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Effects of omalizumab on RV infections, illnesses, and exacerbations of asthma
James Gern, MDAnn Esquivel, MD
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Background:Omalizumab – Mechanism of Action
1J Asthma Allergy, 2011
‐ Primary Mechanism of Action binds to free IgE
‐ Secondary Mechanism of Action downregulation of Fc‐ε‐RI on basophils and mast cells
Viral ReplicationWheezing Illness
Asthma Exacerbation
RhinovirusAllergic AirwayInflammation
IFN‐α
pDCAllergen
FcεRIIgE
Viral ReplicationMild Illness
pDC
IFN‐α
Normal Airway
Background:How IgE affects interferon responses
Omalizumab:Reduces IgE receptorsReduces IgEMay restore IFN responses
PROSE = PReseasonal Treatment with either Omalizumab or an inhaled corticosteroid boost to prevent fall [Seasonal] asthma Exacerbations2
– Comparison of OMZ vs ICS boost (2x) vs placebo (guidelines care) started 4‐6 weeks before school and continued through fall season
• 4‐9 month run‐in and 4 month intervention– 478 inner‐city allergic asthmatic children ages 6‐17, randomized 3:3:1 OMZ:ICS boost:placebo
– Also examined effects of OMZ on IFN‐α responses to rhinovirus
2Teach S, et al. JACI 2015
PROSE study results2
• Exacerbations significantly lower in OMZ vs placebo arms – (11.3% vs 21.0%, OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.25‐0.92)
• OMZ improved IFN‐α responses to rhinovirus, and in OMZ group, greater IFN‐α associated with fewer exacerbations2, 3
• Our study was a planned mechanistic study of effects of omalizumab (OMZ) on viral infection and illness
2Teach S, et al. JACI 20153Gill M, et al. J Immunol 2010
Research Questions
1) Does OMZ decrease the number or duration of viral infections?
2) Does OMZ decrease the frequency of viral colds?
Does OMZ have an anti‐viral effect?
Hypotheses1) Treatment with omalizumab or
boosted ICS (compared to standard treatment) will have no effect on the number of rhinovirus infections.
2) Treatment with omalizumab (which restores IFN) will reduce the number of viral illnesses.
‐ We think OMZ boosts IFN
‐ IFN doesn’t PREVENT infection, it LIMITS infection
Methods
placebo
2x ICS boost
omalizumab
Run‐in period (4‐9 months)EVERYONE on guidelines based care
OR
OR
Weekly nasal samples and respiratory illness assessments of school‐aged (6‐17y) allergic asthmatics starting at randomization for 16 weeks during Fall 2012 or 2013
Virology: ‐ 6,117 viral samples from 478
participants‐ PCR on all nasal samples‐ RV+ samples sequenced to
determine species (A, B or C) and type
(3:3:1)
August/September November
DefinitionsTerm Definition # of cases/16 week
monitoring period
Acute asthma exacerbation
Systemic steroids required
N=171
Viral exacerbation Viral detection +/‐ 7 days of acute exacerbation
N=114
Infection Detection of virus N=1683
Illness Symptoms N=601
Viral cold Viral detection with symptoms of illness
N=113
Omalizumab treatment decreased the rate of viral detection
RV adjusted prevalen
ce (%
)
OR=0.7, 95% CI 0.55‐0.87P=0.0017
Boosted ICS – no effect
Esquivel, et al. AAAAI 2015
Interpretation
• Omalizumab: lower rate of RV detection
• Possible explanations– Did omalizumab reduce the number of infections?OR– Did omalizumab shorten the duration of infection?
Omalizumab decreased duration of RV detection
Infection Length in DaysXolair Placebo p-value
Any HRV 11.3 (568) 12.0 (189) 0.05Single HRV-A 10.7 (177) 11.2 (56) 0.53Single HRV-B 13.0 (169) 13.9 (62) 0.43Single HRV-C 9.9 (160) 11.7 (54) 0.08Multiple HRV 9.2 (62) 10.6 (17) 0.47
EV 9.7 (9) 9.8 (13) 0.97Other 7.9 (9) 10.5 (4) 0.51Any Virus (HRV/EV/Other) 11.0 (918) 12.1 (331) 0.04
* Values are mean length (# of infections)
There was no difference in infection frequency between treatment arms (Data not shown)
OMZ
OMZ decreased cold Prevalence
Decrease of ~26% for rate of colds in OMZ group as compared to placebo.
Rat
e of
Col
ds
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Placebo Omalizumab
0.74 (0.61 , 0.9)
0.12
0.09
Treatment Steps 2 to 5
Rate of C
olds
OMZ decreased viral cold prevalence
Rate of C
olds
Significant reduction in rate of viral colds for those treated with OMZ.
placebo omalizumab
Conclusions
• Treatment with omalizumabdecreased the rate of RV detection. This was due to a shorter duration of RV‐infection.
• Omalizumab significantly decreases rate of colds, including viral colds
These conclusions support the idea thatomalizumab does have an anti‐viral effect.
AcknowledgementsUniversity of WisconsinJames GernAnn EsquivelWilliam BusseKristine Grindle
Rho ‐ statisticsAgustin CalatroniJeremy WildfirePatricia LeBeauMelissa Yaeger
NIAID ‐ fundingPeter Gergen
Clinical Sites and Investigators
University of Texas Southwest ‐ Rebecca Gruchalla
Columbia University ‐M Kattan
Cincinnati Children’s ‐ G Khurana Hershey
Henry Ford ‐ H Kim
National Jewish ‐ Andrew Liu
University of Colorado ‐ Stan Szefler
Children’s National ‐ Stephen Teach
Boston University ‐ B West
Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago ‐Jacqueline Pongracic
References1) Pelaia G, et al. Update on optimal use of omalizumab in management of asthma. J Asthma
and Allergy, 2011.2) Teach ST, et al. Preseasonal treatment with either omalizumab or an inhaled corticosteroid
boost to prevent fall asthma exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol, Oct 2015.3) Gill MA, Bajwa G, George TA, Dong CC, Dougherty II, Jiang N, Gan VN, Gruchalla RS.
Counterregulation between the Fc‐epsilon‐RI pathway and antiviral responses in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Immunol 2010; 184: 5999‐6006