的

工作。 (新華通訊社 10/3/2000)


In The News .....

National

• Beijing Forestry Bureau scientists

have found that forested slopes had

an average of 80% less run-off over

four years, and 97% less in a drought

year, than cleared slopes. (China

Daily (HK Edition), 26/11/1998).

• China is the world’s third worst-

acidified region, after Europe and

North America, according to CAS

and CAF researchers. From 1985 to

1993, the area affected by acid

deposition rose from 1.75 million sq

km to 2.8 million, or 29% of the land

area, and CAF’s Wang Yanhui

estimates 40% is now affected. South

China is worst affected, as soil

alkalinity is lower there: the amount

of damaged forest ranged from 1.3%

in Anhui to 9.6% in Zhejiang. CAF

researchers found acid rain has

caused direct economic losses in 12

southern provinces of Y44 billion

(US$5.3b) in lost timber, and Y54

million (US$6.5m) in lost crops. Acid

deposition affected trees partly by

weakening their resistance to pests.

(China Daily (HK Edition), 7/12/

98).

• The Chinese Government and the

World Bank jointly sponsored the

Forestry Development in Poor Areas

Project for developing forest

resources in poor areas of central and

western China on a sustainable and

participatory basis. This project aims

to support poverty reduction, forestry

deve l opm ent , a nd i mprove d

environmental management. Some

exotic and indigenous species of pine,

fir and chestnut have been planted

on 545,000 hectares. Processing of

forestry products such as pine resin

extraction has been promoted.

(China Daily (HK Edition), 10/

01/1999)

• The killing of a rhesus monkey,

which is one of China’s protected rare

animals, by the director of the forestry

bureau in Long’an County caused a

stir as China celebrated the 10th

anniversary of the Law on Wild

Animal Protection. His violation of

the law attracted harsh criticism and

resulted in his removal from office.


01/1999)

• China had plans to create an

additional 13 to 27 million hectares

of timber forests by the year 2000

to meet the increasing domestic

timber demand. Mainly China fir,

Masson pine and Eucalyptus were

to be planted. The Government also

planned to strengthen the tending of

young timber trees, which affects the

economic returns of the forest.

(China Daily 12/03/1999)

• China will not increase timber

imports to compensate timber

shortages caused by its forest

protection campaign. It will work

towards self-sufficiency: of China’s

460,000 sq. km area of plantation

forest, one-seventh will reach

maturity over the next 5 years.

However, it will obtain rare trees and

large-diameter logs from overseas.


04/99).

• FAO reported that China’s natural

forests are declining by 4,000 sq. km

per year. SEPA announced plans to

spend Y7 billion (US$843m) on

preserving natural forests, mainly by

relocating loggers along the Yangtze,

Nenjiang & Songhua Rivers. (China


• There are 926 nature reserves in

China covering about 7.64% of the

area of the whole country, which is

higher than the average 7% standard

in the world. Fifteen nature reserves

in China are “UNESCO Man and the

Biosphere Reserves” and more than

200 nature reserves had been

established for endangered species.

(People’s Daily, 26./04./1999)

• The South Korean government

decided to establish a large-scale

windbreak in deserts in the Mainland

China. The Forestry Office under

Agriculture Department will choose

a suitable area from China’s desert

regions to develop a windbreak so

as to combat seasonal dust storms

blowing to South Korea. Two

afforestation experts were dispatched

to China to determine the species to

be grown, the scale of the windbreak

and its estimated effectiveness.

(Mingpao, 27/04/2000)

GUANGDONG, GUANGXI,

HAINAN & HONG KONG

• Pinewood nematode is spreading

into plantations in Tonguan &

Weizhou, eastern Guangdong,

causing severe economic loss. (Ming

pao, 08/12/1998).

• Following hillside afforestation

of 1,300 sq.km, some 47% of

Shenzhen’s land area is now forest.

(Shenzhen Daily, 15/03/1999).


• Logging has been prohibited in

Hainan since 1994. Since then, the

area of forest in Hainan has rapidly

increased to 20 million mu (1.33

million ha). The storage capacity of

standing trees in forest has reached

more than 80 million square meters

with the establishment of natural

tropical forests, coastal shelter forests

along the sea and production forests.

This resulted in high ecological

benefits including the formation of

3 million mu (0.2 million ha) of

production forest. (Shenxing Times,

10/04/1999)

• Two more individuals of Chinese

hemlock (Tsuga chinensis) over 300

years old were found dead in Mao

Er Shan Nature Reserve. Only 864

individuals of Chinese hemlock

remain in 12,000 hectares of primary

forest. The population size has been

reduced by 336 individuals since

1976. The reason for this massive

loss of Chinese hemlock is not

known. Forestry specialists pointed

out that it may be due to aging of

the trees, the presence of pests or the

change in the climate. (Wen Wei

Po 12/04/1999)

• Eld’s deer (Cervus eldi hainanus)

has been rescued from the verge of

extinction in Hainan after more than

20 years of protection effort. The

population size increased from 28

individuals in 1976 to over 700

recently. It was mainly due to the

establishment of Datian Nature

Reserve which provided an ideal

breeding site for Eld’s deer .

Meanwhile, a significant increase in

the Eld’s deer population size was

achieved by effective education for

the villagers and prosecution of

illegal hunters. (Wen Wei Po, 07/

05/1999)

• Hainan has produced a blueprint

for ecological development over the

next 30 years. It includes expanding

forested areas to 55% of the island,

planting a coastal forest belt of 200

sq km, and treating more of its solid

and liquid waste. (China Daily (HK

Edition), 11/05/1999).

• The Hong Kong government

intended to incorporate Sham Wan

on Lamma Island, where Green

Turtles (Chelonia mydas) lay eggs,

into a restricted area during the egg

laying season from June to October,

during which only residents and

visitors with permits would be able

to enter. The Agriculture and

Fisheries Department also planned

to track Green Turtles. (Apple Daily,

21/06/1999)

• A globally endangered tree fern

species, Alsophila spinulosa, was

found in Tian’e County of Guangxi.

Nearly three thousand individuals

were found by technicians from

Linduo Forest Farm during a survey.

T he t r e e fe rns are g rowi ng

vigorously, some having a 30cm d.

b.h. and reaching tens of meters in

height. The relevant departments in

Guangxi have adopted measures to

protect them. (Xinhua News

Service, 06/10/1999)

• Greater Painted Snipe (Rostratula

benghalensis) solely found in Kam

Tin marshes and Long Valley within

Hong Kong, are threatened by

engineering works including West

Rail, East Rail and roadworks

pr op ose d by t he H i gh wa ys

Department. There are only 100

individuals in Hong Kong and bird

experts have little information about

the species. Green groups strongly

objected to all these developments

and requested the government to

increase effort in protecting the Snipe.

(Apple Daily, 18/10/1999)

• Sham Chung, in Sai Kung of Hong

Kong, is the one of the only habitats

in the world with a record of Black

Pa ra d i se F i sh (Mac ropo dus

concolor). However, much of the

wetland in Sham Chung has been

developed into a golf practice course.

Hence, this globally rare species is

highly threatened. Since Sham Chung

had not been zoned as protected area,

country park, or land of ecological

value, green groups were helpless in

saving the wetland. (Apple Daily,

01/02/2000)

• Hong Kong’s streams and rivers

are home to more than 70 freshwater

fish species, together with more than

40 brackish-water species living in

river mouths. However, nearly 30 per

cent of the native species are

threatened with extinction due to

pollution and habitat destruction,

mainly caused by channelisation.

More than 60 per cent of Hong

Kong’s rivers and many freshwater

streams have been destroyed by

channelisation in the past 10 years.

Eleven environmental concern

groups urged the Government to stop

destroying the territory’s natural

r i ve r s a n d s t r e a m s o n t h e

International Day of Action Against

Dams and for Rivers, Water & Life

— a global campaign for the

protection of rivers on 14th March,

2000. (Hong Kong Standard, 15/

03/2000)


ELSEWHERE IN THE

SOUTH

• Ornithologists Qian Fawen &

Zhang Xu said Chongming Island off

Shanghai is of global importance to

birds of the NE Asia – Australia

flyway, and called for a special

protection plan. Over 1million birds

of ~103 species use the island, mainly

the eastern wetland area of some 220

sq km (1/5 the island area). (China


• A Nature Reserve for water birds

has been established at Chongming

in Shanghai and it has become the

third member of the Asia-Australia

Flyway Reserve Network in China.

Chongming is the third largest island

in China with more than a million

birds living there. Many of them are

g lobal ly or na t i ona l ly r a re ,

endangered or protected species

including those on Category I of the

State Protection List in China such

as White Stork (Ciconia ciconia),

Hooded Crane (Grus monacha) and

Chinese Me rganse r (Mergus

squamatus). (Shenxing Times, 12/

05/1999)

• Sichuan will invest Y2-3 billion

in deve loping the Si guniang

Mountain scenic area, including an

ecological park of 1,560 sq km. An

expressway is under construction

from Chengdu, 300km away.

(Beijing Review, 25-31/01/1999).

• In the 50s, Chongqing started

planting belts of protection forests

along the Yangtze River and there

were over 1 billion trees planted up

to 1989. After the formation of this

protection forest system, the amount

of silt discharge into the river has

been reduced by nearly 30%

compared with that in the 80s.

(China News from Hong Kong.

com, 08/10/1999)

• The fourth survey on forest

resources in Fujian province by the

State Forestry Administration shows

that Fujian forest coverage has

reached 60.5%, increasing by 3%

compared to 57.3% in the third

survey. Fujian forest coverage still

ranks first in China. From 1978,

Fujian has had the highest forest

coverage for 22 years in succession.

This survey reveals that Fujian now

has a total forested area of 9 million

ha and a timber reserve of 400 million

m3, which are respectively 3.5

million ha and 23 million m3 higher

than the last survey. (Xinhua News

Service, 16/03/2000)

NORTH OF THE

YANGTZE

• Liaoning Province has opened a

park housing 10 Manchurian Tigers,

near Shenyang. (HK Standard., 01/

01/1999)

• State Forestry Administration

announced a crackdown on poaching

of Tibetan antelope (chiru) for

shahtoosh. Zhaba Doje, commander

of the wild yak anti-poaching squad

in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau’s Hoh

Xil NR, was killed in November

1998. (China Daily (HK edition),

14/01/1999).

• Forest cover in Liaoning has

doub led s inc e 1949 through

afforestation and forest protection.

In many areas firewood has been

replaced as fuel by methane gas.

Erosion has been curtailed: in eastern

Liaoning, the sand content has

dropped from 106 kg to 60 kg per

cubic metre, and the water table has

risen by 3-4m. (China Daily (HK

Edition), 18/01/1999).

• So far 11 people have been arrested

for illegal logging in Minjiang Forest,

Gansu, where some 200 cubic metres

per day have been cut recently.

(China Daily (HK Edition) 04/02/

1999).

• The World Bank will supply

US$150m over 5 years for the 2nd

phase of the erosion control project

in the Loess Plateau. The project

covers 20,000 sq km of the world’s

worst eroded land, in Shaanxi,

Shanxi, Gansu & Inner Mongolia.

(China Daily (HK Edition), 25/02/

1999).

• Thousands of hectares of trees are

to be planted in the arid Northwest

region of China in an attempt to

reverse the loss of land to desert.

Trees, grass and other plants will be

planted along the Tarim River, in

Xinjiang Region. It will become a

“Man-made Oasis”. (South China

Morning Post, 04/03/1999)

• Logging and over-rearing of

livestock caused soil degradation in

dry areas of Inner Mongolia. Many

forests have turned to deserts. Last

year, the Conservancy Association

of Hong Kong collaborated with the

Inner Mongolia Government to carry

out a tree-planting project in a region

400 miles from Beijing. This project

was called “Green gift to China” and

targeted to plant 120,000 trees from

1998 to 2000. About 800 volunteers

from Hong Kong joined this project.

(Tai Kung Pao, 07/03/1999)

• A greening policy has been

implemented in the capital of Hebei


since the 1980s. About 41 million

mu (2.7 million ha) of planted forests

was established after the greening of

plains, the planting of shelter forests

and sand-control projects. Forest

resources have been continuously

growing from 7.8 million mu (0.5

million ha) of forest areas in the

1940s to 53.5 million mu (3.5 million

ha) recently. The percentage

coverage of forest areas increased

from 3.4% to 19%. Different kinds

of forest by-products are utilized

including wood, fruits and flowers.

The development of eco-tourism has

also been promoted. (Tai Kung Pao,

06./04/1999)

• The estimate of the number of of

Brown Eared Pheasants in Shanxi has

increased from 2400 individuals in

the past to 4500 individuals recently.

The estimated number of Rhesus

Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) has also

i nc r e a se d f rom 2 90 t o 500

individuals. The area of forest was

extended to 500 hectares in four

nature reserves after setting apart the

hills for tree growing. (People’s

Daily, 13/04/1999)

• Research indicated that the number

of Tigers (Panthera tigris altaica)

in northeast China has rapidly

decreased. Not more than 20

individuals can now be found. A

group of specialists from China, the

United States and Russia conducted

research on the habitats of tigers at

Wandashan and Changbashan in

Heilongjiang and Jilin from January

to March 1999. There were 5 to 8

tigers in Heilongjiang and about 10

individuals in Jilin. (Ming pao, 14/

04/1999)

• Great effort has been put in

protecting the Sanjiang Nature

Reserve in Heilongjiang, one of the

major wetlands in China, during the

past two years. The protection

measures include prohibiting the use

of lands for farming, building

irrigation works and forbidding

catching fish in lakes and rivers for

three years. More than 1,700 mu

(113 ha) of vegetation has been

recovered after the agricultural lands

were surrendered. In addition, those

people who destroyed the forest

would be prosecuted. Hunting was

also strictly forbidden. About 20,

000 meters in length of fishing nets

were destroyed. Frogs and juvenile

fishes were released into the wild.

After implementing these measures,

the bird community diversity at

Sanjiang Nature Reserve has started

to increase. This area has become

an important habitat for many bird

species such as Common Pheasant

(Phasianus colchicus), Sea Eagle

(Haliaeetus sp.), Japanese Crane

(Grus japonensis) and Willow

Grouse (Lagopus lagopus). (Tai

Kung Pao, 22/04/1999)

• A group of researchers including

geologists, botanists and zoologists

discovered the track of South China

Tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis),

in a primary forest between Sichuan,

Guizhou and Chongqing. (Sing Pao

Daily News, 12/05/1999)

• Beidahe is located by the sea of

Bohai, and has become a popular

place for bird watching. Its special

geographical location together with

its lush forest, abundant fresh waters

and food supply make it a good stop-

over place for migratory birds of East

Asia. According to the observations

of o rn i t ho l ogi s t s a nd “b i rd

enthusiasts” from all over the world,

405 species (i.e. about one-third of

1253 bird species in China) were

recorded in Beidaihe and its vicinity,

including 68 nationally protected

species such as the Japanese Crane

(Grus japonensis). (Mingpao, 19/

07/1999)

• Pine forests in Anhui were attacked

by a nematode which is spreading

at an alarming rate of 15–30 km/year.

A Pine-less belt was constructed to

avoid the nematode spreading to

Huangshan. This kind of nematode

can destroy a 100-year-old pine

within just one month. It was

discovered that the nematode

originated from some wooden

packing materials from the USA and

Japan. To rectify the situation, China

announced that starting from January

2000, all imports should avoid using

wooden packaging materials unless

proper sterilization has been done.

(Apple Daily, 29/12/1999)

• The forest and wildlife resources

in Tibet are very rich. The total area

of forest in Tibet is about 7.17 million

ha with over 6,400 higher plant

species and over 2,300 wild animal

species. In order to conserve the

vulnerable ecological environment

in Tibet, several measures have been

adopted by Tibet Autonomous

Region Forestry Department. These

measures include banning the export

of logs and timber, and strictly

enforcing the regional logging permit

system. Moreover afforestation,

planting of grasses and conservation

of wi l d a n i m a l s ha ve be e n

strengthened. (Xinhua News

Service, 10/03/2000)


外生殖器特徵圖、成蟲及幼期彩色圖版，其中

許多種類的幼期係初次報導。根據這些訊息，

正確鋻定在該區遇到的蝴蝶將不成問題。書的

附錄部份為讀者提供了蝴蝶的蜜源植物，寄生

性天敵以及幼期的調查技術。

幼期調查是蝶類保護生物學的一個重要方面，

此工作在發達國家所做較多，積累了較多資料，

東南亞地區的工作相對較少。作者在書中記錄

的 116種蝶類幼期為該書的一大特色。由於有過同樣的經歷，我們可以想象作者為此而付出的

艱辛努力：頭頂烈日，手持相機，頸胯望遠鏡，

背負裝有三角架、鏡頭、飼養盒、筆記本及參

考書的背包，登山攀石，跨越溪流的情況；找

尋幼蟲或觀察雌蝶產卵，記錄寄主植物，忘記

強烈陽光的暴晒及濕透的汗水；遇到未曾見過

的幼蟲或蛹，歡快的心情即刻就戰勝了疲勞。

即使回到室內也不得空閑，還須照看幼蟲，為

其清理糞便及到森林中採集新鮮的食料植物，

有時為了一張照片或急於確認未記錄的幼蟲或

蛹的身份，等待幾個小時甚至直到深夜是必不

可少的。

類似這樣的巨著，不可避免地要出現一些未曾

料到的缺限。首先，彩灰蝶屬 Heliophorus及環蛺蝶屬 Neptis中部份種類的學名需作進一步的考証；其次，書中使用的大號字體及空白空間在

很大程度上增加了書的成本與厚度。此外，書

中圖註蝴蝶學名的格式（非斜體）與常見的學

術刊物不同，如 Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.) 及同一出版社在同一年內出版的另一蝶類巨著「巴

布亞新幾內亞的蝴蝶」。

儘管存在一些不盡人意之處，此書仍是已出版

的東南亞地區蝶類書籍之中的優秀作品，尤其

是書中既有成蟲又有幼期研究，類似這樣的蝴

蝶書籍在世界上亦是不多的。謹此祝賀作者出

版了這樣一本優良的著作，它在國內將會擁有

許多讀者。

蝴蝶是一類極為普遍而美麗的昆蟲，幾乎所有

的人都熟知其翅上美麗的色彩與斑紋及優美動

人的舞姿，生活在偏遠地區的人們或許不知道

國寶大熊貓，但他們知道蝴蝶。在已知種類超

過百萬種並仍有許多鮮為人知的昆蟲類群中，

蝴蝶是目前生物多樣性保護中最引人注目的類

群。除擁有許多瀕危物種外，蝴蝶還被用作生

態系統健康狀態的一項重要監測指標，並作為

龐大昆蟲類群的代表，幫助識別生物多樣性的

熱點地區。

熱帶及亞熱帶地區的蝴蝶及生物多樣性無論是

種類還是數量遠比地球上其他任何地區都更為

豐富。同樣，這些地區的人口密度也很高，由

於毀林及土地開發導致生物多樣性喪失的事件

每時每刻都在發生。因此，如何保護蝴蝶及其

賴以生存的生態環境，使人類與美麗的蝴蝶共

存遂成為生物多樣性保護的重要課題。

香港特別行政區位居我國華南地區，距我國最

早以雙名法命名的蝶類（林奈 Carolus Linnaeus’sSystema Nature (ed. 10), A1758）產地廣州不遠。它以自由貿易及頻繁的國際交流而聞名於世，

生物多樣性保護對於這一人口密集，工商業高

度發達地區的可持續發展無疑是非常重要的。

由於面積狹小，便利的國際交流及早期良好的

工作基礎，其蝶類研究遠比國內其他地區先進。

目前，至少有三本不同的蝶類專著問世，其中

新近出版的「香港蝴蝶」是內容最新、最全面

而價格最昂貴的。

作者在三頁前言及致謝之後，分二部份九章記

述了已知的 219種蝶類及 116種的幼期。第一部份為基礎部份，介紹香港的概況（含氣候、土

地利用、植被、生物地理及阰鄰地區的概況，

以及蝴蝶的生物學等）；第二部份為該書的核

心部份，作者係用弄蝶、鳳蝶、粉蝶、灰蝶、

蛺蝶五科的分類系統，依據科、亞科、族及屬

的先後介紹蝶類的物種多樣性，每種（亞種）包

括識別特徵、生物學、分佈範圍、翅脈及雄性

香港蝴蝶 (英文書 )

M. J. Bascombe, G. Johnston 及 F. S. Bascombe 編著

Academic Press 1999年版

國際標准圖書編號 ISBN 0-12-080290-2王敏 / 華南農業大學

書評


years. At least 3 different books on Hong Kongbutterflies have been published. Among these, thenewly published“The Butterflies of Hong Kong”is the most comprehensive, informative, andexpensive one.

A f t e r t h e t h r ee -p ag e In t ro d u c t i o n an dAcknowledgments, the authors present nine chapters(under two parts) dealing with the 219 recordedspecies and the stages of 166 of them. The firstpart presents the basic information, introducing HongKong’s climate; land use; vegetation; biogeography,its surrounding areas, and the biology of butterfliles.Part two is the core of the book dealing with speciesdiversity. The species account is arranged accordingto families, subfamilies, tribe and genera under theclassification system of families of Hesperiidae,Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae.Information given under each species (or subspecies)includes diagnostic characteristics, biology,distributional range, venation, male genitalia figures,and the colour plates of adults and early stages (manyplates of the early stages are illustrated for the firsttime). With these information, the identification ofany butterflies encountered in the area will not posea problem. The Appendices of the book supply readerswith nectar sources, parasitoids and survey techniquesof life cycle for butterflies.

Survey on life cycle is an important aspect in butterflyconservation. This kind of survey is more oftencarried out in developed countries than in SoutheastAsia. A major feature of the book is the record ofthe early stages of 116 butterfly species. Havingsimilar past experience, I can image the authors’hard work in getting this information. The authorshad to carry camera in hands, binoculars on the neck,

Butterflies (Order: Lepidoptera) are familiar andbeautiful insect. Almost everyone is familiar withtheir colourful, patterned wings and their graceful,dance-like flights. For those who live in the remotearea, they may not know the Giant Panda but certainlybutterflies. Among insects, in which over 1 millionspecies are described and many more are unknownto science, butterfly is the group that receives in thehighest conservation concern. In addition to the manyendangered species, butterfly is an important indicatorof the status of ecosystem. The group can also beused as a representative of the large insect community,and helps to identify biodiversity hotspot.

Butterflies and biodiversity in tropical and subtropicalregions are richer and in higher abundance than anyother parts of the world, in both species and numbers.However, as human population in these regions isdense, incidents of deforestation and urbanizationleading to biodiversity loss happen everyday.Therefore how to preserve butterflies and the habitatsthat they depend on, so that human and butterfliescan co-exist, is a pressing issue for biodiversityconservation.

The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region islocated in South China where the earliest bi-nominalnamed butterflies in China occurs (Carolus Linnaeus’sSystema Naturae (ed. 10), 1758). Biodiversityconservation is undoubtedly highly important forthe sustainable development in such a heavilypopulated area with advanced development inindustry and commerce. Butterfly study in HongKong is much more advanced than any other areasin China because Hong Kong is a small place, withgood international interflow of information and asolid foundation in butterfly research since its early

The Butterflies of Hong Kong.

Edited by M. J. Bascombe, G. Johnston & F. S. Bascombe,

Academic Press, 1999.

ISBN 0-12-080290-2.Reviewed by WANG Min

South China Agricultural University

Translated by Vera POON

BOOK REVIEW


and a rucksack on the back containing a tripod,camera lenses, breeding containers, notebook andreference books. With such a heavy load, they climbedup mountains, jumped across streams to look foreggs or larvae, and recorded food plants, forgettingthe burning sun and their soaked clothing. Whenan unrecorded larva or pupa was recorded, all thefatigue would disappear at once. After returninghome, they had to take care of the caterpillars bycleaning their faeces and going to the forest to collectfood plants for them. It is inevitable to wait forseveral hours until midnight for an unrecorded pupato become adult so the identity could be confirmed.

With such an informative book, it is inevitable forsome unforeseen limitations to occur. Here I thinksome of the scientific names under the generaHeliophorus and Neptis have to be reconsidered in

the future. Also the large fonts used throughout thebook, together with the blank spaces appeared inthe colour plates have greatly increased the cost andweight of the book. In addition, the font style ofscientific names (not in italic) in the legends of figuresis different from other popular scientific publications,such as Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist (Ent.) and anothergreat book “The Butterflies of Papua New Guinea”published by the same publishing house in the sameyear.

Despite these minor imperfections, this work mustrate very high among butterfly books published inSoutheast Asia. Similar books on butterfly is rareeven on a global basis, especially containing studieson both adults and early stages. The authors are tobe congratulated on producing such a wonderful book,which will certainly have many readers in China.

穆蛺蝶，攝於廣西西大明山

(韋庚武攝)

Moduza procris, photo taken at

Xidamingshan, Guangxi

(by Graham REEL)

燕風蝶，攝於廣西十萬大山

(費樂思攝)

Lamproptera curius, photo taken at

Shiwandashan, Guangxi

(by John FELLOWES/ KFBG)


這書名正好道出我們所有人都面對的挑戰，

它匯聚了來自十個國家的作家，以大學生、

森林科學家及森林管理員為對象，我嘗試為

這書作內容撮要。

第一部份包括兩章緒篇，首章關於生物多樣

性，編輯 Hunter嘗試消除人們使用「生物多

樣性」一詞所出現的混淆，亦提醒他人若沒

有徹底想清目的便將這詞量化，可能導致的

危機。這又引領到我們加在生物多樣性的價

值觀問題上，有內在的，亦有幫助性的，還

包括潛在價值：「由於我們並不知道生物多

樣性於將來的潛在價值，我們必需⋯留有餘

地，永不能說任何物種並無價值。」他繼續

討論生物完整性、生態系統完整性以及可持

續性等概念，然而它們的重心各有些微偏差，

與生物多樣性本身卻沒多大關連。如要維持

生物完整性，應集中保留數量最多的物種，

如要維持生物多樣性則應保留稀有的物種。

第二章由 Seymour及 Hunter介紹生態森林的原

理，區分方法為：「重點在於自然規律及過

程：縱使經濟困難或帶來種種不方便，我們

亦應了解這些規律及過程，與它們和諧地共

同合作，並保持它們的完整性。」長久以來，

維持生態完整性只著重對泥土、水質和富魅

力的野生動物的尊重，直至近期才有人意識

到它應包含生物區系的結構和功能。作者們

在此要求作出由淺入深的研討，以保護不同

的生態系統和地貌，使大多數物種得益。他

們就等級較大的地型和較小型的森林林段作

出考慮。

第二部份涉及地貌等級的題目，包括物種組

成的成份 (第三章)、森林的動態模式 (第四章)、

非生物因素 (第五章 )、林緣 (第六章 )、島嶼

與破碎地段 (第七章 )、河岸森林 (第八章 )及

森林濕地 (第九章 )，這些課題全都揭示出隱

藏的繁複問題。若要保留所有森林物種，就

非生物因素 (第五章) 的影響森林管理便需要

覆蓋所有海拔坡度和土壤生產力。在高產量

的熱帶森林，此類非生物因素的影響可能比

生物因素的小。儘管如此，亞拉斯加雨林研

究顯示強風引致樹木倒下的驚人重要性，這

可能與我們位處的颱風帶息息相關。林緣 (第

六章) 或會比森林內部地區乾旱，又或出現相

反情況，林緣的茂葉會帶來更多水份凝固，

使之更為濕潤，故此它們對動植物的影響亦

相對地較難預測。森林破碎化 (第七章) 對物

種的影響不一定等同於森林被完全破壞的直

接影響，雖則兩種影響密不可分。作者 Yrjo

Haila亦闡明型式與過程的不同之處：較細小

的林段會有較少的雀鳥種類 (一型式 )，但其

原因究竟是破壞的森林已喪失了好些物種，

或是它只能供養少些雀鳥數目？若已經失去

了某些物種，是基於出生率下降、死亡率增

加抑或是散佈模式轉變？在森林破碎化的問

題上， Haila討論了涉及管理的事宜，並提出

所有有關森林項目的問題。

第三部份以數章仔細研究較小型的林段管理，

例如正在枯萎的樹木、枯木和塌下的樹木 (第

十章 )、垂直結構 (第十一章)、林業 (第十二

章)、特別物種 (第十三章) 及遺傳多樣性 (第

十四章)。正在及已枯萎的樹木 (第十章)的作

用各異，兩者均對森林生態極為重要。某些

地區尤其致力於保存會鑿洞的動物如啄木鳥，

因為有很多其他動物須依賴這些樹洞來生存。

北美松科常綠樹(Tsuga spp.)和其他樹木的種

子、樹蕨及苔蘚的種子都在塌下的原木上萌

發。這些生態因素於種植林與天然林中同樣

存在 (第十二章 )，密集式的造林對生物多樣

維持森林生態系統的生物多樣性 (英文書 )

Malcolm L. Hunter編著，劍橋出版社 1999年版

國際標準圖書編號 ISBN 0-521-63768-6書評由費樂思撰寫、由林芷薇翻譯

書評


性的影響可能因為地貌和林段大小兩方面的

生態學知識運用有異而大不相同。

第四部份試圖為所有渴望將理論轉為實踐的

人作個綜合，其中包括修復生態學 (第十五章)、

森林保護區 (第十六章 )、森林組織管理及政

策 (第十七章)、經濟觀點 (第十八章) 以及社

會觀 (第十九章 )。主要的重點是把價值觀融

入決策當中。管理分析 (第十七章) 將價值觀

體現為目標，使目標在實現了之後可以量度。

多項有關人們如何評價高生物多樣性古老森

林 (第十八章) 的研究中，在成功量度這些價

值上,都有不同的結綸，但至少認同人類對生

物多樣性豐富的古老森林有高度的評價。在

末章， Lynn Maguire追索持不同價值觀的人

對使用森林的爭議，例如傳統守舊的林務員

相對於致力保護生物多樣性的新成員，或是

管理當局相對於當地居民。她呼籲公眾和管

理局共同參與籌劃工作，其中科學家可讓參

與者明白不同行動所導致的後果，而公眾與

管理當局則共商決策。她說起來看似很湊效，

可是人類總不擅於這種方法。

總的來說，此書經精心籌劃而成，各章節的

寫作風格相當一致，在運用新詞彙時，其釋

義都能與內文融為一體。令人震奮的更是這

書能融合林業學和保育生物學。有一點要提

醒大家的是在「生態學」或「生物多樣性」這

類詞彙還沒有出現時，一些林務員早已努力

不懈地看顧著森林。

於我及許多讀者而言，這書最大的限制是它

以北溫帶為觀點，如果把這點明說，當然不

是問題，不過在概括性的篇章中對熱帶及亞

熱帶的生態系統，甚至包括整個舊大陸的述

郤不足夠。例如， Seymour 及 Hunter在撮寫

用以防止過度開發及山火的監管式林業這段

含糊不清的歷史時，只由歐洲中世紀開始寫

起，卻忽略了同期在亞洲及其他地方的土著

所發展的監管式系統，這些系統不少已有數

千年歷史，對於作者暗示這些系統是北美洲

十九世紀初的新產物，我不敢苟同。同樣，

以多功用系統天然林垂直結構為基礎的傳統

農林學卻不獲重視，實在令人沮喪。顯然，

科學家和林業管理員要多加關注當地知識。

老實說，或許我的要求過高。我已盡力嘗試

列出書中精髓，恐力有不逮。本書內容豐富，

實需細心閱讀。較為奇怪的是本書雖放眼全

球，卻獨欠中國的資料。究竟是由於生態林

業學的復甦概念太新，抑或我們未能將自己

的成就與難處告知全世界？或許這冊書有助

啟發讀者提出問題，並思考生態林業學在研

習與實踐兩方面的更新動力。


The title of this book conveys the challenge we all

face. It brings together authors from ten countries,

and is pitched at graduate students, forest scientists

and forest managers. I will attempt to summarise

the contents.

Part I includes two introductory chapters. The first

is on biological diversity. Here Hunter (the editor)

tries to dispel the confusion over the usage of the

term “biodiversity”, and warns of the dangers of

trying to quantify it without clear thinking about

goals. This leads to the question of the values we

attach to biodiversity, both intrinsic and instrumental,

including potential value: “In the face of all that wedo not know about the potential, future values of

biodiversity it is critical to…keep options alive. We

can never say of any species that it lacks value.” He

goes on to discuss such concepts as biological

integrity, ecosystem integrity, and sustainability, each

of which has a slightly different emphasis than

biodiversity per se. Managing for biological integrity

might focus more on retaining the roles of the most

abundant species, while managing for biodiversity

would seek primarily to retain all the rare ones.

The second chapter by Seymour & Hunter introduces

the principles of ecological forestry. This is

distinguished by “…the emphasis placed on natural

patterns and processes: understanding them, workingin harmony with them, and maintaining their integrity,

even when it becomes financially difficult or

inconvenient to do so.” Managing for ecological

integrity has long implied a respect for soil, water

quality and charismatic wild animals. Only more

recently has it been recognised to encompass the

structure and functions of the biota as a whole. The

authors call for a “coarse-filter” approach, conserving

diverse ecosystems and landscapes for the benefit

of most species. Here they set the scene for

consideration of the larger landscape scale and the

smaller scale of forest stands.

Part II covers topics at the landscape scale, with

chapters on species composition (Ch. 3), dynamic

forest mosaics (Ch. 4), abiotic factors (Ch. 5), forest

edges (Ch. 6), islands and fragments (Ch. 7), riparian

forests (Ch. 8), and forested wetlands (Ch. 9). All

reveal hidden complexities. The influence of abiotic

factors (Ch. 5) may call for forest management across

the full gradients of elevation and soil productivity,

if all forest species are to be retained. Such abiotic

factors may be less influential than biotic ones in

high-productivity tropical forests. Still, studies on

Alaskan rainforests have revealed the surprising

importance of windthrow, which may be relevant

to us here in the typhoon belt. Forest edges (Ch. 6)

may be drier than forest interiors, or conversely their

denser foliage may cause more water condensation,

making them wetter; their effects on flora and fauna

are correspondingly unpredictable. The impact of

forest fragmentation (Ch. 7) on a species is not

necessarily the same as the direct impact of forest

loss, though the two effects are hard to tease apart.

Author Yrjo Haila also illustrates the difference

between pattern and process: a smaller fragment may

have fewer bird species (a pattern), but is this because

it has lost some species, or just that it can support

fewer individuals? If loss has occurred, is it through

reduced births, increased deaths, or changes in

dispersal? Haila discusses the management

Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems.

Edited by Malcolm L. Hunter, Jr.

Cambridge University Press, 1999.

ISBN 0-521-63768-6.Reviewed by John R. FELLOWES


BOOK REVIEW


implications of such fragmentation issues, and raises

questions relevant to all forestry projects.

Part III examines the smaller scale of forest stand

management, with chapters on dying, dead and down

trees (Ch. 10), vertical structure (Ch. 11), plantation

forestry (Ch. 12), special species (Ch. 13) and genetic

diversity (Ch. 14). Roles of dead and dying wood

(Ch. 10) are varied, and of major importance in the

forest ecology. Special efforts have been made in

some places to preserve the primary cavity excavators

such as woodpeckers on which secondary tree-hole

using animals depend. Seeds of hemlocks (Tsuga

spp.) and other trees, ferns and mosses germinate

on fallen logs. Such ecological influences pertain

to plantations (Ch. 12) as they do to natural forests,

and even intensive silviculture can vary widely in

its impacts on biodiversity according to the

incorporation of ecological knowledge at both the

landscape and stand scale.

Part IV attempts a synthesis for those wishing to

turn theory to practice. Here we cover restoration

ecology (Ch. 15), forest reserves (Ch. 16), forest

organization, management and policy (Ch. 17), the

economic perspective (Ch. 18) and social perspectives

(Ch. 19). Much of the emphasis is on incorporating

values into decision-making. Management analysis

(Ch. 17) involves expressing values as objectives,

and enabling the realisation of these objectives to

be measured. Different studies on how people value

high-biodiversity old-growth forests (Ch. 18) have

yield varied conclusions about the success of

measuring these values, but agree, at least, that people

value them highly. In the final chapter, Lynn Maguire

traces conflicts over forest use to different value

systems, such as those of the old-school conventional

forester vs. the newcomer with a biodiversity fixation,

or the management authority vs. the local population.

She calls for collaborative planning with the

participation of both public and the authorities, where

scientists help to enlighten participants as to the

consequences of different actions, and the public

and authorities work together to make decisions. She

makes it sound obvious, but humans don’t seem to

be very good at this sort of approach.

Overall the book is very well laid out, with good

consistency of style between chapters, and working

definitions are slipped comfortably into the flow of

the text when new terms are used. The result is a

vibrant fusion of forestry and conservation biology.

One point to emerge is a reminder that some foresters

had a stewardship ethic long before the words

‘ecology’ or ‘biodiversity’ were born.

For myself and perhaps many readers the main

limitation of the book is the northern temperate

perspective, which is no problem when made explicit,

but some ‘general’ chapters give insufficient attention

to tropical and subtropical ecosystems, and the Old

World as a whole. For example, in summarising the

murky history of custodial forestry (that which seeks

to protect the forest from overexploitation and fire),

Seymour & Hunter begin in middle-ages Europe,

ignoring the remarkable parallel development of

custodial systems in indigenous peoples of Asia and

elsewhere. Some of these must date back thousands

of years; I rather doubt the author’s implication that

such systems were new to North America in the 19th

century. Likewise, the subject of traditional

agroforestry, based on emulating the vertical structure

of natural forests in multi-functional systems, is given

disappointingly scant attention. Clearly scientists,

as well as forest managers, need to pay more attention

to indigenous knowledge.

But I am being too demanding. I have attempted to

convey the essence of this book, and fear I have

failed. It is too rich, and demands to be read directly.

But one mystery remains. That is the conspicuous

absence of the China experience in this global review.

Is the revival of ecological forestry too new here,

or have we simply failed to tell the world about our

successes and problems? Perhaps this volume will

help to inspire an increased asking of questions, and

renewed dynamism in the study and practise of

ecological forestry.


近期出版的書刊和文章

書籍、報告

Kushlan, James A. & Hafner, Heinz， 2000 《鷺鳥保

育》，學術出版社。(英文)

約翰馬敬能、卡偏菲利普斯及何芬奇， 2000《中

國鳥類野外出版社》，湖南教育出版社， 571

頁。 (中文版)

譚鳳儀、黃玉山， 2000 《香港紅樹林》，香港城

市大學出版社。

科學文章

Ades, G.W.J., 1999. The species composition, distribution

and population size of Hong Kong bats. Memoirs of

the Hong Kong Natural History Society 22, 183-209.

(英文)

Ades, G.W.J. & Dudgeon, D., 1999. Insect seasonality

in Hong Kong: A monsoonal environment in the

northern tropics. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural

History Society 22, 81-98. (英文)

安樹青、朱學雷、王崢峰，等， 1999，海南五指

山熱帶山地雨林植物多樣性研究。生態學報 19

(6) ， 803– 809頁。

曹敏、付先惠、楊一光、唐勇及何永濤， 2000，

熱帶森林中的斑塊動態與物種多樣性維持。生

物多樣性 8(2)， 172– 179頁。

周錦超、劉惠寧、侯智恒及蕭麗萍， 2000，香港

的生物多樣性及其保育工作。生物多樣性 8(1)，

25 5頁。

Corlett, R.T., Xing Fu-wu, Ng Sai-chit, Chau, L.K.C. &

Wong Mei-yin, 2000. Hong Kong vascular plant: dis-

tribution and status. Memoirs of Hong Kong Natural

History Society 23, 1 . (英文)

Cribb, P., Luo Y.B. & Siu, G., 1999. Paphiopedilum

hirsutissimum var. esquirolei in southern China.

The Orchid Review 107(1228), 217-219 . (英文 )

Cribb, P., Luo Y.B., McGough, N. & Siu, L.P., 1999.

The distribution, ecology and conservation status of

Paphiopedilum micranthum (Orchidaceae) in

Southwest China. The Orchid Review 107(1227),

149-151 . (英文)

崔書紅等， 1999，生態旅遊的概念及其在我國的

實踐。環境保護 9(263)， 35– 36頁。

Dudgeon, D. & M.W.N. Lau, 1999. Romer frog

reintroduction into a degraded tropical landscape, Hong

Kong, P.R. China. Re-introduction News 17, 10-11.

(英文)

方鼎， 1999，廣西樟科植物兩新種。植物分類學

報 37(6) ， 595– 597頁。

Fellowes, J.R., 1999. Exotic ants in Asia: is the mainland

at risk? The case of Hong Kong. Aliens 9, 5-6. (英

文)

Fellowes, J.R., Hau, C.H. & Lau, M.W.N., 1999. Assessing

the regional status of South China fauna and flora.

Proceedings of the China Mainland – Hong Kong

Symposium on Regional Environmental Impact

Assessment, May 1999, Vol. II. Open University of

Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 103-110. (英文)

Frohlich, J. & K.D. Hyde, 1999. Biodiversity of palm

fungi in the tropics. Are global fungal diversity

estimates realistic? Biodiversity and Conservation

8, 1-28. (英文 )

郝日明、黃致遠、劉興劍、王中磊、徐惠強及姚

志剛， 2000，中國珍稀瀕危保護植物在江蘇省

的分佈及其特點。生物多樣性 8(2)， 153– 162

頁。

侯智恒、費樂思、劉惠寧及李國誠， 1999，華南

三省的森林保育狀況。呂光洋、賴俊祥合編，

第四屆海峽兩岸國家公園與保護區研討會一九

九九年四月十三日，國家公園學會，台北， 197-

209頁。

胡慧娟、陳劍榕、孫雷，等， 1999，廈門大嶼島

三種鷺的種群動態和營巢。生物多樣性 7(2)，

123– 126頁。


賈鳳龍、梁鉻球、陳振耀，等， 2000，梧桐山甲

蟲物種多樣性。生物多樣性 8(2)， 169– 171

頁。

Kwok, H.K. & R.T. Corlett, 1999. Seasonality of a forest

bird community in Hong Kong, South China. Ibis 141:

70-79. (英文)

林承超， 1999，福州鼓山季風常綠闊葉林及其林

緣幾種植物葉熱值和營養成份。生態學報 19

(6) ， 832– 836頁。

Lau, M.W.N. & Dudgeon, D., 1999. Composition and

distribution of Hong Kong Amphibian fauna. Memoirs

of the Hong Kong Natural History Society 22, 1-80.

(英文)

莫江明、 Sandra Brown、孔國輝，等， 2000，鼎

湖山馬尾松營養元素的分佈和生物循環特征。

生態學報 19(5)， 635– 640頁。

任海、彭少麟， 1999，鼎湖山森林生態系統演替

過程中的能量生態特征。生態學報 19(6) ， 817

– 822頁。

Siu Lai-ping, Gloria, 2000. Orchidaceae of Hong Kong.

Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society

23, 137 47. (英文)

蘇化龍、林英華、李迪強，等， 2000，中國鶴類

現狀及其保護對策。生物多樣性 8(2)， 180–

191頁。

Ternan, J.L. & R. Neller, 1999. The erodibility of soils

beneath wildfire prone grasslands in the humid tropics,

Hong Kong. Catena 36, 49-64. (英文)

Tsi, Z.-H., Luo Y.-b., Cribb, P.J., McGough, N., Siu, G.

& Chau, L., 1999. A preliminary report on the

population size, ecology and conservation status of

some Paphiopedilum species (Orchidaceae) in

Southwest China. Lindleyana 14 (1), 12-23. (英文)

王勇軍、廖文波及常弘， 1999，廣東內伶仃島獮

食性及食源植物分析。生物多樣性 7(2)， 97–

105頁。

Wong, L.C., Richard T. Corlett, Llewellyn Young & Joe

S.Y. Lee, 1999. Foraging flights of nesting egrets and

herons at a Hong Kong egretry, South China.

Waterbirds 22 (3), 424-434. (英文 )

Wu Shiew-hung & Wicky Lee, 2000. Pteridophytes of

Hong Kong. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural

History Society 23, 5 0. (英文)

刑福武、 Corlett, R.T.及周錦超， 1999，香港的

植物區系。熱帶及亞熱帶植物學報 7(4) ，

295-307頁。

Xing Fu-wu, Ng Sai-chit & Chau, L.K.C., 2000.

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms of Hong Kong.

Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society

23, 21 36. (英文)

楊月偉、丁平、姜仕及諸葛陽， 1999，針闊混交

林內白頸長尾雉棲息地利用的影響因子研究。

動物學報 45(3)， 279– 286頁。

張樹義、馮江、李振新，等， 1999，三種蝙蝠飛

行狀態下回聲定位信號的比較。動物學報 45

(4)， 385– 389頁。

周偉， 2000「雲南濕地生態系統魚類物種瀕危機

制初探」。生物多樣性 8(2)， 163– 168頁。

朱華、許再富、王洪、李保貴， 2000，西雙版納

片斷熱帶雨林植物區系成分及變化趨勢。生物

多樣性 8(2)， 139– 145頁。


Books and reports

Kushlan, James A. & Hafner, Heinz, 2000. Heron

Conservation. Academic Press, UK.

Mackinnon, J., Phillips, K. & He Fen-qi, 2000. A FieldGuide to the Birds of China. Oxford University Press

(English version).

Tam, Nora F.Y. and Wong, Y.S., 2000. Hong Kong

Mangroves. City University of Hong Kong Press, Hong

Kong.

Scientific papers

Ades, G.W.J., 1999. The species composition, distribution

and population size of Hong Kong bats. Memoirs ofthe Hong Kong Natural History Society 22, 183-209.

Ades, G.W.J. & Dudgeon, D., 1999. Insect seasonality

in Hong Kong: A monsoonal environment in the

northern tropics. Memoirs of the Hong Kong NaturalHistory Society 22, 81- 8.

An Shuqing, Zhu Xuelei, Wang Zhengfeng, et al., 1999.

The plant species diversity study on tropical montane

rain forest on Wuzhi Mountain, Hainan. Acta Ecologica

Sinica 19(6), 803 - 809 (Chinese).

Cao Min, Fu Xian-Hui, Yang Yi-Guang, Tang Yong, He

Yong-Tao, 2000. Patch dynamics in tropical forests

and the maintenance of tree species diversity. Chinese

Biodiversity 8(2), 172 - 179 (Chinese).

Chau, L.K.C., Lau, M.W.N., Hau, C.H. & Siu, L.P., 2000.

The present status and conservation of the Biodiversity

in Hong Kong. Chinese Biodiversity 8(1), 25–35

(Chinese, with English abstract).

Corlett, R.T., Xing Fu-wu, Ng Sai-chit, Chau, L.K.C. &

Wong Mei-yin, 2000. Hong Kong vascular plant:

distribution and status. Memoirs of Hong Kong Natural

History Society 23, 1–4.

Cribb, P., Luo Y.-b. & Siu, G., 1999. Paphiopedilumhirsutissimum var. esquirolei in southern China.

The Orchid Review 107(1228), 217 - 219.

Cribb, P., Luo Y.B., McGough, N. & Siu, L.P., 1999.

The distribution, ecology and conservation status of

Paphiopedilum micranthum (Orchidaceae) in

Southwest China. The Orchid Review 107(1227),

149 - 151 .

Cui Shuhong et al., 1999. Definition of ecotourism and

its practice in China. Environmental Protection 9

(263), 35 - 36 (Chinese).

Dudgeon, D. & M.W.N. Lau, 1999. Romer frog

reintroduction into a degraded tropical landscape,Hong

Kong, P.R. China. Re-introduction News 17, 10 - 11.

Fang Ding, 1999. Two new species of the Lauraceae from

Guangxi, China. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 37

(6), 595 - 597 (Chinese).

Fellowes, J.R., 1999. Exotic ants in Asia: is the mainland

at risk? The case of Hong Kong. Aliens 9, 5 - 6.

Fellowes, J.R., Hau, C.H. & Lau, M.W.N., 1999. Assessing

the regional status of South China fauna and flora.

Proceedings of the China Mainland Hong KongSymposium on Regional Environmental ImpactAssessment, May 1999, Vol. II. Open University of

Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 103 - 110.

Frohlich, J. & K.D. Hyde, 1999. Biodiversity of palm

fungi in the tropics. Are global fungal diversity

estimates realistic? Biodiversity and Conservation

8, 1 -28.

Hao Ri-ming, Huang Zhi-yuan, Liu Xing-jian, Wang

Zhong-lei, Xu Hui-Qiang & Yao Zhi-gang, 2000. The

natural distribution and characteristics of the rare and

endangered plants in Jiangsu, China. ChineseBiodiversity 8(2), 153 -162 (Chinese).

Hau, C.H., Fellowes, J.R., Lau, M.W.N. & Lee, K.S.,

1999. Conservation and status of natural forests in

three South China provinces. In: Lu, G.Y. & Lai, J.

X. (eds.), Proceedings of the 4th China-Taiwan

National Parks and Protected Areas Conference, 13April 1999. Chinese National Park Society, Taipei,

197 -2 09 (Chinese).

A selection of recent publications


Hu Huijuan, Chen Jianrong, Sun Lei, et al., 1999.

Population dynamics and nesting of three species of

egret on Xiamen Dayu Island. Chinese Biodiversity

7(2), 123 - 126 (Chinese).

Jia Fenglong, Liang Geqiu, ChenZhenyao, et al., 2000.

Species diversity of beetles of Mt. Wutongshan.

Chinese Biodiversity 8(2), 169 - 171 (Chinese).

Kwok, H.K. & R.T. Corlett, 1999. Seasonality of a forest

bird community in Hong Kong, South China. Ibis 141,

70 -79.

Lin Chenchao, 1999. Calorific values and nutrient

composition of the leaves of monsoon evergreen broad-

leaved forest and some forest-edge plants on Gushan

Mountain in Fuzhou. Acta Ecologica Sinica 19(6),

832 -836 (Chinese).

Lau, M.W.N. & Dudgeon, D., 1999. Composition and

distribution of Hong Kong Amphibian fauna. Memoirsof the Hong Kong Natural History Society 22, 1 - 80.

Mo Jiangming, Sandra Brown, Kong Guohui, et al., 1999.

Nutrient distribution and cycling of a Masson pine

planted forest in Dinghushan. Acta Ecologica Sinica19(5), 635 -640 (Chinese).

Ren Hai and Peng Shaoling, 1999. The characteristics of

ecological energetics of the forest ecosystem in the

successional process in Dinghushan, Guangdong,

China. Acta Ecologica Sinica 19(6), 817-822

(Chinese).

Siu Lai-ping, Gloria, 2000. Orchidaceae of Hong Kong.

Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society23, 137–147.

Su Hualong, Lin Yinghua, Li Diqiang, et al., 2000. Status

of Chinese cranes and their conservation strategies.

Chinese Biodiversity 8(2), 180-191. (Chinese)

Ternan, J.L. & R. Neller, 1999. The erodibility of soils

beneath wildfire prone grasslands in the humid tropics,

Hong Kong. Catena 36, 49 - 64.

Tsi, Z.-H., Luo Y.-b., Cribb, P.J., McGough, N., Siu, G.

& Chau, L., 1999. A preliminary report on the

population size, ecology and conservation status of

some Paphiopedilum species (Orchidaceae) in

Southwest China. Lindleyana 14 (1), 12 -23.

Wang Yongjun, Liao Wenbo & Chang Hong, 1999.

Analysis on vegetative food resources and feeding

habitats of Macaca mulatta from Neilingding Island,

Guangdong Province. Chinese Biodiversity 7(2), 97

-105. (Chinese)

Wong, L.C., Richard T. Corlett, Llewellyn Young & Joe

S.Y. Lee, 1999. Foraging flights of nesting egrets and

herons at a Hong Kong egretry, South China.

Waterbirds 22 (3), 424 - 434.

Wu Shiew-hung & Wicky Lee, 2000. Pteridophytes of

Hong Kong. Memoirs of the Hong Kong NaturalHistory Society 23, 5–20.

Xing, Fu-wu, Corlett, R.T. & Chau, L.K.C., 1999. The

Floristics of Hong Kong. Journal of Tropical &Subtropical Botany 7(4), 295–307 (Chinese).

Xing Fu-wu, Ng Sai-chit & Chau, L.K.C., 2000.

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms of Hong Kong.

Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society23, 21–136.

Yang Yuewei, Ding Ping, Jiang Shiren and Zhuge Yang,

1999. Factors affecting habitat used by Elliot

pheasant (Syrmaticus ellioti) in mixed coniferous

and broadleaf forests. Acta Zoologica Sinica 45(3),

286 - 292 (Chinese).

Zhang Shuyi, Feng Jiang, Li Zhenxin, et al., 1999.

Comparison of echolocation signals in three species

of bats at fly. Acta Zoologica Sinica 45(4), 389 - 396

(Chinese).

Zhou Wei, 2000. A preliminary study on endangerment

mechanism of freshwater fish species in wetland

ecosystem of Yunnan. Chinese Biodiversity 8(2), 163

- 168 (Chinese).

Zhu Hua, Xu Zai-Fu, Wang Hong & Li Bao-Gui, 2000.

Floristic composition and change of rain forest

fragments in Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan.

Chinese Biodiversity 8(2), 139 - 145 (Chinese).


荒野是人類錘鍊文明這人工製成品的原材

料。

荒野這種原材料從來也不是千篇一律的。

它多采多姿，得出來的人工製成品亦十分

多元化。這些人工製成品之間的差異就是

各種不同的文化，而萬千的世界文化正反

映了孕育出他們的荒野，也有著相應的姿

采。

人類在歷史進程上第一次面對兩個迫在眉

睫的轉變。第一，荒野在全球較為適合居

住的地方都在消耗殆盡；其次是全球各地

的文化都透過現代交通和工業化而混雜交

合。雖然兩者都不能避免，或者不應阻止；

我們仍須回答一個問題，究竟稍微改善這

兩個迫在眉睫的轉變，可否保存某些或會

失去的價值？

對於汗流浹背的工人來說，在其鐵砧上的

原材料是他必須要征服的東西，就如荒野

是拓荒者要對付的敵人一樣。

可是，當這位工人處於安謐，抽空以哲學

眼光來看他的世界，這種不無兩樣的原材

料，在他的眼中卻變成了一些值得眷戀和

珍惜的東西，因為這原材料為他的生命寫

下定義，也帶給他生命的意義。筆者謹此

懇求大家保存殘存的荒野，就好像保護博

物館的藏品一樣，以啟迪那些可能有一天

希望看到、體會到、或研究自己文化遺產

根源的人。

由美國林業工作者兼環境保護者

Aldo Leopold 於 1948年撰寫由黃景愉譯

Wilderness is the raw material out of whichman has hammered the artifact calledcivilization.

Wilderness was never a homogenous rawmaterial. It was very diverse, and theresulting artifacts are very diverse. Thesedifferences in the end-product are knownas cultures. The rich diversity of the world'scultures reflects a corresponding diversityin the wilds that gave them birth.

For the first time in the history of thehuman species, two changes are nowimpending. One is the exhaustion ofwilderness in the more habitable portionsof the globe. The other is the world-widehybridization of cultures through moderntransport and industrialization. Neithercan be prevented, and perhaps shouldnot be, but the question arises whether,by some slight amelioration of theimpending changes, certain values canbe preserved that would otherwise be lost.

To the laborer in the sweat of his labor,the raw stuff on his anvil is an adversaryto be conquered. So was wilderness anadversary to the pioneer.

But to the laborer in repose, able for themoment to cast a philosophical eye onhis world, that same raw stuff is somethingto be loved and cherished, because it givesdefinition and meaning to his life. This isa plea for the preservation of some tag-ends of wilderness, as museum pieces,for the edification of those who may oneday wish to see, feel, or study the originsof their cultural inheritance.

Written in 1948 by Aldo Leopold,American forester and environmentalist

Wilderness


報告 Announcements

廣邀專家 Invitation to specialists

在下一期的森林脈搏中，我們將會編制一份專家名錄，其中包括了對廣東、廣西及海南某些陸地及淡水生物有專業認識的生物學家及自然愛好者。這份名錄的目的是希望確保各方專家的寶貴知識可充份用於保育工作上，同時表彰他們的專業知識。我們希望這名錄能列出華南地區內專於不同物種的野外生物學家及分類學家的資料，并附其分類專業簡介。如閣下有興趣加入這名錄，請把以下的資料用電子郵件、傳真或郵遞的方式寄給我們：

1. 名稱2. 工作機構及地址3. 野外採集或鑒別的專門知識 (不同分類單元及 /或生物地理區 )4. 分類學知識 (不同分類單元及 /或生物地理區 )5. 具體研究經驗；任何曾深入研究的分類單元6. 對指導 (a) 理學士； (b) 理 /研究碩士；及 /或 (c) 博士學生的學歷 /資格和意願。

In the next issue of Living Forests, we intend to produce an inventory of biologists and naturalists with specialist knowledgeof particular groups of terrestrial and freshwater organisms living in the region of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Thepurpose of this is to assist conservation efforts by ensuring that the best use can be made of available expertise, and that theexperts can, in turn, be given recognition for their valuable knowledge. We should like to list field biologists as well astaxonomists specializing in the biota of the region, with a brief summary of their taxonomic specialities. If you would liketo be included in this list, please send us an email or fax or letter, with the following information:

1. Name2. Institution, address3. Main expertise (taxa and/or biogeographic area) in field collection/identification4. Main expertise (taxa and/or biogeographic area) in taxonomy5. Specific research experience; any taxa studied in depth6. Qualification/eligibility/willingness to supervise students at (a) B.Sc.; (b) M.Sc./M.Phil.; and/or (c) Ph.D. levels.

1999年度嘉道理農場暨植物園生物多樣性獎學金嘉道理農場暨植物園於 1999年成立生物多樣性獎學金計劃，此獎學金旨在幫助年輕科學家汲取在野外進行動植物調查的工作經驗，增進在野外工作的知識和技巧。上年度合共收到 22份申請，各申請人研究的生物多樣性範圍非常廣泛，從基因到群落，從人造生境到天然生境的生物多樣性均有涉及。獲頒發獎學金的 4位同學包括：中國科學院華南植物研究所的韓榮蘭女士、廣西師範大學的黃建華先生、華南農業大學的黃久香女士及中山大學的鄒發生先生。課題包括華南真菌異養植物、廣西貓兒山天牛科昆蟲、華南三种木蘭科植物及海南尖峰嶺鳥類群落的多樣性。

2000年度嘉道理農場暨植物園生物多樣性獎學金2000年度的嘉道理農場暨植物園生物多樣性獎學金仍會繼續提供多達 7個名額給從事生物多樣性調查的同學，我們已於今年 1月起開始接受申請。到 7月為止，共收到 15份申請。如往年一樣，申請者所研究的範圍亦十分廣泛，其中包括烏類、森林節肢動物、森林溪流的魚類、兩棲類及爬行類等的生態或分類研究項目。我們現正挑選合適的申請者出席今年 9月於廣州之面試，結果將於下期公佈。

來年，我們仍會繼續推出生物多樣性獎學金，供有志於生物多樣性研究的同學申請。如欲知詳情或有意申請 2001年度的嘉道理農場暨植物園生物多樣性獎學金，請來信或電郵索取申請表格及指引。地址﹕中國香港特別行政區新界大埔林錦路嘉道理農場暨植物園華南生物多樣性研究隊 ; 或電郵至 :[email protected]

KFBG Biodiversity Studentship 1999In 1999 KFBG launched a Biodiversity Studentship scheme.The primary aim of the Studentship scheme is to assist youngscientists to acquire the knowledge and skills to survey plantsand animals in the wild. Last year, we received 22 applications

to the KFBG Studentship 1999. These cover a wide range ofbiodiversity topics from the genetic to community levels, inman made as well as natural habitats. The four successfulcandidates were selected at the beginning of this year. Theyare Miss Han Rong-lan (South China Institute of Botany), Mr.Huang Jian-hua (Guangxi Normal University), Miss Huang Jiu-xiang (South China Agricultural University), and Mr. Zou Fa-sheng (Zhong Shan University). Titles include: Diversity andtaxonomy of Mycoheterotrophic Flowering Plants in South China;Cerambycidae (Coleoptera: Polyphaga) at Maoershan, Guangxi;Three species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in South China andBird Communities at Jianfengling, Hainan.

KFBG Biodiversity Studentship 2000The KFBG Biodiversity Studentship for the year 2000 willagain offer up to 7studentships to students who are working onbiodiversity survey in natural habitat. It has been opened forapplication since January 2000. Until July, we have received15 applications. These projects are also very diverse. They includethe ecological and taxonomical study of birds, forest arthropods,forest stream fishes, amphibians and reptiles etc. Recently, weare selecting the suitable candidates to attend an interview inGuangzhou at September. The result will be announced in thenext issue.

Next year, we will also provide the KFBG BiodiversityStudentship to students who are interested in biodiversity survey.For those who want to get more detailed information or wishto apply for the 2001 KFBG Biodiversity Studentship, pleasewrite or e-mail to the South China Biodiversity Team, KFBG,for application guidelines and form. Address: South ChinaBiodiversity Team, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, LamKam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong SpecialAdministrative Region, China; or email: [email protected].

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듋ꩌ꿟띩 Living Forests · 2000-12-21 · 듋ꩌ꿟띩 - ꑇꆳꆳꆳ꙾ꑅꓫ 닄ꑇ듁 2000 September Issue No. 2 - Living Forests 5 Platysternon megacephalum, Black-breasted