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嘉義長庚 許佩華 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹

閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 - cgmh.org.tw¯¦習生/核醫閃爍... · • Most properly calibrated modern SPECT systems should have integral uniformity values of less than

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Page 1: 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 - cgmh.org.tw¯¦習生/核醫閃爍... · • Most properly calibrated modern SPECT systems should have integral uniformity values of less than

嘉義長庚 許佩華

閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹

Page 2: 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 - cgmh.org.tw¯¦習生/核醫閃爍... · • Most properly calibrated modern SPECT systems should have integral uniformity values of less than

• 閃爍攝影機的功用?

• 得到哪些影像類型?

Page 3: 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 - cgmh.org.tw¯¦習生/核醫閃爍... · • Most properly calibrated modern SPECT systems should have integral uniformity values of less than

靜態平面及斷層切面影像

Page 4: 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 - cgmh.org.tw¯¦習生/核醫閃爍... · • Most properly calibrated modern SPECT systems should have integral uniformity values of less than

動態影像

Page 5: 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 - cgmh.org.tw¯¦習生/核醫閃爍... · • Most properly calibrated modern SPECT systems should have integral uniformity values of less than

核醫閃爍攝影機造影系統組成元件

•準直儀(Collimators)•閃爍晶體(Scintillation Crystals)•導光管(Light Pipes)•光電倍增管(photomultiplier Tubes)•前置放大器(Preamplifiers)•放大器(Amplifiers)•位置邏輯電路(Position Logic Circuits)•脈高分析儀(Pulse-Height Analyzers)•數位計數器(Digital Counters)•顯像設備(Displays)•電腦配備(Computers)

Camera headCamera headCamera headCamera head

Page 6: 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 - cgmh.org.tw¯¦習生/核醫閃爍... · • Most properly calibrated modern SPECT systems should have integral uniformity values of less than
Page 7: 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 - cgmh.org.tw¯¦習生/核醫閃爍... · • Most properly calibrated modern SPECT systems should have integral uniformity values of less than

準質儀(Collimator)

•安置於閃爍晶體(Crystal)之前

•一般由鉛或鎢等高原子序物質的合金製造

•主要目的在規範入射r-ray的範圍與方向

•防止晶體遭受物理碰撞、減緩晶體光老化與潮解

•缺點:減低了儀器的計數率(counting efficiency)和敏感度(sensitivity)

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With collimator Without collimator

Page 9: 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 - cgmh.org.tw¯¦習生/核醫閃爍... · • Most properly calibrated modern SPECT systems should have integral uniformity values of less than

•敏感度(sensitivity)﹕

指閃爍攝影機偵測核種所產生出之光子能力.在相同的

面積下,較薄的鉛隔(septa) ,可增加準直孔的數目或

孔徑大小,進而使敏感度增加.增加閃爍晶體的厚度或

表面積大小也能增加敏感度.

•解析度(resolution)﹕

分辨組織或器官內相鄰兩點的能力.會受準直孔的直徑和長度所影響.

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準質儀(Collimator)

•主要性能及控制參數:

�準質儀孔徑數目

�準質儀孔直徑大小

�準質儀孔徑長度

�準質儀孔孔璧厚度

並且依其孔徑方向與厚度上的差別而有功能與能量允許上

限制

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準質儀(Collimator)

•準直儀依其孔徑方向來分類可分為:

�平行式多孔準質儀(Parallel-Hole)

�聚焦式多孔準直儀(Converging)

�散焦式多孔準直儀(Diverging)

�針孔式單孔準直儀(pinhole)

�扇形式多孔準直儀(Fan Beam)

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平行式多孔準質儀(Parallel-Hole)

•其特性為:�孔徑大小一致的準直孔所組成,為臨床上最普遍使用的準直儀.

�影像大小不受射源(目標器官)到準質儀表面間距離影響.

�系統解析度在其表面最佳,隨著射源(目標器官)到準質儀表面間距離的增加,準質儀解析度會迅速的下降.

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平行式多孔準質儀(Parallel-Hole)

•準直儀依其能量許可分類為:

�高能(High Energy);代表較厚之鉛隔厚度一般能量限制適用於350KeV以上.

�中能(Medium Energy) ;代表中等厚度之鉛隔一般能量限制適用於150~350KeV之間.

�低能(Low Energy) ;代表較薄之鉛隔厚度一般能量限制適用於150Kev以下.

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平行式多孔準質儀(Parallel-Hole)

•依其所產生的影像性質及造影能力可在分:

�高解析力(High Resolution;HR)準直孔直徑大小及長度分別較一般用途準直儀來的小且長.

�多用途(General Purpose;GP)

�高敏感度(High Sensitivity;HS)準直孔直徑大小及長度分別較一般用途準直儀來的大且短.

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平行式多孔準質儀(Parallel-Hole)

•準直儀的解析度會隨下列因素而改變:

1.準直孔直徑變小

2.準直孔孔徑有效長度增加

3.射源到準直儀之距離縮短

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聚焦式準直儀(Converging collimators)

• 其特性為﹕

�準直孔並非彼此平行,而是各自成一個角度向內且朝向造影器官,最後聚焦於

同一點,聚焦距離﹕40-50cm.

�應用於小器官造影,可獲得非顛倒且放大影像.

�放大倍率大約限制在15%左右,放大倍率會隨著物體內部的深度而變化,所以會

有影像失真的情形.

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散焦式準直儀(diverging collimators)

• 其特性為﹕

�準直孔並非彼此平行,而是各自成一個角度向內且朝向閃爍晶體,最後聚焦於同

一點,聚焦距離﹕40-50cm.

�應用於大器官造影,可獲得非顛倒且縮小影像.目前已不在使用.

�縮小倍率會隨著物體內部的深度而變化,所以會有影像失真的情形.

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針孔式準直儀(pin-hole collimators)

• 其特性為﹕

�由單一準直孔所組成,其直徑大小約為2-5mm ,位於中空鉛製圓錐體的頂端,

與圓錐體的末端大約距離20-25cm .

�應用於小且薄之淺層器官或部位造影,可獲得上下左右顛倒且放大影像.

�當物體最接近準直孔時,其放大倍率最大,若遠離準直孔,那麼放大倍率將隨

之減小.

�放大倍率會隨著物體至準直孔的距離而改變,所以厚的物體在不同的內部深

度會有不同的放大倍率,而造成影像失真的情形,尤其高放大倍率的地方,其失真程度最大.

Page 19: 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 - cgmh.org.tw¯¦習生/核醫閃爍... · • Most properly calibrated modern SPECT systems should have integral uniformity values of less than

扇型式準直儀(fan beam collimators)

• 其特性為﹕

� 為聚焦式多孔和平行式多孔準質儀的混合形式.沿著矩形偵測頭的短邊看去,

所有準直孔皆為互相平行;沿著矩形偵測頭的長邊看去,則全部聚焦於同一點.

� 限用於較小之器官或部位(如腦部、小孩心臟、顳顎關節)而準質儀表面盡可

能靠近檢查部位.其可以放大影像,也就是能將大小較小的頭部影響資料投射分布並填滿於較大的閃爍晶體表面上.

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閃爍晶體(Scintillation Crystals)

Page 21: 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 - cgmh.org.tw¯¦習生/核醫閃爍... · • Most properly calibrated modern SPECT systems should have integral uniformity values of less than

閃爍晶體(Scintillation Crystals)

•碘化鈉(鉈)晶體(thallium-activated sodium iodide;NaI(Tl)):

�為無機閃爍物質成固態結晶狀

�NaI(Tl)晶體的優點:它具有良好的吸收作用、光轉換效率及偵測效率.

�NaI(Tl)晶體的缺點:易潮解、易破碎、不易加工.

�產生的閃爍光由光電倍增管接收.光電倍增管輸出訊號的振幅大小與作用於晶體上的輻射能量成正比關係.

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導光管(Light Pipes)

Page 24: 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 - cgmh.org.tw¯¦習生/核醫閃爍... · • Most properly calibrated modern SPECT systems should have integral uniformity values of less than

導光管(Light Pipes)

•NaI(Tl)晶體的折射率(Index of Refraction)約為1.85;光電倍增管面向晶體的末端是透明玻璃或塑膠所組成的光學視窗(optical window),其折射率約為1.5。為了使在晶體內產生之閃爍光能較完全地被導到光電倍增管之光陰極,並減少可見光在兩者接觸面之間的內反射(internal reflections)機率,因此常於兩者監製入透明的光學耦合物質(optical coupling agent)及導光管。

•目的:藉其修正光反應函數(Light response fuction)以改善系統之均勻度(uniformity)的性能表現

•常使用材質為Lucite

(透明合成樹脂,折射率:1.5)

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光電倍增管(Photomultiplier Tubes);PMT

•將微弱的可見光信號轉變成電流信號,並在陽極(anode)上形成一個電脈衝(electric pulse) ,電脈衝的振幅大小與NaI(Tl)晶體所吸收之r射線或ß粒子的能量成正比,最後此脈衝會被傳至前置放大器。

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前置放大器(Preamplifiers)

•前置放大器之功能:

1.放大光電倍增管輸出之較小脈衝信號

2.匹配光電倍增管與後續電子元件間之組抗

3.將脈衝信號整形(shaping)以使後續電子元件之信號處理能達到最理想的狀態

Page 28: 閃爍攝影機基礎原理介紹 - cgmh.org.tw¯¦習生/核醫閃爍... · • Most properly calibrated modern SPECT systems should have integral uniformity values of less than

放大器(amplifiers)

•放大器的主要功能為:

1.將前置放大器傳送過來之小脈衝信號(通常為millivolts)再放大成後續元件(如pulse-height analyzers(PHA)、scalers等)所需足夠之脈衝振幅(volts)

2.將原本衰減較慢之前置放大脈衝在整形,使其成為狹窄之脈衝,如此除了可以避免在高計數率下的脈衝疊加(pileup)問題外,亦可增加電子信號之 S/N ratio

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位置邏輯電路(position logic circuits)

•一個閃爍事件所產生的可見光會被超過一個以上的光電倍增管所接收。每個光電倍增管所接收的可見光數目與它和γ射線在晶體內作用位置的距離遠近有關。最接近作用位置的會接收到最大量的可見光,並產生最大的輸出脈衝;反之,最遠離作用位置的光電倍增管會接收到最小量的可見光,並產生最小的輸出脈衝。

•Positioning circuit(定位電路)可藉由分解處理彼此相鄰之光電倍增管的輸出訊號來改善影像的解析度。

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位置邏輯電路(position logic circuiys)

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脈高分析儀(Pulse-Height Analyzers)•功能:

每個放大器輸出之電壓脈衝的振幅與r輻射和晶體作用之能量成正比。PHT可篩選某一特定電壓振幅(能量)間隔範圍(或稱channel)的脈衝,並使得落於此特定能量範圍內的輻射信號(Z-pulses)能被紀錄下來,而落於此特定能量範圍之外的背景及散射輻射等信號則會被剔除

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Daily Quality Control

• Quality control procedures that must be satisfactorily

performed before imaging

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Intrinsic uniformity

Extrinsic uniformity

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Daily Quality Control

CGNH::::

• Hone

• Peak

• Low Count Intrinsic Flood 30M

• Touch pad Testing

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Peak

• Peaking verifies that the

correct energy window will

be used for optimal photon

detection。

• The source must not be too

hot, or excessive dead time

(>10%) may affect the peak

value ( Peak Shift ± 3%) 。

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Peak

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Low Count Intrinsic Flood 30M

• Most properly calibrated modern SPECT systems should have integral

uniformity values of less than 5% and differential uniformity values

less than 3% for both CFOV and UFOV.

• The UFOV values tend to be slightly higher than CFOV values as a

result of variations at the edge of the detector.

2.742.54Diff

3.742.94Int

UFOVCFOVCGMH

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Low Count Intrinsic Flood 30M

• If source activity is too high (<10%), erroneous flood

images will be acquired, most likely with visualization of a

portion the PMT array

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Low Count Intrinsic Flood 30M

• Defective PMTs may be identified by circular areas of

reduced or absent activity

Defective PMTs are represented by circular areas of reduced or absent activity. (Image courtesy of

Medical Physics Consultants Inc., Ann Arbor, MI)

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THE END